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  • Articles  (30)
  • dispersion  (30)
  • Springer  (30)
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science
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  • 1
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 9 (1995), S. 105-116 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Nonlocal ; transport ; dispersion ; heterogeneity ; integro-differential
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Analysis from a number of different perspectives has shown diffusion and dispersion in natural porous formations to generally be nonlocal in character, i.e., the mass balance involves integro-partial differential equations. Only in certain asymptotic limits do these laws localize to classical partial differential equations. Compiled within is a resume of nonlocal laws that our group has developed over the last few years for systems with physical, chemical and biological heterogeneity. Analytical tools used to obtain these laws are nonequilibrium and equilibrium statistical mechanics, and first-order spectral-perturbation methods. This paper is an expansion of the material presented at the Waterloo conference held in the memory of Dr. Unny.
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  • 2
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    Earth, moon and planets 73 (1996), S. 181-186 
    ISSN: 1573-0794
    Keywords: Diffused whistler ; ducts ; electron density ; dispersion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Morphological features of whistlers recorded at low latitude ground station Gulmarg (geomag. lat., 24
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1573-0794
    Keywords: Comet dust trial ; dispersion ; Leonids 1999 ; meteor ; meteor orbit ; meteor trajectory ; orbital dynamics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Photographic multi-station observations of 47 Leonid meteors are presented that were obtained from two ground locations in Spain during the 1999 meteor storm. We find an unresolved compact cluster of radiants at α = 153.67 ± 0.05 and δ = 21.70 ± 0.05 for a mean solar longitude of 235.282 (J2000). The position is identical to that of the Nov. 17/18 outburst of 1998, which implies that both are due to comet 55P/Tempel-Tuttle's ejecta from 1899. We also find a halo which contains about 28% of all meteors. The spatial distribution of radiant positions appears to be Lorentzian, with a similar fraction of meteors in the profile wings as the meteor storm activity curve.
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  • 4
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    Transport in porous media 28 (1997), S. 109-124 
    ISSN: 1573-1634
    Keywords: seepage ; conductivity ; double-periodic structure ; advection ; dispersion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Technology
    Notes: Abstract A study is made of steady two-dimensional seepage in a porous massif composed by a double-periodic system of ‘white’ and ‘black’ chequers of arbitrary conductivity. Rigorous matching of Darcy's flows in zones of different conductivity is accomplished. Using the methods of complex analysis, explicit formulae for specific discharge are derived. Stream lines, travel times, and effective conductivity are evaluated. Deflection of marked particles from the ‘natural’ direction of imposed gradient and stretching of prescribed composition of these particles enables the elucidation of the phenomena of transversal and longitudinal dispersion. A model of pure advection is related with the classical one-dimensional vective dispersion equation by selection of dispersivity which minimizes the difference between the breakthrough curves calculated from the two models.
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  • 5
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    Studia geophysica et geodaetica 41 (1997), S. 15-28 
    ISSN: 1573-1626
    Keywords: lithospheric structure ; dispersion ; surface waves
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Experimental dispersion curves of Rayleigh and Love waves along the Uppsala-Prague profile have been determined using records of several Italian earthquakes. To interpret the dispersion data, results of previous geophysical investigations in this region were first analyzed. Seven blocks of the crust and upper mantle were distinguished along the profile on the basis of deep seismic sounding and other seismic data. Layered models were proposed for these blocks. Computation of Rayleigh and Love waves shows a large differentiation of theoretical dispersion curves for the northern (Precambrian) and southern (Palaeozoic) part of the profile. A laterally inhomogeneous model for theUppsala - Prague profile, composed of the seven blocks, satisfies the surface wave data for the profile. Moreover, a mean layered model for the whole profile has also been proposed.
