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  • 1995-1999  (1,912)
  • 101
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1996), S. 497-505 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: weight function approach ; edge crack problem ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A fundamental field for the edge crack problem is suggested, and the field is composed of the singular displacement field and the complementary regular field. The boundary displacement of the fundamental field plays the role of the weight function in the edge crack problem. After multiplying the boundary traction in the physical problem with the weight function and performing integration along the boundary, the stress intensity factor at the crack tip is obtainable. Numerical examples are given to demonstrate the use of the suggested weight function approach.
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  • 102
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1996), S. 543-555 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: control volume method ; finite element interpolation ; fluid flow ; upwind schemes ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Together with the finite element method (FEM), the control volume method (CVM) is of particular interest for the numerical solution of partial differential equations. The accuracy of computation of the CVM almost matches that of FEM in contour-adapted co-ordinates or block-structured meshes of a single element type. The CVM is superior to the FEM in terms of physical interpretation and ease of handling. The paper presents an interpretation of the FEM that allows it to be treated like a CVM. This formal CVM, which is based on FEM techniques, combines the advantages of both methods. The method is applied to the discretization of the Navier-Stokes equation.
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  • 103
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1996), S. 557-568 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: hyperbolic equations ; finite-difference methods ; Padé approximants ; sequential and parallel implementation ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Techniques for two-time level difference schemes are presented for the numerical solution of first-order hyperbolic partial differential equations. The space derivative is approximated by (i) a low-order, and (ii) a higher-order backward difference replacement, resulting in a system of first-order ordinary differential equations, the solutions of which satisfy recurrence relations. The methods are obtained from the recurrence relations and are tested on three linear problems and one non-linear problem from the literature.
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  • 104
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1996), S. 507-517 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: non-linear constitutive model ; anisotropy ; finite strains ; axisymmetrical finite elements ; vascular biomechanics ; soft tissue biomechanics ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: To explore the mechanical non-linear behaviour of anisotropic arterial walls on a computational basis, the formulation of a continuum based elastic potential is a major task and challenge to the analyst. The present communication is concerned with the constitutive modelling and numerical analysis of vascular segments covering finite strains. Special attention is paid to a two term potential that constitutes an essential foundation for accurate simulation within the entire strain domain. Axisymmetrical membrane elements are assembled to match the geometry of blood vessels. Numerical results confirm the theoretical approach by referring to experimental data of different rat arteries.
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  • 105
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1996), S. 569-579 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: frictional contact ; large deformation ; one-pass approach ; master segment ; slave node ; contact constraint ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: In the context of large deformation analysis for metal forming processes a new one-pass approach for the frictional contact is proposed. This approach eliminates the short comings of traditional one-pass and two-pass approaches both from the constraint requirement and solution convergence points of view. Implemented in an updated Lagrangian framework with the Perturbed Lagrangian formulation of Ju and Taylor for non-linear frictional contact, a patch test and typical examples have been worked out to prove the validity of the proposed approach. It is observed that a finer surface discretization of the slave and master surfaces is no longer needed to enforce contact constraint.
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  • 106
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1996), S. 581-594 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: acoustics ; finite element method ; error estimation ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A posteriori error estimation has become very popular, mainly in linear elasticity. A robust implementation of the superconvergent patch recovery technique of O. C. Zienkiewicz and J. Z. Zhu is presented for acoustic finite element analyses: the original concepts are extended to complex variables, and both local and global behaviours of the recovery procedure and the error estimation are studied. The numerical tests confirm the improvement of the rates of convergence for the recovered solution and also show the reliability of the error estimator except at frequencies corresponding either to the analytical or to the finite element eigenfrequencies.
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  • 107
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1996), S. 595-595 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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  • 108
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1996) 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 109
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1996), S. 599-608 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: finite elements ; moving grids ; moving bodies ; mesh velocity ; ALE ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A Laplacian smoothing of the mesh velocities with variable diffusivity based on the distance from moving bodies is introduced. This variable diffusivity enforces a more uniform mesh velocity in the region close to the moving bodies. Given that in most applications these are regions where small elements are located, the new procedure decreases element distortion considerably, reducing the need for local or global remeshing, and in some cases avoiding it altogether.
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  • 110
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1996), S. 767-773 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: curved beam element ; membrane locking ; shear locking ; strain based element ; transformation matrix ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Two curved beam elements with two nodes and three nodes are designed based on strain fields. At the element level, curvature and membrane strain fields are approximated independently and shear strain fields are incorporated into the formulation by the equilibrium equations. The displacement fields are obtained by integrating the assumed strain fields. Two examples are given to verify the formulations and demonstrate the numerical performance of the two curved beam elements. Analysis results obtained reveal that the elements describe the curved beam behaviour correctly and show exceptional accuracy throughout a wide slenderness range.
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  • 111
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1996), S. 775-785 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: membrane ; wrinkle ; non-linear ; elasticity ; finite-element method ; sail ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This is a presentation of a quadrilateral finite element for wrinkled curved elastic membranes. A modified form of the deformation gradient enables us to avoid the spurious compressive stresses generated by a classical model. It results in non-linear relations for the eigencomponents of the Cauchy stress tensor, which are solved by means of a secant method. The application of the element to sail design is presented in this paper.
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  • 112
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1996), S. 795-804 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: RLW equation ; finite element methods ; Petrov-Galerkin ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The RLW equation is solved by a least-squares technique using linear space-time finite elements. In simulations of the migration of a single solitary wave this algorithm is shown to have higher accuracy and better conservation than a recent difference scheme based on cubic spline interpolation functions. In addition, for very small amplitude waves (≤ 0.09) it has higher accuracy than an approach using quadratic B-spline finite elements within Galerkin's method. The development of an undular bore is modelled.
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  • 113
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1996), S. 787-793 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: regularization ; boundary integral equations ; hypersingular integrals ; Hadamard finite part ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Strongly singular integrals which are unbounded in the sense of Lebesgue appear naturally in boundary integral equations. Extending the analytic continuation method we derive finite part values for a class of singular integrals which arise frequently in practice. In connection with boundary integral operators we derive restrictions on the minimum smoothness of the density functions for the validity of the finite part results. Examples of applications of the results to boundary integral equations in potential theory are presented.
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  • 114
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1996) 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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  • 115
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1996), S. 805-805 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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  • 116
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1996), S. 827-834 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: stress-strain relationship ; monotonic loading ; failure stress ; failure strain ; initial modulus ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A function containing four parameters allowing close approximation of experimental stress-strain relationships is presented. The parameters are easily determined from corresponding conditions at the ends and inside of the total interval of the strain variation from zero stain up to failure stain. The family of curves obtained covers an area on the stress-strain plane where any acceptable stress-strain curve can pass. The softening behaviour of soils can also be taken into consideration.
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  • 117
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1996), S. 807-826 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: incompressible materials ; finite element method ; p-version ; elasticity ; stress extraction ; complementary energy ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Direct methods for computing the pointwise stresses for nearly incompressible elastic materials fail to provide meaningful results when applied to the displacement formulation of the finite element method (FEM). A new extraction method for accurate computation of pointwise stresses for nearly incompressible elastic materials is presented. It is based on the complementary energy principle applied over a local domain in the postprocessing phase in conjunction with the p-version finite element solution. It is shown that accurate pointwise stresses are obtained, that the relative error in the pointwise stresses converges at a rate which is as fast as the relative error measured in the energy norm or faster, and importantly, the extracted stresses are virtually independent of Poisson's ratio. Numerical results for two problems, one having a smooth solution and the other containing a singular point, are provided.
