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  • Articles  (131)
  • Emerald  (130)
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  • 1990-1994  (130)
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  • 1950-1954
  • Technology  (103)
  • Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology  (28)
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  • Articles  (131)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 3 (1994), S. 18-26 
    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Literature of trauma in the workplace after an organizationalcatastrophe often focuses on various aspects of a critical incidentwhere data are more readily available because of organizational "pressurepoints" - public relations, technology and the financial impact of adisaster on a corporation. Highlights the fact that external publicrarely express concern or even interest in the mental health of workersin an organization perceived as being responsible for a catastrophe.Provides results from recently published studies that reveal workersexperience some trauma after a critical incident, ranging from milddepression, to the onset of manic disease, to suicidal thoughts.Scrutinizes the impact on departmental and organizational morale,production and sustainability of key projects to comprehend theorganizational behaviour dimension of critical incidents in anappropriate context. Overviews the relationship of organizationalbehaviour to crisis management and analyses the impact of trauma uponworkers at one department of large oil exploration company operating inAlaska. Reaches beyond anecdotal surveys to include an analysis ofemployee turnover in the immediate department of that company after fourworkers had been badly injured in a serious industrial accident. Resultssuggest attention must be paid to stress and trauma by employees whowitness organizational catastrophes.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 3 (1994), S. 17-26 
    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Monitoring air, water and soil contamination by means of animals,plants, fungi and bacteria is increasingly in demand for assessingenvironmental quality, environmental impacts, and health and safety. Itis essential that environmental monitoring by bioassays is crediblybased on standardized procedures and on substantial scientific evidencewhich should include background measurements to establish baseline data.Cites case studies involving the use of organisms for monitoring heavymetals and radionuclides in order to demonstrate such proceduralpre-requisites in environmental surveillance.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
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    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 3 (1994), S. 16-23 
    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Looks at major disasters and the steps taken to limit the problems whichhave and may occur, by an adequate training resource. Looks inparticular at oil-rig disasters such as Piper Alpha, Ekofisk, AleksanderKjelland and Ocean Ranger all of which had contributory shortcomingsenhanced by management on-and off-shore. Reinforces the concepts that anemergency response or contingency plan must provide the basis foremergency training, and that training for the 1990s will be insimulators.
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  • 4
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    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 3 (1994), S. 33-36 
    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Have disasters become more frequent and more severe? We often assumethat they have but a review of the evidence does not support this view,so far as the oil and chemical industries are concerned. In the 1970sthe size of the chemical industry doubled but the number and frequencyof accidents killing five or more people remained constant. However, inthe 1980s, although the frequency remained the same there were moremajor incidents and more people died. Two forgotten, nineteenth centurydisasters, which resulted, like Hillsborough (1989), from the failure ofcrowd control, are described.
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  • 5
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    Electronic Resource
    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 3 (1994), S. 15-22 
    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: There is sometimes a divergence of opinion between scientists and thegeneral public on the acceptability of the risk associated with anindustrial project. This divergence has sometimes been attributed to alack of understanding of scientific issues on the part of the generalpublic. Attempts to gain acceptance have therefore centred on publiceducation or information campaigns. Scientific assessment of riskconcentrates on the parameters of probability and severity. Thephenomenon of the issue-attention cycle demonstrates, however, thatperceived risk can vary without the probability or severity changing,indicating that there is a third factor which is a major determinant ofperceived or subjective risk. This is the salience of the issue. Thecomplexity of modern society makes it impossible to evaluate all risksobjectively. In everyday life heuristics, or rules of thumb, aretherefore used to evaluate those risks which have the greatest effect inour personal environment. The process of making the public aware of anissue which needs to be evaluated in this way is referred to as "agendasetting".
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  • 6
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    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 3 (1994), S. 61-67 
    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Assesses the capability of dealing with all the issues resulting from amajor incident. Looks at some ways to develop and improve managementcapability and success in introducing and working with an IncidentCommand System. This also helps company staff to heighten theirawareness of the importance of safety and environmental protection.
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  • 7
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    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 3 (1994), S. 49-58 
    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Draws attention to contextual variables in the development andmanagement of safety cultures. Examines the relationship betweencorporate culture change and safety management and considers theimplications for safety of the manipulation of values and beliefs aspart of corporate motivation. Considers the extent to which thedevelopment of a safety culture is compatible with the development of acorporate culture. Examines the following areas, the pursuit of order,conflict and contradiction, rhetoric and taken-for-granted assumptions,in order to challenge cosmetic approaches to safety management.Indicates the importance of recognizing that some information defiesdata capture and gives attention to the irrational aspects of systems.Isolates issues for management in the perception and promotion of safetyand offers current examples of good practice.
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  • 8
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    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 3 (1994), S. 27-31 
    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Coping style has been examined across a variety of stressful encounters,but surprisingly little is known about coping in the emergency ordisaster context. Examines coping strategies and impact of events inemergency workers who generally have not been exposed to major events inthe course of their emergency role. The profile of scores suggests thatemergency workers are problem-focused and are less inclined to assuageproblems through emotion-focused coping, thus supporting the popularnotion of emergency workers as task-oriented and committed to action.Discusses the extent to which this profile may enhance wellbeing andprevent stress symptoms following emergency events.