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  • 6
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    Studia geophysica et geodaetica 41 (1997), S. 345-381 
    ISSN: 1573-1626
    Keywords: Body waves ; evanescent waves ; diffraction ; anelasticity ; ray theory ; dispersion ; synthetic seismograms
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Diffraction and anelasticity problems involving decaying, “evanescent” or “inhomogeneous” waves can be studied and modelled using the notion of “complex rays”. The wavefront or “eikonal” equation for such waves is in general complex and leads to rays in complex position-slowness space. Initial conditions must be specified in that domain: for example, even for a wave originating in a perfectly elastic region, the ray to a real receiver in a neighbouring anelastic region generally departs from a complex point on the initial-values surface. Complex ray theory is the formal extension of the usual Hamilton equations to complex domains. Liouville's phase-space-incompressibility theorem and Fermat's stationary-time principle are formally unchanged. However, an infinity of paths exists between two fixed points in complex space all of which give the same final slowness, travel time, amplitude, etc. This does not contradict the fact that for a given receiver position there is a unique point on the initial-values surface from which this infinite complex ray family emanates. In perfectly elastic media complex rays are associated with, for example, evanescent waves in the shadow of a caustic. More generally, caustics in anelastic media may lie just outside the real coordinate subspace and one must trace complex rays around the complex caustic in order to obtain accurate waveforms nearby or the turning waves at greater distances into the lit region. The complex extension of the Maslov method for computing such waveforms is described. It uses the complex extension of the Legendre transformation and the extra freedom of complex rays makes pseudocaustics avoidable. There is no need to introduce a Maslov/KMAH index to account for caustics in the geometrical ray approximation, the complex amplitude being generally continuous. Other singular ray problems, such as the strong coupling around acoustic axes in anisotropic media, may also be addressed using complex rays. Complex rays are insightful and practical for simple models (e.g. homogeneous layers). For more complicated numerical work, though, it would be desirable to confine attention to real position coordinates. Furthermore, anelasticity implies dispersion so that complex rays are generally frequency dependent. The concept of group velocity as the velocity of a spatial or temporal maximum of a narrow-band wave packet does lead to real ray/Hamilton equations. However, envelope-maximum tracking does not itself yield enough information to compute synthetic seismograms. For anelasticity which is weak in certain precise senses, one can set up a theory of real, dispersive wave-packet tracking suitable for synthetic seismogram calculations in linearly visco-elastic media. The seismologically-accepiable constant-Q rheology of Liu et al. (1976), for example, satisfies the requirements of this wave-packet theory, which is adapted from electromagnetics and presented as a reasonable physical and mathematical basis for ray modelling in inhomogeneous, anisotropic, anelastic media. Dispersion means that one may need to do more work than for elastic media. However, one can envisage perturbation analyses based on the ray theory presented here, as well as extensions like Maslov's which are based on the Hamiltonian properties.
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  • 7
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    Studia geophysica et geodaetica 43 (1999), S. 78-86 
    ISSN: 1573-1626
    Keywords: surface waves ; dispersion ; Love waves ; wave number ; partial derivative
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The dispersion relation for Love waves in a layer on a half-space is modified by introducing the wave number and its square instead of the phase velocity. The implicit function theorem is then used to derive the analytical formulae for the group velocity and for the phase- and group-velocity partial derivatives with respect to the parameters of the medium. The formulae are compared with those obtained by Novotný (1971) where the traditional formulation of the dispersion relation was used.
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  • 8
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    Transport in porous media 23 (1996), S. 107-124 
    ISSN: 1573-1634
    Keywords: solute transport ; Fick's law ; dispersion ; dispersivity ; equation of motion ; non-Fickian dispersion equation ; scale effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The Fickian dispersion equation is the basic relationship used to describe the nonconvective mass flux of a solute in a porous medium. This equation prescribes a linear relationship between the dispersive mass flux and the concentration gradient. An important characteristic of the Fickian relationship is that it is independent of the history of dispersion (e.g. the time rate of change of the dispersion flux). Also, the dispersivities are supposed to be medium constants and invariant with temporal and spatial scales of observation. It is believed that in general these restrictions do not hold. A number of authors have proposed various alternative relationships. For example, differential equations have been employed that prescribe a relationship between the dispersion flux and its time and space derivatives. Also, stochastic theories result in integro-differential equations in which dispersion tensor grow asymptotically with time or distance. In this work, three different approaches, which lead to three different non-Fickian equations with a transient character, are discussed and their primary features and differences are highlighted. It is shown that an effective dispersion tensor defined in the framework of the transient non-Fickian theory, grows asymptotically with time and distance; a result which also follows from stochastic theories. Next, principles of continuum mechanics are employed to provide a solid theoretical basis for the non-Fickian transient dispersion theory. The equation of motion of a solute in a porous medium is used to provide a rigorous derivation of various dispersion relationships valid under different conditions. Under various simplifying assumptions, the generalized theory is found to agree with the conventional Fickian theory as well as several other non-Fickian relationships found in the literature. Moreover, it is shown that for nonconservative solutes, the traditional dispersion tensor is affected by the rate of mass exchange of the solute.