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  • 118
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1996), S. 835-847 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: superposition method ; perturbation of eigenvectors ; structural modification ; basis ofN-dimension Euclidean space ; orthogonalization of Schmit procedure ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The modal superposition method is often used for computing the perturbation of eigenvectors in structural modification and model correction. However, it will bring about significant errors in the solution when the high-frequency modes are truncated. This paper presents a new method, which uses known modes construct a new basis of the N-dimensional Euclidean space (say, the mixed-basis), to calculate the first and second order perturbations of the known eigenvectors. In the present method only the known modes are used. The accuracy of this method not only has no relation to number of the truncated modes but is better than the truncated modal superposition method, in which only the known modes are employed. A numerical example of a truss structure with 36 degrees of freedom is given to illustrate the effectiveness of the method.
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  • 119
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1996), S. 849-862 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: superconvergence ; isoparametric bilinear finite elements ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: In this paper the superconvergence property of isoparametric bilinear finite elements is considered. A new superconvergence recovery method for isoparametric bilinear finite elements is discovered on the four vertices and the four midpoints of the edges of the elements for piecewise strongly regular quadrilateral subdivisions.
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  • 120
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1996) 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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  • 121
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1996), S. 873-884 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: thin-walled beam ; finite element method ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A new method for computing the deformation of thin-walled beams with closed cross-section under warping torsional loading is presented. In comparison to the classical theory (Umanski), the hypothesis of no deformation of the contour of the cross-section of the beam is maintained and the assumption of no distortion of the cross-section plane is modified. The new approach gives better results than the classical theory when both are compared to a standard finite element technique (using shell elements). The central idea of the new approach lies in the usage of a new finite element called a macro-element, which is especially well suited for thin-walled beam computations.
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  • 122
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1996), S. 135-140 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: finite elements ; QUAD4 elements ; RBF corrections ; shear force predictions ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The residual bending flexibility correction is an extra-variational trick used to enhance the convergence rate of shear flexible beam and plate elements. In the paper we show how this can affect the shear deflection and shear force estimates in the QUAD4 element.
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  • 123
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1996), S. 597-597 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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  • 124
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1996), S. 521-529 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: bellows ; shell of revolution ; integral equation method ; compressed angle ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: In the paper a U-shaped bellows is treated as a flexible shell of revolution which consists of circular ring shells and truncated shallow conical shells; then the non-linear problem of U-shaped bellows under the action of axial compression force and internal pressure is solved by means of the non-linear theory of shells and the integral equation method. Numerical solutions obtained are compared with previous theoretical and experimental results. The present theory is more appropriate to the analysis of bellows in the light of real profile shape, and shows that the influence of compressed angle on the characteristic relation and peak stresses is noticeable.
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  • 125
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1996), S. 531-542 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: vibration ; inverse eigenvalue problem ; modal analysis ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A method for determining mass and stiffness modifications to achieve desired natural frequencies is presented. The given data are modal testing results, which consist of a truncated set of natural frequencies and mode shapes. The difficulty arising from the incompleteness of data is overcome by solving an optimization problem rather than seeking an exact solution. The obtained modifications are optimal in a Rayleigh-Ritz sense. The case where the mass and stiffness matrices are interrelated is also considered. Numerical examples demonstrating the various results and the sensitivity of the problem to perturbations are presented.
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  • 126
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1996), S. 609-616 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: hybrid-Trefftz element ; plate ; transient analysis ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The paper presents a hybrid Trefftz (HT) element approach for the numerical solution of transient plate bending problems. In the proposed method, the dynamic plate equation is first discretized with respect to time and then the resulting set of elliptic equations is solved by the corresponding time independent hybrid Trefftz element approach. Two examples are considered to assess the effectiveness of the numerical method.
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  • 127
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1996), S. 617-630 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Three different solution methods for the finite-volume discretized incompressible Navier-Stokes equations have been tested: segregated approaches, built around coupling methods such as SIMPLE, SIMPLER and PISO plus a line Gauss-Seidel linear solver; coupled methods, incorporating a penalty formulation to eliminate zero diagonal elements in the coefficient matrices, plus preconditioned GMRES as a linear solver;- and a FAS-full multigrid algorithm accelerating a classical segregated method based upon SIMPLE and the line Gauss-Seidel solver. Results demonstrate that the coupled method compares favourably to the segregated technique at small grid sizes but becomes too expensive for large problems. The FAS-full multigrid algorithm outperforms the other two methods when large numbers of nodes are employed in the simulation.
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  • 128
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1996), S. 631-641 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: numerical analysis ; fast direct method ; elliptic problems ; finite difference methods ; eigenvalue problems ; harmonic ; biharmonic ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A high accuracy finite difference scheme has been developed for solving some elliptic problems which appear in engineering and applied sciences. These include Laplace, Poisson, Helmholtz and related equations. The second- and fourth-order problems dealing with vibration of membranes and plates have also been examined. Numerically, the problem reduces to a block tridiagonal system which can be solved by suitably modifying the fast direct method developed by Hockney. Comparison has been made with results obtained from some alternative numerical methods or analytical methods whenever available
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  • 129
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1996), S. 643-655 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: viscoelastic flows ; sphere ; annular flow ; adaptive meshing ; finite elements ; error analysis ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This work describes the implementation of an adaptive procedure for viscoelastic flows. Finite element simulations are conducted using a Taylor-Galerkin/pressure correction scheme. The constitutive equations considered are those for an Oldroyd-B and a Phan-Thien/Tanner model. The adaptive meshing technique is h-refined by grid remeshing, based on a Delaunay procedure. Results are presented for two benchmark problems, namely flow past a sphere in a cylindrical tube and flow in an annular converging tube. It is concluded from the results that the use of an adaptive procedure with mesh regeneration enables an optimized mesh to be devised and a predicted accuracy to be attained.
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  • 130
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1996), S. 657-671 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: continuous casting ; free boundary problem ; co-ordinate transformation ; solidification front ; non-orthogonal control volume ; temperature profile ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: An efficient computational simulation scheme based on non-orthogonal control volume discretization and co-ordinate transformation techniques has been developed for solving the thermal transport phenomena, which involves tracking of the interface between solid and liquid phases (solidification front) and evaluation of the temperature profile during continuous casting operation. Conservation equations are reformulated in differential-integral form in terms of the transformed co-ordinates. All the terms arising from the non-orthogonality of the control volume have been retained in the numerical solution methodology, and a front tracking procedure has been formulated based on an iterative solution scheme. The formulation has been applied to solve the thermal transport phenomena in solidification processing of an A1-Mg alloy cylindrical ingot during continuous casting, which also includes axial conduction of heat. Theoretical evaluation of the solidification front and temperature distribution in the ingot are in good agreement with the experimentally measured data.
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  • 131
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1996) 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1996), S. 673-682 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: temperature field ; heat source ; IBEM ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The fundamental solution of the temperature field in an infinite three-dimensional body under the periodic unit thermal source is given in the present paper. According to the indirect boundary element method (IBEM) with fictitious heat sources, the problem of 3-D periodic heat conduction in a finite body is solved. By use of a quadratic inharmonic element, the problem of the corner region and the indetermination of the normal direction at boundary points can be solved in the numerical process. The validity of the present method is checked with two examples of which analytical solutions exist. It offers a useful method for the actual simulated calculation of the 3-D temperature field in engineering.
