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  • Articles  (461)
  • Wiley-Blackwell  (434)
  • Emerald  (27)
  • 1990-1994  (403)
  • 1985-1989  (58)
  • 1960-1964
  • 1950-1954
  • 1930-1934
  • Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology  (461)
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  • Articles  (461)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electrochemical sensors a modern success story for an old idea (1994)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 14 (1994), S. 30-32 
    Details
    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Looks at modern electrochemical gas sensors: they way they workand the range of gases they can detect. The largest application area is inportable gas detection equipment where the emphasis is on small size and lowpower demands. These sensors are also used for emissions monitoring,specifically from combustion sources. Concludes that portable multigasdetectors will continue to get smaller with a consequent reduction in size ofsensors and that a wider range of gas sensors will be available with advancesin electrochemistry.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/EUM0000000004255
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Probes for high precision dimensional measurement (1994)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 14 (1994), S. 24-26 
    Details
    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Looks at work carried out by The Centre for Manufacturing Metrology atBrunel University into developing new probes for high precision dimensionalmeasurement. Describes the conventional "touch-trigger" probe and theerrors in its performance. Also describes three prototype probes all based onfibre optic principles: a two dimensional Triggering Probe; a threedimensional Analogue Probe and a non-contact probe. Concludes that the2-D triggering probe is a simple construction but limited to2-D operation; the analogue 3-D is smaller in comparison withexisting types, comparable in accuracy and cheaper to manufacture, and thenon-contact probe has potential for future development with some formof "intelligent" data processing.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/EUM0000000004247
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A new age gas meter (1994)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 14 (1994), S. 33-35 
    Details
    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Looks at the development of a new ultrasonic meter for the gas supplyindustry and explaining the transit time measurement principle on which itworks and the performance characteristics of the new meter. Concludes thatthe ultrasound gas meter could also have medical applications includinganaesthetics and hospital ward monitoring. There have been limited productionruns of the new gas meter and extensive trials are taking place in severalcountries.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/EUM0000000004254
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Radio telemetry (1994)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 14 (1994), S. 10-15 
    Details
    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: An overview of radio telemetry, concentrating on low power,short-range systems which can be operated without equipment licences.Describes transmission mechanisms, aerials and the two main types of analoguemodulation: amplitude modulation [AM] and frequency modulation [FM].Outlines the developments in radio data links and modulation schemes, thebenefits of networks and the various methods of encoding data. Concludes thatone of the biggest problems in radio telemetry is the different regulationsacross Europe making it virtually impossible to design a transmitter that isacceptable in more than one country. However, in Europe the situation isslowly changing, with new common standards for defining, evaluating andtesting equipment coming into effect.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/EUM0000000004253
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Horses for courses (1994)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 14 (1994), S. 23-24 
    Details
    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Looks at radio frequency design relating to the expanding field of datatransmission with the arrival of purpose-made modules, particularly at418MHz. Describes the three main types of antennae to be considered at 418MHz, the vertical whip, the tuned loop and the helical. Discusses theparameters that are applied to systems of speed, distance, batteryconstraints, size, location of equipment and limited frequency allocation.Uses the example of a low power battery operated alarm system required toprovide security at a stables to show how various design problems can beovercome.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/EUM0000000004244
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fail safe radio remote control (1994)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 14 (1994), S. 25-26 
    Details
    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Describes the basic principles of radio remote control, dealingspecifically with safety aspects, transmitters, receivers, transmittedtelegrams, the Hamming code to indicate the origination of errors, andemergency stop circuits. Concludes with the specification for DTI approval inthe UK and a list of typical applications for remote control systemsincluding cranes, ship unloaders, conveyors and ventilation fans.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/EUM0000000004243
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Simple antennas (1994)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 14 (1994), S. 30-30 
    Details
    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Describes the increasing need for simple and efficient antennas andlooks at the performance of quarter wavelength and helical antennas.Concludes the optimum performances from both antennas are ruled by the choiceof a suitable ground plane. The helical antenna is capable of producing acircularly polarized field, whereas the quarter wavelength antenna producesonly linearly polarized fields. Both types exhibit low efficiency, with thehelical antenna being less efficient owing to its short structure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02602289410067580
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Development of fuzzy logic in embedded control (1994)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 14 (1994), S. 11-14 
    Details
    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Examines the growth of a new technology called fuzzy logic and itssignificance for microcontroller-based embedded control solutions.Outlines the reasons for the emergence of fuzzy logic and explains themathematic principles behind fuzzy set theory. Using the example of an oventemperature control system, describes how fuzzy logic is applied to thepractical solution of a control problem rather than a conventional solution.Concludes that fuzzy logic has been used primarily in embedded controlapplication as a software-based methodology in closed-loopcontrol systems whilst a dedicated fuzzy hardware processor would optimallybe based on a parallel architecture, allowing the entire rule base to beevaluated in a parallel fashion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/EUM0000000004241
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Neural processing set to boost sensor technology (1994)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 14 (1994), S. 20-22 
    Details
    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Outlines the background to neural computing and the learning abilitiesof neural networks. Describes the design and operation of the NeuralInstruction Set Processor [NiSP], the world's first dedicated neural computeron a single chip. The key task performed by the NiSP, which forms the basisof most of the current applications of neural computers, is recognisingpatterns. This makes it deal for applications such as speech, vision andhandwriting recognition, biosensing to detecting intruders, and explosive anddrug identification. Ends with an example of the use of NiSP in theproduction of an intelligent vehicle sensor unit to help create a moreeffective traffic control system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/EUM0000000004238
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Supertag—stock counting off its trolley (1994)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 14 (1994), S. 23-25 
    Details
    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Examines the "Supertag" automatic identification system which is aninnovative electronic replacement for barcodes and which can also function asan anti shoplifting device. Each Supertag is a single integrated circuit chipplus a printed flat aerial. Using radio links, Supertag readers are capableof multiple identification and counting at electronic speed. Outlines thetechnical developments which brought about "electronic counting" and comparesthem with conventional RFID systems. Describes the potential used forSupertag including its ability to "read" the entire contents of a supermarkettrolley in a second, making it very attractive for use in the retailindustry.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/EUM0000000004237
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Advanced sensors seminar looks at multiplexing and NDT (1994)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 14 (1994), S. 16-19 
    Details
    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A report from a seminar on advanced sensing held on 9th November 1993 aspart of the DTI Advanced Sensors Technology Programme [ASTTP]. The firstsubject covered was multiplexing for control systems and looked at thepresent diversity of bus systems supporting field devices from the viewpointof sensor manufacturers, users and researchers. Another presentation relatingto multiplexing of sensors, looked at a project for water qualitymeasurement. The second topic was sensing in relation tonon-destructive testing, dealing mainly with new market opportunitiesin the food industry, the aircraft industry and civil engineering.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/EUM0000000004245
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fet accompli (1994)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 14 (1994), S. 27-29 
    Details
    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Reports on the research and development work carried out at CentralResearch Laboratories Ltd [CRL], concentrating on their physical and chemicalsensing techniques and the manufacture of sensors based on silicon fieldeffect transistors [FETs]. Describes the use of FETs in ion sensitive fieldeffect transistors and gives their advantages over conventional ion selectiveelectrodes, suggesting possible application areas might be in clinical bloodanalysis, soil sampling and water testing. Also looks at the use of FETs ingas sensitive field effect transistors, which have been used in chicken houseatmosphere monitoring and for detecting hydrogen induced cracking in oil andgas pipelines. CRL has also been involved in the development of low costelectro-chemical gas cells by new manufacturing techniques. Concludeswith the range of sensor technologies that CRL has expertise in.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/EUM0000000004242
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Scada uses radio to bridge the gap (1994)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 14 (1994), S. 31-34 
    Details
    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Describes how radio telemetry can interface with process control systemssuch as supervisory control and data acquisition [SCADA] and distributedcontrol systems [DCS] greatly increasing their power and efficiency. Outlinesthe basis of radio telemetry, the behaviour of electromagnetic waves,frequency and wavelengths. Uses the water industry as an example of the useof a large scale and sophisticated SCADA system to provide date collectionand control links over a large area. Concludes that the versatility of radiotelemetry coupled with its cost-effectiveness means that thistechnology can help to expand and improve communications in an increasingnumber of industries.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/EUM0000000004252