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  • 9
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    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 3 (1994), S. 24-32 
    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Major disasters make very newsworthy stories - not only because they areunusual events but because of the human interest angle. No matter howhorrific the circumstances, the public seems to be fascinated by otherpeople's misfortunes and the press and broadcasting media know it. Themanner of coverage and reporting often leads to criticism that the mediawere intrusive and lacking in sensitivity, as in the live filming of theHillsborough disaster. The press and broadcasting agencies argue thatthey have a right to report and comment on matters of public interest.Moreover, they feel that matters of discretion and good taste should beleft to them. This calls for good relationships between the authoritiesand the media. The aim should be to give accurate information and assistreporters where possible, provided that the judicial process is notcompromised, operations are not hampered and there is no invasion ofprivacy. In return, there are many ways in which the media can help theauthorities, for example by broadcasting messages, providing photographsand newsreel film to assist enquiries and training personnel asspokespersons. Such co-operation is likely to be achieved throughsensible policies and good, workable press arrangements.
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  • 10
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    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 3 (1994), S. 47-60 
    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Emergency planning in the UK is inadequate, disorganized andinefficient. Recent changes have the capacity to worsen the situation byfurther fragmenting the organization while reducing funding at a timewhen it needs to be increased. Suggests reorganization using a centralagency as a controlling and co-ordination organization, and proposesthat this could be achieved without excess additional cost by reducingthe duplication of work currently undertaken.
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  • 11
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    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 3 (1994), S. 23-27 
    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: The Nuclear Industry Road Emergency Response Plan is a mutual aid schemeinvolving the major companies in the nuclear industry. The arrangementswere developed to provide a response in the event of an incident oraccident involving the road transport of nuclear material by theparticipants in the scheme. The aim of the scheme is to achieve a rapidand effective response to any incident involving a radioactive packagein transit by road.
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  • 12
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    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 3 (1994), S. 7-15 
    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Discusses the development of Price Waterhouse's business continuityplan. Points out the theory that businesses which are prepared for theworst (cites the Bishopsgate and Baltic Exchange in London, explosions)can survive the heaviest blow whereas those which are not, do not. Theperiod of recovery will therefore be shorter and only minimal impact onbusiness will occur.
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 3 (1994), S. 37-41 
    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Currently, legislation relating to hazardous sites is becoming morerigorous, with the exception of nuclear installations and these arebeing addressed. A particular facet of accidents at nuclearinstallations involving radioactivity is potassium iodate prophylaxis asa counter measure. Effective distribution of stable iodine is important,with early issue to an affected populace critical. Present arrangementsare unsatisfactory in that the Police Service is the principal agencyfor such distribution, with other agencies, for example the HealthService, acting in support. There is limited pre-distribution todesignated sites, but the practice varies throughout the country.Considerable thought has been given to the matter of an effectivedistribution process with the possibility shortly of guidance. It isunclear what arrangements will be in the future for this distributionand the matter will have to be treated with considerable care, bearingin mind the sensitivity of this subject as far as the public isconcerned.
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  • 14
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    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 3 (1994), S. 66-71 
    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Co-ordination is seen as a key element in UK disaster-response planning,although the term is used synonymously with co-operation and liaison byboth the Home Office and the organizations involved. This lack ofclarity shows the ad hoc nature of both the legislation and managementpractices governing the response. Argues that, as a result,co-ordination may be an inappropriate goal; co-operation may bepreferable and more accessible. Highlights key elements influencingcurrent trends, together with practical and theoretical issues from themove towards a simplified response. Concludes that co-ordination byfeedback will continue to dominate because it is in accord with pastpractice. This will ensure that co-ordination is both confined tospecific functions and used as a general exhortation, even thoughco-operation may be a more accurate description of the key element in UKdisaster response.
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  • 15
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    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 3 (1994), S. 44-60 
    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: In February 1990 severe storms hit most of Britain, and in Towyn, aseaside resort in North Wales - the effects were dramatic. The force ofthe sea caused a breach in the sea defences which resulted inlarge-scale flooding affecting in the region of 2,400 properties andcausing in the biggest evacuation to take place in Britain since thewar. The disaster had not been anticipated by the local authority and noone had experience of dealing with this scale of event. As with mostdisasters, a large number of people were involved and scores oforganizations carried out a multitude of tasks under difficultcircumstances. Many of the problems were long-term, especially thosedealing with stress and aftercare. Despite the complexity and scale ofthe tasks the local authority, working with other organizations,successfully dealt with this disaster. Addresses some of the manyproblems faced at Towyn and examines the management systems and networksystems which evolved to deal with this event.
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  • 16
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    Electronic Resource
    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 3 (1994), S. 27-32 
    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Between 18 January and 28 February 1991, Iraq fired 39 Scud missiles atIsraeli cities in 19 separate attacks. They caused extensive propertydamage but fewer casualties than anticipated. Statistical evidence ofserious psychiatric reactions to the war experience both immediately andafter a delay of several months is sought, based on official Ministry ofHealth morbidity records for psychiatric facilities over the thee-yearperiod, 1990-1992. Psychiatric admissions data produced no statisticalsupport for the thesis that the Gulf War and missile attacks causedextensive long-term stress.
