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  • Articles  (7,167)
  • Wiley-Blackwell  (7,167)
  • 1995-1999  (7,167)
  • 1940-1944
  • Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics  (6,531)
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  • Articles  (7,167)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 35 (1995), S. 1807-1810 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Blends prepared from poly(ethylene 2,6-naphthalate) (PEN) and poly(butylene 2,6-naphthalate) (PBN) show only partial miscibility judged from their glass transition temperatures. Two distinct mechanical behaviors are observed: brittle for the blends 〈 20 wt% of PBN, while ductile 〉 20 wt% of PBN. The experimental modulus and strength values of the blends are within the predicted values according to Kleiner and Paul models, respectively. This means that PEN/PBN blends are somewhat compatible based on their tensile properties. Especially for 20 wt% of PBN blend, the high modulus and strength are observed. The viscosity of the blend is high, which may imply a somewhat entangled morphology in the amorphous state.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 35 (1995) 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 35 (1995), S. 1821-1833 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The paper consides the effects of compatibilization with maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (PP-g-MAH) on the propertie of immiscible blends of polypropylene (PP) and nylon 6 (N6). We prepared the blends by three different mixing processes; single-step blending, two-step blending with reactive premixing, and two-step blending with nonreactive premixing, to determine the effective mixiing process for fine morphological structure thermal stability, and mechanical properties. Dynamic melt reheological properties were measured to examine the modification of elastic properties by the compatibilizer. In addtion, thermal analysis was also carried out to detect the change in crystallization and thereby to probe the degree of compatibilizaton. The results show that compatibilized blends prepared by teh single-step process exhibit improved phase morphology, thermal stability, and mechanical properties for dried conditions, compared with other blend types. Finally, the water absorption test indicates that the added compatibilizer yields enhanced water resistance in spite of the strong intrinsic hydrophilicity of N6. In particular, two-step blending with reactive premixing is most effective in improving water resistance and reducing degradation of mechanical properties after moisture absorption.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 35 (1995), S. 1834-1851 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A hybrid two-/three-dimensional solution technique is presentedto model 3-D flow fields in resin transfer moeling using Darcy's low. The 3-D flow field is only solved for regions where all three velocity components are significant, thus largely reducing the number of unknowns. Elsewhere, the commonly used 2-D approximation for flow in thin gaps between plates is employe.d The method is applied to regions where the flow splits, such as T-joints. Because of the uncertainties associated with an accurate determination of the permeability in these regions, a simplified decompled procedure is procesed, which reduces the computational complexity. In this procedure, the flow front is advanced using the 2-D formulation. The 2-D formulation also provides the boundary conditions for the subsequent computation of the 3-D flow field without feedback of flow field information to the 2-d model. The governing equations are solved using boundary fitted coordinate systems (BFCS) together with the finite difference method (FDM). Numerical as well as algebraic grid generation and domain decomposition are employe dto generate grids that always concide with the continuously deforming and enlarging flow domain. Results that include the trackingof numerical tracer particles to visualize the three-dimensionality of the flow field are presented for isothermal flow of a Newtonian fluid through a T-joint. This detailed flow field description is expected to form the basis for a rather accurate simulation of quantitities that largely depend on the fluid particle pathlines, such as the degree of cure. The method is also extendable to shear-thinning fluids as well as to 3-D flow in the vicinity of the flow front.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 35 (1995), S. 1872-1877 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The Smoluchowski equation for the breakup and coalescence of dispersed droplets has been solved for flowing polymer blends. A scaling form for the distribution of droplet sized derived and published for a system of clusters with fragmentation and coagualation was used in our dervation. Equations are developed here for the average droplet size and for the characteristic time of transition to steady state flow of blends with a high content of the dispersed phase. Expressions reasonably describing the average size of droplets for all concentrations were obtained by a theory modification. Measured dependences of droplet size on the blend composition can be matched only if simultaneous collisions of three and more droplets are considered. The results of the theory indicate that the mechanism of droplet breakup (formation of pieces with the same or different volumes) has only a small effect on their average size in concentrated systems. The dependence of droplet size on the shear rate in flow is determined by properties of the blend components, and is generally nonmonotonic.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 35 (1995), S. 1878-1883 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Multilayer LDPE/nylon-6 films with an overall content of 71 wt% LDPE, 24 wt% nylon-6, and 5 wt% PE-based tie-layer adhesive were reprocessed under both minimal and extensive mixing conditions. Thermal and mechanical properties, oxygen and water vapor permeability, and morphology of the reprocessed samples were determined. The modulus and yield stress of the reprocessed films fell between those of the pure homopolymers, whereas percent elongation at break and energy-to-break for all reprocessed films were less than those of the homopolymers. In minimally reprocessed film, layering of LDPE (low-density polyethylene) and nylon-6 was retained, whereas in extensively mixed samples, nylon-6 domains were spherical and ranged from 0.2 to 7 μm. Minimally reprocessed film exhibited good O2 and H2O vapor barrier properties, whereas extensively-mixed samples had poor barrier properties. Properties of well-mixed blends prepared both with and without adhesive showed that 5 wt% adhesive did not compatibilize the LDPE and nylon-6 components.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 35 (1995), S. 1895-1898 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A new stress monitoring technique, a stress-tracking device, is described here. It has been used to study some important properties of epoxy resin. Residual stresses, including a curing shrinkage stress and a cooling shrinkage stress, were measured automatically and continuously during curing and cooling. Simultaneously, information such as an apparent gelation time and glass transition temperature were obtained directly during the experiment. These epoxy resin properties were related to the extent of cure. Varying cure temperature produced changes of cure behavior, which resulted in different residual stresses.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 35 (1995), S. 1899-1906 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Processing of microcellular foam was investigated for the feasibility of production of tough and lightweight polyurethanes. To increase the nucleation rate in a gas-supersaturated resin, ultrasonic excitation was applied to the mixture of polyol(polyether-based polyol) and isocyanate(diphenyl methane diisocyanate). A microcellular structure was produced by two sequential steps, i.e., supersaturationof the polyol resin with nitrogen gas at elevated pressure and ultrasonic bubble nucleation right after the impingement mixing of two components of the polyurethane system. Theoretical analyses based on nucleation theories were employed to predict the rate of nucleation in the gas-supersaturated polyurethane. The rate of nucleatio in the resin was predicted by classical nucleation and cluster theories. In the experimental investigation, ultrasonic excitation was applied to increase the nucleation rate in the resin that had been saturated by nitrogen at a saturation pressure 〈 2.0 MPa.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 35 (1995), S. 1917-1922 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Polypropylene/Polyamide-6 (PP.PA) blends containing maleic anhydride grafted elastomers were prepared by reactive blending. Three different types of core shell morphologies were obtained and characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The midulus of these elastomer midified PP/PA (70/30) blends with core shell type morphology is compared to predictions derived from the Kerner model. The multiphase morphology of these blends could be modeled by sequential application of the Kerner equation to two-phase subinclusions. Using morphological data ontained by TEM, good agreement between experimental and calculated values was ontained. The results are used to tailor PP/Pa-6 blends combining stiffness and toughness.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 35 (1995), S. 1931-1937 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: One of the major factors limiting the use of thermoplastics in engineeing applications is the inadequacy of existing design data. Much of the data do not span appropriate ranges of stress, strain, time, or temperature. This study addresses the need to develop an accelerated method for generating long-time design data to support the innovative use of engineering thermoplastics. In particular, stress relaxation tests (SRT) were performed on polycarbonate (PC) and midified poly(phenylene oxide)(PPO), and used to generate time-dependent design data through the short-time measurement of the material's current state without dependence on elastic modulus. The test results and analyses reported here indicate the SRT method to be an efficeint means of generating accurate and repeatable creep and secant modulus data which may be directly used in design. Therefore, SRT shows great potential both as a design parameter development tool, and as a quality control instrumetn for assessing batch-to-batch variability.
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 26 (1995) 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 12
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Additional Material: 22 Ill.
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 26 (1995), S. 78-88 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Additional Material: 34 Ill.
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 26 (1995), S. 32-50 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Additional Material: 42 Ill.
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 26 (1995), S. 342-346 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The dissolution of aluminium in hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide solutions in the presence of semicarbazide, thiosemicarbazide and sym.diphenylcarbazide as corrosion inhibitors has been studied using thermometric, weight-loss and polarization methods. The three methods gave consistent results. The higher inhibition efficiency of these compounds in acidic than in alkaline madia may be due to the less negative potential of aluminium in hydrochloric acid solution, favouring adsorption of the additive. The adsorption of these compounds were found to obey Frumkin adsorption isotherm.Cathodic polarization measurements showed that these compounds are cathodic inhibitors and their adsorption in the double layer does not change the mechanism of the hydrogen evolution reaction. The results are analysed in terms of both molecular and cationic adsorption.
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 26 (1995), S. 379-385 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Resorbable bone substitution on the basis of calcium phosphatesBesides hydroxyapatite (HAp), tricalcium phosphate is increasingly being used as bone substitution material. In literature there are contradictory claims of the TCP solubility. As a result of are contradictory claims of the TCP solubility. As a result of different manufacturing processes there are altered material properties, which are documented by different resorption behaviour especielly after implantation (particle separation, chemical solvatation). To clarify of such in vitro connections two methods for determining the solubility were investigated. Especially for this case, TCP samples prepared from different raw materials were synthesized. These samples were given different heat treatments and/or posttreatments with phosphoric acid.The materials were characterized above all by using X-ray powder diffraction method and scanning electron microscopy. Following investigations of the solubility lead to optimized testing parameters (solvent, concentration, ratio of solvent's quantity to sample surface, etc.) as well as qualified test parameters (lost of weight, ion concentration). When the test conditions were carefully selected, the in vitro solubillity was proved to be a very effective possibility of materials characterisation which is also very sensitive regarding chemical differences caused by synthesizing or morphological differences.