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  • 9
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    Transport in porous media 23 (1996), S. 275-301 
    ISSN: 1573-1634
    Keywords: free convection ; through flow ; vadoze zone ; salinization ; dispersion ; multigrid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Evaporation of groundwater in a region with a shallow water table and small natural replenishment causes accumulation of salts near the ground surface. Water in the upper soil layer becomes denser than in the depth. This is a potentially unstable situation which may result in convective currents. When free convection takes place, estimates of the salinity profile, salt precipitation rate, etc., obtained within the framework of a 1-D (vertical) model fail. Very simplified model of the process is proposed, in which the unsaturated zone is represented by a horizontal soil layer at a constant water saturation, and temperature changes are neglected. The purpose of the model is to obtain a rough estimate of the role of natural convection in the salinization process. A linear stability analysis of a uniform vertical flow is given, and the stability limit is determined numerically as a function of evaporation rate, salt concentration in groundwater, and porous medium dispersivity. The loss of stability corresponds to quite realistic Rayleigh numbers. The stability limit depends in nonmonotonic way on the evaporation rate. The developed convective regime was simulated numerically for a 2-D vertical domain, using finite volume element discretization and FAS multigrid solver. The dependence of the average salt concentration in the upper layer on the Rayleigh number was obtained.
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  • 10
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    Transport in porous media 24 (1996), S. 275-296 
    ISSN: 1573-1634
    Keywords: chemical flooding ; ternary ; immiscible ; surfactant ; numerical simulation ; interfacial tension ; phase behavior ; miscibility ; capillarity ; numerical grid ; adsorption ; dispersion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Technology
    Notes: Abstract This is the second of two joint papers which study the influence of several physical properties on the transport phenomena in chemical flooding. To that aim, we use a previously reported ternary two-phase model into which representative physical properties have been incorporated as concentration-dependent functions. Physical properties such as phase behavior, interfacial tensions, residual saturations, relative permeabilities, phase viscosities and wettability have been analyzed in the first paper. In this paper, we discuss the influence of capillary pressure, adsorption of the chemical component onto the rock and dispersion. Although arising from different phenomenological sources, these transport mechanisms show some similar effects on concentration profiles and on oil recovery. They are studied for systems with different phase behavior. A numerical analysis is also presented in order to determine the relevance of the number of grid blocks taken in the discretization of the differential equations. This numerical analysis provides useful guidelines for the selection of the appropriate numerical grid in each type of displacement.
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  • 11
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    Transport in porous media 30 (1998), S. 57-73 
    ISSN: 1573-1634
    Keywords: groundwater ; nonergodic transport ; dispersion ; heterogeneous formations ; hydrogeology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Flow of an inert solute in an heterogeneous aquifer is usually considered as dominated by large-scale advection. As a consequence, the pore-scale dispersion, i.e. the pore scale mechanism acting at scales lower than that characteristic of the heterogeneous field, is usually neglected in the computation of global quantities like the solute plume spatial moments. Here the effect of pore-scale dispersion is taken into account in order to find its influence on the longitudinal asymptotic dispersivity D11we examine both the two-dimensional and the three-dimensional flow cases. In the calculations, we consider the finite size of the solute initial plume, i.e. we analyze both the ergodic and the nonergodic cases. With Pe the Péclat number, defined as Pe=Uλ/D, where U, λ, D are the mean fluid velocity, the heterogeneity characteristic length and the pore-scale dispersion coefficient respectively, we show that the infinite Péclat approximation is in most cases quite adequate, at least in the range of Péclat number usually encountered in practice (Pe 〉 102). A noteworthy exception is when the formation log-conductivity field is highly anisotropic. In this case, pore-scale may have a significant impact on D11, especially when the solute plume initial dimensions are not much larger than the heterogeneities' lengthscale. In all cases, D11 appears to be more sensitive to the pore-scale dispersive mechanisms under nonergodic conditions, i.e. for plume initial size less than about 10 log-conductivity integral scales.
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  • 12
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    Transport in porous media 31 (1998), S. 133-143 
    ISSN: 1573-1634
    Keywords: transport ; solute ; flux-averaged concentration ; stratification ; conductivity ; distribution ; arrival time ; dispersion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Two-dimensional and steady solute transport in a stratified porous formation is analysed under assumption that the effect of pore-scale dispersion is negligible. The longitudinal dispersion produced as a result of the vertical variation of hydraulic conductivity is analysed by averaging the variability of a solute flux concentration and conductivity. The evolution of the solute flux concentration is expressed with respect to the correlated variable, that is the travel (arrival) time τ at a fixed location and the averaging procedure is constructed to satisfy the boundary condition where the inlet concentration is a known function of time. In such a statement, a velocity-averaged solute flux concentration is described by a conventional dispersion model (CDM) with a dispersion coefficient which is a function of the arrival time. It is demonstrated that such CDM satisfies the assumption that hydraulic conductivity of the layers is gamma distributed with the parameter of distribution which is chosen to represent a reasonable value of the field scale solute dispersion. The overall behaviour of the model is illustrated by several examples of two-dimensional mass transport.