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  • 17
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    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 3 (1994), S. 6-16 
    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Estimating the needs for psychosocial intervention in the wake of massemergencies is closely linked to the sharp controversy over theemotional impact of traumatic events. Briefly reviews some of the majorpositions on this issue to provide background for main discussion. Inthe USA especially, there have been attempts to incorporateepidemiological-community-oriented indicators of impact and not to relyexclusively on clinical diagnosis. There are still questions aboutthese formulas. Despite limitations of the predictive formulas,learning from these attempts in another country could contribute toimproving Israeli emergency psychosocial services, should they again berequired. Such formulations could also be developed through applicationto various circumstances.
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  • 18
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    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 3 (1994), S. 33-48 
    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Safety performance on the UK continental shelf is normally of a highstandard, although there are still many "minor" accidents. However, acomparative analysis reveals that major disasters in the North Sea haveforced up fatality statistics, indicating that there is a need forimprovement. The Cullen Report on the Piper Alpha disaster and theensuing Safety Case Regulations are evaluated in light of safetyperformance. While the regulations are a major step in the rightdirection, apparently there are gaps in the provision. Such gaps cannotbe filled solely by following the principles of total qualitymanagement. Problems with the regulations include the fundamentalapproach to public inquiries, the problems of objective versusprescriptive regulations, technological bias, the behaviour ofmanagement and management systems, communication problems, difficultieswith quantitative risk assessment, key concepts within the regulations(ALARP and acceptance), change management, the nature of safetymanagement systems and ignoring the natural environment.
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  • 19
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    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 3 (1994), S. 59-80 
    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Examines a progression of theoretical and practical approaches to thejob of strategic leadership and explains why these approaches are bothmanagers and creators of increasingly chaotic and dangerousorganizational/societal situations. Argues that a new paradigm formanagement strategy is required-one which underpins behaviour ofopposing dimensions to the existing mainstream paradigm for managementbut which also harnesses beneficial aspects of the traditional paradigm.
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  • 20
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    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 3 (1994), S. 42-46 
    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Observes one local borough's handling of emergency information in casesof crisis. Looks at the organizational aspects and in particular to howspecialized personnel can be brought into play - using a control centreand a liaison controller. Goes on to show how this would be used and thetasks of the principles involved.
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  • 21
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    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 3 (1994), S. 61-65 
    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Compares the different types of local authorities within the UnitedKingdom and the various duties imposed on them by statute or morals.Outlines the history of emergency planning in general and shows howlocal authorities become involved. Reviews the facilities and supportavailable to the emergency services from these authorities. Detailsthese in departmental form, including Works and Services; Education;Welfare and Social Services; Libraries; Housing; and EnvironmentalHealth. Outlines the services provided: supply of transport, equipment,plant and personnel; the identification, designation and preparation ofpremises for use as survivor reception, rest, relatives, or mediacentres or as temporary mortuaries; and the provision of trauma andbereavement counselling and co-ordination of volunteer services.Concludes with a discussion of the restoration phase: the setting up andmanagement of trust funds; siting and erection of memorials; andre-establishment of the incident site.
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  • 22
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    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 3 (1994), S. 28-43 
    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: The UK's Control of Industrial Major Accident Hazards (CIMAH)Regulations 1984 implement the European Communities "Seveso" Directive(82/501/EEC). Central to these regulations are requirements formanufacturers in control of qualifying activities which meet certainindicative criteria or involve specific dangerous substances in anindustrial activity to provide evidence which identifies the majoraccident hazards from their activities and which shows that they havetaken adequate steps to prevent such major accidents and to limit theirconsequences to people and the environment. Provides background to apresentation at "Disaster '93" which will outline the environmentalaspects of CIMAH with particular reference to the technical difficultiesand current research work involved in the assessment of major accidentsto the environment.
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  • 23
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    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 3 (1994), S. 7-17 
    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: A three-person field team devoted four days to gathering data inAndover, Kansas, USA, after a tornado devastated the Golden Spur MobileHome Park on 26 April 1991. They sought to assess the extent to whichthe media's reporting of the local emergency management team's responseto the disaster influenced the team's subsequent decisions. Theresearchers functioned as participant observers in the emergencyoperating centre (EOC), informally interviewed principal EOC members andmedia personnel, and obtained copies of media news stories (televisionand newspaper) which reported on the organizational response to thedisaster. Assesses the observation and interview data as well as thecontent analysis of the news stories and suggests that the EOC teamdevoted a considerable portion of their time to responding to thenegative press they received centring around two issues: pre-impactwarning and post-impact debris clearance. Some of the media's newsstories sought to engage in blame assignation. The EOC members devotedtime to developing strategies to control the media damage and changedsome decisions they had made in response to the media's criticism. Therelevant disaster research literature is utilized to explain theresponse of the EOC personnel and the media. Reliance on normal timeroles explains the EOC response to blame assignation.
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  • 24
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    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 3 (1994), S. 8-14 
    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Describes the development of major hazard controls, first domesticallyin the UK and more recently in the European Community. Traces UKdevelopments are traced from the early concerns of the 1960s, theFlixborough disaster and the work of the Advisory Committee on MajorHazards on which the current philosophy for controlling major hazards isbased. Describes in detail the evolution of European Communitylegislation from the Seveso Directive to the proposed new Directive forthe control of major accident hazards (COMAH). The proposed COMAHDirective will be considered in the CEC's Environment Working Group andEnvironment Council over the coming months. If these negotiations aresuccessful in reaching common position by the end of 1994, the newDirective is likely to be adopted by the Council of Ministers in 1995.The UK will have to implement the new Directive within 18 months of itsadoption.