    Notes: Neben Hydroxylapatit (HAp) findet verstärkt auch Tricalciumphosphat (TCP) Anwendung als Knochenersatzmaterial. In der Literatur finden sich widersprüchliche Angaben zur Löslichkeit von TCP. Bedingt durch unterschiedliche Darstellungsverfahren ergeben sich verschiedenartige Materialbeschaffenheiten, die sich erst nach der Implantation durch ein differenziertes Resorptions-verhalten dokumentieren (partikulärer Abbau, chemischer Lösungsprozeß). Zur Klärung derartiger Zusammenhänge in vitro wurden 2 Methoden zur Bestimmung des Lösungsverhaltens untersucht. Dafür wurden TCP-Proben aus verschiedenen Rohstoffen dargestellt, nach unterschiedlichen Temperaturregimen behandelt und/oder einer Nachbehandlung mit Phosphorsäure unterzogen.Diese Materialien wurden vor allem mittels Röntgenpulverdiffraktometrie und Rasterelektronenmikroskopie charakterisiert. In anschließenden Löslichkeitsuntersuchungen wurden die optimalen Versuchsparameter (Lösungsmittel, Konzentration, Verhältnis Lösungsmittelmenge zur Lösungsoberfläche usw.) sowie geeignete Meßgrößen (Masseverlust, Ionenkonzentration) ermittelt. Die In-vitro-Löslichkeit erwies sich bei sorgfältiger Auswahl der Versuchsbedingungen als sehr wirkungsvolle Charakterisierungsmöglichkeit, die auf synthesebedingte chemische und morphologische Unterschiede sehr empfindlich reagiert.
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 26 (1995), S. 394-402 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Oscillating sliding wear of TiB2-ZrO2 and TiC-ZrO2 surface alloyed Al2O3 ceramic at different humidityA commerical alumina ceramic was surface-alloyed by adding TiB2 and TiC in addition to ZrO2 using infrared CO2 laser radiation. Aside from the type of hard particles their volume fraction was varied between 6 and 31%. The average thickness of the alloyed surface layer was about 150 ¨m. Tribological tests were carried out unlubricated under oscillating sliding contact against alumina counterbodies at relative humidities of 3 and 50% as well as in distilled water.Ceramographic studies showed that multiphase structures containing hard particles of TiC or TiB2 embedded in the Al2O3 matrix were obtained by alloying. In addition Al-Zr-Ti-O complex phases were analyzed by using X-ray diffraction technique. Compared to the commercially available alumina ceramic A123, laser alloying reduced the friction coefficient and improved substantially the wear resistance under the applied conditions of tribological testing. It was found that tribological behaviour was strongly influenced by environmental humidity in addition to the effect of the type and volume fraction of the phases produced by alloying. The unalloyed alumina ceramic depended more sensitively on humidity than the alloyed ceramic.
    Notes: Mit Hilfe infraroter Laserstahlung (λ = 10,6 m̈m) wurde eine handelsübliche Al2O3-Keramik durch TiB2 und TiC unter Zusatz von ZrO2 oberflächenlegiert. Neben der Art der Hartstoffe wurde ihr Volumenanteil zwischen etwa 6% und 31% variiert. Die mittlere Dicke der legierten oberflä chenschicht betrug 150 m̈m. Tribologische Versuche wurden ungeschmiert unter reversierender Gleitbeanspruchung gegen Al2O3-Gegenkörper bei 3% und 50% iger Luftfeuchte bzw. in destilliertem H2O durchgeführt.Die Untersuchungen zeigten, daß mehrphasige Gefüge mit eingelagerten Hartstoffteilchen vorlagen. Im Vergleich zu unlegierter, handelsüblicher Al2O3-Referenzkeramik konnte unter den gewählten tribologischen Bedingungen eine deutliche Reduzierung der Reibungszahlen und eine Erhöhung des Verschleißwiderstandes durch das variiertem Volumenanteils und der Art der Harstoffe trat eine wesentliche Abhängigkeit der tribologischen Eigenschaften von dem H2O-Gehalt der Umgebung auf. Unlegierte Al2O3-Keramik reagierte deutlich empfindlicher auf Änderungen der Umgebungsbedingungen als die legierten Keramiken.
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 26 (1995), S. 493-500 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Influence of Thermal Cycling on Residual Stresses in Zirconia Thermal Barrier Coatings Produced by Electron Beam - Physical Vapor Deposition.Flat specimens and aircraft turbine engine blades were coated with partially stabilized zirconia by electron beam - physical vapor deposition. Residual stresses of these thermal barrier coatings were measured before and after thermal cycling by x-ray stress analysis. All flat specimens and blades showed compressive residual stresses. Stress values in the longitudinal direction were significantly greater than those measured in the transverse direction. No changes of stress states and line widths were observed after thermal cycling. The specimens showed considerable differences in texture which made evaluation of the stress measurements difficult and which may have influenced degradation behaviour during thermal cycling.
    Notes: Flachproben und Turbinenschaufeln für Flugtriebwerke wurden mit electronenstrahlgedampften Wärmedämmschiehten aus teilstabilisiertem Zirkonoxid beschichtet. Der Eigenspannungszustand vor und nach Thermowechselbelastung wurde rötgenografisch bestimmt. An allen Flachproben und Schaufeln wurden Druckeigenspannungen gemessen. Die Eigenspannungen waren in Probenlängsrichtung signifikant höher als in der Querrichtung Eine Änderung des Eigenspannungszustandes als Folge der thermozyklischen Beanspruchung wurde nicht beobachtet. Die Proben wiesen stark unterschiedliche Texturzustände auf, welche die Auswertung der Eigenspannungsmessung und möglicherweise auch das Schichtverhalten gegenüber thermozyklischer Beansprunchung beeinflußten.
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  • 19
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 26 (1995), S. 519-519 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 20
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 26 (1995), S. 539-543 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: PVD-hardcoatings in Plastics Processing UnitsPVD-coatings for wear protection in plastics processing units were investigated. Therefore model wear tests were carried out in order to the tribological situation inside a screw/barrel system. The test methods covered both, the solid and the molten state. In addition the direct contact between the screw and barrel has been investigated. The results depict hard coatings to offer high wear resistance. The tribological interaction between moulding compounds and cavity surface is considerably influenced by TiN-coating systems. Demoulding experiments demonstrate an authoritative influence of the stoichiometry and the structure of the coatings on the adhesive force.
    Notes: Mit praxisgerechten Modellprüfapparaturen wurde die Einsatzmöglichkeit von PVD-Hartstoffschichten für verschleißbeanspruchte Bauteile in Schnecken-Plastifiziereinheiten überprüft. Simuliert wurden die Verhältnisse im Feststoff und Schmelzebereich sowie beim direkten Kontakt von Schneckensteg und Zylinderoberfläche. Es läßt sich zusammenfassend feststellen, daß Hartstoffschichten unter den vorgegebenen tribologischen Beanspruchungsbedingungen ein hohes Verschleißschutzpotential besitzen.Für die Anwendung der Hartstoffschichten in Spritzgießwerkzeugen wurden speziell die tribologischen Wechselwirkungen zwischen Kunststoff-Formmasse und Formnestoberfläche quantifiziert. Entformungsversuche zeigten, daß der Entformungsvorgang maßgeblich von der Schichtstöchiometrie und -struktur beeinflußt wird.
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  • 21
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 26 (1995) 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 22
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 26 (1995), S. A16 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 23
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: External Crown Fatigue Loading of High and Ultrahigh Pressure Tubes Subjected to Corrosion - a Highly Informative Test Predicting the Crack Growth Behaviour of Tubular Components under Mode II Corrosion Fatigue ConditionsStressing high and ultrahigh pressure tubes by external static or fatigue loads has been qualified as a convenient method to simulate the load case “internal pulsating pressure” by analysing the stress state of thick walled tubes when loaded by internal pressure and external crown loads, respectively. The results of different analytical calculations were compared with that of a Finite-Element-Computation demonstrating, for tubes with nominal pressures in the range of 325-3600 bar, an excellent correspondence.Tests with 86 tube cuttings of steel X 6 CrNiMoTi 17 12 2 (W.-No. 1.4571; ASTM UNS S 31635; BS 320531) showed the following results:In air, pulsating pressures of 325 bar (corresponding to the maximum allowable operating pressures) are sustained indefinitely. Under mode II-corrosion fatigue in 0,1 N H2SO4 (30°C) failure occures after 3,8 · 107 mode cycles. A twentyfold H2SO4 concentration will lower the number of cycles to fracture to one tenth of this value without leaving mode II. Under mode II corrosion fatigue crack growth will propagate faster in radial direction than in air, so that leak-before-break under internal pressure will be likely. Crack growth rates in radial direction increased with increasing acid concentration so that the probability for leak-before-break will further increase.Highest priority for the surveillance strategy of components loaded in mode II CF has, however, the prove that crack initiation in this environment is commencing much earlier than in air, and definitely earlier than found for compact specimens tested in a mode II pulsating fatigue or rotating bending test.
    Notes: Der Scheiteldruckversuch wurde als Verfahren zur Simulation der Innendruckschwellbelastung qualifiziert. Hierzu wurde der Spannungszustand dickwandiger Rohre unter Innendruck- bzw. Scheiteldruckbeanspruchung analysiert. Die Ergebnisse verschiedener analytischer Berechnungsverfahren wurden mit denen einer FE-Rechnung verglichen, wobei sich für Rohre (PN 325 - PN 3600) für alle Berechnungsverfahren eine hervorragende Übereinstimmung ergab.An 86 Rohrabschnitten aus dem Stahl X 6 CrNiMoTi 17 12 2 (W.-Nr. 1.4571), Nenndruckstufe PN 325, Nennweite DN 45, ergab sich u.a. folgendes: In Luft wird ein Schwelldruck in Höhe des zulässigen Betriebsüberdrucks von 325 bar dauerfest ertragen; unter Modus II-Schwingungsrißkorrosion in 0,1 N H2SO4 (30°C) tritt unter dieser Beanspruchung Versagen nach 3,8 · 107 Lastspielen ein. Eine 20fach höhere H2SO4-Konzentration verringert - ohne daß Modus II verlassen wird - diesen Wert auf ein Zehntel. Bei Schwingungsrißkorrosion Modus II findet ein schnelleres Rißwachstum in die Tiefe statt als in Luft, so daß unter Innendruck Leck-vor-Bruch-Versagen eintreten könnte. Die Rißwachstumsgeschwindigkeit in radialer Richtung steigt mit zunehmender Säurekonzentration, womit sich die Wahrscheinlichkeit für Leck-vor-Bruch weiter erhöht.Höchsten Stellenwert für die Überwachungsstrategie derart beanspruchter Bauteile hat aber der Nachweis, daß die Rißinitiierung in diesem Medium viel früher beginnt als in Luft und deutlich früher als an kompakten Proben im Modus II-Schwelloder Umlaufbiegeversuch.