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Neurofuzzy technologies (1994)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 14 (1994), S. 15-17 
    Details
    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Examines a successful method which has been developed for integratingneural nets and fuzzy logic. Outlines the background of fuzzy logic andneural net design techniques, highlighting their strengths and weaknesses.Describes the importance of the error back propagation algorithm in neuralnet applications and how the difficulties of applying it to a fuzzy logicsystem were overcome in the NueuroFuzzy Module by using an extended fuzzylogic inference method that employs so-called fuzzy associative memories[FAMs]. Describes the development steps of NeuroFuzzy systems and gives anexample application of such a system to reduce water and energy consumptionof washing machines. Concludes with other applications for NeuroFuzzysystems, including the optimization of a biological fermentation process andspeaker-independent speech recognition.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/EUM0000000004240
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A laser-based thread detection system (1994)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 14 (1994), S. 18-19 
    Details
    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Examines the development of a laser-based system for detectingthe presence or absence of threads on turned components used in theautomotive industry. Describes how a laser inspection station would be set upto take readings from the laser detector as the component cuts a "partpresent" photoswitch. Explains how all the systems' parameters areprogrammable by the user through a hand-held terminal and describestwo typical applications: one to detect the presence of an externalthread on an engine plug and the other to check an internal thread on analuminium insert for a fuel injection system. Outlines the properties oflaser light that makes it preferable for use over camera-basedinspection systems and lists some applications suitable for laser basedsystems such as checking for component features such as threads, holes,grooves and tabs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/EUM0000000004239
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Infrared: sensing pollution (1994)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 14 (1994), S. 33-35 
    Details
    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Describes the basic optical concepts of infrared gas detection inrelation to industrial applications and considers the electro opticcomponents at the heart of the analyzers, the infrared detectors themselves.Discusses the choice of detectors for a given application and looks at thepros and cons of thermal detectors and quantum detectors. Notes the possibleneed to cool quantum detectors to improve their signal to noise andresponsivity characteristics. Concludes with the possibility for customconfigurations and lists the various application of infrared gas detectionincluding uses in the transport industry, petrochemical industry andhospitals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/EUM0000000004250
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fuzzy in control (1994)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 14 (1994), S. 26-28 
    Details
    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Examines the problems of applying fuzzy logic to control applicationswhere each application is different from the previous one and looks at thedevelopment of a unique system of fuzzy logic based on an existing softwarepackage. The system comes in two alternative forms; the first is a fullyconfigurable fuzzy set for the OEM designer which, for example, could be usedto control the temperature of a large oven and the second reduces the fuzzyfunction down to the most basic level where no process knowledge is required.Describes the tests carried out in order to determine the linguisticvariables which apply to general control applications. Concludes that fuzzylogic begins to take effect in those situation to which normal controlalgorithms PD, PID functions have difficulty adjusting.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/EUM0000000004236
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    OTIM—passive remote gas detector gas cloud-imaging industrial development programme (1994)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 14 (1994), S. 29-32 
    Details
    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Outlines a project undertaken by the Defence Research Agency [DRA] toproduce a "gas cloud imaging" system based on optical transform imagemodulation [OTIM]. Describes the military origins of the OTIM technology andthe OTIM Remote Gas Detection Technique, including the temporal coherencemeasurement used in the gas detector. Lists the capabilities and key featuresof OTIM and explains that the exploitation of the technology for civilapplications has been targeted at industrial plant safety and environmentalmonitoring. Concludes with an outline project plan for developing the OTIMgas cloud-imaging system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/EUM0000000004251
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Gas sensors (1994)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 14 (1994), S. 8-12 
    Details
    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Summarizes some of the most commonly used gas sensors and describes howeach one works. Covers solid state gas sensors; aqueous electrochemicalgas sensors; paramagnetic gas sensors, photometric gas sensors;thermal conductivity gas sensors and fibre-optic gassensors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/EUM0000000004256
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Self-diagnostic solid state gas sensors (1994)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 14 (1994), S. 13-19 
    Details
    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Describes research into methods for treating solid state gas sensors tocreate a multisensor system with both multi-gas analysis andself-diagnostic capabilities. Outlines the three main categories ofsolid state gas sensors and then discusses the need for a systematic approachto semiconductor sensor design and the phenomenology of new sensor materials.Concludes that theoretically a self-diagnostic sensor array device canbe conceived for utilisation in gas sensing.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/EUM0000000004249
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The stannic oxide gas sensor (1994)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 14 (1994), S. 20-23 
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    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Outlines the characteristics and applications of the stannic oxidesensor. Describes the manufacturing process and properties of stannic oxideand concludes that with modern development in tin dioxide-basedsensors their application is set to expand from their present role indomestic, commercial and industrial alarms to monitoring instruments aswell.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/EUM0000000004248
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Silicon integrated optics and sensor applications (1994)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 14 (1994), S. 27-29 
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    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A review of integrated optical circuit technologies [OIC] and theirrelevance to potential OIC sensor application. Describes the manufacture ofOICs and the varied range of material technologies used. Active SiliconIntegrated Optical Circuits have been developed which may have applicationsfor many optical sensor and fibre optic sensor systems. Concludes howeverthat silicon integrated optics will not enjoy large-scale successuntil their manufacturing costs have been dramatically reduced.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/EUM0000000004246
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultrasonics—temperature shapes the envelope (1994)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 14 (1994), S. 19-23 
    Details
    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Analyses the effects of temperature on the behaviour of ultrasonicsensors applied to object recognition. Describes the measurement systememployed, the environmental considerations of ultrasonic sensors and looks atthe most commonly used parameters to analyse the echo form in the recognitionprocess. Evaluates the performance of the parametric model of the ultrasonicecho signal with a comparative study of different ultrasonictransducers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/EUM0000000004234
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sensors employed in plant science research (1994)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 14 (1994), S. 24-27 
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    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Outlines the use of sensors employed in plant research for measuringvarious biophysical activities, in particular photosynthesis. Describes howan infrared gas analyzer [IRGA] takes photosynthesis measurements and looksat the advances made in these gas analyzers. Continues with an examination ofother sensors used in photosynthesis research and measurement techniques usedfor other plant science research such as plant stress. Concludes with recenttrends and applications in plant science research and lists some areas ofresearch applications including studies of climatic change, pests anddiseases and plant breeding.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/EUM0000000004233
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Board assembly system uses vision (1994)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 14 (1994), S. 32-33 
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    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Describes a semi-automated electronic board assembly station withcut-and-clinch technology. Examines the system's optical correction facility which can correct for component hole registration variations and can also be used for the verification of new assembly programmes and the removal of digitizing errors. Concludes that the system provides manufacturers with highly flexible automation for assembling PCBs, with a consistent and repeatable performance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/EUM0000000004231
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  • 26
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The "electronic nose" using conducting polymer sensors (1994)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 14 (1994), S. 28-31 
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    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Outlines the development of an electronic nose for general applicationand examines it's three major parts: a sensor array, a means of converting the sensor outputs into suitable signals for analysis, and a software analysis tool. Describes the sensor array, electronics and overall system design, the conducting polymer sensors and the computer hardware and software. Discusses the analysis techniques and results of tests carried out on various gases, vapours and liquids. Concludes that although much further work is required into sensors and analysis techniques it is anticipated that a growing number of companies will become interested in developing these systems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/EUM0000000004232