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  • 13
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    Transport in porous media 21 (1995), S. 175-188 
    ISSN: 1573-1634
    Keywords: diffusion ; dispersion ; percolation ; fractals ; scaling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Two fundamental questions regarding the application of percolation theory to transport in porous media are addressed. First, when ‘critical path’ arguments (based on a sufficiently wide spread of microscopic transition rates) are invoked (in analogy to the case of transport in disordered semiconductors) to justify the application of percolation theory to the determination of relevant transport properties, then for long time scales (compared to the inverse of the ‘critical’ percolation rate), the fractal structure of the ‘critical’ path is relevant to transport, but not at short time scales. These results have been demonstrated concretely in the case of disordered semiconductors, and are in direct contradiction to the claims of the review. Second, the relevance of deterministic or stochastic methods to transport has been treated heretofore by most authors as a question of practicality. But, at least under some conditions, concrete criteria distinguish between the two types of transport. Percolative (deterministic) transport is temporally reproducible and spatially inhomogeneous while diffusive (stochastic) transport is temporally irreproducible, but homogeneous, and a cross-over from stochastic to percolative transport occurs when the spread of microscopic transition rates exceeds 4–5 orders of magnitude. It is likely that such conditions are frequently encountered in soil transport. Moreover, clear evidence for deterministic transport (although not necessarily percolative) exists in such phenomena as preferential flow. On the other hand, the physical limitation of transport to (fractally connected) pore spaces within soils (analogously to transport in metal-insulator composites) can make transport diffusive on a fractal structure, rather than percolative.
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  • 14
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    Transport in porous media 24 (1996), S. 1-33 
    ISSN: 1573-1634
    Keywords: unsaturated flow ; large-scale averaging ; dispersion ; high-resolution numerical simulations ; NAPL spills
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Infiltration of water and non-aqueous phase liquids (NAPLs) in the vadose zone gives rise to complex two- and three-phase immiscible displacement processes. Physical and numerical experiments have shown that ever-present small-scale heterogeneities will cause a lateral broadening of the descending liquid plumes. This behavior of liquid plumes infiltrating in the vadose zone may be similar to the familiar transversal dispersion of solute plumes in single-phase flow. Noting this analogy we introduce a mathematical model for ‘phase dispersion’ in multiphase flow as a Fickian diffusion process. It is shown that the driving force for phase dispersion is the gradient of relative permeability, and that addition of a phase-dispersive term to the governing equations for multiphase flow is equivalent to an effective capillary pressure which is proportional to the logarithm of the relative permeability of the infiltrating liquid phase. The relationship between heterogeneity-induced phase dispersion and capillary and numerical dispersion effects is established. High-resolution numerical simulation experiments in heterogeneous media show that plume spreading tends to be diffusive, supporting the proposed convection-dispersion model. Finite difference discretization of the phase-dispersive flux is discussed, and an illustrative application to NAPL infiltration from a localized source is presented. It is found that a small amount of phase dispersion can completely alter the behavior of an infiltrating NAPL plume, and that neglect of phase-dispersive processes may lead to unrealistic predictions of NAPL behavior in the vadose zone.
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  • 15
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    Hydrogeology journal 7 (1999), S. 139-150 
    ISSN: 1435-0157
    Keywords: Key words groundwater hydraulics ; transport system ; flow system ; Fourier analysis ; dispersion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'analyse des hydrosystèmes souterrains est basée sur le concept de systèmes hiérarchiques d'écoulement souterrain. La topographie de la surface piézométrique, qui est étroitement liée à celle de la surface du sol, est le facteur principal de l'emboîtement hiérarchique des écoulements souterrains, gouvernés par la gravité, ce qui fait apparaître des systèmes d'écoulement de différentes échelles en étendue et en profondeur de pénétration. Le concept de système d'écoulement est extrêmement utile pour analyser les échelles spatiales et temporelles et leurs relations mutuelles. Les équations de base correspondant à l'échelle du laboratoire sont étendues à des échelles régionales, plus vastes. L'utilisation de la méthode de Fourier met mieux en valeur l'idée originale de Tóth de systèmes d'écoulement commandés par la topographie. De cette façon, les différentes échelles spatiales de la nappe sont séparées naturellement, en donnant une expression simple pour la profondeur de pénétration du système d'écoulement souterrain. Cette décomposition fournit aussi la relation entre les échelles spatiale et temporelle. Dans une approche analogue à celle des systèmes d'écoulement, des masses d'eaux de qualités différentes peuvent être appelées "systèmes de transport". Des études de terrain, une modélisation numérique à micro-échelle sur des domaines à macro-échelle et la théorie de la dispersion stochastique indiquent qu'entre des systèmes soumis à un transport en régime permanent, les interfaces sont relativement minces. Les interfaces sont beaucoup plus minces que les zones de mélange relativement étendues prédites par l'approche conventionnelle de l'ingénierie pour la macro-dispersion, dans laquelle on applique des longueurs de macro-dispersion, indépendant du temps et relativement étendues. Une approche d'ingénierie alternative, relativement simple, est présentée. Pour la macro-dispersion de la propagation de panaches de soluté, le terme alternatif de dispersion donne les mêmes résultats que l'approche d'ingénierie conventionnelle et donne des résultats corrects pour le transport en régime permanent.