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  • 24
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Fatigue Life Estimation for Surface Strengthened Specimens Based on Local Elastic-Plastic Stresses and StrainsModels are proposed for an engineering approach to the fatigue life calculation for surface-strengthened components. Input data for the calculation can be obtained from total strain controlled tests on polished specimens under constant amplitude loading, measurements of local hardness and residual stresses and in special cases from finite element analysis. For two different combinations of surface-strengthening procedure and base material fatigue tests were carried out on smooth and notched specimens under axial loading. Numerical and experimental results are compared.
    Notes: Es werden Modelle für eine ingenieurmäßige Lebensdauerberechnung randschichtverfestigter Bauteile beschrieben. Totaldehnungskontrollierte Einstufenversuche an unbehandelten Proben, Härte und Eigenspannungsmessungen sowie in bestimmten Fällen auch FE-Analysen dienen zur Bestimmung der Eingabedaten für die Rechenmodelle. Für zwei verschiedene Kombinationen von Randschichtverfestigungsverfahren und Grundwerkstoff wurden Schwingfestigkeitsversuche an ungekerbten und gekerbten axial belasteten Proben durchgeführt. Berechnungs- und Versuchsergebnisse werden gegenübergestellt.
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  • 25
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 26 (1995), S. A23 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 26
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 26 (1995), S. 128-132 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Plastographic Material- und Failure Analysis of Polymer ComponentsOptical light microscopic- and SEM-investigations and EDX-analysis are carried out, to examine the material and to documend the microstructure of polymers using polished or thinned section techniques. Additionally microhardness- and DSC-testings are used. Deficiencies of manufacturing of glass-fiber-reinforced plastics and polypropylene are described as well as failures due to the processing media of components.
    Notes: Licht- und rasterelektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen, energiedispersive Röntgenmikroanalysen an Anschliffen und Dünnschliffen sowie Mikrohärte- und DSC-Messungen ermöglichen die Gefügedarstellung und Werkstoffbeurteilung an Polymerwerkstoffen. Herstellungs- und Fertigungsfehler sowie Schädigungen durch Betriebsmedien an Bauteilen aus glasfaserverstärkten Kunststoffen (GFK) und Polypropylen werden dargestellt.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 26 (1995), S. 148-160 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: X-Ray Investigation of Stress States in MaterialsX-ray stress analyses on crystalline or partially crystalline materials are based on the determination of elastic lattice strains which are converted to stresses by means of theory of elasticity. The development of the sin2 ψ-method of X-ray stress analysis and of diffractometers substituting film chambers during the 1960s initiated an enormous progress in X-ray stress analysis during the following three decades both in respect of the knowledge of the underlying principles and in respect of the practical application.This report sketches the historical development of X-ray stress analyses and describes the actual state of the art of this important tool for materials science and engineering. Besides some important elements of X-ray physics and theory of elasticity, experimental aspects of practical applications are outlined. Standard measuring procedures and special measuring problems are described, and hints for practical solutions are given. In particular, examples of destructive and non-destructive depth profiling of residual stresses, of residual stress analysis in thin coatings, in multilayer structures of thin coatings and in chemically graded coatings, of residual stress analyses in presence of textures, of residual and loading stress analyses in heterogeneous materials, in coarse grained, and in single crystalline materials are presented. The methods established up to now are explained and possible future developments are pointed out.
    Notes: No. Abstract.
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  • 28
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 26 (1995), S. A34 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 26 (1995), S. 198-198 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 30
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: X-ray Investigation of Stress States in MaterialsX-ray stress analyses on crystalline or partially crystalline materials are based on the determination of elastic lattice strains which are converted to stresses by means of theory of elasticity. The development of the sin2 ψ-method of X-ray stress analysis and of diffractometers substituting film chambers during the 1960s initiated an enormous progress in X-ray stress analysis during the following three decades both in respect of the knowledge of the underlying principles and in respect of the practical application.This report sketches the historical development of X-ray stress analyses and describes the actual state of the art of this important tool for materials science and engineering. Besides some important elements of X-ray physics and theory of elasticity, experimental aspects of practical applications are outlined. Standard measuring procedures and special measuring problems are described, and hints for practical solutions are given. In particular, examples of destructive and non-destructive depth profiling of residual stresses, of residual stress analyses in thin coatings, in multilayer structures of thin coatings and in chemically graded coatings, of residual stress analyses in presence of textures, of residual and loading stress analyses in heterogeneous materials, in coarse grained, and in single crystalline materials are presented. The methods established up to now are explained and possible future developments are pointed out.
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  • 31
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 26 (1995), S. A44 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 32
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Strain Measurement with High-Temperature Strain Gauges in a Non Steady Temperature Field Considering a Two Dimensional Strain FieldTo confirm a FEM-simulation the strain fields at the surface of the hub of a shrink fit are measured during the thermal fitting process. The temperature changes during the fitting process between 420°C and 20°C. Because of the rotation symmetry a two dimensional strain field yields on the surface of the hub. The strain gauge type LF 30 is used. The temperature-dependence could not compensate in a half-bridge compensation-circuit. Because of this each strain gauge application must be calibrated individually. The experimental data is extremely close to the results predicted by the numerical simulation. This is an experimental confirmation of the FEM-simulation.
    Notes: Mit dem Ziel einer experimentellen Verifikation einer FEM-Simulation soll das Dehnungsfeld an der Nabenoberfläche beim thermischen Fügen von Preßverbindungen gemessen werden. Während der Dehnungsmessung wird an der Meßstelle der Temperaturbereich 420°C bis 20°C durchlaufen. Aufgrund der Rotationssymmetrie liegt an der Nabenoberfläche ein zweiachsiges Dehnungsfeld vor. Zur Messung werden Hochtemperatur-Dehnungsmeßstreifen (HT-DMS) vom Typ LF 30 eingesetzt. Der Temperaturgang kann wegen der Meßaufgabe schaltungstechnisch nicht kompensiert werden. Deshalb wird für jede DMS-Applikation eine individuelle Kalibrierung durchgeführt. Abschließend werden die Meßergebnisse mit Werten verglichen, die mit einer den Fügevorgang simulierenden FEM-Rechnung ermittelt werden. Es werden große Übereinstimmungen zwischen den gemessenen und berechneten Werten erzielt. Damit liegt ein experimenteller Nachweis der FEM-Simulation vor.
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  • 33
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 26 (1995), S. 255-262 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Development and wear behaviour of silicon nitride ceramicCutting tools based on silicon nitride ceramic have been employed successfully in industrial ranges of application especially in cutting of grey cast iron. Nevertheless their availability is still limited due to various reasons, depending on the specific material properties. In order to improve the wear behaviour and the reliability of these tools a new silicon nitride ceramic matrix, bonded with grains of carbides, was developed. The paper presents results obtained during investigations on material specific wear mechanisms in face milling and turning. The responsible wear mechanism in turning are the high tool temperatures. They leads to a softening of the grain boundary phase so that the Si3N4-grains can be removed by the chip flow. The wear in milling is due to the high mechanical load accompanied with the frequency in period of cutting
    Notes: Schneidkeramiken auf der Basis von Siliziumnitrid ermöglichen hohe Zeitspanvolumina, wenn der Zerspanprozeß und die Schneidstoffsorte aufeinander abgestimmt sind. Im Rahmen der durchgeführten Untersuchungen wurde die Möglichkeit untersucht, die Keramikeigenschaften selbst zu verbessern. Den Mittelpunkt der Untersuchungen bildeten Zerspanversuche zur Beschreibung des Verschleißverhaltens der Keramiken. Dazu wurden Dreh- und Fräsoperationen an Gußeisen mit Lamellen- und Kugelgraphit sowie Vergütungsstahl durchgeführt. Eingesetzt wurden kommerzielle sowie hartstoffverstärkte und in der Zusammensetzung der Sekundärphase optimierte Siliziumnitrid-Schneidkeramiken. Zerspanversuche sowie hochauflösende transmissionselektronenmikroskopische Aufnahmen zeigen, daß beim Drehen die thermisch bedingten Verschleißformen zum Tragen kommen, beim Fräsen die durch die mechanische Beanspruchung hervorgerufenen Verschleißformen dominieren. Die konsequente Umsetzung der gewonnenen Erkenntnisse führte zur Entwicklung einer innovativen Siliziumnitridkeramik mit einer deutlich gesteigerten Prozeßsicherheit.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 26 (1995), S. 263-268 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Qn the viscosity of glass melts and porous sintered glassesSuspensions of solid phase particles in molten glasses modify their flow behavior and therefore their viscosity. This work deals with the dependence of the effective viscosity (ηeff) of isotropic suspensions on the concentration of the solid phase particles. Independently of the shape of the inclusions the values of the effective viscosities lie between upper [ηeff = ηL (1 - CD)-14 ]and lower bounds [ηeff = ηL (1 - CD)-3], where ηL is the viscosity of the molten glass and CD is the volume fraction of solid inclusions. The lower bound is also valid for the effective viscosity of suspensions containing spherical inclusions.Pores present in a glass matrix affect its flow behavior and consequently its creep and sintering behavior. The effective viscosity of porous glasses (ηP) as a function of the volume fraction of pores, or porosity (P), also varies between and upper [ηP = ηM (1 - P)1.04] and a lower bound [ηP = ηM (1 - P)14], where ηM is the viscosity of the nonporous glass matrix. For spherical porosity the equation is: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$${\rm \eta_P = \eta_M(1 - P)^{1.5}}$$\end{document}Measured values for the viscosity of different suspensions as reported in the literature as well as own experimental data on two glass-solid systems are compared with the theoretical values predicted by these equations. In a similar way literature data for the viscosity of porous sintered glasses are compared with the respective equations. In all cases a fair agreement between experiment and theory was found in some cases the agreement was excellent. Therefore the presented equations constitute a reliable approach for the prediction of the viscosity of suspensions and porous sintered glasses and since they do not contain fitting parameters, they are of substantial practical relevance (for a comprehensive english treatment of the matter compare Glastechnische Berichte, Proc. Otto-Schott-Colloquium 1994).