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  • 27
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The eyes have it (1994)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 14 (1994), S. 15-16 
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    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Describes a biometric security system, the EyeDentify retinal scanner,which works by mapping the vascular pattern on the retinal portion of theeyeball, using a specially designed camera. Outlines the three modes of theretinal scanner: enrolment, verification and recognition and theuniqueness and stability of retinal identification. Concludes that owing tothe unmatched accuracy and ability to run in a time "recognition" mode, retinal scanners are utilized in the world's most secure areas.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/EUM0000000004235
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  • 28
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Adnan Saleh (1994)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 7 (1994), S. i 
    Details
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jnm.1660070108
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  • 29
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Editorial (1994)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 7 (1994), S. 75-75 
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    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jnm.1660070202
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  • 30
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Characteristics of the general rectangular 2D-TLM network (1994)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 7 (1994), S. 127-139 
    Details
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: In this paper the traditional square mesh 2D-TLM algorithm is generalized for rectangular meshes of arbitrary aspect ratio. It is shown that the anisotropic rectangular TLM network can be conceived in such a way that the propagation vector remains independent of the direction of propagation in the infinitesimal approximation. A full dispersion analysis of the rectangular mesh in then performed for the general case, and results are compared to that of the traditional square mesh.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jnm.1660070206
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    Integral equation formulation of radiation from rectangular waveguides and horns (1994)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 7 (1994), S. 155-166 
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    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The radiation field patterns of rectangular waveguides and horns of finite dimensions are obtained numerically. The electric field integral equation is formulated to relate their radiation patterns to the surface current distribution. These currents are determined numerically by reducing the integral equation to a matrix equation, using the moment method. The computed currents are then used to calculate the radiation patterns and cross-polar fields of the finite wavegiudes and horns. The method is numerically efficient and can be applied to the computation and optimization of the antenna feed configurations.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jnm.1660070303
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    The modelling and the electromagnetic scattering from bifurcated open-ended cavities (1994)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 7 (1994), S. 167-177 
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    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Ray-besed methods have been previously developed for accurately predicting the electromagnetic scattering from cavity interiors that allowed for realistic modelling of complex cavities such as jet engine inlets. An analytic geometric model is developed for bifurcated cavities based on connecting sections of generalized super-ellipse functions. The electromagnetic scattering from such cavities using the ‘shooting and bouncing rays’ (SBR) method is discussed.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jnm.1660070304
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    FDTD analysis of crosstalk in multilayer printed circuits (1994)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 7 (1994), S. 209-221 
    Details
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A theoretical analysis has been developed to study the crosstalk in crossed bundles of parallel lines. The model is based on the theory of the coupled transmission lines and the resulting system of differential equations has been solved by means of the finite difference, time-domain (FDTD) method. The frequency response of the network has been achieved by the discrete fourier transform (DFT) algorithm; measurements, performed with a vectorial network analyser, show a good agreement with numerical simulation.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jnm.1660070308
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    3-D edge element analysis of dielectric loaded resonant cavities (1994)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 7 (1994), S. 35-41 
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    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The eigenmodes in electromagnetic cavities, loaded with arbitrarily shaped dielectric materials, are computed by the edge element method. The computation shows that the well known ‘spurious modes’ no longer appear. Formulae are given and verified so that the number of zero eigenvalues, which come from ∇ × H = 0, may be accurately predicted. Formulae for the order and density of the global matrices are given for a rectangular cavity regularly divided into bricks and tetrahedra, allowing an associated comparison between the contrasting edge and nodal element formulations. Comparison of the computed results with available theoretical and previously published data show the edge element approach to be a robust, accurate and effective method.
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    Harmonic balance method applied to the numerical electrical physical modelling of two-terminal, non-linear microwave circuits in the frequency domain (1994)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 7 (1994), S. 253-265 
    Details
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A numerical frequence-domain modelling of two-terminal, non-linear microwave circuits is presented. It basically relies on a process allowing the solution of the frequency-domain curcuit harmonic balance equations while accounting for the semiconductor device by means of an accurate numerical macroscopic physical model. In its present state of development, the model allows the study of a single two-terminal device circuit operating in harmonic mode. Its capabilites are illustrated by means of the results of a study devoted to the optimization of the load curcuit configuration of a millimetre-wave avalanche diode frequency multiplier. The influence of the output load impedance level on the circuit output RF performance has been investigated for different input power levels in direct frequency multiplication mode and in the presence of additional circuit tunings at low harmonic rank idler frequencies.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jnm.1660070404
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    Masthead (1994)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 7 (1994) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jnm.1660070501
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    A non-linear and distributed modelling procedure of fets (1994)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 7 (1994), S. 309-319 
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    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: This paper describes a rigorous and systematic procedure to derive a non-linear distributed FET model that an easily be implemented in CAD routines of simulators based on harmonic balance techniques. The new model is derived from a knowldge of the conventional linear lumped equivalent circuit, from non-linear current sources extracted with pulsed measurements, and from the physical dimensions of the FET.For fundamental and haromonic requencies, the FET is modelled by N identical cells. Each cell is made up of a non-linear two-port section inserted between two linear four-port sections that simulate the coupling and the distributed effects along the electrodes of the FET in the width direction only. This non-linear distributed scaling approach to FET modelling has been applied to the analysis of a submicrometre-gate GaAs FET at Millimetre-wave frequencies, and the results were compared to the non-linear lumped element approach. This approach can be applied to other transistors used in non-linear regions at microwave and millimetre-wave frequencies.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jnm.1660070502
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    Calls for papers (1994)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 7 (1994), S. 375-375 
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    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jnm.1660070508
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    Erratum (1994)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 7 (1994), S. ii 
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    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jnm.1660070602
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    Symbolic approach to inverse problems in method of moments (1994)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 7 (1994), S. 399-405 
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    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Symbolic computational systems introduce some unique features in computational engineering. There have been several papers published on the solution of differential equations under given boundary conditions by symbolic systems. The finite element formalism has received prime attention in the course of development of symbolic computation in engineering. The main idea has been to develop a symbolic FEM package to reduce the burden of manual algebra, eliminate errors introduced by numerical quadrature, and improve the efficiency of element generation.This work discusses a symbolic solution to electromagnetic linear antenna problems. The solution is a method of moments that transforms Pocklington's integral equation to a matrix equation. The symbolic system is used to produce (1) analytical integration, (2) the parametric expression for the input impedance and (3) computational code for forward and reverse problem of the input impedance.
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    A Laplace domain finite element method (LDFEM) applied to diffusion and propagation problems in electrical engineering (1994)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 7 (1994), S. 419-432 
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    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: This paper presents a new finite element formulation in the Laplace domain for both diffusion and wave equations with applications in the field of electrical engineering. With the aid of congruence transformation of matrices, the finite element equations in the Laplace domain are solved and time-domain results can be obtained through the inverse Laplace transform. In a test problem, good agreement between the numerical results derived with the present method and the analytical solutions has been found. For applications in which only Dirichlet and Neumann boundary conditions are involved, this new finite element approach can be applied and provide both frequency-domain and time-domain results in one run without any timestepping scheme. The limitations of using the congruence transformation in solving propagation problems are also addressed in this paper.