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1996), S. 703-703 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1996), S. 705-705 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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  • 135
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1996), S. 707-717 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: hybrid element ; shear locking ; penalty-equilibrating approach ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The paper presents a penalty-equilibrating approach which is used to enforce the equilibrium constraints to individual hybrid elements so as to optimize the element performance. The approach has been applied successfully to improve the 4-noded hybrid stress membrane element (P-S) by Pian and Sumihara. It turns out that some defects of the P-S element, e.g. the shear locking phenomenon and the inability to pass the MacNeal's bending test, can be overcome and the element performance is significantly improved, without having to add any extra variables to the P-S element or to modify its stress fields.
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  • 136
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1996), S. 683-702 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: unstructured grid generation ; finite elements ; advancing front ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: We describe extensions and improvements to the advancing front grid generation technique that have proven useful over the years. The following areas are treated in detail: situations with thin or crossing surfaces, meshing of surfaces defined by triangulations, and ease of user input to define the desired element size in space. The first extension is important if one considers the generation of volumetric grids around shells, membranes, fabrics, or CAD-data that exhibit cusps. Traditional advancing front generators are likely to fail in these situations. We propose the introduction of a crossing environment variable attached to faces and points in order to filter out undesired or incorrect information during the grid generation process. The second extension is required for situations where the surfaces to be gridded are not defined analytically, but via a triangulation. Typical cases where such triangulations are used to define the domain are geophysical problems, climate modelling and medical problems. The third topic deals with the reduction of manual labour to specify element size in space. Sources, element size attached directly to CAD-data, and adaptive background grids are discussed. Adaptive background grids, in combination with surface deviation tolerances, are used to obtain surface triangulations that represent the geometry faithfully, and at the same time enable a smooth transition to volumetric meshes.
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1996), S. 731-743 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: explicit integration ; finite elements ; stiffness matrix ; symbolic manipulation ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The paper deals with the symbolic integration of a 4-noded isoparametric finite element for plane elasticity. An efficient approach to generate explicit formulas for computing the elementary stiffness matrix is discussed. The procedure is based on the use of the Derive symbolic manipulation code as well as in a posteriori manipulation of the expressions obtained. The accuracy of the results is tested in extremely distorted and geometrically ill-conditioned elements. Three practical engineering models are presented and the accuracy of the results is discussed. A computer time comparison between both numerical and symbolic integration approaches is also included, showing that relevant CPU savings are obtained when applying symbolic integration.
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1996), S. 719-729 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: air humidification process ; experiments ; predictions with finite-difference technique ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The paper deals with a numerical and an experimental analysis of the humidification process of air in a nearly horizontal tube. The numerical analysis is based on a finite-difference solution of the three-dimensional momentum, heat and mass transfer differential equations within the tube for the evaporation process of a water stream of circular meniscus cross-section counterflowing to an air stream. In order to provide reliable, high-accuracy data to assist in the development of the theoretical model, tests have been conducted using specially constructed apparatus to measure temperature and velocity profiles within the tube. The proposed computer algorithm was validated by evaluating its ability to predict the measurements of temperatures and velocities along the stream's flow. The theoretical predictions agree well with the experimental data. The model may be used to give performance characteristics for a wide range of humidification processes with different working fluids and state conditions.
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1996), S. 745-753 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: boundary element method ; foundations ; soil-structure interaction ; contact problem ; optimal solutions ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The problem of providing settlement uniformity of a rigid foundation on a non-uniformly compressible base has been reduced to the contact problem from elasticity theory, with controlling parameters which allow one to select either co-ordinates of the point of application of the vertical load resultant or contours in plan at which the foundation slope will be equal to zero. The solution of the problem is illustrated by numerical examples.
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1996), S. 755-766 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: finite elements ; isoparametric ; Jacobian ; transformation ; valid ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Isoparametric elements are only valid if the Jacobian determinant of the transformation between a given element and a master element does not change sign within or on the element boundary. Some algorithms are known which analyse Jacobians for various element types. Some necessary conditions are presented for determining the validity of an element.
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1996), S. 885-896 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: interfaces ; sliding ; contact ; impact ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This paper presents an automatic sliding interface algorithm for intense impulsive loading computations due to high velocity impact and explosive detonation. This algorithm allows the user to perform computations involving complex sliding interfaces without having to predetermine the sliding interfaces; everything is automated. The interface determination algorithm, the searching algorithm and the contact algorithm are included.
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1996), S. 863-871 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: objectivity ; kinematics ; computational mechanics ; large deformations ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: In this paper, an example problem is presented that illustrates the importance of strong objectivity in kinematic algorithms for large-deformation finite element applications. The example problem involves cyclic simple shearing of a hypoelastic material, wherein the increments of stretch and of rotation are of comparable magnitude. It is demonstrated that two kinematic algorithms that are in common use, and which are only weakly objective, give rise to an accumulative error in the normal stress components. The error is surprisingly large, even for very small strain increments. This behaviour arises due to a coupling between the stretch and rotation increments that is exhibited by weakly objective algorithms, and is perhaps especially serious in the context of models for jointed rock and other frictional materials, in which the shear response may depend strongly on the normal components of stress.
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1996), S. 905-905 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1996), S. 897-903 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: finite element analysis ; reinforced concrete element ; embedded reinforcement ; stress analysis ; brick element ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: In the paper a mathematical formulation for embedding reinforcements in 3D brick concrete elements is presented. The computational aspects and the implementation process of the model have been discussed. The proposed algorithm may be implemented in 3D finite element programs for stress analysis of reinforced concrete structures.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 38 (1995), S. 421-432 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: grid generation ; locally analytic ; elliptic equations ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: One technique for obtaining grids for irregular geometries is to solve sets of elliptic partial differential equations. The solution of the partial differential equations yields a grid which discretizes the physical solution domain and also a transformation for the irregular physical domain to a regular computational domain. Expressing the governing equation of interest in the computational domain requires the derivatives of the physical to computational domain transformation, i.e., the metrics. These metrics are typically determined by numerical differentiation, which is a potential source of error. The locally analytic method uses the analytic solution of the locally linearized equation to develop numerical stencils. Thus, the locally analytic method allows numerical differentiation with no loss of accuracy. In this paper, the locally analytic method is applied to the solution of the Poisson and Brackbill-Saltzman equations. Comparison with an exact solution shows the locally analytic method to be more accurate than the finite difference method, both in solving the partial differential equation and evaluating the metrics. However, it is more computationally expensive.