    Notes: Suspensionnen von Festphasenteilchen in Glasschmelzen verändern deren Fließverhalten und damit deren Viskosität. Die vorliegende Arbeit behandelt die Abhängigkeit der effektiven Viskosität (ηeff) isotroper Suspensionnen von der Konzentration der Festphansenteilchen. Unabhängig von deren Form liegen die effektiven Viskositäten zwischen oberen und unteren Grenzwerten, deren Konzentrationsabhängigkeit durch Näherungslösungen gegeben ist: obere Grenzwertgleichung: ηeff = ηL (1 - CD)-14untere Grenzwertgleichung: ηeff = ηL (1 - CD)-3(ηL = Viskosität der Schmelze; CD = Volumenanteil der Festphasenteilchen). Für die effektive Viskosität von Suspensionen mit sphärischen Festphasenteilchen gilt die untere Grenzwertgleichung.Poren in Sintergläsern verändern ebenfalls deren Fließ- und damit Sinter-, Umform- und Kriechverhalten. Die effektive Viskosität poröser Gläser (ηP) als Konzentrationsfunktion ist gegeben durch die Näherungslösungen: obere Grenzwertgleichung: ηP = ηM (1 - P)1.04untere Grenzwertgleichung: ηP = ηM (1 - P)14(ηM = Viskosität des porenfreien Glases; P = Porosität).IM Falle sphärischer Porosität gilt die Viskositätsgleichung \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$${\rm \eta_P = \eta_M(1 - P)^{1,5}}$$\end{document}Gemessene Werte der Viskosität diverser Suspensionen sowie von Na2O-SiO2-Schmelzen mit dispergierten festen SiO2-Teilchen und Na2O-GeO2-Schmelzen mit dispergierten GeO2-Teilchen werden ebenso mit berechneten Werten verglichen wie die experimentellen Werte der Viskosität von porösen Sintergläsern mit den entsprechenden theoretischen. In allen Fällen wurde hinreichende, vielfach beste Übereinstimmung festgestellt. Die Gleichungen liefern praxisrelevante, verläßliche Aussagen sowohl für Suspensionen wie für poröse Sintergläser.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 26 (1995), S. 317-317 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 26 (1995), S. 327-329 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Die Bestimmung von Eisenanteilen in Zink- und Nickel-¨berzügen mit der Mikrosonde ist möglich. Bei Messungen mit der L-Strahlung lassen sich Gehalte 〈 = 0.05% nachweisen.Die übliche Auswertung der K-Strahlung führt zu fehler-haften Ergebnissen, weil die energiereicheren Strahlungen von Zink und Nickel sich bis zu 30 μm im Material ausbreiten und dann das Eisen im Grundwerkstoff zur Eigenstrahlung anregen. Über dem Abstand vom Grund-werkstoff werden Konzentrationsverläufe vorgetäuscht.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 26 (1995) 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 26 (1995), S. A71 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 26 (1995), S. 362-367 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Friction forces and deformations in connection with load-indentation measurementsThe deformation of material regions under the action of a penetrating indenter is described by means of specific energies. From the shape of the load-indentation plot and its first derivative the existence of friction forces can be postulated. The deformation energy can therewith be separated into plastic and an elastic components. An equation for the ratio of both terms is derived. Load-indentation measurements of unhardened and hardened high speed steel (HSS) samples, of copper and glass as well as of TiN/HSS substrate-coating compounds are evaluated.
    Notes: Die Deformation von Materialbereichen unter einem in ein Probenmaterial eindringenden Indenter wird mit Hilfe spezifischer Energiedichten beschrieben. Aus der Existenz von Fitpunkten in den Kraft-Eindringtiefe-Kurven und in deren erster Ableitung wird die notwendige Existenz innerer Reibungskräfte abgeleitet. Die von außen geleistete Deformationsarbeit kann damit in einen plastischen und einen elastischen Anteil aufgespaltet werden. Für das Verhältnis aus plastischen zu elastischen Energieanteilen wird ein Ausdruck abgeleitet. Kraft-Eindringtiefe-Ergebnisse von nichtgehärtetem und gehärtetem Schellarbeitsstahl (HSS), von Kupfer und Glas sowie von TiN/HSS Schicht-Substratverbunden werden mit den bereitgestellten Formalismen abgeleitet.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 26 (1995), S. 374-378 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Investigations on erosion protection of carbon-fibre-reinforced thermosetting plasticsA double layer system of polyurethane rubber and a metal foil was described by calculation and experiment. There is a significant increase in erosion resistance of a carbon-fibre-reinforced plastic component by application of this system and the experimental results correlate with theoretical estimations. Among the investigated materials surface layers of titanium and a titanium aluminium alloy respectively possess the best resistance in the range of all angles of incidence. The polyurethane rubber also exhibits a very good erosion behaviour under conditions of normal impact as well as at shallow impact angles at room temperature. So the rubber takes care of a good emergency running quality after a destruction of the metal foil. It was found that the relative erosion rate of the protective metal layer decreases with increasing thickness of the rubber. A thickness of about 0,5-0,7 mm of the protective metal layer is sufficient in practice. The titanium foil should have a thickness of about 100-200 m̈m for the design life because if the metal foil is too weak it will undergo destruction rather fast under laboratory conditions. There is no change of the well-known erosion mechanisms with the formation of walls around the places of normal impacts as well as grooving and machining at shallow impact angles by application of the double layer system. An increase in temparature up to 80 °C doesn't cause any change of the erosion rate of the investigated metal foils in the double layer system but will influence the erosion of the polyurethane rubber alone. The galvanic deposition of nickel is another way for the use of the double layer system especially for components with a complex geometric shape.
    Notes: Das mittels Berechnung und Experiment vorgestellte Doppelschichtsystem aus PUR-Elastomer und Metallfolie erhöht den Erosionswiderstand eines CFK-Bauteils um ein bis zwei Größenordnungen, wobei die experimentellen Ergebnisse mit der theoretischen Abschätzung zur Schutzschicht korrelieren. Unter den Untersuchten Werkstoffen besitzen Oberflächenschichten aus Titan und einer Ti-Al-Legierung die beste Erosionsbeständigkeit über alle Winkelbereiche. Das PUR-Elastomer weist ebenfalls vor allem im Prallstrahlbereich sowie auch im Gleitstrahlbereich bein Raumtemperatur ein sehr gutes Erosionsverhalten auf und garantiert damit gute Notlaufeigenschaften bei einer eventuellen Zerstörung der Metallfolie. Die relative Erosionsrate der Metallschutzschicht verringert sich mit zunehmender Elastomerschichtdicke, wobei ca. 0,5-0,7 mm Schichtdicke praktisch ausreichend sind. Die Titanfolie sollte für die angestrebte Lebensdauer eine Dicke von ca. 100-200 m̈m aufweisen, da zu dünne Metallfolie im Laborversuch relativ schnell zerrüttet wird. Die REM-Aufnahmen der erodierten Deckschichten zeigen, daß sich durch die Doppelschicht PUR-Elastomer/Metallfolie die bekannten Erosionsmechanismen mit Wallbildung um die Einschläge bei 90% und Furchung bzw. Zerspanung bei kleinen Strahlwinkeln nicht verändern. Eine Temperaturerhöhung bis auf 80 °C bewirkte keine veränderung der Erosionsrate der untersuchten Metallfolien im Doppelschichtsystem, jedoch wird die Erosion der PUR-Elastomerschicht beeinflußt. Alternativ aufgebrachte, galvanisch abgeschiedene Nickelschichten ermöglichen die Nutzung des Doppelschichtsystems auch für geometrisch komplizierte Bauteile.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 27 (1996), S. A50 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 27 (1996), S. 272-279 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Low cycle fatigue strength and surface layer - Properties achieved by turning of superalloysIt is well known that the surface layer after machining has a significant influence on the LCF-strenght. The common practice for a high degree of the LCF-strength provided by the material itself is the requirement to produce small surface roughness and small changes in the surface layer by machining.In this paper it is described that a high depth of deformation by machining of Nickel-base-alloys can increase the LCF-strength remarkably. The results indicate as well that post machining shot peening and surface finishing for smooth surfaces have to be reviewed with respect to their benefit.
    Notes: Es ist bekannt, daß die Randschicht nach der Zerspanung einen entscheidenden Einfluß auf die Zeitfestigkeit hat. Die übliche Vorgehensweise zu einer hohen, vom Werkstoff selbst erreichbaren Zeitfestigkeit für dynamisch belastete Maschinenkomponenten besteht darin, daß geringe Rauigkeiten und kleine Randschicht-Beeinflussungen durch die Bearbeitung gefordert werden.In diesem Beitrag wird dargestellt, daß große Verformungstiefen bei der Zerspanung von Nickellegierungen zur Erhöhung der Zeitfestigkeit führen können. Dadurch wird auch gezeigt, daß nachträgliches Kugelstrahlen und Feinbearbeitungen zur Glättung der Oberfläche neu bewertet werden müssen.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 27 (1996) 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 27 (1996), S. 313-322 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Work Hardening and Abrasion Resistance of White Cast IronsWhite cast irons are frequently used against abrasive wear under extreme loading conditions. The microsructure and the mechanical properties of these alloys play an important role to control their wear rates. Regarding the mechanical properties, it has been reported that the bulk hardness alone is not enough to describe the wear behaviour. Generally, it has been shown that the work hardening induced by the wear process has an essential effect on the abrasion resistance.In this investigation, using a pin abrasion test, the wear behaviour of Ni-Hard 4 and high chromium white cast irons has been studied. The results of this study contribute to discuss the correlation mechanisms between work hardening and abrasive wear behaviour.
