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  • Articles  (11)
  • fault simulation  (11)
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  • Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology  (11)
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  • Articles  (11)
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  • Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology  (11)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of electronic testing 4 (1993), S. 131-135 
    ISSN: 1573-0727
    Keywords: Gate delay fault ; fault simulation ; robust test ; sequential circuit
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract This article proposes a 7-valued logic appropriate for test generation and fault simulation, in the area of robust tests for gate delay faults, and a straightforward simulation strategy for sequential circuits. It is shown that a purely qualitative logic of robust testing is inadequate for circuits with edge-triggered flip-flops. The relation between the 7-valued logic and the similar logic proposed before by Smith, Schulz et al., and Lin and Reddy are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of electronic testing 4 (1993), S. 255-265 
    ISSN: 1573-0727
    Keywords: Critical path tracing ; fault simulation ; parallel pattern simulation ; single fault propagation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract We present a fast fault simulation algorithm for combinational circuits which combines parallel pattern evaluation and critical path tracing. When the number of faults is large, our algorithm exploits the full advantages of critical path tracing. As fault dropping progresses, the overhead for critical path tracing surpasses its advantages. On the other hand, the efficiency of Parallel Pattern Single Fault Propagation (PPSFP) increases rapidly since relatively few undetected faults remain, and they tend to be inactive. To avoid the overhead of critical path tracing and achieve the advantages of PPSFP, dynamic update of node classes is used to produce a smooth transition from critical path tracing to PPSFP. By using this approach, we get high performance for both small and large numbers of test patterns. Also, preprocessing related to structure analysis is avoided while achieving almost all of its advantages.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of electronic testing 3 (1992), S. 197-205 
    ISSN: 1573-0727
    Keywords: Bridging faults ; fault models ; fault simulation ; test invalidation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Dynamic effects in the detection of bridging faults in CMOS circuits are taken into account showing that a test vector designed to detect a bridging may be invalidated because of the increased propagation delay of the faulty signal. To overcome this problem, it is shown that a sequence of two test vectors 〈 T 0, T 1 〉, in which the second can detect a bridging fault as a steady error, can detect the fault independently of additional propagation delays if T0 initializes the faulty signal to a logic value different from the fault-free one produced by T 1. This technique can be conveniently used both in test generation and fault simulation. In addition, it is shown how any fault simulator able to deal with FCMOS circuits can be modified to evaluate the impact of test invalidation on the fault coverage of bridging faults. For any test vector, this can be done by checking the state of the circuit produced by the previous test vector.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of electronic testing 2 (1991), S. 181-190 
    ISSN: 1573-0727
    Keywords: bridging faults ; CMOS circuits ; critical path analysis ; fault simulation ; stuck-open faults
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract This work presents a technique to correctly deal with non-stuck-at faults in FCMOS circuits making use of complex macrogates. This method can be applied to any gate-level fault simulator providing, for each line of the circuit, the observability status that is directly related to that of individual devices in the actual macrogate implementation. Conductance conflicts are correctly solved to detect bridgings and transistors stuck-on. Fault coverage results are presented and discussed for two typical FCMOS circuits. Results obtained on all ISCAS benchmarks show that the time required for the fault simulation of CMOS faults is comparable to that of stuck-ats.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of electronic testing 2 (1991), S. 135-151 
    ISSN: 1573-0727
    Keywords: behavior model ; fault coverage correlation ; fault model ; fault simulation ; stuck-at fault
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract A critical aspect of digital electronics is the testing of the manufactured designs for correct functionality. The testing process consists of first generating a set of test vectors, then applying them as stimuli to the manufactured designs, and finally comparing the output response with that of the desired response. A design is considered acceptable when the output response matches the desired response and is rejected otherwise. Fundamental to the process of test vector generation is the assumption of an underlying fault model that is a model of the failures introduced during manufacture. The choice of the fault model influences the accuracy of testing and the computer CPU time required to generate test vectors for a given design. The most popular fault model in the industry today is the single stuck-at fault at the gate level that requires exorbitantly large CPU times for moderately complex digital designs. This article introduces new high-level behavior fault models that are associated with high-level hardware descriptions of digital designs. The derivation of these faults is based on the failure modes of the language constructs of the high-level hardware description language. Behavior faults include multiple input stuck-at faults and this article also reasons the nature of test vectors for such faults. The potential advantages of behavior fault modeling include early estimates of fault coverage in the design process prior to the synthesis of the gate-level representation of the design, faster fault simulation, and results that may be more comprehensible to the high-level architects. The behavior-fault-modeling approach is evaluated through a study of correlation of the results of behavior fault simulation of several representative digital designs with the results of gate-level single stuck-at fault simulation of equivalent gate-level representations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of electronic testing 2 (1991), S. 191-203 
    ISSN: 1573-0727
    Keywords: Bayesian estimation ; confidence level ; fault simulation ; sampling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract This article emphasizes simulation-based sampling techniques for estimating fault coverage that use small fault samples. Although random testing is considered to be the primary area of application of the technique it is also suitable for estimating the fault coverage of nonrandom tests based on specific fault models. Especially for fault coverages exceeding 95%, it is shown that a precise estimate can be obtained using a fault sample of only 500 faults. The estimation is based on a binomial approximation of the probability density of the sample fault coverage. Using Bayes statistics an estimate is obtained whose accuracy is a linear function of the sample size if the fault coverage approaches 100%. The sample size is independent of the circuit size, thus making fault sampling particularly interesting for the fault simulation of ULSI designs due to the resulting reduction of the time complexity of fault simulation from O(N 2) to O(N).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of electronic testing 1 (1991), S. 275-286 