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 38 (1995), S. 509-522 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Laplace transform ; finite element ; viscoelastic beam ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The quasi-static and dynamic responses of a linear viscoelastic beam are solved numerically by using the hybrid Laplace transform/finite element method. In the analysis, the Timoshenko beam theory, which includes the transverse shear and rotatory inertia effect and conventional beam theory, are used to solve this problem. The temperature field is assumed to be constant and homogeneous and that the relaxation modulus has the form of the Prony series. In the hybrid method, the Laplace transform with respect to time is applied to the coupled equations and the finite element model is developed by applying Hamilton's variational principle without any integral transformation. The numerical results of quasi-static and dynamic responses for the models of Maxwell fluid and three parameter solid types are presented and discussed.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 38 (1995) 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 38 (1995), S. 685-716 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: hourglass and locking control ; large strains ; thermomechanical coupling ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: In this paper, a class of ‘assumed strain’ mixed finite element methods based on the Hu-Washizu variational principle is presented. Special care is taken to avoid hourglass modes and shear locking as well as volumetric locking. An unified framework for the 4-node quadrilateral solid and thermal as well as thermomechanical coupling elements with uniform reduced integration (URI) and selective numerical integration (SI) schemes is developed. The approach is simply implemented by a small change of the standard technique and is applicable to arbitrary non-linear constitutive laws including isotropic and anisotropic material behaviours. The implementation of the proposed SI elements is straightforward, while the development of the proposed URI elements requires ‘anti-hourglass stresses’ which are evaluated by classical constitutive equations. Several numerical examples are given to demonstrate the performance of the suggested formulation, including static/dynamic mechanical problems, heat conduction and thermomechanical problems.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 38 (1995), S. 717-734 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: finite elements ; arbitrary Lagrange-Euler ; free surfaces ; surface tension ; contact angles ; multiphase flow ; Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Notes: The arbitrary Lagrange-Euler (ALE) kinematic description has been implemented in a 3-D transient finite element program so as to simulate multiple fluid flows with surfaces and interfaces of general shapes.The description of fluid interfaces includes continuity of velocity and a discontinuous tangential and normal stress appropriate for fluids of variable interfacial tension.The formulation is particularly relevant to the description of low and intermediate Reynolds number flow dominated by interfacial tension.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 38 (1995), S. 667-683 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Navier-Stokes ; pseudospectral element method ; multi-grid method ; domain decomposition ; Schwarz Alternating Procedure (SAP) ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A new multi-grid (two-grid) pseudospectral element method has been carried out for solution of incompressible flow in terms of primitive variable formulation. The main objective of the proposed method is to apply the multi-grid technique solving the incompressible flow problems associated with three commonly encountered multi-grid environments. In domain decomposition terminology, it includes (I) partially overlapped subdomains, each of which has same types of grids; (II) partially overlapped subdomains, each of which has different types of grids; (III) local adaptive subdomains fully overlapped with the original computational domain (composite grids).The approach for flow problems, complex geometry or not, is to first divide the computational domain into a number of subdomains with the inter-overlapping area (partially or fully overlapped). In categories I and II, the fine-grid or coarse-grid subdomains can be defined by their representation, while in category III the fine-grid or coarse-grid subdomains are defined as usual. Next, implement the Schwarz Alternating Procedure (SAP) to exchange the data among subdomains, where the coarse-grid correction is used to remove the high frequency error that occurs when the data interpolation from the fine-grid subdomain to the coarse-grid subdomain is conducted. The strategy behind the coarse-grid correction is to adopt the operator of the divergence of velocity field, which intrinsically links the pressure equation, into this process. The solution of each subdomain can be efficiently solved by the direct (or iterative) eigenfunction expansion technique or preconditioned method with the least storage requirement, i.e. O(N2) in 2-D.Numerical results of (i) driven cavity flow (Re = 100,400) with Cartesian grids (category I) in each subdomain, (ii) driven cavity flow (Re = 3200) with local adaptive grids (category III) in each subdomain, and (iii) flow over a cylinder (Re = 250) with ‘O’ grids in one subdomain and Cartesian grids in another (category II) will be presented in the paper to account for the versatility of the proposed multi-grid method.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 38 (1995), S. 735-754 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: inverse problem ; contact conductance determination ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The conjugate gradient method using two search step sizes is used to solve the inverse problem of simultaneously estimating the periodic thermal contact conductance, hc(t), and the heat transfer coefficient of the exhaust gases, hg(t), between the exhaust valve and seat in an internal combustion engine. The importance of the determination of hc(t) and hg(t) lie in that they are the critical factors for designing the cooling system and the insulation of the exhaust valve.The inverse analysis is based on the temperature measurements taken from the sensors placed in both the valve and seat regions during the transient process of operation. In this study two unknown timewise-varying functions hc(t) and hg(t) are to be estimated at the same time, thus two search step sizes with each one corresponding to each unknown function are derived. The results show that the CPU time for the inverse solutions using two search step sizes are greatly reduced than using just one search step size1 for the determination of two unknowns, besides, it also shows that the inverse solutions are reliable even when the measurement errors are considered.The advantage of the conjugate gradient method is that no a priori information is needed on the variation of the unknown quantities, since the solution automatically determines the functional form over the domain specified. The successful development of the present technique can be applied to any kind of two-dimensional periodic contact problems, such as the determination of a two-dimensional contact conductance problem2 and the temperature or heat flux behaviour on the inside wall of internal combustion engines3.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 38 (1995), S. 775-795 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: computational mechanics ; finite element method ; a posteriori error estimation ; finite elasticity ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Methods for a posteriori error estimation for finite element solutions are well established and widely used in engineering practice for linear boundary value problems. In contrast here we are concerned with finite elasticity and error estimation and adaptivity in this context. In the paper a brief outline of continuum theory of finite elasticity is first given. Using the residuals in the equilibrium conditions the discretization error of the finite element solution is estimated both locally and globally. The proposed error estimator is physically interpreted in the energy sense. We then present and discuss the convergence behaviour of the discretization error in uniformly and adaptively refined finite element sequences.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 38 (1995), S. 755-773 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: staggering ; numerical simulation ; bounded dispersion ; cost ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: This paper presents a cost-effectiveness analysis of explicit Finite Difference (FD) methods for the numerical integration of the wave equation. Formal notions of computational cost (expressed in floating point operations) and numerical dispersion error are introduced. Restricting the analysis to leapfrog timemarching, for sake of simplicity, various spatial discrete differentiators are examined. For each scheme, by minimizing the cost at a given error threshold, a cost-effective operating poin (time sampling rate and number of gridpoints per shortest wavelength) is obtained, which is remarkably different from the stability limit. Different schemes, each operated at its cost-effective point, are then compared. High-order dispersion-bounded operators, in the sense of Holberg,1 are found to be competitive with the Pseudo-spectral (PS) method.New optimal schemes improving over the Holberg's spatial differentiators are introduced together with accurate expansions of the convolutional weights is terms of the design error threshold. It is also shown that the composition of two distinct Holberg's operators of consecutive orders, with opposite phase properties, minimizes dispersion and yields cost-effective schemes.Numerical experiments illustrate the suitability of the new methods for large-scale wave-equation seismic modelling.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 38 (1995), S. 797-808 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: bounding-surface ; plasticity ; non-linear ; space structures ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: This paper presents a method for the non-linear analysis of space structures subjected to static and cyclic loading. A bounding-surface kinematic hardening plasticity model is used to simulate the hardening and hysteritic material behaviour. The model is used in conjunction with the lumped plasticity assumption coupled with the concept of a yield surface in force space. A hardening coefficient matrix which is a function of the plastic strain and the elastic stiffness matrix is introduced while the vectorial nature of the material memory parameters is maintained. This provides a smooth transition from the elastic to the plastic regime which simulates the hysteresis loops quite accurately. An updated Lagrangian formulation is used together with a predictor/corrector solution method. Several examples are presented to demonstrate the accuracy and efficiency of the method.