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    Numerical analysis of discontinuities in a rectangular waveguide loaded with isotropic or anisotropic obstacles by means of the coupled-mode method and the mode-matching method (1994)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 7 (1994), S. 433-452 
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    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A hybrid method obtained as a combination of the coupled-mode method (CMM) and the mode-matching method (MMM) is developed and applied in the analysis of multiple dielectric and magnetic discontinuities in rectangular waveguides. As both are moment methods, some kind of truncation has to be carried out in the computer implementation. It is shown that selection of a different number of modes in the two methods is not necessary, unless low-permittivity meida inside the waveguide are considered. As a consequence, the procedure for slecting the number of basis functions is only done in one of the methods. Numerical examples are presented showing the behaviour of the method and the proofs of convergence. Examples are included illustrating the power of this hybrid technique, especially in relation to non-reciprocal structures containing magnetized ferrites.
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    Masthead (1994)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 7 (1994) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jnm.1660070101
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    Numerical modelling of viscous flow in silicon thermal oxidation with the boundary element method (1994)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 7 (1994), S. 15-24 
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    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: This paper describes the application of the boundary element method to solving two-dimensional steady slow viscous flow problems (creeping flow) in thermal silicon oxidation. The proposed method used the velocity-pressure formulation. The use of the incompressibility condition as a boundary condition and the application of the second Green's identity to transform the domain integral into a boundary integral result in a system of three boundary integral equations for velocity components and pressure. Solution of this system to be an ill-posed problem because of the presence of boundary conditions of the first kind. Two methods of regularization are employed. The numerical results for trench oxidation process are presented.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jnm.1660070103
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    Masthead (1994)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 7 (1994) 
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    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jnm.1660070201
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    Numerical modelling of the stationary Maxwell-Lorentz system in technical devices (1994)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 7 (1994), S. 43-67 
    Details
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The particle-in-cell method is coupled with boundary-fitted co-ordinates in order to model the stationary Maxwell-Lorentz problem in technical devices. New numerical algorithms describing the transition between the grid model and the mesh-free model are developed and the existing techniques of finite difference schemes for equidistant grids are extended to non-equidistant, arbitrarily shaped, convex four-point meshes. The modelling process is described, and both the numerical approximation and the algorithms are discussed. Applications in different technical devices show the flexibility of the method.
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    Function expansion algorithms for the time-domain alalysis of shielded structures supporting electromagnetic waves (1994)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 7 (1994), S. 77-84 
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    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Series function expansion algorithms of the time-domain analysis of boundary value problems are discussed. Electromagnetic fields inside a structure under investigation are expanded into series of basis functions and the expansion coefficients are found by means of the Galerkin method. The numerical cost of algorithms is discussed and a cost efficient approach is proposed for formulations using sine and cosine expansion functions. Compared with conventional time-domain methods the algorithms described show the time evolution of the expansion coefficients rather than the samples of a physical continuum at discrete nodes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jnm.1660070203
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    Editorial (1994)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 7 (1994), S. ii 
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    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jnm.1660070302
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    Analysis of a thin wire circular loop antenna (1994)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 7 (1994), S. 189-199 
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    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A rigorous technique for studying a thin wire circular loop antenna excited by a magnetic frill is developed. The exact kernel is derived and used to improve the accuracy. The scheme is applicable to small as well as large loops. Results obtained are nearly indistinguishable from those determined by the Fourier expansion method for non-resonant loops. A disagreement of 2 per cent is generally observed when the loop is close to reasonant for βb 〉 2. Compared with the conventional numerical method where a loop is represented by a polygon of straight wires, the present scheme is much faster and more accurate. Extension of this method to cover an antenna system of arbitrarily oriented loops intermingled with straight wires can be easily achieved.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jnm.1660070306
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    Masthead (1994)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 7 (1994) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jnm.1660070401
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    Numerical simulation of two-valley semiconductor device model based on an ENO shock capturing algorithm (1994)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 7 (1994), S. 239-252 
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    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Simulation results for a n+-n-n+ two-valley semiconductor device obtained by use of a shock capturing numerical agorithm are presented. The one-dimensional problem is modelled by two systems of Euler equations connected by their source terms, and the Poisson equation. The resulting system of seven equations is hyperbolic and non-linear, and it is a great problem to find an adequate numerical approximation of its time-dependent discontinuities. There are additional complications due to the stiffness of the source terms.The numerical method used in this paper is first-order acurate in time but of high spatial order in regions of smoothness. Before the method is applied, the system has to be transformed to a characteristic form. The adopted shock capturing algorithm enables the choice of the order of the accuracy by the appropriate choice of the reconstruction polynomial. Reconstructions of the second and fourth order are tested and some numerical results are presented. Because of the stiffness of the source terms, the sixth-order accurate scheme breaks down. The results presented, and especially the response obtained of the structure to the step and periodic applied voltage, prove the correctness of the used schemes.
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    On the responses of strip-line interconnects with discontinuities excited by external fields (1994)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 7 (1994), S. 283-304 
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    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: An algorithm is developed to evaluate the responses of discontinuous coplanar strip-lines excited by external electromagnetic fields. The algorithm uses the cascade chain matrix method which employs the distributed circuit parameters to model the external field coupling to the line and it is applicable to most commonly encountered discontinuities in microwave integrated circuit interconnects on lossy substrates. A general CAD program is developed based on this model and it is applied to realistic coplanar strip-line interconnections with geometric and resistive discontinuities to illustrate the capabilities of the algorithm. These interconnect models are selected from a practical microwave integrated circuit design. Simplicity and fast speed of the algorithm enable computer-aided analysis of externally induced electromagnetic noise in integrated circuits to be carried out. The effects of dielectric losses in the integrated circuit substrates and the discontinuities in the conducting tracks on the wave coupling are investigated in isolation.
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    Parallel computation of 3-D electromagnetic scattering using finite elements (1994)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 7 (1994), S. 329-342 
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    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The finite element method (FEM) with local absorbing boundary conditions has been recently applied to compute electromagnetic scattering from large 3-D geometries. In this paper, we present details pertaining to code implementation and optimization. Various types of sparse matrix storage schemes are discussed and their performance is examined in terms of vectorization and net storage requirements. The system of linear equations is solved using a preconditioned biconjugate gradient (BCG) algorithm and a fairly detailed study of existing point and block preconditioners (diagonal and incomplete LU) is carried out. A modified ILU preconditioning scheme is also introducted which works better than the traditional version for our matrix systems. The parallelization of the iterative sparse solver and the matrix generation/assembly as implemented on the KSR1 multiprocessor is described and the interprocessor communication patterns are analysed in detail. Near-linear speed-up is obtained for both the iterative solver and the matrix generation/assembly phases. Results are presented for a problem having 224,476 unknowns and validated by comparison with measured data.