    Notes: Weiße Gußeisen werden häufig dort eingesetzt, wo starke abrasive Belastung auftritt. Die Mikrostruktur und die mechanischen Eigenschaften dieser Legierungen spielen eine wesentliche Rolle, um die durch Verschleiß verursachten Verluste zu kontrollieren. Hinsichtlich der mechanischen Eigenschaften wird in zahlreichen Veröffentlichungen berichtet, daß die Werkstoffhärte allein das Verschleißverhalten nicht bestimmt. Dabei gilt allgemein, daß die während des Verschleißvorganges entstehende Verfestigung den Verschleißwiderstand wesentlich beeinflußt.In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden Ni-Hard 4 und hochchromhaltige weiße Gußeisen bezüglich ihres Verschleißverhaltens anhand eines Schleifpapierverfahrens untersucht. Die Ergebnisse dieser Untersuchungen tragen u.a. zur Klärung der Korrelations mechanismen zwischen Oberflächenverfestigung und abrasivem Verschleißverhalten bei.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 27 (1996), S. 344-344 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 27 (1996), S. 345-349 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Ultrafeine ZrO2 - Pulver durch Laserverdampfung: Herstellung und EigenschaftenUltrafeine oxidische Pulver werden durch Co2-Laserverdampfung aus grobem ZrO2-Pulver oder kompakten ZrO2-Stangen hergestellt.Die 10.6 μm-Strahlung im Leistungsbereich von 1 bis 4 kW wird durch einen quergeströmten CO2-Laser erzeugt, der in cw-und Pw-Betrieb arbeitet.Die Verdampfungsrate ist abhängig von der relativen Lage der Fokalebene zur Oberfläche des ZrO2-Pulvers, der Laserintensität und der eingekoppelten Energie.Bei einer Laserintensität von 4.2 · 105 Wcm-2 erreicht man eine optimale Verdampfungsrate von 130 g · h-1 (cw-Betrieb des Lasers).Das hergestellte Pulver besteht aus sphärischen Partikeln; deren Durchmesser variiert im Bereich von 5 bis 200 nm und kann durch die Verfahrensparameter beeinflußt werden. Die spezifische Oberfläche ist einstellbar von 10 bis 30 m2 · g-1.Das Pulver aus unstabilisiertem Zirkonium besitzt einen sehr hohen Anteil tetragonaler Phase. Im Fall von chemisch stabilisiertem Zirkonium kann sich die Zusammensetzung während des Verdampfungsprozesses und der Rekondensation ändern.
    Notes: Ultrafine oxide powders were produced by CO2 laser evaporation of coarse ZrO2 powder or compact stabilized ZrO2 materialThe 10.6μm radiation in the power range 1-4kW was generated by a transversal flow Co2 laser which can oscillate in cw and pw operationThe vaporization rate depends on the relative position of the focal plane to the surface of the ZrO2 powder, the laser intensity and the supplied energy input.At a laser intensity of 4.2 · 105 Wcm-2 the optimum vaporization rate is 130 g · h-1 (cw-operation of the laser).The produced powders consist of spherical particles; their diameters vary in the range from 5 to 200 nm can be controlled by the process conditions. The surface area (BET) is adjustable from 10 to 30 m2 · g-1.The powders of unstabilized zirconia show an unusual high content of the tetragonal phase. In case of chemically stabilized zirconia the composition can change during the process of evaporation and recondensation.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 27 (1996), S. A66 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 27 (1996), S. A67 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 27 (1996), S. 390-390 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 27 (1996), S. 584-588 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Simple Partial Carburizing for Industrial ApplicationsPartial carburizing of parts is a cost intensive process while using conventional methods. Essentially 2 methods are available: 1.covering of the areas in question with paste before carburizing or2.production of parts with oversize for machining and grinding after carburizing.It will be shown by examples that during plasma carburizing partial carburizing is very simple. By simply covering parts with metal sheets or masks the carburizing effect is prevented on specific areas. This results in a cost effective solution for industrial applications.
    Notes: Das partielle Aufkohlen von Bauteilen mit Hilfe konventioneller Methoden ist ein relativ aufwendiger und kostenintensiver Prozeß. Als Möglichkeiten stehen derzeit im wesentlichen 2 Methoden zur Verfügung: 1.das Abdecken der fraglichen Bereiche mit Pasten vor dem Aufkohlen oder2.das Fertigen mit Übermaß und anschließendem Abschleifen aufgekohlter Bereiche.Anhand von Beispielen wird gezeigt, daß das Aufkohlen im Plasma durch einfaches Abdecken von Bauteilbereichen mit Masken oder Blechen erreicht wird und damit eine Möglichkeit gegeben ist, Bauteile einfach und kostengünstig partiell aufzukohlen.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 27 (1996), S. 617-617 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 27 (1996) 
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 27 (1996), S. A72 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 26 (1995), S. 544-549 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Description / Table of Contents: Wear Protection in Plastic ProcessingThe increasing demands of the plastic industry needs a new thinking in building of plastic machines. A description of the connections between quality of plastic products-machines-wear protection and a survey of surface coating techniques for wear protection is given. A coarse lifetime-costs-comparision describe the performance of these techniques to this time. Finally a view into the future shows the trends of the surface coating techniques.
    Notes: Die steigenden Ansprüche der Kunststoffverarbeitung erfordern ein Umdenken im Bau von Kunststoffverarbeitungsmaschinen. Die Zusammenhänge zwischen Produktqualität - Maschine - Verschleißschutz werden erläutert. Eine Übersicht der für die Kunststoffverarbeitung interessanten Oberflächentechniken zum Verschleißschutz wird gegeben. Ein grober Standzeit-Kosten-Vergleich beschreibt das derzeitige Leistungsvermögen dieser Verfahren. Abschließend zeigt ein Blick in die Zukunft, was von diesen Verfahren zu erwarten ist.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 26 (1995), S. 568-568 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 26 (1995), S. A116 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 26 (1995), S. 569-572 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 26 (1995), S. 615-622 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Description / Table of Contents: Indentation fracture examinations of engineering ceramicsVarious methods of determining Klc were evaluated at engineering ceramics with regard to their efficiency. Single-phase, partially stabilized and dispersed materials were used. Particular attention was paid to indentation methods. Known equations of the ICL method and of the ISB method were examined with regard to their dependency on indentation force. It appeared that the relations known from literature exhibit various dependencies on indentation forces. Two equations of the ICL method with the lowest dependency on indentation forces were modified. Comparative examinations by means of SAM and light microscope yielded that crack lengths at the indentations were measured too short in the light microscope, especially at dispersed ceramics (ATC and ZTC). The values of fracture toughness of the methods using a sharp crack (ICL, ISB, and PB methods) were in good agreement with each other providing that a c/a-ratio in the range of 1.8…3.8 is observed both with the ICL method and the ISB method. Modified equations of the ICL method were used, and errors of the measurement of the crack length were supervised by means of SAM. Using a saw cut (NB method) in fine grained materials (especially PSZ) led to a strong overestimation of the fracture toughness values, as compared to the methods using a sharp crack. For the local determination of the Young's modulus, a test technology using the UCI method was developed showing little deviations from other methods, such as ultrasonic measurement of transit time and natural frequency measurement. It can be efficiently applied in connection with indentation fracture methods. Together with the ICL method it permits a local evaluation of fracture toughness which is in that way relatively independent on the specimen shape and which can be applied in a material-saving way.
    Notes: Verschiedene Methoden zur Ermittlung von Klc wurden an Konstruktionskermamik hinsichtlich ihrer Leistungsfähigkeit überprüft, wobei einphasige, teilstabilisierte und Dispersionswerkstoffe Verwendung fanden. Besondere Beachtung fanden die Indentermethoden. Bekannte Gleichungen zur ICL-Methode und ISB-Methode wurden hinsichtlich ihrer Prüfkraftabhängigkeit untersucht. Es zeigte sich, daß die im Schrifttum bekannten Beziehungen zur Ermittlung von Klc unterschiedliche Prüfkraftabhängigkeitten aufweisen. Zwei Ansätze zur ICL-Methode mit der geringsten Prüfkraftabhängigkeit wurden modifiziert. Bei vergleichenden Untersuchungen mittels SAM und Lichtmikroskop wurde festgestellt, daß insbesondere an den Dispersionskeramiken (ATC und ZTC) die Rißlängen am Härteeindruck im Lichtmikroskop zu kurz gemessen wurden. Die Bruchzähigkeitswerte der Methoden, die einen scharfen Riß verwenden (ICL-, ISB- und PB-Methode) stimmten gut überein, wenn sowohl bei der ICL- als auch der ISB-Methode ein c/a- Verhältnis im Bereich von 1,8…3,8 eingehalten wird. Bei der ICL-Methode wurden modifizierte Gleichungen benutzt und die Fehler bei der optischen Rißlängenmessung wurden mittels SAM kontrolliert. Bei Anwendung eines Sägekerbs (NB-Methode) wurde bei den feinkörnigen Materialien (insbesondere PSZ) eine starke Überhöhung des Bruchzähigkeitswertes gegenüber den Methoden milt scharfem Anriß festgestellt. Zur punktuellen Ermittlung des E-Moduls wurde unter Nutzung des UCI-Verfahrens eine Prüftechnologic entwickelt, die geringe Abweichungen zu anderen Verfahren, wie der Ultraschallaufzeitmessung und Eigenfrequenzmessung aufwies. Sie kann effektiv in Verbindung mit indenterbruchmechanischen Methoden eingesetzt werden. Mit der ICL-Methode ermöglicht sie eine lokale Bewertung der Bruchzähigkeit, die dadurch von der Probenform relativ unabhägig ist und materialsparend eingesetzt werden kann.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 27 (1996), S. 9-13 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Increasing of wear resistance of Ti-6Al-4V alloy by nitrogen implantationNitrogen ion implantation is used to improve the wear resistance of Ti-6Al-4V alloy. Different implantation doses up to 1 · 1018N+/cm2 and E = 170 KeV were used. The unimplanted and the implanted specimens were tested in a wear model system with oscillation loading. The results show, that the wear performance was influenced by implantation dose and also by mean pressure. It was found, that surfaces, which are produced by a high implantation dose (1 · 1018N+/cm2), exhibited greater were resistance than untreated Ti-6Al-4V alloy. The best wear behaviour was achieved by a high implantation dose (1 · 1018N+/cm2) and a low mean pressure (p =0.22 MPa) at the wear test. The difference between the wear rate of the untreated and of the implantated specimen can obtain a factor about 10. The effective depth of the implantation action is greater than the penetration depth of the nitrogen ions.