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  • 25
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    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 3 (1994), S. 32-40 
    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Describes the emergency management structure created for theInternational Air Tattoo '94 at RAF Fairford in Gloucestershire.Describes the table-top discussion and live exercise which preceded theevent, to ensure that adequate procedures were in place should a majorincident occur. Discusses lessons learned from the live exercise.
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  • 26
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    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 3 (1994), S. 41-69 
    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Examines socio-technical disasters, particularly during the 1980s and1990s, listing the organizational situations in which they occur andsingling out Hillsborough (football) and Kesworth (aeroplane) fordetailed treatment. Deals with various aspects of the socio-technicaldisaster: the disaster sequence; signals and triggers; the extensivedamage to human life and the physical environment; the large economicand social costs; responses to and resolution of crises, among others.After discussing the simple and complex causes of socio-technicaldisasters, urges management to learn from past disasters and makeorganizational changes. Concludes that this type of disaster willcontinue in the 1990s in ordinary organizations which are potentiallysocio-technically disaster-prone.
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  • 27
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    Bingley : Emerald
    Benchmarking 1 (1994), S. 25-37 
    ISSN: 1463-5771
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Describes a dynamic approach to quality function deployment (QFD) thattranslates customer wants and needs into relevant product and processparameters. Using feedback loops, this new approach incorporates updatedcustomer satisfaction data and dynamically links evolving requirementsdirectly back into manufacturing and related processes. Updated customerrequirements "peg" the key parameters in statistical process controlcharts. Introduces the concept, illustrates the mechanics of theapproach, and describes how it benefited an IBM assembly plant.
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  • 28
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    Bingley : Emerald
    Benchmarking 1 (1994), S. 11-24 
    ISSN: 1463-5771
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Argues that benchmarking is much more fundamental to strategic thinkingthan other tools relied upon thus far by senior managers in theirdecision-making processes. Argues that for benchmarking to be effectiveit has to be closely linked to total quality management programmes inplace. Strongly recommends that the focal point has to be onunderstanding process and behaviour (i.e. the means/enablers) beforeasking questions about results (i.e. the outcomes). Unless such adiscipline is established, results can only be considered as absolutesand as such are not useful in telling us why differences take place.Benchmarking works inwards by helping organizations set desired goalsand objectives and set about achieving them through continuousimprovement activities. Proposes an implementation strategy forbenchmarking based on 16 steps. In addition highlights some factorswhich are considered to be critical if the practice of benchmarking isto lead to any results. Provides some guidelines on ensuring thatbenchmarking remains a powerful strategic tool.
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  • 29
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    Bingley : Emerald
    Benchmarking 1 (1994), S. 5-23 
    ISSN: 1463-5771
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: The main objective of this research is to study the quality managementpractices of Indian manufacturing organizations. Presents the resultsof a survey conducted among the chief operating officers of medium-andlarge-size Indian manufacturing companies. Presents an analysis of thesurvey results. The survey investigated several qualitymanagement-related issues including adherence to the "quality isfree" philosophy, causes of poor quality, quality performance, efforts toimprove quality and status of ISO 9000 certification among the Indiancompanies. Compares also quality practices in India with industrializednations such as Japan, USA, Germany and Canada.
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  • 30
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    Bingley : Emerald
    Benchmarking 1 (1994), S. 42-63 
    ISSN: 1463-5771
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Change is an essential business trait. Manufacturing particularly istransforming at an unprecedented pace. Adopting effective managementpractices, capable of keeping pace with the changing technologicalenvironment, is particularly important to success in global markets.Manufacturers employing advanced manufacturing technology (AMT) areoften more flexible than their traditional counter-parts since AMTpermits the integration of product design and production processes.Consequently, this synergistic effect facilitates achievement ofworld-class manufacturing objectives. Despite obvious advantages, sparseresearch exists concerning achieving AMT competitive advantages. Toincorporate AMT organizationally, management must be cognizant of therequirements for successful AMT implementation. Provides managerialrequirements for successfully achieving AMT competitive advantages.Assuming management understands the "how" of doing things right andincorporates the necessary corporate cultural changes to embrace AMT,manufacturing strategic planning can lead the organization towards"what" are the right things to pursue. Therefore, strategic planning isgiven substantial consideration.
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  • 31
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    Bingley : Emerald
    Benchmarking 1 (1994), S. 3-20 
    ISSN: 1463-5771
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Benchmarking against industry averages or high performance organizationscan be useful for most companies to improve products and processes,including strategic planning, forecasting marketing trends, andinternal operation. Company innovation is also widely recognized as acritical process for company survival and growth. As businessglobalization and competition increase, company innovativeness hasbecome essential for success. Analyses company innovativeness from apractical perspective, in terms of the activities and mechanismsnecessary for companies to seek, evaluate, implement and foster thedevelopment of new ideas. The results provide strong empirical evidencethat company innovation is a major determinant of company businessperformance. Because most benchmarking schemes are industry-specific,focuses on the manufacturing industry. Provides a first attempt atdeveloping an industry-wide average for company innovativeness whichbusiness managers can use to gauge their company's performance along thevarious activities required to innovate. Managers can then focus theirattention on why their respective organizations vary from the industryaverages regarding specific items.