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 38 (1995), S. 809-821 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: moment method ; non-linear electromagnetics ; scattering ; dielectrics ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: In this paper, we explore the possibility of applying the moment method to determine the electromagnetic field distributions inside three-dimensional bounded non-linear dielectric objects of arbitrary shapes. The moment method has usually been employed to solve linear scattering problems. We start with an integral equation formulation, and derive a non-linear system of algebraic equations that allows us to obtain an approximate solution for the harmonic vector components of the electric field. Preliminary results of some numerical simulations are reported.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 38 (1995), S. 823-839 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: numerical algorithms ; path following technique ; non-linear equations ; non-linear finite elements ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A general and robust solution procedure for non-linear finite element equations with limit points is developed. At each equilibrium iteration the magnitude of the load is adjusted such that the residual force is orthogonal to the current displacement increment from the last equilibrium state. The method implements the physical condition that the orthogonal residual force will neither increase nor decrease the magnitude of the current displacement increment vector. The orthogonality condition is formulated directly in terms of conjugate variables and therefore does not contain any scaling parameters. Passage of load and displacement limit points is discussed as well as the relation to line search, minimum residual, and are-length methods. The method is illustrated by two examples.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 38 (1995), S. 841-860 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: constitutive modelling ; large strain ; creep ; elastoplasticity ; damage ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A three-dimensional fully coupled creep elastoplastic damage model at finite strain for isotropic non-linear material is developed. The model is based on the thermodynamics of an irreversible process and the internal state variable theory. A hyperelastic form of stress-strain constitutive relation in conjunction with the multiplicative decomposition of the deformation gradient into elastic and inelastic parts is employed. The pressure-dependent plasticity with strain hardening and the damage model with two damage internal variables are particularly considered. The rounding of stress-strain curves appearing in cycling loading is reproduced by introduction of the creep mechanism into the model. A numerical integration procedure for the coupled constitutive equations with three hierarchical phases is proposed. A consistent tangent matrix with consideration of the fully coupled effects at finite strain is derived. Numerical examples are tested to demonstrate the capability and performance of the present model at large strain.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 38 (1995), S. 881-881 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 38 (1995), S. 861-879 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: wet snow accretion ; rotating sleeves ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: It is the purpose of this paper to construct a mathematical/computational model for the accretion of snow on rotating snow sleeves attached to conductor rods, and to consider some of the limitations in the use of the assumption of perfect cylindrical-sleeve growth, as currently employed to provide estimates of snow-loading intensity.For purposes of illustration, three rotating snow accretion regimes are considered, in which the direction of the airflow is always taken as perpendicular to the axis of the conductor rod. Firstly, a horizontal conductor rod is free to rotate and is initially bare. Rotation of the system (conductor rod and accreted snow) is initiated by snow torque, due to eccentric snow loading on the windward side of the conductor, and is driven by aerodynamic torque generated by the windflow past the evolving, rotating, asymmetrical sleeve growth. Secondly, a vertical conductor rod is free to rotate and the bare rod is given an initial small angular velocity; the rotation of the accreting system is then driven by aerodynamic torque alone. Thirdly, a horizontal rod is fixed and is initially covered by an annulus of snow, supported by a thin layer of (unfrozen) water existing between the conductor and the snow sleeve. In this case, the rotation of the snow sleeve is due to the combined snow and aerodynamic torques and is now retarded by the viscous torque due to the rotating thin film of water.Asymptotic solutions obtained for small accretion time supplement numerical results derived from the computational models. Numerical results on these rotating non-periodic snow accretion regimes are presented as a function of the wind speed, snow precipitation rate and diameter of the conductor rod.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 38 (1995), S. 883-884 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 38 (1995), S. 885-886 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 38 (1995), S. 887-903 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: plates ; foundation ; boundary elements ; boundary integrals ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: This paper introduces an efficient boundary element approach for the analysis of thin plates, with arbitrary shapes and boundary conditions, resting on an elastic Winkler foundation. Boundary integral equations with three degrees-of-freedom per node are derived without unknown corner terms. A fundamental solution based upon newly defined modified Kelvin functions is formulated and it leads to a simple solution to the problem of divergent integrals. Reduction of domain loading terms for cases of distributed and concentrated loading is also provided. Case studies, including plates with free-edge conditions, are demonstrated, and the boundary element results are compared with corresponding analytical solutions. The presented formulations provide a very accurate boundary element solution for plates with different shapes and boundary conditions.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 38 (1995), S. 927-942 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: quasi-conforming FEM ; geometrical non-linearity ; degenerated solid shell element ; plates ; shells ; pitch test ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: In this paper, a geometrically non-linear quasi-conforming nine-node quadrilateral degenerated solid shell element has been constructed from generalization of a linear quasi-conforming nine-node quadrilateral degenerated solid shell element,10 based upon the non-linear quasi-conforming finite element method. First, the geometrical description and displacement model of the nine-node quadrilateral degenerated solid shell element is given. Then, the non-linear quasi-conforming finite element method is discussed and assumed strains and weighed functions are given. Last, analysis of numerical examples for a clamped square plate, a circular arch, a spherical shell, two cylindrical shells, the patch test and a simply supported square plate is carried out. The results are compared with exact and other finite element solutions. The results indicate that the shell element in the paper is accurate and efficient.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 38 (1995), S. 955-968 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: bubble functions ; elasticity ; finite strips ; I-sections ; non-linear analysis ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The finite strip displacement functions for post-local buckling are augmented with so-called bubble functions, which are extra modes associated with internal or nodeless degrees of freedom. A non-linear finite strip method of analysis including bubble functions is described for the post-local buckling of geometrically imperfect plate assemblies. It is shown that the use of bubble functions improves significantly the convergence of the method. The non-linear finite strip method is then used to study channel and I-section members in compression and bending.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 38 (1995), S. 989-1000 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: mesh partitioning ; aspect ratio ; implicit solution ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Optimal domain decomposition methods have emerged as powerful iterative algorithms for parallel implicit computations. Their key preprocessing step is mesh partitioning, where research has focused so far on the automatic generation of load-balanced subdomains with minimum interface nodes. In this paper, we emphasize the importance of the subdomain aspect ratio as a mesh partitioning factor, and highlight its impact on the convergence rate of an optimal domain decomposition based iterative method. We also present a fast optimization algorithm for improving the aspect ratio of existing mesh partitions, and illustrate it with several examples from fluid dynamics and structural mechanics applications. For a stiffened shell problem decomposed by the optimal Recursive Spectral Bisection scheme and solved by the FETI method, this optimization algorithm is shown to improve the solution time by a factor equal to 1·54 and to restore numerical scalability.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 38 (1995), S. 3365-3381 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: non-linear elasticity ; finite elements ; solution algorithms ; three-dimensional membranes ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The treatment of finite hyperelasticity set on the spatial configuration is described. The fully consistent linearization of the corresponding field equations is carried out in detail. It provides the basis of the exact Newton-Raphson procedure for solution of the associated boundary value problem. A membrane formulation is presented in which the incompressibility constraint usually employed in the description of rubber-like materials is satisfied trivially. The excellent performance of the proposed framework is demonstrated by means of 3-D membrane finite element simulations.