    Notes: Durch Implantation von Stickstoff-Ionen wurde die Randschicht der Ti-Al6-V4-Legierung mit dem Ziel der Verbesserung des Verschleißverhaltens modifiziert. Es wurde dazu mit unterschiedlichen Stickstoffdosen bis 1 · 1018N+/cm2 bei E = 170 keV implantiert. Die Modellverschleißuntersuchungen bei oszillierender Beanspruchung wiesen nach, daß die Implantationsdosis in Abhängigkeit von der im Tribosystem wirkenden mittleren Pressung den Verschleiß deutlich beeinflußt. Wird mit einer hohen Dosis (1 ·1018N+/cm2) implantiert und werden die Beanspruchungsbedingungen so gewählt, daß nur eine relativ geringe Pressung von p ≤ 0.22 MPa auftritt, dann ist mit einer Erhöhung der Verschleißbeständigkeit mindestens um den Faktor 10 zu rechnen. Für größere Pressungen nimmt die Erhöhung des Verschleißwiderstandes ab. Die verschleißmindernde Wirktiefe der Implantation liegt weit über der Eindringtiefe der implantierten Stickstoffionen.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 27 (1996), S. 50-52 
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 28 (1997), S. A23 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 27 (1996), S. 570-570 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 27 (1996), S. 559-566 
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    Description / Table of Contents: The electric emission during failure of fiber reinforced materials and their componentsDeformation and failure of fiber-reinforced materials (FRM) can cause electric charge displacements. This, consequently, leads to variations in the external electric field. These can be observed and recorded during the loading process without any contact to the sample. Analyzing these signals named electric emission (EE) can be done individually and also statistically when an acoustic emission equipment is used. Fracture of carbon and glass fibers yields EE signals of large amplitudes, whereas the polycarbonate matrix material exhibits smaller ones. The signals obtained in a tensile test with the composite materials exceed the ones of the matrix material but do not attain those of the fiber material. From the shape of the EE signals conclusions can be made on the elementary fracture process. From these experiments it can be concluded that the EE method is a valuable tool with respect to the detection of failure occurence of composite materials as is the acoustic emission technique. The EE technique is a field method and does, therefore, not require any sample preparation. This makes it a low cost technique which can be possibly applied in the field as well as in the laboratory.
    Notes: Verformungen und Schädigungen können die Ursache von elektrischen Ladungsverschiebungen in Faserverbundwerkstoffen (FVW) sein, welche zu Änderungen des äußeren elektrischen Feldes führen. Diese können mit geeigneten Sonden berührungslos beobachtet und aufgezeichnet werden. Die Analyse dieser elektrische Emission (EE) genannten Signale kann individuell oder statistisch geschehen, wobei im letzteren Falle Schallemissionsgeräte verwendet werden können. Das Brechen von Carbon -oder Glasfasern erzeugt EE-Signale großer Amplitude, das Brechen des Polykarbonat-Matrixmaterials dagegen geringere. Das Zerreißen der Verbundwerkstoffe im Zugversuch ist zwar von größeren Signalen begleitet als das des reinen Matrixmaterials; jedoch erreichen diese Signale nicht die Amplituden des Fasermaterials. Die Analyse der Signalformen gestattet Rückschlüsse auf den Ablauf der elementaren Bruchprozesse und deren Dynamik. Diese Arbeit hat gezeigt, daß die elektrische Emission neben anderen Methoden - wie der Schallemission - ein brauchbares Werkzeug zur Beobachtung des Eintritts von Schädigungen in Verbundwerkstoffen ist. Da diese Methode kontaktlos arbeitet und keine Probenvorbereitung erfordert, ist sie nicht nur kostengünstig. Sie kann möglicherweise auch vorteilhaft über Laboratoriumsanwendungen hinaus benutzt werden.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 28 (1997), S. 275-275 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 28 (1997), S. 276-279 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Description / Table of Contents: Magnesium - Material of the futureIn the last years the reduction of fuel consumption by reduce the car weight come to the fore. In many cases single car components will be replaced by light metals. The development of innovate automobile materials will be defined by the energy consumption, the recycling capability and profilability.
    Notes: In den letzten Jahren ist die Verringerung des Kraftstoffverbrauchs durch Reduzierung des Fahrzeuggewichts immer stärker in den Vordergrund getreten. Ein vielfach beschrittener Weg ist die Substitution einzelner Fahrzeugkomponenten durch Leichtbauwerkstoffe. Die Entwicklung neuer Automobilwerkstoffe wird durch Anforderungen an den Energieverbrauch, die Recyclingfähigkeit und die Wirtschaftlichkeit definiert.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 28 (1997), S. 287-292 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Investigations of initiation of intercrystalline fatigue cracks of interstitial free (IF-) steelsWhile investigation the fatigue strength of interstitial free steels, intercrystalline fatigue cracks have occurred as a damage which could reduce the application range of this material, being wellknown for its excellent depth drawing features. Through metallographic examination the known causes of the damage like formation of grain cover tertiary zementit of precipitations on the grain boundaries could be excluded. In this paper investigation results are represented which are received through high-resolution analyses techniques (TEM, AES).
    Notes: Bei Untersuchungen zur Ermüdungsfestigkeit interstitiell freier Stähle sind mit dem Auftreten interkristalliner Schwingungsrisse erstmals Schadensmechanismen aufgetreten, die den Einsatzbereich dieses für seine hervorragenden mechanischen Eigenschaften bekannten Werkstoffes erheblich begrenzen können. In metallographischen Untersuchungen konnten die für dieses Schadensbild bekannten Ursachen wie die Bildung von schalenförmigem Tertiärzementit oder die Schwächung der Korngrenzen durch Ausscheidungen ausgeschlossen werden. Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden Untersuchungsergebnisse mit hochauflösenden elektronenoptischen Analyseverfahren (TEN, AES) vorgestellt.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 27 (1996), S. 238-238 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 27 (1996), S. 246-251 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Hard Particle Dissolution and Structure of Coarsegrained Dispersion Layers on Steel Produced by Convection-reduced Laser MeltingWith the aim to produce hard and wear-resistant dispersion layers coarse grained TiC-and TiB2-particles were incorporated into the surface layers of steels by means of a two-step laser melting process with reduced melt bath convection. The influence of the carbon conent of the steel and content of alloying elements and hard particles in the screen printed layer on solidification structures and particle dissolution was investigated by optical and electron microscopy and x-ray microanalysis. The produced layers were also characterized by hardness measurements.
    Notes: Mit dem Ziel, harte und verschleißfeste Dispersionsschichten zu erzeugen, wurden in die Oberfläche von Stahlproben grobkörnige TiC- und TiB2-Partikel nach einem zweistufigen Prozeß mit Hilfe eines CO2-Leistungslasers eingeschmolzen. Die Laserbehandlung erfolgte derart, daß eine Schmelzbadkonvektion weitgehend unterdrückt werden konnte. Der Einfluß des Kohlenstoffgehaltes im Stahl sowie der Art und der Gehaltes von metallischen Zusätzen und Hartstoffen in der Vorbeschichtung auf die Hartstoffauflösung und die Ausbildung der Schichtgefüge wurde mittels Lichtmikroskopie, Rasterelektronenmikroskopie und Röngenmikroanalyse untersucht. Außerdem wurden zur Schichtcharakterisierung Härtemessungen durchgeführt.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 27 (1996), S. 252-258 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Characteristics of Crack Resistance: Simulation with a new Cohesive ModelCracks in structures induce high stress and strain concentration and reduce significantly their load capacity. The resistance of the material during stable crack extention is determined using global quantities measured on specific crack specimens. However, such determined resistance of a material is dependent on several parameters, even under small scale yielding as shown here. The behaviour of the resistance curves, determined by Finite Element simulations using a new GKSS specific cohesive model, will be presented. New aspects also arise for the choise, design, and assessment of materials.