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  • 32
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    Bingley : Emerald
    Benchmarking 1 (1994), S. 21-38 
    ISSN: 1463-5771
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Design to Distribution Ltd (D2D) is a wholly owned subsidiary of the ICLgroup. It gained this status in 1993, having previously been ICLManufacturing Division. Since 1991 it has strategically penetrated thecontract manufacturing market and now aims to provide a totalelectronics manufacturing service to external customers. It hasdeveloped a total solution capacity whereby it is able to offer itscustomers expertise, advanced manufacturing technology, and purchasingpower to enable them to release their capital and resources toconcentrate on their core competences. D2D have an established totalquality culture and have benefited significantly from the resultantenhanced customer satisfaction and reduced cost of non-conformance. Itconstantly searches for process improvement tools and benchmarking isone tool D2D employs. However, D2D has concentrated benchmarking effortson results-driven studies carried out by consultants. Although thisprovides a useful introduction to benchmarking, the next step for D2D toachieve its goal of worldwide competitiveness is a more process-drivenapproach. Reviews the construction of benchmarking projects previouslycarried out by D2D and suggests a tool to help overcome one of the mainpitfalls of process-driven benchmarking, that of appropriate processselection.
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    Sensor review 14 (1994), S. 30-32 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Looks at modern electrochemical gas sensors: they way they workand the range of gases they can detect. The largest application area is inportable gas detection equipment where the emphasis is on small size and lowpower demands. These sensors are also used for emissions monitoring,specifically from combustion sources. Concludes that portable multigasdetectors will continue to get smaller with a consequent reduction in size ofsensors and that a wider range of gas sensors will be available with advancesin electrochemistry.
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    Sensor review 14 (1994), S. 24-26 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Looks at work carried out by The Centre for Manufacturing Metrology atBrunel University into developing new probes for high precision dimensionalmeasurement. Describes the conventional "touch-trigger" probe and theerrors in its performance. Also describes three prototype probes all based onfibre optic principles: a two dimensional Triggering Probe; a threedimensional Analogue Probe and a non-contact probe. Concludes that the2-D triggering probe is a simple construction but limited to2-D operation; the analogue 3-D is smaller in comparison withexisting types, comparable in accuracy and cheaper to manufacture, and thenon-contact probe has potential for future development with some formof "intelligent" data processing.
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    Sensor review 14 (1994), S. 33-35 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Looks at the development of a new ultrasonic meter for the gas supplyindustry and explaining the transit time measurement principle on which itworks and the performance characteristics of the new meter. Concludes thatthe ultrasound gas meter could also have medical applications includinganaesthetics and hospital ward monitoring. There have been limited productionruns of the new gas meter and extensive trials are taking place in severalcountries.
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    Sensor review 14 (1994), S. 10-15 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: An overview of radio telemetry, concentrating on low power,short-range systems which can be operated without equipment licences.Describes transmission mechanisms, aerials and the two main types of analoguemodulation: amplitude modulation [AM] and frequency modulation [FM].Outlines the developments in radio data links and modulation schemes, thebenefits of networks and the various methods of encoding data. Concludes thatone of the biggest problems in radio telemetry is the different regulationsacross Europe making it virtually impossible to design a transmitter that isacceptable in more than one country. However, in Europe the situation isslowly changing, with new common standards for defining, evaluating andtesting equipment coming into effect.
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    Sensor review 14 (1994), S. 23-24 
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    Notes: Looks at radio frequency design relating to the expanding field of datatransmission with the arrival of purpose-made modules, particularly at418MHz. Describes the three main types of antennae to be considered at 418MHz, the vertical whip, the tuned loop and the helical. Discusses theparameters that are applied to systems of speed, distance, batteryconstraints, size, location of equipment and limited frequency allocation.Uses the example of a low power battery operated alarm system required toprovide security at a stables to show how various design problems can beovercome.
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    Sensor review 14 (1994), S. 25-26 
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    Notes: Describes the basic principles of radio remote control, dealingspecifically with safety aspects, transmitters, receivers, transmittedtelegrams, the Hamming code to indicate the origination of errors, andemergency stop circuits. Concludes with the specification for DTI approval inthe UK and a list of typical applications for remote control systemsincluding cranes, ship unloaders, conveyors and ventilation fans.
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    Sensor review 14 (1994), S. 30-30 
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    Notes: Describes the increasing need for simple and efficient antennas andlooks at the performance of quarter wavelength and helical antennas.Concludes the optimum performances from both antennas are ruled by the choiceof a suitable ground plane. The helical antenna is capable of producing acircularly polarized field, whereas the quarter wavelength antenna producesonly linearly polarized fields. Both types exhibit low efficiency, with thehelical antenna being less efficient owing to its short structure.
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    Sensor review 14 (1994), S. 11-14 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Examines the growth of a new technology called fuzzy logic and itssignificance for microcontroller-based embedded control solutions.Outlines the reasons for the emergence of fuzzy logic and explains themathematic principles behind fuzzy set theory. Using the example of an oventemperature control system, describes how fuzzy logic is applied to thepractical solution of a control problem rather than a conventional solution.Concludes that fuzzy logic has been used primarily in embedded controlapplication as a software-based methodology in closed-loopcontrol systems whilst a dedicated fuzzy hardware processor would optimallybe based on a parallel architecture, allowing the entire rule base to beevaluated in a parallel fashion.