    Abstract: Resumen El análisis de los sistemas de flujo se basa en el concepto de modelos jerárquicos de aguas subterráneas. La topografía del nivel freático, estrechamente relacionada con la topografía de superficie, es uno de los factores principales en la continuidad jerárquica del flujo subterráneo gravífico, dando lugar a sistemas de flujo con distintos órdenes de magnitud en lo que respecta a extensión lateral y profundidad. El concepto de sistemas de flujo es extremadamente útil para el análisis de las escalas espacial y temporal y de sus interrelaciones. Las ecuaciones básicas deducidas a escala de laboratorio se extienden a escalas regionales. Mediante análisis de Fourier se llega al esquema original de Tóth de sistemas de flujo dominados por la topografía. De esta manera, las diferentes escalas espaciales del nivel freático quedan separadas de manera natural, lo que conduce a una expresión simple para la profundidad de penetración en un sistema de flujo. Esta descomposición conduce además a una relación ente las escalas espacial y temporal. De manera análoga a los sistemas de flujo, los cuerpos de agua de distinta calidad química pueden llamarse "sistemas de transporte". Tanto los estudios de campo como los modelos numéricos regionales con discretización a microescala, o la teoría estocástica de la dispersión indican que, para los sistemas con transporte estacionarios, las interfaces son bastante delgadas; más delgadas, por ejemplo, que las predichas por un tratamiento convencional de la macrodispersión, donde se utilizan valores relativamente grandes e independientes del tiempo. El estudio de la macrodispersión de penachos contaminantes se realiza mediante un modelo alternativo simple, donde el término alternativo de dispersión da los mismos resultados que los modelos convencionales.
    Notes: Abstract  Flow-system analysis is based on the concept of hierarchical groundwater flow systems. The topography of the water table, which is strongly related to the topography of the land surface, is a major factor in the hierarchical nesting of gravity-driven groundwater flow, resulting in flow systems of different orders of magnitude in lateral extent and depth of penetration. The concept of flow systems is extremely useful in the analysis of spatial and temporal scales and their mutual relationships. Basic equations on the laboratory scale are extended to larger, regional scales. Making use of Fourier analysis further develops Tóth's original idea of topography-driven flow systems. In this way, the different spatial scales of the water table are separated in a natural way, leading to a simple expression for the penetration depth of a flow system. This decomposition leads also to the relationship between spatial and temporal scales. Analogous to flow systems, water bodies with different water quality may be called 'transport systems.' Field studies, numerical micro-scale modeling over macro-scale domains, and stochastic dispersion theory indicate that between systems with steady transport, the interfaces are relatively thin. The interfaces are much thinner than the relatively large mixing zones predicted by the conventional engineering approach to macrodispersion, in which relatively large, time-independent macrodispersion lengths are applied. A relatively simple alternative engineering approach is presented. For macrodispersion of propagating solute plumes, the alternative dispersion term gives the same results as the conventional engineering approach and gives correct results for steady-state transport.
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  • 16
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Keywords: stereophotogrammetry ; visible plumes ; complex terrain ; tracers of opportunity ; dispersion ; wind shear
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A stereophotogrammetric technique based on standard equipment to measure plume trajectories in sheared wind fields and/or complex terrain is shown here. The approach is to use existing visible plumes as tracers of opportunity of air flow. This technique was first developed as part of a multi-instrument field program intended for the experimental characterization of atmospheric dispersion in the complex coastal area of Bilbao in northern Spain. Emphasis is placed on the calibration method and the experimental procedures as well as on sources and margins of error. Finally, applications and joint usage with other techniques during several field programs are also presented.
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  • 17
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    Transport in porous media 18 (1995), S. 231-243 
    ISSN: 1573-1634
    Keywords: Stratified formations ; kinematic mixing ; dispersion ; random fields
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The mixing process in fluid flow is presented as the bending and stretching of material lines or filaments. A mixing exponent, which quantifies their specific rate of stretching, is defined and analyzed for the case of groundwater flow though stratified formations characterized by a Gaussian autocovariance function. The analysis is performed for purely advective mixing as well as for advective-dispersive mixing. The mixing exponent was found to be proportional to the variance of hydraulic conductivity and inversely proportional to the correlation scale of hydraulic conductivity and to the pore-level dispersion coefficient.