    Notes: Bauteile werden durch Risse infolge ihrer lokalen Beanspruchungs-konzentration deutlich geschwächt. Zur Bewertung der maximalen Restfestigkeit wird der Widerstand eines Werkstoffs durch Rißwiderstandskurven bestimmt. Sie basieren auf global zugänglichen und meßbaren Größen. In der einfachsten Vorstellung sollte der Rißwiderstand nur vom Werkstoff abhängen. Dies trifft leider nicht zu. Mit dem GKSS spezifischen Kohäsivmodell wird der Bruchvorgang realitätsnäher konstiutiv lokal beschrieben. Durch FEM Rechnungen wird gezeigt, welche Größen den Rißwiderstand beeinflussen. Auch für die Werkstoffentwicklung ergeben sich neue Aspekte im Hinblick auf eine gezielte Auswahl oder Veränderung eines Werkstoffs.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 27 (1996), S. 280-286 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: How safe are ceramic femoral heads for hip endoprotheses?This is a review of the basic properties, standards, and regulations that are correlated to the application and safety of ceramic femoral heads for hip endoprotheses. The investigation of more than 150 retrieved femoral heads (revisions and autopsies) provides information about the reasons of the failures and was basis for projects to improve ceramic femoral heads.The revision on a hip endoprothesis is mostly caused by aseptic loosening of the stem or the socket. Failures because of materials properties, e.g. fracture of a stem or because of an infection are quite seldom.Because of this investigation it can be concluded that the Biolox femoral head is a safe component in a hip endoprothesis. Based on 20 years clinical experience the in vivo failure rate is less than 0.02% for Biolox femoral heads, 0.01% for heads wite 28mm diameter.
    Notes: Es werden die Gebrauchseigenschaften, Vorschriften und Normen diskutiert, die für die Sicherheit eines keramischen Kugelkopfes bei Hüftendoprothesen relevant sind. Die Auswertung von über 150 Biolox-Explantaten (Revisionen und Autopsien) ergab Hinweise über Versagensursachen und für Maßnahmen zu Verbesserungen.Grund für die Revision einer Hüftendoprothese ist in den meisten Fällen eine aseptische Lockerung des Schaftes oder der Pfanne. Materialversagen, z. B. Schaftbrüche und Infektionen als Ursache für Revisionen haben einen deutlich geringeren Anteil.Analysiert man die Ursachen für Revisionen von künstlichen Hüftgelenken, dann ist der keramische Biolox-Kugelkopf als eine sichere Komponente zu bezeichnen. Basierend auf einer 20jährigen klinischen Erfahrung mit Biolox-Kugelköpfen, liegt für Kugelbrüche in vivo eine Revisionsrate von unter 0,02%, 0,01% für Köpfe mit 28mm Durchmesser.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 27 (1996), S. A56 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 28 (1997), S. 77-81 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Structure-modification of polyethylene by plasma-polymerization with acrylic acidThe plasma-technology offers new chances to modification of structure and properties from plastics. The topic of this work is the application of plasma-polymerization to polyethylene. Plasma-polymerization means the activation of an organic vapour by plasma. A PE-powder absorbs the in that way generated radicals and ions. As a result functional groups are produced of the polyethylene-powder-surface. The effects of plasma polymerization of acrylic acid on structure of a LDPE-powder are discussed.
    Notes: Die Plasmatechnologie eröffnet neue effiziente Möglichkeiten für eine gezielt Struktur- und Eigenschaftsmodifizierung von Kunststoffen. In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden Untersuchungen zur Anwendung der Plasmapolymerisation für die Modifizierung von Polyethylen vorgestellt. Bei der Plasmapolymerisation wird organischer Dampf mit Hilfe des Plasmas aktiviert. Die dabei erzeugten Radikale und Ionen werden auf der Oberfläche des PE-Pulver, das dem Plasma ausgesetzt ist, absorbiert und gehen eine feste Bindung ein. Dadurch entstehen funktionelle Gruppen auf der Oberfläche des PE-Pulvers. Am Beispiel der Plasmapolymerisation mit Acrylsäure werden die erzielten Ergebnisse der Strukturmodifizierung von LDPE-Pulver vorgestellt.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 28 (1997), S. 82-87 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Fatigue behaviour of a laser welded pseudoelastic NiTi alloy under bending stressesThe mechanical fatigue of small specimens of a commercial pseudoelastic NiTi alloy produced by laser welding and laser cutting was investigated in strain-controlled bending tests. In comparison with the base material the butt welded specimens showed significantly reduced numbers of cycles to failure. This is mainly caused by higher local strains due to height reductions in the welded joints. Both the welded microstructure and the unwelded one was able to be loaded up to 107 cycles without failure if the strain amplitude remained below 1%.
    Notes: Es wurde das Ermüdungsverhalten lasergeschweißter und -geschnittener Miniaturproben aus einer kommerziellen pseudoelastischen NiTi-Legierung in weggesteuerten Biegeversuchen bestimmt. Im Vergleich zum Ausgangsmaterial zeigten die mit Stumpfstoß geschweißten Proben deutlich herabgesetzte Bruchschwingspielzahlen. Die Ursache hierfür sind in erster Linie höhere örtliche Dehnungen auf Grund von Querschnittsverminderungen in den Schweißnähten. Sowohl das Schweiß- als auch das Ausgangsgefüge konnten mit 107 Schwingspielen beansprucht werden, wenn die Dehnungsamplitude unter 1% blieb.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 28 (1997) 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 28 (1997), S. 109-109 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 28 (1997), S. 123-123 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 27 (1996), S. 367-372 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Effect of the low-temperature thermal cycling (77 K ⇔ 373 K) on certain mechanical properties of a two-phase (α + β)-titanium alloyThe paper reports an investigation on the effect of low-temperature thermal cycling (LTTC) within (77 K ⇔ 373 K) range on select mechanical properties and crystal lattice parameters of the constituent phase, α and β, of a double-phase titanium alloy as determined at temperatures of 295 K and 77 K.Fatigue tests were conducted under plane bending conditions at stresses exceeding the material endurance limit. It was found that the LTTC effects were closely related to the number of thermal cycles applied: after 100 cycles the fatigue strength at the two temperatures rose by 30% as compared with the no-LTTC condition: after 500 LTTC cycles a pronounced drop in the fatigue strength was observed ′ 87% at temperature of 295 K and 30% at 77 K.Microscopy and X-Ray studies showed that twinning had a significant effect on both the LTTC and mechanical fatigue processes.Residual stresses arising during the LTTC treatment were found to be a stimulating factor in the development of deformational processes occurring in the loaded material.
    Notes: Untersucht wurde der Einfluß der Wärmeermüdung im Tieftemperaturbereich (77 K ⇔ 373 K) (WETT) auf einige mechanische Eigenschaften wie auch auf die Kristallgitter-Parameter der α und β-Phasen der (WT3-1)-Titan-Legierung bei Temperaturen von 295 K und 77 K.Die Ermüdungsuntersuchungen waren beim Biegen unter einem zweiachsigen Spannungszustand durchgeführt worden. Es wurde festgestellt, daß die Wirkung der WETT auf die Eigenschaften von der Anzahl der WETT-Zyklen abhängig ist: Während nach 100 Zyklen eine wesentliche Verbesserung der Eigenschaften festzustellen war, wurde dagegen nach 500 Zyklen eine eindeutige Verschlechterung der Eigenschaften ermittelt.Die mikroskopischen und röntgenographischen Untersuchungen haben es ermöglicht, den Einfluß der Zwillingsbildung auf die WETT- und den Ermüdungsverlauf zu bestätigen: der Verlauf der Verformungsprozesse ist von den Eigenspannungen, die während der WETT entstehen und als Stimulus-Faktoren anzusehen sind, beeinflußt worden.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 27 (1996), S. 408-413 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Adiabatisches Fließverhalten metallischer Werkstoffe bei hohen DehngeschwindigkeitenSchlagdruckversuche werden an Armcoeisen, CrV-Stahl, NiCrMoV-Stahl, austenitischen NiCrMo-Stahl, Tantal, Nickel, Ni3Al und Magnesium durchgeführt. Die ermittelten Fließkurven werden analysiert, um den Einfluß der in Wärme umgewandelte Verformungsarbeit auf das Fließverhalten und die mechanische Stabilität zu erfassen. Nicht nur die Werkstoffeigenschaften sondern auch die Reibungsbedingungen erweisen sich als maßgebliche Einflußgrößen für Fließspannungsabnahme und die Stabilitaät. Hohe Reibungskrüfte fördern die Verformungslokalisierung und die mechanische Instabilität von Werkstoffen mit niedriger Verfestigung und niedriger Geschwindigkeitsempfindlichkeit.
    Notes: Dynamic compression tests are carried out on Armco iron, Cr-V-steel, Ni-Cr-Mo-V-steel, an austenitic Ni-Cr-Mo-steel, tantalum, nickel and Ni3Al and magnesium. The flow curves are analysed to determine the influence of the deformation energy which is tranformed into heat on the flow behaviour and mechancial stability. Not only the material properties but also the conditions of friction between the specimen and the compression tool are found to have a greate influence on the flow stress reduction and stability. High frictional forces promote mechanical instability of materials with low strain hardening and low strain rate sensitivity.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 27 (1996), S. A75 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 28 (1997), S. 464-464 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 28 (1997), S. 475-480 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Local cumulative damage measure-crack tips without singularityA pointwise probability density for failure initiation is proposed regarding the evaluation of damaged composite structures. The local cumulative damage measure accounts for both the accumulation of local stochastic microdamaging and the load redistribution to undestroyed subregions. It bases on the global failure rate of heterogenous composites. Firstly the damage behaviour of beams under load is studied. Secondly it is proved that stress redistribution by a crack tip damage zone yields to the disappearence of singularity dominated stress fields.
    Notes: Basierend auf dem begriff der Ausfallratefunktion wird der Vorschlag für ein lokales, kumuliertes Schadensmaß abgeleitet, das es ermöglicht das Versagensverhalten von Kompositen im inhomogenen spannungsfeld zu modellieren. Das Schadensmaß berücksichtigt die Akkumulation innerer, stochastischer schäden und eine damit verbundene Lastumverteilung auf ungeschädigte, tragende Volumenelemente. Als ein Anwendungsfall wird das Versagensverhalten von Biegebalken untersucht. Zum anderen wird nachgewiesen, daß lokale Schädigungen im Bereich der Rißpitze zum Verschwinden singulärer Spannungsfelder an der Rißfront führen.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 27 (1996), S. 466-468 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 27 (1996), S. A83 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 27 (1996), S. 479-486 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Creep Strength and High Temperature Damage of Incoloy 800 HT after Solution Treatment and High Temperature AgeingIn the present work the influence of heat, treatment, especially for high temperature ageing, on the creep strength and the intercrystalline creep damage of the iron base alloy Incoloy 800 HT(X10 NiCrAlTi 32 20 HT) is examined. For this purpose the properties and the damage behaviour, particulary the magnitude of damage, of the preaged materials at two test temperatures are compared to the solution treated material after creep failure. The results of metallographic investigation (optical, SEM and TEM) were used to study the influence of long therm ageing on the damage and the microstruture. The damage is quantified by using a damage parameter which is derived from the creep crack density and the length.