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    Comments on, ‘numerical analysis of waveguide apertures radiating into lossy media’ (1994)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 7 (1994), S. 371-372 
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    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jnm.1660070507
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    Iterative solution of boundary element approximations for electric and magnetic fields (1994)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 7 (1994), S. 357-370 
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    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The calculation of potentials in homogeneous and isotropic media by the boundary element method has the advantage that a harmonic solution of Laplace's equation is obtained for given approximated boundary conditions. The technique leads to the solution of linear systems with full matrices of dimension 1000-10,000 for medium- and large-sized three-dimensional problems, An efficient solution procedure of the linear systems is required.While the iterative solution of the large and sparse linear systems arising from the finite difference or the finite element method is well documented, the systems resulting from the boundary element method are typically solved by direct methods. However, in many cases an iterative solver needs far fewer operations to achieve a sufficient accuracy. Importantly, there are many alternative methods, each of them well suited for different types of problem.Here, we provide an overview of state-of-the-art iterative solvers. We will discuss the particular methods that have been successfully applied to systems arising from field calculations in the high-voltage engineering by the boundary element method. The selection of appropriate methods is discussed. We demonstrate that iterative solutions can be much faster than direct solvers with regards to the number of operations. Furthermore, these solvers are optimally suited for today's supercomputers because they can be efficiently vectorized and parallelized.
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    Discrete Green's functions and hybrid modelling of thermal and particle diffusion (1994)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 7 (1994), S. 407-418 
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    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: This paper provides details of a widely applicable technique of hybrid modelling of thermal and particle diffusion which can help to reduce computational load in explicit formulation. The undesirable effects of artificial boundaries, which are introduced when a simulation is truncated or when an expanding mesh is used, can be eliminated by the use of discrete Green's functions. The technique can also be applied to problems involving infinite or near-infinite domains or problems where a complex thermal region is embedded within a larger, more simply described domain.
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    Finite deffernce time-domain approximation of Maxwell's equations with non-orthogonal condensed TLM mesh (1994)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 7 (1994), S. 179-188 
    Details
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A convex hexahedral TLM mesh of arbitrary shape is presented and the transmission-line matrix method extended to any non-orthogonal configuration. The novel mesh constitutes a natural generalization of Johns' condensed node. The associated TLM process is analysed and reconstructed as a genuine finite difference time-domain algorithm. Nodal S-parameters are derived from discretized Maxwell's equations and canonical stability criteria yield the TLM timestep. Unitarity is discussed and energy conservation confirmed in the non-conductive case.A given block-diagonal representation of the S-matrix restrains processing time per node and iteration within the range of traditional methods. The shortcomings of the rigid classical grid, as the need for inaccurate staircasing approximations, are, however, ruled out.Our analysis takes advantage of the recently developed propagator integral approach.
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    TLM treatments of changes of phase (1994)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 7 (1994), S. 201-207 
    Details
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The existing treatment of an instantaneous endothermic change of state is extended to deal both with exothermic effects and with first order Arrhenius changes. These extended treatments are used to model complex changes of phase occurring during the firing of ball clay and china clay, both of which are constitutents of the slip used in the production of vitreous china ware. The adequacy of the treatments is investigated for both clays by comparing a TLM simulation of a DSC (differential scanning calorimetry) experiment with measurements made during the experiment.
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    T-versus ABCD-matrix in circuit analysis (1994)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 7 (1994), S. 321-328 
    Details
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The paper describes and compares the wave-chain and transmission matrix approaches to the calculation of transfer-function coefficients for ladder circuits (semi-symbolic analysis). It is found that the wave-chain matrix approach can be computationally more efficient.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jnm.1660070503
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    Finite element method solutions of field distributions in large cavities (1994)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 7 (1994), S. 343-355 
    Details
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: To make possible the application of the three-dimensional finite element method to electrically large problems, it is combined with the analytical solutions of arbitrary large cavity with aperture. In this paper, detailed analysis for this hybrid method is presented. The element matrices necessary for coupling the finite element method to analytical solutions are given. The proposed hybrid method significantly reduces the number of unknown since only the inhomogeneity needs to be discretized. Thus computer memory and storage demands are reduced. In addition. This hybrid method employs the edge element which is not expected to produce spurious solutions. Also, the formulation presented in this paper preserves the sparsity of the finite element matrix, and does not require any matrix inversion. This new hybrid method is used to compute the field distributions in various partially filled rectangular enclosure. The results match well with the pure edgebased finite element method and analytical solutions.
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    Calculation of scattering parameters by orthogonal expansion and finite integration method (1994)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 7 (1994), S. 377-398 
    Details
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Field computations by mathematical and numerical methods are presented in the time and frequency domain. The techniques used are discretization and modal expansion. The effects of modelling and frequency range on the accuracy and calculation requirements are investigated and discussed. By way of application, several results of RF-filter designs are presented, where these methods have been implemented in CAD programs.
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    Call for papers (1994)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 7 (1994), S. 453-453 
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    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jnm.1660070608
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    A variational approach to boundary elements - two-dimensional Laplace problem (1994)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 7 (1994), S. 1-14 
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    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Variational boundary element formulations are developed. Two functionals based on the dual and complementary energy approach are considered, which provide the upper and lower bound of the solution. Calculated examples of electrostatic fields are demonstrated for their field distributions and capacitances. Validity and the solution accuracy are discussed in comparison with the conventional boundary element solution.
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    New technique for finite difference analysis of optical waveguide problems (1994)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 7 (1994), S. 25-33 
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    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The method of effective penetration depth is used to produce a novel scalar or polarized finite difference approach for the solution of optical rib waveguide field problems. The new method is quicker than previous finite difference approaches and requires less computer memory. Propagation constant values are presented for a range of semiconductor rib waveguides and are found to be indistinguishable from benchmark results produced using earlier methods of analysis. A simple polarization correction formula recently derived is confirmed by utilizing the good accuracy of these results. This enables discussion of the relationship between quasi-TE, quasi-TM and scalar modes, and a further substantial reduction of the cpu time.
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    The parallel computation of solutions to electrostatic problems using multigrid techniques (1994)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 7 (1994), S. 69-74 
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    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The application of multigrid techniques to the computation of the static solutions of electromagnetic field problems governed by Laplace's equation is described. This technique is compared with the conventional successive over-relaxation (SOR) method for solving finite difference problems. In contrast to SOR, the number of iterations of multigrid needed to achieve convergence is largely independent of the grid size. It is shown that the relative performance of multigrid is excellent on large grids where the number of iterations of SOR needed to achieve convergence becomes prohibitively large. The technique is illustrated by applying a parallel implementation of multigrid to find a quasistatic solution of a boxed microstrip problem.
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    Solving eigenvalue and steady-state problems using time-domain models (1994)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 7 (1994), S. 85-97 
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    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A new approach to efficiently compute the low-frequency eigenmodes of a time-domain model approximating a linear physical system is proposed. The method is based on principles known from digital signal processing, in particular from parametic spectrum estimation, so it is not surprising that the achievable accuracy is much higher than the accuracy of the usual non-parametric discrete Fourier transform approach. The algorithm works in the general lossy case even for a very large number of unknowns and can easily be extended to calculate steady-state solutions under sinusoidal excitations for several different frequencies simultaneously.
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    Recent developments in numerical integration of differential equations (1994)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 7 (1994), S. 99-125 
    Details
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: In this paper we demonstrate the use of differential equations by means of an example from network analysis and show that differential/algebraic equations (DAE), rather than explicit ordinary differential equations (ODE), are more suitable for the description of electrical systems and networks. The main ideas of numerical integration of ODEs are presented. We consider this material from the point of view of replacing the ODE by a difference equation (DE). In particular, the relationship between the ODE and the associated DE is discussed. In the last Section the application of integration methods for OEDs upon DAEs and its difficulties are discussed. The paper is intended as a review; but a few new results are also included.