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  • 18
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    Transport in porous media 18 (1995), S. 245-261 
    ISSN: 1573-1634
    Keywords: Porous media ; miscible flow ; tracer ; dispersion ; convective flow ; stochastic ; stream tube ; continuous time random walk
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Technology
    Notes: Abstract A simple theoretical model is described for deriving a 1-dimensional equation for the spreading of a tracer in a steady flow at the field scale. The originality of the model is to use a stochastic appoach not in the 3-dimensional space but in the 1-D space of the stream tubes. The simplicity of calculation comes from the local relationship between permeability and velocity in a 1-D flow. The spreading of a tracer front is due to local variations in the cross-sectional area of the stream tubes, which induces randomness in travel time. The derived transport equation is averaged in the main flow direction. It differs from the standard dispersion equation. The roles of time and space variables are exchanged. This result can be explained by using the statistical theory of Continuous Time Random Walk instead of a standard Random Walk. However, the two equations are very close, since their solutions have the same first and second moments. Dispersivity is found to be equal to the product of the correlation length by the variance of the logarithm of permeability, a result similar to Gelhar's macrodispersion.
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  • 19
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    Transport in porous media 18 (1995), S. 263-282 
    ISSN: 1573-1634
    Keywords: Porous media ; dispersion ; miscible flow ; heterogeneities ; stochastic ; stream tube ; layered ; fractal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Large-scale dispersion in heterogeneous porous media is studied by using a simple model based on stochastic calculation of convective flow in a bundle of stream tubes. The advantage of this approach is that there is a local relationship between velocity and permeability in the 1-dimensional space of the stream tubes. Dispersion is due to the variation in stream tube cross-section, related to the permeability field. First, the arrival times of the tracer in the stream tubes are related to the stochastic properties of the permeability field (variance and covariance). Then, transport equations are derived from the moments of the arrival times. The results agree with more complicated studies. For a permeability field with long-range correlation, the transport equation is not unique. It depends on the assumptions involving moments higher than two. Assuming a Gaussian shape for the tracer flux leads to equations similar to the ones obtained in previous studies of time-dependent dispersivity. Without this approximation, the equation is non-local (integrodifferential) and leads to a memory effect. In the last part of this paper, the general results are illustrated with several correlation functions for the permeability field: purely random, exponential and power law covariance, and perfectly layered media.
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  • 20
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    Transport in porous media 18 (1995), S. 283-302 
    ISSN: 1573-1634
    Keywords: Solute transport experiments ; heterogeneous media ; dispersion ; scale-dependency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Laboratory tracer experiments were conducted to investigate solute transport in 12.5-m long, horizontally placed soil columns during steady saturated water flow. Two columns having cross-sectional areas of 10×10cm2 were used: a uniformly packed homogeneous sandy column and a heterogeneous column containing layered, mixed, and lenticular formations of various shapes and sizes. The heterogeneous soil column gradually changed, on average, from coarse-textured at one end to fine-textured at the other end. NaCl breakthrough curves (BTC's) in the columns were measured with electrical conductivity probes inserted at 50- or 100-cm intervals. Observed BTC's in the homogeneous sandy column were relatively smooth and sigmoidal (S-shaped), while those in the heterogeneous column were very irregular, nonsigmoidal, and exhibited extensive tailing. Effective average pore-water velocities (v eff) and dispersion coefficients (D eff) were estimated simultaneously by fitting an analytical solution of the convection-dispersion equation to the observed BTC's. Velocity variations in the heterogeneous medium were found to be much larger than those in the homogeneous sand. Values of the dispersivity,α=D eff/v eff, for the homogeneous sandy column ranged from 0.1 to 5.0 cm, while those for the heterogeneous column were as high as 200cm. The dispersivity for transport in both columns increased with travel distance or travel time, thus exhibiting scale-dependency. The heterogeneous soil column also showed the effects of preferential flow, i.e., some locations in the column showed earlier solute breakthrough than several locations closer to the inlet boundary. Spatial fluctuations in the dispersivity could be explained qualitatively by the particular makeup of the heterogeneities in the column.