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    Sensor review 14 (1994), S. 20-22 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Outlines the background to neural computing and the learning abilitiesof neural networks. Describes the design and operation of the NeuralInstruction Set Processor [NiSP], the world's first dedicated neural computeron a single chip. The key task performed by the NiSP, which forms the basisof most of the current applications of neural computers, is recognisingpatterns. This makes it deal for applications such as speech, vision andhandwriting recognition, biosensing to detecting intruders, and explosive anddrug identification. Ends with an example of the use of NiSP in theproduction of an intelligent vehicle sensor unit to help create a moreeffective traffic control system.
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    Sensor review 14 (1994), S. 23-25 
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    Notes: Examines the "Supertag" automatic identification system which is aninnovative electronic replacement for barcodes and which can also function asan anti shoplifting device. Each Supertag is a single integrated circuit chipplus a printed flat aerial. Using radio links, Supertag readers are capableof multiple identification and counting at electronic speed. Outlines thetechnical developments which brought about "electronic counting" and comparesthem with conventional RFID systems. Describes the potential used forSupertag including its ability to "read" the entire contents of a supermarkettrolley in a second, making it very attractive for use in the retailindustry.
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    Benchmarking 1 (1994), S. 24-41 
    ISSN: 1463-5771
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    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Compares the findings of a survey conducted in Australia and the UnitedKingdom which investigated issues concerning investments in advancedmanufacturing technologies (AMTs). Responses were received from 61companies in Australia (37.9 per cent response rate) and 67 companies inthe United Kingdom (44.7 per cent response rate). Respondents in bothcountries represented around ten different industrial sectors and variedin size from less than 100 employees to more than 10,000 employees.Respondents reported investment in one or more AMTs with aroundtwo-thirds of the investment in the range £250,000 to £500,000 andA$500,000 to A$10m respectively in the two countries. The comparisonshows some interesting similarities and differences between Australiaand the UK. These are in the types of technologies implemented,financial appraisal methods used, training in AMT and productionmanagement, perceived benefits of AMTs, difficulties of implementingAMTs and the respondents' role in formulating various strategies.Discusses the similarities and differences in the above areas in somedetail and argues why some of the differences exist.
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    Benchmarking 1 (1994), S. 5-10 
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    Notes: An interview with the Editor in which Gregory Watson was asked to givehis perspective on some of the issues on benchmarking. Addresses thebasics of benchmarking.
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    Benchmarking 1 (1994), S. 38-47 
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    Notes: Total quality management sharply modifies management itself. As teamsand teamwork take root, leadership idolatry fades in importance.Teamsmanship requires breaking vertical and horizontal barriers thatstand in the way of quick, high-quality customer service. Managementtools helpful in barrier-busting include team-building, cross-training,job rotation, cross-careering, project teams, and re-engineering. Whilethese tools are in wide use, companies often misapply or weakly applythem. Examples are given of how some companies use these tools in waysthat effectively enhance teamsmanship. Teamsmanship also feeds oninformation, which must be widely shared. In most Western cultures,however, people tend jealously to guard their own knowledge andpersonally acquired information. Organizations must employ systematicdevices that promote information sharing. Among the better known suchdevices are benchmarking and quality function deployment. Also useful,but less familiar, are common files and the "star system". As applied by asmall number of organizations, these techniques can become effectivetools of teamsmanship.
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    Benchmarking 1 (1994), S. 39-51 
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    Notes: Attempts to illustrate how an internal climate survey can be used as ameasurement tool to assess the level of quality in the service sector.Internal climate should ideally be determined by examining across-section of an organization. In an empirical study of two publicmental health and mental retardation (MHMR) agencies, middle managerswere initially believed to be more resistant to the introduction of aquality improvement process than line workers. Two hypotheses regardinginternal climate among different levels of employees were tested.Results from this study provided insight for top managers of both publicagencies to facilitate their total quality management processes.
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    Sensor review 14 (1994), S. 16-19 
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    Notes: A report from a seminar on advanced sensing held on 9th November 1993 aspart of the DTI Advanced Sensors Technology Programme [ASTTP]. The firstsubject covered was multiplexing for control systems and looked at thepresent diversity of bus systems supporting field devices from the viewpointof sensor manufacturers, users and researchers. Another presentation relatingto multiplexing of sensors, looked at a project for water qualitymeasurement. The second topic was sensing in relation tonon-destructive testing, dealing mainly with new market opportunitiesin the food industry, the aircraft industry and civil engineering.
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    Sensor review 14 (1994), S. 27-29 
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    Notes: Reports on the research and development work carried out at CentralResearch Laboratories Ltd [CRL], concentrating on their physical and chemicalsensing techniques and the manufacture of sensors based on silicon fieldeffect transistors [FETs]. Describes the use of FETs in ion sensitive fieldeffect transistors and gives their advantages over conventional ion selectiveelectrodes, suggesting possible application areas might be in clinical bloodanalysis, soil sampling and water testing. Also looks at the use of FETs ingas sensitive field effect transistors, which have been used in chicken houseatmosphere monitoring and for detecting hydrogen induced cracking in oil andgas pipelines. CRL has also been involved in the development of low costelectro-chemical gas cells by new manufacturing techniques. Concludeswith the range of sensor technologies that CRL has expertise in.