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 38 (1995), S. 3433-3452 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: quadrilateral finite element ; drilling d.o.f ; hybrid stress model ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A scheme of boundary displacements with drilling degrees of freedom for plane elements is presented. The scheme is free from zero displacement modes and allows the development of hybrid finite elements with vertex and mid-side nodes, each node including a drilling degree of freedom besides the translational ones. Four quadrilateral isoparametric hybrid stress elements are implemented, and numerical results for some current test problems are given.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 38 (1995), S. 1431-1473 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: conserving algorithms ; non-linear dynamics ; non-linear rods ; dissipative algorithms ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The long-term dynamic response of non-linear geometrically exact rods under-going finite extension, shear and bending, accompanied by large overall motions, is addressed in detail. The central objective is the design of unconditionally stable time-stepping algorithms which exactly preserve fundamental constants of the motion such as the total linear momentum, the total angular momentum and, for the Hamiltonian case, the total energy. This objective is accomplished in two steps. First, a class of algorithms is introduced which conserves linear and angular momentum. This result holds independently of the definition of the algorithmic stress resultants. Second, an algorithmic counterpart of the elastic constitutive equations is developed such that the law of conservation of total energy is exactly preserved. Conventional schemes exhibiting no numerical dissipation, symplectic algorithms in particular, are shown to lead to unstable solutions when the high frequencies are not resolved. Compared to conventional schemes there is little, if any, additional computational cost involved in the proposed class of energy-momentum methods. The excellent performance of the new algorithm in comparison to other standard schemes is demonstrated in several numerical simulations.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 38 (1995), S. 1593-1594 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 38 (1995), S. 1579-1592 
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    Keywords: novel element ; inhomogeneities ; complex potentials ; Laurent series ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: This study is concerned with the development and implementation of a novel finite element which is capable of treating the problem of interacting circular inhomogeneities in heterogeneous solids. The general form of the element, which is constructed from a cell containing a single circular inhomogeneity in a surrounding matrix, is derived explicitly using the complex potentials of Muskhelishvili and the Laurent series expansion method. The strength of the proposed eight-noded plane element is demonstrated by its ability to treat arbitrarily and periodically located multiple inhomogeneities under general loading conditions using a limited number of elements. Assessment of the accuracy and efficiency of the devised element is obtained by comparing its performance against existing analytical and traditional finite element attempts. The current element enables the determination of the local and effective elastic properties of composite materials with relative ease.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 38 (1995), S. 3831-3853 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: domain decomposition ; dynamics ; nonlinear ; parallel processing ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: We present a new efficient and scalable domain decomposition method for solving implicitly linear and non-linear time-dependent problems in computational mechanics. The method is derived by adding a coarse problem to the recently proposed transient FETI substructuring algorithm in order to propagate the error globally and accelerate convergence. It is proved that in the limit for large time steps, the new method converges toward the FETI algorithm for time-independent problems. Computational results confirm that the optimal convergence properties of the time-independent FETI method are preserved in the time-dependent case. We employ an iterative scheme for solving efficiently the coarse problem on massively parallel processors, and demonstrate the effective scalability of the new transient FETI method with the large-scale finite element dynamic analysis on the Paragon XP/S and IBM SP2 systems of several diffraction grating finite element structural models. We also show that this new domain decomposition method outperforms the popular direct skyline solver. The coarse problem presented herein is applicable and beneficial to a large class of Lagrange multiplier based substructuring algorithms for time-dependent problems, including the fictitious domain decomposition method.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 38 (1995), S. 3889-3908 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: hp-methods ; parallel computing ; hyperbolic equations ; adaptive methods ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: This paper describes a parallel algorithm based on discontinuous hp-finite element approximations of linear, scalar, hyperbolic conservation laws. The paper focuses on the development of an effective parallel adaptive strategy for such problems. Numerical experiments suggest that these techniques are highly parallelizable and exponentially convergent, thereby yielding efficiency many times superior to conventional schemes for hyperbolic problems.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 38 (1995), S. 3855-3887 
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    Keywords: Adaptive two-step methods ; periodicity ; dispersion ; dissipation ; P-stability ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Adaptive two-step direct integration methods are constructed for the integration of second-order semidiscrete evolution equations possessing oscillatory solutions. The methods are based on a class of adaptive multistep methods for a semilinear test model whose frequency is known. They are constructed following the notion of diagonally implicit RK-methods by using efficient rational approximations to cos v, v ≥ 0. Our interest is centered on the dispersion (or phase errors) of the dominant components in the numerical oscillations when these methods are applied to a linear homogeneous test model. Two-step methods which have high order of dispersion (up to 12), whereas the algebraic order is relatively low (2 or 4), are derived. Applications of these methods to linear as well as non-linear test models and to semidiscretized hyperbolic equations reveal a good behaviour with regard to error propagation when they are compared with other conventional methods.
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 38 (1995), S. 2301-2302 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 38 (1995), S. 2325-2345 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: postbuckling ; plates ; perturbation methods ; FEM ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The present paper extends the finite element perturbation approach already presented for pin-jointed and framed structures15 to rectangular thin plates. Koiter's asymptotic strategy2 is coupled with a High-Continuity finite element discretization of the plate.22 The consistency of the discrete model is discussed from the kinematical and numerical points of view and several numerical tests are reported. It appears that use of the HC elements makes the perturbation algorithm insensitive to the locking phenomenon occurring in the evaluation of the postbuckling behaviour. It also allows the use of very fine discretization meshes at low computational cost.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 38 (1995), S. 4123-4155 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Petrov-Galerkin methods ; weighting parameters ; optimization ; spectral averaged phase errors ; Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Notes: A Fourier analysis of the linear and quadratic N + 1 and N + 2 Petrov-Galerkin finite element methods applied to the one-dimensional transient convective-diffusion equation is performed. The results show that a priori optimization of the N + 1 method is not possible because dissipative errors are introduced as dispersive errors are reduced (any optimization is subjective). However, a priori optimization of the N + 2 Petrov-Galerkin method is possible because the reduction of dispersion errors can be accomplished without the addition of artificial dissipation.The Spectrally Weighted Average Phase Error Method (SWAPEM) for the optimization of the N + 2 Petrov-Galerkin method is introduced, in which the N + 2 weighting parameter is chosen at each time step to minimize the integral over wave number of the phase error of Fourier modes, weighted by the frequency content of the global solution at the previous time step (obtained via FFT). The method is dynamic, and general in that the dependence of the weighting parameter on the solution waveform is accounted for. Optimal values predicted by the method are in excellent agreement with those suggested by the numerical experimentation of others. Simulations of the pure convective transport of a Gaussian plume and a triangle wave are discussed to illustrate the effectiveness of the method.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 38 (1995), S. 4157-4169 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: BEM ; crack ; thermoelasticity ; transient ; TSSIF ; mixed mode ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A time domain boundary-only element method is used for the analysis of fractured planar bodies, subjected to thermal shock type loads. The uncoupled quasistatic thermoelasticity equations are solved without the need for domain discretization. The singular behaviour of the temperature and displacement fields, in the vicinity of the crack tip, is modelled by quarter-point elements. Transient thermal stress and heat flux intensity factors are evaluated from computed nodal values, using the well-known displacement and traction formulas. The accuracy of the method, the stability of the solution and the dependence on space-time discretization is investigated through comparison of present results with analytical and computational ones, taken from the literature. For mode I and mixed mode two-dimensional problems examined, the method proved to be a potent tool for fracture analysis in presence of severe thermal shock loads, even in the microcrack size range. Potent in the sense that, it is very stable and cost effective from the space-time discretization point of view.