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    Masthead (1994)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 7 (1994) 
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    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jnm.1660070301
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    Two-dimensional FDTD and TLM (1994)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 7 (1994), S. 141-153 
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    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Applying the method of moments to Maxwell's equations, Yee's two-dimensional FDTD scheme with central difference approximations and the two-dimensional TLM method are dervied from first principles of field theory. By comparing the eigenvalues of the two methods, the differences between two-dimensional FDTD and TLM are illustrated.
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    Transverse tranśmission theory for multilayer planar microwave circuits (1994)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 7 (1994), S. 225-238 
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    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Transverse transmission concepts in the Fourier transmission domain for multilayer planar transmission medium are presented. This complete transverse transmission theory (TTT) is found to be a superset of different Fourier-transform-based numerical techniques widely used in guided wave analysis, namely the modematching method and the spectral-domain approach. The features of the theory are: the expansion of field quantities in longitudinal section (LSE/LSM) modes, the concept of rotation of the transverse field vectors, and a comprehnsive algorithm using recursive matrix standard form. It is shown that the mode-matching method and spectral-domain approach are generally equivalent except for the last step of imposing the final boundary conditions, and can therefore be summarized in a unified theory within the framework of TTT. In addition, a new parameter, the polarization coefficient, has been introduced to describe the field polarization of the guided wave in a quantitative manner. It is believed that the present theory will help us to gain more insight into hybrid mode propagation in multilayer planar circuits.
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    Numerical drift-diffusion simulation of Auger hot electron transport in Ingaasp/Inp double heterojunction laser diodes (1994)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 7 (1994), S. 267-281 
    Details
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: This paper considers the adaptation of drift-diffusion device simulation methodology to study Auger-recombination-induced hot electron transport characteristics in InGaAsP/InP double heterostructure laser diodes. In order to model the transport behaviour of the Auger hot electrons, we decompose the conventional electron current continuity equation into two components, with one for the Auger hot electrons and the other for the low-energy electrons. These equations, which use the energy relaxation time parameter to model the dynamics of the Auger hot electrons, are then coupled with the hole current continuity equation and the Poisson equation to obtain self-consistent solutions. Results from the case studies of one-dimensional N-p-P InGaAsP/InP double heterojunction laser diodes with material composition corresponding to 1·3 μm and 1·55 μm wavelength emissions are presented. We have observed that hot electrons generated through Auger recombination inside the active region can spread into both the N- and the P-InP cladding layers. Within the drift-diffusion framework, it is demonstrated that the hot electron concentration in the N-InP cladding layer can be five orders of magnitude higher than that in the P-InP cladding layer. Because energy transport of the hot electrons in not modelled under the drift-diffusion approximation, the simulated results are discussed to highlight some of the possible limitations in using drift-diffusion physics to study Auger hot electron transport behaviour. The importance of taking energy transport into account is emphasized.
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    Announcement (1994)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 7 (1994), S. 307-307 
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    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jnm.1660070407
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    Masthead (1994)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 7 (1994) 
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    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jnm.1660070601
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    Masthead (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 4 (1994) 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/amo.860040101
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    Encapsulated alkaline earth metallocenes. 3: Structural influences on phase transformations alkaline earth complexes (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 4 (1994), S. 1-8 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Alkaline earth ; Calcium ; Ligand flexibility ; Magnesium ; Melting point ; Metallocene ; Phase transformation ; Volatility ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Reaction of two equivalents of KCp3i (Cp3i ≡ 1,2,4-(i-Pr)3C5H2) with MgBr2 in Et2O produces the base-free metallocene (Cp3i)2Mg in high yield; the similarly prepared organocalcium complex (Cp3i)2Ca, although initally isolated as an oil, forms a crystalline solid on standing for several months. Crystals of (Cp3i)2 CA are tetragonal, space group P42/n, with a = 18.147(4), c = 15.996(4) Å, Å and Dcalc = 1.066 g cm-3 for Z = 8. Lease-squares refinement based on 2044 reflections led to a final R-value of 0.072. The complex possesses a metallocene geometry that is slightly bent; the average Ca-C distance is 2.62(2) Å and the right centroid-Ca-ring centroid angle is 169.7°. Comparison of these complexes with previously reported alkaline earth metallocenes suggests that the volatility of the metallocenses depends primarily on the degree of aggregation in the solid state, whereas the melting point of the nonomeric compounds varies with the asymmetry and ligan flexibility in the complex.
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    Langmuir-Blodgett films of indandione-l,3 pyridinium betaine. II: Molecular structure and properties of monolayers; simulation and optical absorption data (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 4 (1994), S. 27-41 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Amphiphilic indandione-1,3 pyridinium betaine derivatives ; Langmuir-Blodgett monolayers ; Monolayer spectral characteristics ; Simulation of molecular structure ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: The molecular structure and optical properties of a monolayer at the air/water interface of novel amphiphilic derivatives of indandione-1,3 pyridinium betaine (IPB) with different lengths of the aliphatic tail, namely C1lIPB and C17IPB, have been studied using optical absorption techniques and computer simulation approaches.The compression π-A isotherm of the C17IPB monolayer and computer simulation of its molecular structure show that there may exist two energetically stable molecular configurations, one with antiparallel orientation of the dipole moments of the C17IP ‘heads’ in the low-pressure region at π = 5-32 mN m-1 and the second (after a distinct phase transition at π = 33 mN m-1) with parallel orientation of the dipoles, with different tilt angles and areas per molecule. For C11IPB only the first structural phase is observable.The compression-induced changes in spectral characteristics of the two structural phases go in diametrically opposite directions. In the low-pressure phase compression induces a red shift and an increase in intensity of the S1 absorption band, while in the high pressure phase a blue shift and a decrease in the intensity of this band are observed. These spectral changes correlate reproducibly with the compression π-A isotherms. Measurements of absorption dichroism confirm the change in the tilt angle at the phase transition pressure. The compression-induced spectral changes have been substantiated by the results of quantum chemical calculations.
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    Electron beam and X-ray resists (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 4 (1994), S. 139-153 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: X-ray resists ; Electron beam ; Acrylate and methacrylate polymers ; Polysulphones ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: The optimisation of the lithographic performance of negative-working electron beam resists is developed through consideration of the radiation chemistry of crosslinking of representative materials, typically epoxy-functionalised polymers and polystyrene and its derivatives. Similarly, the lithographic behaviour of positive-working systems based on radiation-induced chain scission reactions is discussed with reference to acrylate and methacrylate polymers and polysulphones. The difficulties encountered in devising desirable working systems based on novolacs are considered and contrasted with the promise offered by recent developments arising from the extension of chemical amplification techniques to the electron beam lithographic domain.
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    Molecular image-processing devices based on chemical reaction systems. I: General principles for implementation (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 4 (1994), S. 179-190 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Molecular computing ; Molecular neurocomputer ; Molecular image-processing devices ; Computational complexity ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Potentialities for implementing simple neural information-processing devices based on chemical and biochemical dynamical media are discussed. Pilot ‘hardware’ models of neural molecualr devices that able to perform image-processing operations were constructed.
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    Artifice and artefacts, 100 essays in materials science. Robert W. Cahn. Institute of Physics Publishing, Bristol, ISBN 0 7503 0152 X xiii + 365 pp. £19.95 or $39.90 (paperback) (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 4 (1994), S. 233-233 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/amo.860040307
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    Dynamics of impurity-related optical switching in CdS near the band edge (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 3 (1994), S. 41-49 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Front optical switching ; Optical non-linearities impurities ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: We present a dynamic theory related to experiments on the induced transmission of doped CdS crystals under pulsed laser excitation at 2 K at frequencies just below the band gap. Numerical simulations of the optical switching front which describes the non-linear spatio-temporal dynamics of the switching process from low to high transmittivity and back are performed for two different two-level models. These are associated with two different bleaching mechanisms of the acceptor-conduction band transition.