    ISSN: 1573-0727
    Keywords: fault simulation ; robust tests ; stuck-open faults ; test generation algorithms
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Tests for stuck-open faults in static CMOS circuits consist of a sequence of two input vectors. Such test-pairs may be invalidated by delays in the circuit. Test-pairs that are not invalidated by delays in the circuit are known as robust test-pairs. We present a six-valued logic system Ω = {0, 1, r, f, 0h, 1h}. We show how Ω differs from a number of other logic systems that have been proposed for test generation. This logic system abstracts the important aspects of the transition behavior of the circuit, on application of an input pair, that is necessary to characterize robust test-pairs for stuck-open faults. This characterization of robust test-pairs is used to derive: (i) an algorithm for determining if a given test-pair is a robust test-pair for a given stuck-open fault or not; and (ii) a simplified algorithm for computing a robust test-pair for a stuck-open fault. The resulting algorithm for computing robust tests for stuck-open faults can be implemented by minor modifications to test generation algorithms for stuck-at faults.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of electronic testing 1 (1990), S. 7-13 
    ISSN: 1573-0727
    Keywords: fault simulation ; sequential circuits ; test generation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract A new fast fault simulation algorithm called differential fault simulation, DSIM, for synchronous sequential circuits is described. Unlike concurrent fault simulation, for every test vector, DSIM simulates the good machine and each faulty machine separately, one after another, rather than simultaneously simulating all machines. Therefore, DSIM dramatically reduces the memory requirement and the overhead in the memory management in concurrent fault simulation. Also, unlike serial fault simulation, DSIM simulates each machine by reprocessing its differences from the previously simulated machine. In this manner, DSIM is more efficient than serial fault simulation. Experiments have shown that DSIM runs 3 to 12 times faster than an existing concurrent fault simulator. In addition, owing to the simplicity of this algorithm, DSIM is very easy to implement and maintain. An implementation consists of only about 300 lines of “C” language statements added to the event-driven true-value simulator in an existing sequential circuit test generator program, STG3. Currently DSIM uses the zero-delay timing model. The addition of alternative delay models is under development.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of electronic testing 1 (1990), S. 139-149 
    ISSN: 1573-0727
    Keywords: fault simulation ; multilevel simulation ; testing ; VLSI design
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract This article discusses an approach for hierarchical multilevel fault simulation for large systems described at the transistor, gate, and higher levels. The approach reduces the memory requirement of the simulation drastically, thus allowing the simulation of circuits that are too large to simulate at one flat level on typical engineering workstations. This is achieved by exploiting the regularity and modularity found in a hierarchical circuit description that contains many repeated substructures. The hierarchical setup also allows flexible multilevel simulation: behavioral models can replace subcircuits at any level of the hierarchy for accelerated simulation. The simulation algorithms are at the switch level so that general MOS digital designs with bidirectional signal flow can be handled, and both stuck-at and transistor faults are treated accurately. The approach has been implemented in the hierarchical logic and fault simulation system, CHAMP, that runs under UNIX on SUN-3 and SUN-4 workstations. It has been used successfully for simulating and fault grading a large commercial microprocessor.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of electronic testing 1 (1990), S. 183-189 
    ISSN: 1573-0727
    Keywords: D-algorithm ; fault simulation ; fault target switching
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract We describe an extended selection of switching target faults in the CONT algorithm. The main difficulty in test generation is the conflict that arises in the process of determining the signal values due to reconvergent fanouts. Conventional approaches for test generation change a signal value, which causes conflicts to another possible choice for backtracking. In the CONT algorithm, a strategy of switching target fault was proposed as a new backtracking mechanism. In this method, the target fault is switched to a new target fault instead of making an alternative assignment on the primary input value when a conflict occurs. A disadvantage of the CONT algorithm is that unjustified lines exist in the process of test generation. These unjustified lines make the procedure of switching targets complicated and restrict the possible choice in selecting the new target fault. In the new version of CONT, called CONT-2, we have removed the unjustified lines in the process of test generation and have extended to two target-fault types for switching targets. Implementing CONT-2 by a Fortran program, ISCAS85 benchmark circuits are examined. Experiments on a combined system with fault simulation followed by CONT-2 are also presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of electronic testing 1 (1990), S. 183-189 
    ISSN: 1573-0727
    Keywords: D-algorithm ; fault simulation ; fault target switching
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract We describe an extended selection of switching target faults in the CONT algorithm. The main difficulty in test generation is the conflict that arises in the process of determining the signal values due to reconvergent fanouts. Conventional approaches for test generation change a signal value, which causes conflicts to another possible choice for backtracking. In the CONT algorithm, a strategy of switching target fault was proposed as a new backtracking mechanism. In this method, the target fault is switched to a new target fault instead of making an alternative assignment on the primary input value when a conflict occurs. A disadvantage of the CONT algorithm is that unjustified lines exist in the process of test generation. These unjustified lines make the procedure of switching targets complicated and restrict the possible choice in selecting the new target fault. In the new version of CONT, called CONT-2, we have removed the unjustified lines in the process of test generation and have extended to two target-fault types for switching targets. Implementing CONT-2 by a Fortran program, ISCAS85 benchmark circuits are examined. Experiments on a combined system with fault simulation followed by CONT-2 are also presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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