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 38 (1995), S. 4171-4191 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: non-linear computational mechanics ; arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian ; mesh adaptivity ; strain-softening ; localization ; damage mechanics ; wave propagation ; Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Notes: Non-local models guaranty that finite element computations on strain softening materials remain sound up to failure from a theoretical and computational viewpoint. The non-locality prevents strain localization with zero global dissipation of energy, and consequently finite element calculations converge upon mesh refinements to non-zero width localization zones. One of the major drawbacks of these models is that the element size needed in order to capture the localization zone must be smaller than the internal length. Hence, the total number of degrees of freedom becomes rapidly prohibitive for most engineering applications and there is an obvious need for mesh adaptivity. This paper deals with the application of the arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) formulation, well known in hydrodynamics and fluid-structure interaction problems, to transient strain localization in a non-local damageable material. It is shown that the ALE formulation which is employed in large boundary motion problems can also be well suited for non-linear transient analysis of softening materials where localization bands appear. The remeshing strategy is based on the equidistribution of an indicator that quantifies the interelement jump of a selected state variable. Two well known one-dimensional examples illustrate the capabilities of this technique: the first one deals with localization due to a propagating wave in a bar, and the second one studies the wave propagation in a hollow sphere.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 38 (1995), S. 4207-4235 
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    Keywords: finite-element method ; a posteriori error estimation ; pollution error ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: In References 1 and 2 we showed that the error in the finite-element solution has two parts, the local error and the pollution error, and we studied the effect of the pollution error on the quality of the local error-indicators and the quality of the derivatives recovered by local post-processing. Here we show that it is possible to construct a posteriori estimates of the pollution error in any patch of elements by employing the local error-indicators over the mesh outside the patch. We also give an algorithm for the adaptive control of the pollution error in any patch of elements of interest.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 38 (1995), S. 4193-4205 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: finite strip ; laminated plates ; geometric nonlinearity ; imperfections ; shear deformation ; end shortening ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The finite strip method is developed to predict the geometrically non-linear response of rectangular laminated plates subjected to progressive end shortening whilst initial imperfection and/or applied pressure loading are also present. The development is an extension of earlier work concerned with perfect, unpressurized laminates which have simply supported loaded ends at which lateral in-plane expansion is either allowed freely or is prevented completely. The analysis is conducted in the contexts of classical plate theory and first-order shear deformation plate theory, in turn. A number of applications involving both isotropic plates and laminated plates is described.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 39 (1996), S. 1-32 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: finite volumes ; finite elements ; compressible flows ; unstructured grids ; hybrid grids ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A framework for the construction of node-centred schemes to solve the compressible Euler and Navier-Stokes equations is presented. The metric quantities are derived by exploiting some properties of C0 finite element shape functions. The resulting algorithm allows to implement both artificial diffusion and one-dimensional upwind-type discretizations. The proposed methodology adopts a uniform data structure for diverse grid topologies (structured, unstructured and hybrid) and different element shapes, thus easing code development and maintenance. The final schemes are well suited to run on vector/parallel computer architectures. In the case of linear elements, the equivalence of the proposed method with a particular finite volume formulation is demonstrated.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 39 (1996), S. 81-97 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: porous media ; mixture theories ; fluid-saturated binary model ; incompressible constituents ; non-linear elasticity ; dynamic loading ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Based on the theory of porous media (mixture theories extended by the concept of volume fractions), a model describing the dynamical behaviour of a saturated binary porous medium is presented including both geometrical and material non-linearities. Transformed toward a weak formulation, the model equations are solved by use of the finite element method. Applications of the model range from one-dimensional linear problems to two-dimensional problems including the full dynamics and non-linearities.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 39 (1996), S. 141-163 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: induction heating ; coupled problem ; three-dimensional analysis ; eddy current temperature analysis ; thin conducting sheet model ; eddy current boundary condition ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The paper presents a special finite element formulation for the computer simulation of an inductive heating device for thin moving metal strips. The calculation includes both the electromagnetic field and the temperature distribution resulting from the losses of the induced currents. The electromagnetic field is described by an electric vector potential and a magnetic scalar potential, the induced eddy currents are represented by a special boundary condition for the magnetic scalar potential along the surface of the current-carrying strip. This avoids the necessity to discretize the thin secondary region. The thermal model includes the movement of the strip as well as convection and radiation as its surfaces. The field equations are discretized using the Galerkin variant of the Method of Weighted Residuals. The mutually coupled electromagnetic and temperature fields are then calculated using an iterative, staggered solution scheme. Comparisons between calculated and measured temperature profiles show the validity of the presented approach.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 39 (1996), S. 33-50 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: finite element method ; shape optimization ; sensitivity analysis ; forming process ; optimal design ; forging ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: We suggest a shape optimization method for a non-linear and non-steady-state metal forming problem. It consists in optimizing the initial shape of the part as well as the shape of the preform tool during a two-step forging operation, for which the shape of the second operation is known. Shapes are described using spline functions and optimal parameter values of the splines are searched in order to produce, at the end of the forging sequence, a part with a prescribed geometric accuracy, optimal metallurgical properties and for a minimal production cost. The finite element method, including numerous remeshing operations, is used for the simulation of the process. We suggest using a least-squares-type algorithm for the unconstrained optimization method (based on external penalty) for which we describe the calculation of the derivatives of the objective function. We show that it can reduce to calculations which are equivalent to the derivative calculations of steady-state processes and to evolution equations. Therefore, the computational cost of such an optimization is quite reasonable, even for complex forging processes. Lastly, in order to reduce the errors due to the numerous remeshings during the simulation, we introduce error estimation and adaptive remeshing methods with respect to the calculation of derivatives.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 39 (1996), S. 165-184 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: curved unilateral contact ; augmented Lagrangian ; frictional contact element ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Based on a mixed formulation approach, a frictional contact element is proposed for the numerical solution of contact problems including strongly curved rigid obstacles. The implementation of the frictional contact element is analogous to that of a finite element. This feature facilitates its implementation in implicit finite element programmes, since the structure of the code need not be modified.For efficient modelling of the forming tool geometries by Computer Aided Geometric Design techniques and in order to achieve a high performance of the contact search, the numerical schemes of the frictional contact element operate directly on parametric polynomial surface patches. Thus, no discretization of curved contact surfaces is performed.Numerical simulations of deep drawing processes demonstrate the performance of the method in the case of large sliding increments upon curved tools and in the case of elasto-plasticity.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 38 (1995), S. 3071-3085 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: structural dynamics ; eigenvalue analysis ; nonproportional damping ; Arnoldi method ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This paper presents and discusses an Arnoldi-based eigensolution technique for evaluating the complex natural frequencies and mode shapes from frequency dependent quadratic eigenproblems associated with vibration analysis of damped structures. The new solution technique is used in conjunction with a mixed finite element modelling procedure which utilizes both the polynomial and frequency dependent displacement fields in formulating the system matrices. This modelling provides the ability to represent a frequency dependent damping matrix in vibration analysis of skeletal systems.The eigensolution methodology presented here is based upon the ability to evaluate a specific set of parametrized curves for the non-linear eigenvalue problem at given values of the parameter. Numerical examples illustrate that this method, used in conjunction with a secant interpolation, accurately evaluates the complex natural frequencies and modes of the quadratic non-linear eigenproblem and verifies that the new eigensolution technique coupled with the mixed finite element modelling procedure is more accurate than the conventional finite element models.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 38 (1995), S. 3143-3166 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: moving load ; runway ; boundary element ; finite element ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The transient response of a finite elastic plate, resting on an elastic half-space, and subjected to moving loads is considered here. Both the cases of an elastic foundation alone, as well as a finite sized elastic plate resting on an elastic foundation are considered. The numerical methods employed are: (1) the time-domain boundary element method for the elastic foundation and (2) a combination of the time-domain boundary element method for the soil and the semi-discrete finite element method for the finite sized elastic plate. Both constant as well as linear-time-interpolation schemes are included in the BEM. The integration is carried out analytically in time. The analytical solution for a moving point load on an infinite elastic plate resting on an elastic half-space is derived here. This is used as a benchmark against which the present numerical solution is compared with. The accuracy of the numerical method is also verified by comparing the solutions with some existing numerical results; the comparison with the solutions based on a Winkler foundation model reveals the limitations of the applicability of such a model, especially in the cases of high velocities of the moving load. This is because neither the inertia of the foundation, nor the behaviour of the foundation as a continuum, can be properly accounted for in Winkler's model. A parametric study is conducted, and the influences of velocity of the moving load, load distribution, etc. on the dynamic response of the soil/runway system are investigated. Furthermore, the present computational method is applied to the problem of a transport airplane taxiing on a concrete pavement resting on a typical soil. The responses of pavements are presented for different taxiing velocities.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 38 (1995), S. 3635-3652 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: stationary thermoelasticity ; thermally induced non-homogeneity ; pure boundary formulation ; crack ; problems ; initial plastic stresses ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: In this paper, we present the boundary integral formulation for inelastic stationary thermoelasticity including thermally induced non-homogeneity. Generally, the unique BEM formulation for crack problems is achieved by using the traction boundary integral equations which are now considered in a non-singular form. Both the two- and three-dimensional boundary value problems are analysed simultaneously. Numerical examples for 2-D problems are presented, in order to illustrate the suitability of this boundary element approach in the inelastic thermoelasticity.