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    Sensor review 14 (1994), S. 31-34 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Describes how radio telemetry can interface with process control systemssuch as supervisory control and data acquisition [SCADA] and distributedcontrol systems [DCS] greatly increasing their power and efficiency. Outlinesthe basis of radio telemetry, the behaviour of electromagnetic waves,frequency and wavelengths. Uses the water industry as an example of the useof a large scale and sophisticated SCADA system to provide date collectionand control links over a large area. Concludes that the versatility of radiotelemetry coupled with its cost-effectiveness means that thistechnology can help to expand and improve communications in an increasingnumber of industries.
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    Sensor review 14 (1994), S. 15-17 
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    Notes: Examines a successful method which has been developed for integratingneural nets and fuzzy logic. Outlines the background of fuzzy logic andneural net design techniques, highlighting their strengths and weaknesses.Describes the importance of the error back propagation algorithm in neuralnet applications and how the difficulties of applying it to a fuzzy logicsystem were overcome in the NueuroFuzzy Module by using an extended fuzzylogic inference method that employs so-called fuzzy associative memories[FAMs]. Describes the development steps of NeuroFuzzy systems and gives anexample application of such a system to reduce water and energy consumptionof washing machines. Concludes with other applications for NeuroFuzzysystems, including the optimization of a biological fermentation process andspeaker-independent speech recognition.
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    Sensor review 14 (1994), S. 18-19 
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    Notes: Examines the development of a laser-based system for detectingthe presence or absence of threads on turned components used in theautomotive industry. Describes how a laser inspection station would be set upto take readings from the laser detector as the component cuts a "partpresent" photoswitch. Explains how all the systems' parameters areprogrammable by the user through a hand-held terminal and describestwo typical applications: one to detect the presence of an externalthread on an engine plug and the other to check an internal thread on analuminium insert for a fuel injection system. Outlines the properties oflaser light that makes it preferable for use over camera-basedinspection systems and lists some applications suitable for laser basedsystems such as checking for component features such as threads, holes,grooves and tabs.
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    Sensor review 14 (1994), S. 33-35 
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    Notes: Describes the basic optical concepts of infrared gas detection inrelation to industrial applications and considers the electro opticcomponents at the heart of the analyzers, the infrared detectors themselves.Discusses the choice of detectors for a given application and looks at thepros and cons of thermal detectors and quantum detectors. Notes the possibleneed to cool quantum detectors to improve their signal to noise andresponsivity characteristics. Concludes with the possibility for customconfigurations and lists the various application of infrared gas detectionincluding uses in the transport industry, petrochemical industry andhospitals.
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    Sensor review 14 (1994), S. 26-28 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Examines the problems of applying fuzzy logic to control applicationswhere each application is different from the previous one and looks at thedevelopment of a unique system of fuzzy logic based on an existing softwarepackage. The system comes in two alternative forms; the first is a fullyconfigurable fuzzy set for the OEM designer which, for example, could be usedto control the temperature of a large oven and the second reduces the fuzzyfunction down to the most basic level where no process knowledge is required.Describes the tests carried out in order to determine the linguisticvariables which apply to general control applications. Concludes that fuzzylogic begins to take effect in those situation to which normal controlalgorithms PD, PID functions have difficulty adjusting.
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    Sensor review 14 (1994), S. 29-32 
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    Notes: Outlines a project undertaken by the Defence Research Agency [DRA] toproduce a "gas cloud imaging" system based on optical transform imagemodulation [OTIM]. Describes the military origins of the OTIM technology andthe OTIM Remote Gas Detection Technique, including the temporal coherencemeasurement used in the gas detector. Lists the capabilities and key featuresof OTIM and explains that the exploitation of the technology for civilapplications has been targeted at industrial plant safety and environmentalmonitoring. Concludes with an outline project plan for developing the OTIMgas cloud-imaging system.
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    Benchmarking 1 (1994), S. 48-64 
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    Topics: Technology
    Notes: As the size of the global competitive arena increases, manufacturershave been striving to find new means for achieving and sustaining acompetitive advantage. Fast product innovation is a strategy which hasgained popularity in recent years, particularly in Japan. Deals withtwo assertions: (1) fast cycle innovation will be most effective when itis pursued in conjunction with a quality strategy; and (2) there is anorganizational infrastructure that provides the environment whichsupports the simultaneous achievement of fast cycle innovation and highquality. Using data from 42 Japanese and US plants in three industriesin the US, discriminant analysis determined the key quality,organization, human resource management and JIT characteristics whichseparated faster product innovators from slower product innovators.
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    Notes: Composites are prime examples of technology moving faster than theunderlying science. Faced with increasing global competitiveness, theissues of high cost, product robustness and long lead times associatedwith product development are emerging in the forefront of problemsfacing emerging and existing performance-critical industries, such as inthe area of advanced materials. However, the mere use of the newparadigms or philosophies, such as concurrent engineering, isinsufficient to guarantee successful completion of the productrealization process (PRP). Planning for competitiveness and quality asan integral part of the programme goals and decision process is a key tosuccess. It is essential that clear plans be developed and measurableattributes of performance be identified as early in the design processas possible. The approach described herein provides the framework forsuccessful implementation of an integrated decision-production systemwithin the basic definition of Total Quality Management (TQM). Discussesthe five elements critical to the success of a new technology orproduct: definition; requirements; benchmarking; concepts; and review.