    Notes: In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird der Einfluß der Wärmebehandlung, insbesondere der einer langzeitigen Hochtemperaturauslagerung, auf die Zeitstandfestigkeit und die interkristalline Schädigung der Eisenbasislegierung Incoloy 800 HT (X10 NiCrAlTi 32 20 HT) untersucht. Dabei werden zum einen der lösungsgeglühte Zu-stand und zum anderen langzeitig, bis zu einer Gesamtdauer von 3000h, überalterte Werkstoffzustände bei zwei Versuchstemperaturen im Zeitstandexperiment miteinander verglichen. Die Ergebnisse metallographischer und elektronenmikroskopischer Untersuchungen zur Beeinflussung der auftretenden interkristallinen Schädigung durch die Langzeitauslagerung werden vorgestellt und mit einem quantitativen Schädigungsparameter beschrieben. Die auftretende Schädigung im überalterten und löungsgeglühten Werkstoff nach Zeitstandbeanspruchung werden miteinander verglichen.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 27 (1996), S. 490-490 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 27 (1996), S. 518-520 
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 27 (1996), S. A91 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 27 (1996), S. 539-539 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 27 (1996), S. 546-551 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Description / Table of Contents: Microstructure and Tempering Behaviour of Evaporated resp. Thermally Sprayed ZrO2-Layers on Metallic SubstratesBecause of their application in gas turbines plasmasprayed thermal barrier coatings of partially stabilized zirconia on metallic substrates are an example for the technical use of ceramic-metal-composites. Problems especially concerning the interface adhesion are still partly not understood. In this paper several systems are examined by electron microscopy, which all consist of ceramic zirconia layers evaporated or thermally sprayed on a metallic substrate. Priority is given to structural analysis. An attempt is made to lighten the interface morphology by the method of cross section preparing, because thereby the possibility of aimed preparation is given.
    Notes: Durch ihren Einsatz in Gasturbinen sind plasmagespritzte Wärmedämmschichten aus teilstabilisierten Zirkoniumdioxid auf metallischen Substraten ein Beispiel für einen in der Praxis eingesetzten Schichtverbundwerkstoff aus Keramik und Metall. Die damit verbundenen Probleme vor allem im Bereich der Grenzflächenhaftung sind immer noch teilweise unverstanden [1,2,3]. In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden verschiedene systeme elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht, bei denen eine keramische ZrO2-Schicht auf ein metallisches Substrat aufgedampft bzw. thermisch gespritzt worden ist. Im Vordergrund steht die Gefügeanalyse des Verbundwerkstoffes, wobei der Versuch unternommen wird, mit Hilfe der durch TEM-Querschliffe möglichen Zielpräparation auch die Grenzflächenmorphologie aufzuklären.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 28 (1997), S. A63 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 27 (1996), S. A98 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 27 (1996), S. A102 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 93
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 28 (1997), S. 34-39 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Einfluß des Dispersoidwerkstoffes und des Konsolidierungsprozesses auf das Kriechverhalten dispersoid-verfestigten AluminiumsDer Einfluß kleiner Anteile von Al4C3 und Al2O3 in dispersionsgehärtetem Aluminium auf das Kriechverhalten dieser Werkstoffe wurde geprüft. Eine vergleichende Untersuchung wurde für die Werkstoffgruppen mit AlC3Ol und AlC2O2 durchgeführt. Beide Werkstoffgruppen wurden vor dem Strangpressen durch Kalt-Iso-statisches-Pressen (KIP) kompaktiert, zudem wurden Proben der zweiten Werkstoffgruppe mit verschiedenen anderen Kompaktierungsverfahren hergestellt und untersucht. Die Kriechbrucheigenschaften dieser Legierungen werden als Ausdrücke der Spannung und der Temperatur, in Abhängigkeit von der minimalen Kriechrate εmin, der Kriechbruchzeit tR und des Kriechraten-Parameters α formuliert. Innerhalb des, in dieser Arbeit, untersuchten Kriechspannungsbereiches hat sich für alle Temperaturen gezeigt, daß sich sowohl für εmin als auch für tR jeweils ein Power-Law (in Abhängigkeit von der Spannung), formulieren läßt: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \dot \varepsilon _{{\rm min}} = Co^n {\rm and }t_R = M\sigma ^{ - P} $$\end{document}.
    Notes: The effect of small percentages of Al4C3 and Al2O3 in dispersion hardened aluminium on the creep behaviour has been investigated. A comparative study was conducted on the group of AlC3Ol and AlC2O2. These two groups were produced by cold isostatic pressing (CIP), but the second group was produced by four several methods of powder forming processes. Creep rupture properties in these alloys were characterized in terms of the stress and temperature dependence of minimum creep strain rate εmin, rupture lives tR and creep rate parameter α. Within the stress ranges used in this work, the stress dependence of both εmin and tR at various temperatures of these groups can be represented by power laws: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \dot \varepsilon _{{\rm min}} = Co^n {\rm and }t_R = M\sigma ^{ - P} $$\end{document}.
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  • 94
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 28 (1997), S. 81-81 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 95
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 28 (1997), S. 363-369 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Intermetallic Oxidation-Resistant Coatings for Titanium AlloysIntermetallic Ti-Al coatings were deposited onto near-a titanium alloy TIMETAL 1100 using magnetron sputtering. Two coating systems were investigated: gradient layers with increasing A1 con- tent towards the surface of the coatings and a multilayer system consisting of three single layers ofTi3Al, TiAl and TiAl3. The over- all coating thickness was 4 μm and 16 μm for both systems. Isother- mal oxidation tests at 750 °C revealed good oxidation resistance and effective oxygen prevention from the substrate by the coatings. Room temperature tensile tests after long-term exposure to air 600°C proved the beneficial influence of the coatings on the ductility of the base material. The coatings are highly ductile under creep conditions thus keeping oxygen away from the substrate alloy even at high straining. In some cases creep lifetime was consider- ably prolonged. No detrimental influence of the Ti-A1 coatings on the fatigue properties of TIMETAL I100 was found for the 4pm multilayer coatings, whereas fatigue limit under repeated strain was slightly decreased for the 16μm coatings.
    Notes: Intermetallische Ti-Al-Schichten wurden mit Hilfe der Magnetron-Kathodenzerstaubung auf der warmfesten Titanlegierung TIMETAL 1 100 abgeschieden. Dabei wurden einerseits Schichtsy- steme mit gradierter chemischer Zusammensetzung hergestellt, Aluminiumgehalt zur oxidierenden Atmosphare hin zunimmt, andererseits wurde ein Mehrlagenschichtsystem erzeugt, dessen Einzellagen in der Zusammensetzung den Phasen Ti3Al, TiAl TiAl3 entsprechen. Die Gesamtschichtdicke betrug jeweils 4μm und 16μm. Bei isothermer Oxidation an Luft zeigen Al-Schichten eine gute Oxidationsbestindigkeit und verhindern insbesondere die Losung von Sauerstoff in der Werkstoffrandzone. Dadurch wird die Raurntemperatur-Duktilitat des Substratmaterials nach Warmauslagerung bei 600 °C auf hohem Niveau gehalten. Beihohen Temperaturen zeigen die Schichten auch bei hoher plastischer Dehnung eine ausgezeichnete Schutzwirkung vor Sauer- stoff-Lösung. Somit kann die Lebensdauer im Zeitstandversuch Einzelfall deutlich verlängert werden. Dünne Ti-Al-Schichten zeigen außerdem keinen negativen Einflulj auf die Emüdungseigen- schaften von TIMETAL 1100. Durch die 16μm dicken Ti- Schichten wird die Wechseldehngrenze nur geringfiigig erniedrigt.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 28 (1997), S. 384-390 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Adhesion and interface Problems of EB-PVD Thermal Barrier CoatingsThe adhesion of EB-PVD thermal barrier coatings on substrates before they come in service is preconditioned by the way of processing, by the substrate material and by environment. Problems of adhesion which arise from unsuitable manufacture or storage will be presented by two examples respectively which originate from the substrate, from the thermally grown oxide interlayer, and from the thermal barrier top coating.
    Notes: Die Haftung aufgedampfter Wärmedämmschichten wird von vorangegangenen Prozeßschritten, vom Substrat selbst und von den Umgebungsbedingungen bereits vor der Inbetriebnahme des Bauteils beeinflußt. An Hand von je zwei Fallbeispielen, die den Einfluß von Substrat, von der sich durch Oxidation bildenden Zwischenschicht und von der Wärmedämmschicht auf die Haftung veranschaulichen, soll auf die Problematik der Wärmedämmschichtsysteme bei unsachgemäßer Fertigung oder Lagerung hingewiesen werden.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 28 (1997), S. 151-151 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 29 (1998) 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 28 (1997), S. 59-76 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Hartstoffe werden im Verschleißschutz von Werkzeugen und Bauteilen wegen ihres hohen abrasiven Verschleißwiderstands eingesetzt, meist als Beschichtung im Schichtdickenbereich von nur einigen μm. Für eine Auswahl des Schichtmaterials sind die physikalischen, mechanischen und technologischen Eigenschaften, die in der jeweiligen Anwendung gefordert werden, ausschlaggebend. Dieser Beitrag stellt die grundlegenden verfügbaren Daten von ca. 130 Hartstoffen als Ergebnisauswahl einer Literaturrecherche für Karbide, Nitride, Boride, Silicide und Oxide zusammen.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 28 (1997), S. 97-97 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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