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    Anisotropy of dissolution and microrelief of II-VI semiconductor compound surfaces (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 3 (1994), S. 67-72 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Anisotropy ; Dissolution ; Microrelief ; II-VI semiconductor compounds ; Light figures ; Etching ; Electron beam lasers ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: The shape, crystallographic orientation and size of microrelief elements of various surfaces of CdS, ZnSe and ZnO monocrystals after chemical etching have been studied. When illuminated with a focused laser beam, the microrelief creates a symmetric light pattern, or light figures, on the opposite surface whose shape corresponds to the crystal symmetry.The effects of the dissoltion rate and etching time on the form, size and angles of the microrelief elements in the temperature interval from 263 to 333 K were investigated. During etching, laser light was also used to convert the process of selective etching into a polishing process. To elucidate the relationship between the crystallographic orientation of the microrelief elements and the dissolution anisotropy, mean etching rates were determined and polar diagrams of resistance to dissolution were constructed for {1120} and {0001} by the Gross method. The relation between the kinetics of dissolution and the structure of the chemical bonds is discussed.The light figures formed by the surface microrelief enabled us to carry out the approximate orientation of semiconductor planes and solid samples. In the early stages of dissolution one may determine the density and distribution of the microscopic etch pits. The microrelief created on the side surfaces and the ‘fully reflected’ mirrors of II-VI semiconductor lasers pumped by electron beam or optical radiation promote the multiple enhancement of laser power and efficiency.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/amo.860030110
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    Origin of the stokes shift in semiconductor quantum wells (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 3 (1994), S. 95-101 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Stokes shift ; Quantum wells ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Excitonic energy levels have been calculated in CdTe quantum wells with Cd1-xMnxTe barriers. It has been shown that the introduction of small-scale (relative to the exciton Bohr radius) interface disorder, which either preserves or breaks the inversion symmetry, can produce appreciable Stokes shifts between optical absorption and emission and that the associated line-widths can remain narrow. A criterion for the existence of high-quality interfaces, based on optical spectra, is described.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/amo.860030114
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  • 83
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    Photoluminescence and efficiency of Ce3+ in SrS powders (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 3 (1994), S. 131-136 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: II-VI compound ; SrS : Ce ; Photoluminescence ; Concentration quenching ; Phosphorescence ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: The luminescence efficiency of SrS: Ce powders in the doping range from 0.01 to 1.0 at.% was investigated by photoluminescence decay studies. The radiative decay time of Ce3+ in SrS was determined to be 27 ns. The onset of concentration quenching at concentrations higher than about 0.7 at.% has been obtained. The photoluminescence spectrum of Ce3+ exhibits two emission bands as a consequence of the ground state splitting. The Huang-Rhys factor of the 5d-4f transition was estimated to be about 6. The inhomogeneous broadening of the emission band of samples with higher doping level has been investigated by site-selective and time-resolved spectroscopy.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/amo.860030119
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    Inorganic materials. D. W. Bruce and D. O'Hare. Wiley, Chichester, 1992, ISBN 0 471 928895 £58.00 (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 4 (1994), S. 233-234 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/amo.860040308
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  • 85
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    Announcement (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 4 (1994), S. 239-239 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/amo.860040310
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  • 86
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    Guest Editorial (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 4 (1994), S. 241-242 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/amo.860040402
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  • 87
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    Peculiarities of the quantisation of the energy spectrum of gapless semiconductors in a magnetic field under space confinement (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 3 (1994), S. 57-65 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Energy spectrum ; 2D systems ; Gapless semiconductor ; Magnetic field ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: An exact solution for the zero boundary condition of the problem of carriers in spatially confined gapless semiconductors in a magnetic field is presented. Three cases are analysed: (i) the semiconductor occupies a half-space and the magnetic field orientatin is H ⊥ n (n is the surface normal); (ii) and (iii) a film of a gapless semiconductor at two orientations of the magnetic field, i.e. H ⊥ n and H | n respectively. It is shown that since the energy spectrum of gapless semiconductors is formed by strong relativistic spin-orbit interaction, significant peculiarities of the quantisation of the electron energy spectrum occur in all cases considered. Experiments to check the results obtained are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/amo.860030109
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  • 88
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    Novolac-based resists (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 4 (1994), S. 75-82 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Novolac resins ; Positive-working resists ; DNQs ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: The performance of novolac-diazonaphthoquinone-based positive-working resists is discussed in terms of the molecular weight distributions and microstructures of the novolac resins and the structural variations in the photoactive dissolution inhibitor. Modelling studies leading to recent improvements allosing the delineation of 0.35 μm line and space pattens by ensuring a focal depth of 105 μm are outlined. Consideration is also given to the new problems such as pivotal shift and halation that arise in the application of high-resolution photolithography using novolac-diazonaphthoquinone resists.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/amo.860040204
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  • 89
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    p-Doping of GaAs and AlGaAs using the triethylamine adduct of dimethylzinc (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 4 (1994), S. 343-347 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Dimethyzinc ; Adduct ; MOVPE ; GaAs (p-doping) ; AlGaAs (p-doping) ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: The adduct between dimethylzinc and triethylamine has been used as a p-dopant source in the growth of GaAs and Al0.3Ga0.7As alloys by metalorganic vapour phase epitaxy (MOVPE). The dopling efficiency of this adduct in these alloys and in InP is lower than that of dimethyl zinc.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/amo.860040505
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    Electron-beam-pumped laser emitters with microrelief mirrors based on II-VI semiconductorsPresented at European II-VI Workshop, Aachen, 1993. (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 4 (1994), S. 365-371 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: II-VI semiconductor ; Laser ; Generation ; Longitudinal electron beam pumping ; Microrelief ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: The power characteristics of electron-beam-pumped emitters based on II-VI compounds have been stukdied. The use of a microrelief with direction-selective reflective properties instead of a totally reflecting miror has made it possible to provide effective sukppression of closed non-characteristics and efficiency of lasers and to make them suitable for obtaining generation with high efficiency in a number of media, in particular YAG:Nd3+, KGW:Nd3+ and Lif:F2+ (OH), at room temperature.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/amo.860040508
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    Crystallographic orientation and light emission of streamer discharges in II-VI semiconductorsEuropean II-VI Workshop, Aachen, 1993. (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 4 (1994), S. 373-380 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: II-VI semiconductor ; Laser ; Streamer ; Electric discharge ; Luminescence ; Generation ; Crystallographic orientation ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Some results of Investigations on the crystallographic orientation, luminescence and stimulated emission of streamer discharges in monocrystals of hexagonal CdS, CdSe and ZnO and cubic Znsand Snseare presented.