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  • 21
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    Transport in porous media 19 (1995), S. 37-66 
    ISSN: 1573-1634
    Keywords: dispersion ; sandstone ; radial flow
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents some experimental and theoretical results for dispersion processes occurring in consolidated Berea sandstone with radial flow geometry. A comprehensive review of the derivation and application of several analytical solutions is also presented. The Galerkin finite element method is applied to solve the advection-dispersion equation for unidimensional radial flow. Individual and combined effects of mechanical dispersion and molecular diffusion are examined using velocity-dependent dispersion models. Comparison of simulated results with experimental data is made. The effect of flow rates is examined. The results suggest that a linear dispersion model,D=αu, whereD is the dispersion coefficient,u the velocity andα a constant, is not a good approximation despite its wide acceptance in the literature. The most suitable mathematical formulation is given by an empirical form of $$D = D_0 + \mathop \alpha \limits^` u^m$$ , whereD ois the molecular diffusion coefficient. For the range of Péclet number (Pe=vd/D m,wherev is the characteristic velocity,d the characteristic length andD mthe molecular diffusion coefficient in porous media) examined (Pe=0.5 to 285), a power constant ofm=1.2 is obtained which agrees with the value reported by some other workers for the same regime. From the results of experiments and numerical modelling, the effect of mobility ratios (defined as the ration of viscosities of displaced and displacing fluids) on dispersion is found to be negligible, provided that the ratio is favourable.
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  • 22
    ISSN: 1573-0840
    Keywords: acceleration ; attenuation ; digital recording ; dispersion ; displacement ; frequencies ; path ; ratios ; site ; source ; velocity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract During experiments with digital stations in the period 1985–1987, twenty five earthquakes with magnitudes m b in the range 2.9 to 4.8 and epicentres located within the area 36°–42.3° (N) and 4.5°–13.6° (W) were recorded at Montemor (MOE) and Montachique (MTH). The three-component recordings were obtained by Geotech S13 instruments with 1 second period. A preliminary analysis of the recordings consisted in the determination of amplitudes and spectral contents of P and S waves, and led to the following observations: (1) The attenuation of waves is expressed by the equation V = exp(C 2).R C 1. exp(C 3.M), where V stands for acceleration, velocity or displacement; M-magnitude; R-focal distance; C 1, C 2 and C 3 are constants to be obtained by least square fitting. The application of this equation led to C 1 of the order 1.7 for displacement, 1.8 for velocity and 2.0 for acceleration, with an average mean square error σ ≈ 0.8. (2) The ratios L/T (longitudinal/transversal amplitudes), for velocity and displacement, showed a tendency to reduce with increasing focal distance, being 2 for short distances (〈50 km) and 1 for long distances (≈400 km). (3) The ratios S/P (S-wave/P-wave amplitudes), although with a large dispersion, showed a slight tendency for increasing with focal distance. (4) The predominant frequencies also showed a slight tendency to decrease with increasing focal distance and with magnitude. (5) The dependence of C 1 with frequency (3 to 12 Hz) is well behaved from 0.95 to 1.75 (for the velocity trace).
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  • 23
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    Transport in porous media 29 (1997), S. 207-223 
    ISSN: 1573-1634
    Keywords: dispersion ; attenuation ; surface waves ; Rayleigh wave ; Love wave
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Technology
    Notes: Abstract An investigation is conducted of propagation of surface waves in a porous medium consisting of a microscopically incompressible solid skeleton in which a microscopically incompressible liquid flows within the interconnected pores, and particularly the case where the solid skeleton deforms linear elastically. The frequency equations of Rayleigh- and Love-type waves are derived relating the dependence of wave numbers, being complex quantities, on frequency, as a result those waves are dispersive as well as inhomogeneous. Nevertheless, the amplitudes of both surface waves attenuate along the surface of the porous medium, whereas they decay exponentially receding from the surface of the medium.
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  • 24
    ISSN: 1573-1634
    Keywords: solute transport ; nonequilibrium ; heterogeneous porous media ; dispersion ; diffusion ; experiments ; modelling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Two region models for solute transport in porous media assume that hydrodynamic dispersion in mobile water and solute diffusion within immobile water regions are independent. Experimental and theoretical results for transport through a macropore indicate that hydrodynamic dispersion and solute exchange are interdependent. Experiments were carried out to investigate this problem for a column packed with spherical porous aggregates. The effective diffusion coefficient of a tracer within the agreggates was determined from specific experiments. The dispersivity of the bed was determined from experiments carried out with a column filled with nonporous beads. We took advantage of the dependence of hydrodynamic dispersion on density ratios between the invading and displaced solutions to obtain a set of breakthrough curves corresponding to situations where the diffusion coefficient remains constant, whereas the dispersivity varies. Simulations reproduce correctly the experiments. Small discrepancies are noted that can be corrected either by increasing the dispersion coefficient or by fitting the external mass transfer coefficient. Increased dispersion coefficients probably reveal a modification of Taylor dispersion due to solute exchange. The fitted external mass transfer coefficients are close to the values obtained with classical correlations of the chemical engineering literature.