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  • 193
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 38 (1995), S. 3675-3694 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: machining ; finite elements ; remeshing ; thermo-mechanical coupling ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A Lagrangian finite element model of orthogonal high-speed machining is developed. Continuous remeshing and adaptive meshing are the principal tools which we employ for sidestepping the difficulties associated with deformation-induced element distortion, and for resolving fine-scale features in the solution. The model accounts for dynamic effects, heat conduction, mesh-on-mesh contact with friction, and full thermo-mechanical coupling. In addition, a fracture model has been implemented which allows for arbitrary crack initiation and propagation in the regime of shear localized chips. The model correctly exhibits the observed transition from continuous to segmented chips with increasing tool speed.
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  • 194
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 38 (1995) 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 195
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 38 (1995), S. 3745-3774 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Helmholtz equation ; finite element method ; error analysis ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: When applying numerical methods for the computation of stationary waves from the Helmholtz equation, one obtains ‘numerical waves’ that are dispersive also in non-dispersive media. The numerical wave displays a phase velocity that depends on the parameter k of the Helmholtz equation. In dispersion analysis, the phase difference between the exact and the numerical solutions is investigated. In this paper, the authors' recent result on the phase difference for one-dimensional problems is numerically evaluated and discussed in the context of other work directed to this topic. It is then shown that previous error estimates in H1-norm are of nondispersive character but hold for medium or high wavenumber on extremely refined mesh only. On the other hand, recently proven error estimates for constant resolution contain a pollution term. With certain assumptions on the exact solution, this term is of the order of the phase difference. Thus a link is established between the results of dispersion analysis and the results of numerical analysis. Throughout the paper, the presentation and discussion of theoretical results is accompanied by numerical evaluation of several model problems. Special attention is given to the performance of the Galerkin method with a higher order of polynomial approximation p(h-p-version).
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  • 196
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 38 (1995), S. 3817-3830 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: conformal map ; grid generation ; high aspect ratio ; airfoil ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Conformal co-ordinate transformations are used to map rectangular computational domains onto arbitrary simply and doubly connected regions with smooth boundaries. The efficient numerical schemes of Wegmann involving the solution of the inverse boundary correspondence function problems associated with the mapping of the unit disc or circular annulus onto simply or doubly connected domains, respectively, are employed. The numerical implementation of these schemes is emphasized. Examples are generated for regions with elliptic inner and outer boundaries. Additional examples are used to demonstrate the accuracy and convergence of the schemes and their practical limitations. The techniques are found to converge well if holomorphic functions are used to describe the boundaries. The use of preconditioning maps is also discussed.
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  • 197
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 38 (1995), S. 3909-3910 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 198
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 38 (1995), S. 3911-3932 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: spurious mechanism ; spurious pressure ; hybrid element ; stabilization ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: In two-dimensional penalty finite element analysis of incompressible materials, Q9/3P, the 9-node quadrilateral with three assumed quasi-pressure modes, is the most popular element not bothered by spurious pressure. In constructing the penalty matrix of Q9/3P, it is necessary to form a 3×18 matrix and a 3×3 symmetric matrix. The inverse of the symmetric matrix is then post- and pre-multiplied by the 3×18 matrix and its transpose, respectively. By employing a rank subtraction technique, a new and more efficient implementation scheme is devised for the penalty matrix. Same as the conventional Q9 element, when Q9/3P is fully integrated, it becomes expensive and too stiff. On the other hand, there are two spurious kinematic modes should the element be sub-integrated. In the proposed Q9/3P element, the two mechanisms will be annihilated by judiciously chosen higher-order assumed stress modes in conjunction with a modified Hellinger-Reissner functional. It will be demonstrated that the element is of good accuracy and high efficiency.
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  • 199
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 39 (1996), S. 1097-1114 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: finite elements ; pneumatics ; air springs ; containers ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Many engineering structures completely surround and enclose gas filled volumes. The enclosed gas adds additional stiffness to the surrounding structure. This paper shows how to account for this effect by means of an augmented virtual work principle. The additional term augmenting the virtual work equilibrium statement for the structure is the virtual boundary work done by the pressure of the enclosed gas. The augmented equations are discretized using standard finite element methods, and the additional terms are discussed. The resulting ‘pneumatic’ finite element is shown to be analogous to regular structural finite elements. To assess the accuracy and efficiency and also to illustrate the applicability of the present formulation, a series of four examples was selected. In two of the examples, the behaviour of the end cap of a partially filled plastic food product container is studied. The numerical results using the pneumatic element compare well with an alternative Rayleigh-Ritz solution of the end cap behaviour. The other two examples represent the behaviour of a double bellows air spring shock absorber under static isothermal and dynamic adiabatic conditions. For the static isothermal case, an experimental study was performed with results in good agreement with the pneumatic element solutions. For the dynamic adiabatic loading case, the dynamic stiffness of the air spring was predicted using the pneumatic element. The numerical results agree with experimental data published in an air spring application guide. The examples illustrate that the pneumatic element formulation can be applied to the large deflection analysis of structures that enclose gas filled volumes.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 39 (1996), S. 1115-1136 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: particle tracking ; Lagrangian-Eulerian finite element methods ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This paper presents a multi-dimensional particle tracking technique for applying the Lagrangian-Eulerian finite element method to solve transport equations in transient-state simulations. In the Lagrangian- Eulerian approach, the advection term is handled in the Lagrangian step so that the associated numerical errors can be considerably reduced. It is important to have an adequate particle tracking technique for computing advection accurately in the Lagrangian step. The particle tracking technique presented here is designed to trace fictitious particles in the real-world flow field where the flow velocity is either measured or computed at a limited number of locations. The technique, named ‘in-element’ particle tracking, traces fictitious particles on an element-by-element basis. Given a velocity field, a fictitious particle is traced one element by one element until either a boundary is encountered or the available time is completely consumed. For the tracking within an element, the element is divided into a desired number of subelements with the interpolated velocity computed at all nodes of the subelements. A fictitious particle, thus, is traced one subelement by one subelement within the element. The desired number of subelements can be determined based on the complexity of the flow field being considered. The more complicated the flow field is, the more subelements are needed to achieve accurate particle tracking results. A single-velocity approach can be used to efficiently perform particle tracking in a smooth flow field, while an average-velocity approach can be employed to increase the tracking accuracy for more complex flow fields.
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