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    Benchmarking 1 (1994), S. 64-80 
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    Notes: Presents the results of a study which was undertaken to establish bestpractice in the management of a pathology department through bestpractice. The study was carried out in two stages: an in-depth analysisof the pathology department through a SWOT analysis and in-depthinterviews with 25 key internal and external customers, and a survey ofNHS laboratories both in the UK and Ireland by targeting a sample ofconsultant pathologists in 50 random locations - the purpose of thisquestionnaire was an attempt at establishing best practice in pathologyquality management. The study revealed that in pathology there iscurrently a major dependency on quality control that reflects acompliance to set standards laid down by professional bodies. It alsoidentified a poor understanding of customer needs and expectations, amechanistic culture which is resistant to change, and a reluctance bypathology managers to delegate ownership for ongoing quality improvementor to take responsibility for quality improvement issues such as wastereduction and cost improvement. Concludes with a set of recommendationsgeared towards helping managers of pathology services to deal withissues such as cost of quality, listening to customers, empoweringemployees and getting the job done right the first time and every time.
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    Benchmarking 1 (1994), S. 52-66 
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    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Discusses how appropriate technologies can be selected in order to facethe quality challenge. Identifies the multitude of factors thatinfluence such selection and uses the analytic hierarchy process (AHP)and quality function deployment (QFD) to analyse thetechnology-selection problem. Presents and considers a new philosophy ofquality - strategic total quality management - in this selectionprocess.
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    Sensor review 14 (1994), S. 8-12 
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    Notes: Summarizes some of the most commonly used gas sensors and describes howeach one works. Covers solid state gas sensors; aqueous electrochemicalgas sensors; paramagnetic gas sensors, photometric gas sensors;thermal conductivity gas sensors and fibre-optic gassensors.
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    Sensor review 14 (1994), S. 13-19 
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    Notes: Describes research into methods for treating solid state gas sensors tocreate a multisensor system with both multi-gas analysis andself-diagnostic capabilities. Outlines the three main categories ofsolid state gas sensors and then discusses the need for a systematic approachto semiconductor sensor design and the phenomenology of new sensor materials.Concludes that theoretically a self-diagnostic sensor array device canbe conceived for utilisation in gas sensing.
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    Sensor review 14 (1994), S. 20-23 
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    Notes: Outlines the characteristics and applications of the stannic oxidesensor. Describes the manufacturing process and properties of stannic oxideand concludes that with modern development in tin dioxide-basedsensors their application is set to expand from their present role indomestic, commercial and industrial alarms to monitoring instruments aswell.
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    Sensor review 14 (1994), S. 27-29 
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    Notes: A review of integrated optical circuit technologies [OIC] and theirrelevance to potential OIC sensor application. Describes the manufacture ofOICs and the varied range of material technologies used. Active SiliconIntegrated Optical Circuits have been developed which may have applicationsfor many optical sensor and fibre optic sensor systems. Concludes howeverthat silicon integrated optics will not enjoy large-scale successuntil their manufacturing costs have been dramatically reduced.
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    Sensor review 14 (1994), S. 19-23 
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    Notes: Analyses the effects of temperature on the behaviour of ultrasonicsensors applied to object recognition. Describes the measurement systememployed, the environmental considerations of ultrasonic sensors and looks atthe most commonly used parameters to analyse the echo form in the recognitionprocess. Evaluates the performance of the parametric model of the ultrasonicecho signal with a comparative study of different ultrasonictransducers.
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    Sensor review 14 (1994), S. 24-27 
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    Notes: Outlines the use of sensors employed in plant research for measuringvarious biophysical activities, in particular photosynthesis. Describes howan infrared gas analyzer [IRGA] takes photosynthesis measurements and looksat the advances made in these gas analyzers. Continues with an examination ofother sensors used in photosynthesis research and measurement techniques usedfor other plant science research such as plant stress. Concludes with recenttrends and applications in plant science research and lists some areas ofresearch applications including studies of climatic change, pests anddiseases and plant breeding.
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    Sensor review 14 (1994), S. 32-33 
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    Notes: Describes a semi-automated electronic board assembly station withcut-and-clinch technology. Examines the system's optical correction facility which can correct for component hole registration variations and can also be used for the verification of new assembly programmes and the removal of digitizing errors. Concludes that the system provides manufacturers with highly flexible automation for assembling PCBs, with a consistent and repeatable performance.
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    Sensor review 14 (1994), S. 28-31 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Outlines the development of an electronic nose for general applicationand examines it's three major parts: a sensor array, a means of converting the sensor outputs into suitable signals for analysis, and a software analysis tool. Describes the sensor array, electronics and overall system design, the conducting polymer sensors and the computer hardware and software. Discusses the analysis techniques and results of tests carried out on various gases, vapours and liquids. Concludes that although much further work is required into sensors and analysis techniques it is anticipated that a growing number of companies will become interested in developing these systems.
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    Electronic Resource
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    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 14 (1994), S. 15-16 
    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Describes a biometric security system, the EyeDentify retinal scanner,which works by mapping the vascular pattern on the retinal portion of theeyeball, using a specially designed camera. Outlines the three modes of theretinal scanner: enrolment, verification and recognition and theuniqueness and stability of retinal identification. Concludes that owing tothe unmatched accuracy and ability to run in a time "recognition" mode, retinal scanners are utilized in the world's most secure areas.
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    Publication Date: 1994-06-01
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    Publication Date: 1993-08-01
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