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    In situ optical monitoring of the movpe growth of ZnSe on GaAs (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 4 (1994), S. 401-405 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: MOVPE ; ZnSe ; Growth mechanism ; Surface chemistry ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: In situ optical reflection measurement was employed to study surface processes during the MOVPE growth of ZnSe films under an alternate supply of diethylzinc (DEZn) and dimethylselenide (DMSe) using H2 and/or N2 as carrier gases. We have found that the time-dependent reflection signal exhibits a unique saw-toothed pattern during the DEZn supply, which is attributed to the adsorption and structural change of the DEZn. In contrast, the influence of DMSe on the time-dependent signal appears to be rather marginal. A growth mechanism is proposed based on these experimental results, through which the important role of ambient hydrogen is discussed.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/amo.860040603
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  • 93
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    Optically stimulated intersubband absorption in undoped amorphous Si/SiO2 qiantum well (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 4 (1994), S. 417-421 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Amorphous quantum wells ; Intersubband transitions ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Intersubband absorption has been observed in undoped amorphous multiple-quantum-well (MQW) strucctures under interband excitation. The transitions take place between the first and second subbands of the conduction band and involve non-equilibrium electrons excited into the first subband by optical pumping. The absorption band FWHM of 0.1 eV is much larger than for crystalline MQWs, a fact which reflects the relaxation of the electron momentum conservation in the QW plane. The high joint density of states and oscillator strength for the intersubband transitions in amorphous QWs allow one to observe the absorption at low electron concentrations (Ne ≈ 1013 cm-3) in the ground conduction subband.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/amo.860040606
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    Identification of the volatile decomposition products produced in the deposition of (Hg,Cd)Te by MOVPE (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 3 (1994), S. 151-161 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: MOVPE ; (Hg, Cd)Te ; Decomposition products ; GC-MS ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: The pyrolysis reactions of di-isopropyl telluride and dimethyl cadmium, both alone and in combination and with and without mercury, have been studied using the technique of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). For example, when mercury and dimethyl cadmium are mixed in hydrogen at the growth temperature (370°C), the volatile products observed are methane, ethane and dimethyl mercury. In contrast, when di-isopropyl tellurideis substituted for the cadmium precursor in this reaction, the products observed are propane, propene and 2,3-dimethylbutane with no volatile mercury-containing compounds. Heating the two organometallic precursors together at the growth temperature in the absence of mercury gives products expected from the pyrolysis of each one alone plus a number of interaction products such as 2-methylpropane. The results of these studies will be presented, a mechanism for the reactions proposed and the implications for MOVPE growth discussed.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/amo.860030122
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    Radiative efficiencies and deep levels in zinc selenide (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 3 (1994), S. 199-202 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Zinc selenide ; Luminescence ; Deep levels ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Although zinc selenide and related materials are promising for blue light-emitting diodes and lasers, present performance is unsatisfactory. The blue radiative efficiency at room temperature is low and the decay time of luminescence is correspondingly short. It is argued that the problem is non-radiative recombination by the Hall-Shockley-Read mechanism at deep levels and that the concentration of these levels must be high. Experimental evidence for the existence of such levels is presented. Characterisation and control of deep levels will be essential for progress in this area.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/amo.860030128
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    A comparison of the diffusion of copper, gallium and cadmium in cadmium telluride (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 3 (1994), S. 209-215 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Diffusion ; Cadmium telluride ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: The rates of diffusion of both Ga and Cu in CdTe have been measured over the temperature ranges 350-820 and 200-400°C respectively and the results are compared with the self-diffusion of Cd (350-920°C).In the case of the Cd self-diffusion the Arrhenius graph showed two active diffusion mechanisms, one dominating above 500°C and the other below. It suggested that in the temperature range 500-800°C the main defect responsible for diffusion was Cdi-, with a significant contribution at lower temperatures from the associated defect of the form (CdiVcd)x Below 500°C another mechanism predominated which was possibly due to residual impurities.The results for the diffusions were in close agreement with those obtained by other workers. The Ga diffusions showed a complex behaviour which suggested that two mechanisms were active simultaneously, one independent of Cd partial pressure and the other decreasing with increasing Cd partial pressure.It was concluded that CdTe would be suitable as a diffusion barrier to protect HgxCd1 - xTe devices from Ga contamination from GaAs substrates but would not be efficient at reducing Cu contamination from the substrate in the device.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/amo.860030130
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    Comparison of two approaches to forced convection in crystal growth of II-VI compounds by THM (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 3 (1994), S. 233-238 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Solution growth ; THM ; HgCdTe ; CdZnTe ; Forced convection ; ACRT ; Solvent inclusions ; IR microscopy ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Hg1 - xCdxTe and Cd1 - xZnxTe single crystals were grown by the tracwelling heater method (THM), applying two different techniques of artificially stirring the solution zone. Accelerated crucible rotation (ACRT) was used in a vertical growth arrangement and compared a technique with constant rotation around the horizontal axis of the ampoule. The dominant hydrodynamic mechanisms of noth methods are discribed by the rotating disc model and are suggested to be almost identical with respect to the growth conditions at the interface. Convective flow is effectively enhanced adhacent to the growing crystal, where the matter transport is regarded as the rate-limiting step of solution growth. Inclusion density analysis by IR microscopy was used to characterise the crystals of Cd1 - xZnxTe grown at different rates. It was shown that forced convection allows an increase in the crystal growth rate from a few mm day-1 with ACRT or horizontally rotating THM.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/amo.860030133
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    Analysis of photoinduced current transient spectroscopy (PICTS) data by a regularisation method: Application of compensation defects in CdTe (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 3 (1994), S. 269-274 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Compensation defects ; PICTS ; CdTe ; Tikhonov regularisation ; III-posed problems ; Deep levels ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: A detailed analysis of photoinduced current transients of differntly grown CdTe:Cl samples was performed in the 100-130 K range in order to investigate the influence of the different growth techniques (sublimation, Bridgman method and travelling heater method (THM)) on the compensation defects. The transients were evaluated using a regularisation method (fast Tikhonov regularisation) as implimented in the program FTIKREG. The advantages of the regularisation method in comparison with the customary two-gate technique are demonstrated by the analysis of simulated data. It can be shown that the different growth techniques have only one level in common. Furthermore, the superposition of different traps can lead to wrong results using the conventional two-gate technigque. The temperature dependence of the relaxation times is evaluated and the corresponding trap parameters are determined.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/amo.860030138
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    Liquid crystalline hydrogen-bonded complexes formed between alkoxystibazoles and phenols (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 4 (1994), S. 273-276 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Liquid crystals ; Hydrogen bonding ; Phenols Stilbazoles ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Mesomorphic materials formed by hydrogen bonding between 4-alkoxystillbazoles and some phenols are described.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/amo.860040406
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    Isomorphous mixing of mesogenic anions and uncharged analogues in organised poly(ehtylene oxide)-alkali salt complexes (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 4 (1994), S. 265-271 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Poly(ethy1ene oxide)-salt complexes ; Anionic mesogens ; Uncharged mesogens ; Isomorphous mixture ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: The preparation and characterisation of novel ionic polymer liquid crystal complexes of poly(ethylene oxide)-Na+ with mesogenic anions and their uncharged structural analogues in homogeneous mixtures are described. The systems discused most fully are the anion of the phenolic mesogen 4-n-hexyloxybenzylidene-4-hydroxy aniline (1) with its uncharged analogue 4-n-hexyloxybenzylidene aniline (1a) and the anion of 5-(4-n-octyloxy-2,3-dicyanophenyleneoxycarbonyl)benzimidazo-le (2) and its uncharged analogue 4-octyloxy-2,3-dicyanophenyloxybenzoyl (2). Differential scanning calorimetry, wide angle x-ray diffraction and polarised light microscopy show that PEO-Na1/1a and PEO-Na2/2a are homogeneous mesogenic phases when Na1 or Na2 are present at 50% or less of the stoichiometric composition in complexes (EO : salt = 3 : 1) and the shortfall is made up from 1a or 2a uncharged analogues of 1a and related systems substituted by methoxy rather than hydrogen do not form homogeneous mixtures.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/amo.860040405
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