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  • 25
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    Transport in porous media 32 (1998), S. 97-116 
    ISSN: 1573-1634
    Keywords: dispersion ; anomalous diffusion ; Taylor dispersion ; roughness ; self-affine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Tracer dispersion is studied in an open crack where the two rough crack faces have been translated with respect to each other. The different dispersion regimes encountered in rough-wall Hele-Shaw cell are first introduced, and the geometric dispersion regime in the case of self-affine crack surfaces is treated in detail through perturbation analysis. It is shown that a line of tracer is progressively wrinkled into a self-affine curve with an exponent equal to that of the crack surface. This leads to a global dispersion coefficient which depends on the distance from the tracer inlet, but which is still proportional to the mean advection velocity. Besides, the tracer front is subjected to a local dispersion (as could be revealed by point measurements or echo experiments) very different from the global one. The expression of this anomalous local dispersion coefficient is also obtained.
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  • 26
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    Transport in porous media 32 (1998), S. 187-198 
    ISSN: 1573-1634
    Keywords: diffusion ; dispersion ; miscible ; automaton
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Technology
    Notes: Abstract A thermodynamic lattice gas (automaton) model is used to simulate dispersion in porous media. Simulations are constructed at two distinctly different scales, the pore scale at which capillary models are constructed and large scale or Darcy scale at which probabilistic collision rules are introduced. Both models allow for macroscopic (pore scale) phase separation. The pore scale models clearly show the effect of pore structure on dispersion. The large scale (mega scale) simulations indicate that when the pressure difference between the displacing phase and displaced phase is properly chosen (representing the average pressure gradient between the phases). The simulation results are consistent with both theoretical predictions and experimental observations.
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  • 27
    ISSN: 1573-1634
    Keywords: dispersion ; reaction ; perturbation theory ; stochastic modeling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Technology
    Notes: Abstract We carry out a stochastic-perturbation analysis of a one-dimensional convection–dispersion-reaction equation for reversible first-order reactions. The Damköhler number, Da, is distributed randomly from a distribution that has an exponentially decaying correlation function, controlled by a correlation length, ξ. Zeroth- and first-order approximations of the dispersion coefficient, D are computed from moments of the residence-time distribution obtained by solving a one-dimensional network model, in which each unit of the network represents a Darcy-level transport unit, and the solution of the transfer function in zeroth- and first-order approximations of the transport equation. In the zeroth-order approximation, the dispersion coefficient is calculated using the convection–dispersion-reaction equation with constant parameters, that is, perturbation corrections to the local equation are ignored. This zeroth-order dispersion coefficient is a linear function of the variance of the Damköhler number, 〈(ΔDa)2〉. A similar result was reported in a two-dimensional network simulation. The zeroth-order approximation does not give accurate predictions of mixing or spreading of a plume when Damköhler numbers, Da ≪ 1 and its variance, 〈(ΔDa)2〉 〉 0.25 〈Da2〉. On the other hand, the first-order theory leads to a dispersion coefficient that is independent of the reaction parameters and to equations that do accurately predict mixing and spreading for Damköhler numbers and variances in the range √〈(ΔDa)2〉/〈Da〉≤0.3
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  • 28
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    Transport in porous media 36 (1999), S. 307-339 
    ISSN: 1573-1634
    Keywords: dispersion ; chromatography ; porous media ; adsorption ; homogenization ; multiple scales expansions.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper is devoted to the computation of effective equations for the transport of a solute in a chromatograph. We focus our attention on models that retain dispersion effects. A chromatograph is a biporous periodic heterogeneous medium, made up of macropores, and of small porous adsorbing crystals that have a retention effect on the solute. We use the method of multiple scales expansions. Various macroscopic behaviours appear, according to the respective orders of magnitude of the dimensionless characteristic parameters: Peclet number in the macropores, ratio of the characteristic time of diffusion in the macropores to the characteristic time of diffusion in the crystals, adsorption coefficient. Dispersion occurs for a Peclet number of order ε−1. We then discuss the effective behaviour of the solute, with respect to the orders of magnitude of the other characteristic parameters. To our knowledge, most of the models are new. Our modelling is not restricted to chromatographs. It applies to various situations of physic and chemical engineering: fixed bed reactors, catalytic cracking, ground water for instance.
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  • 29
    ISSN: 1573-1634
    Keywords: experiment ; aperiodic heterogeneity ; dispersion ; stochastic modeling.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Technology
    Notes: Abstract An electrochemical technique was used to measure concentration distributions in an aperiodic heterogeneous model for comparison with a stochastic transport theory. Four identical columns, each filled with a homogeneous distribution of glass beads, were threaded together to create a single model with aperiodic heterogeneity. The layers in the model were arranged in different ways providing 24 realizations of the permeability distribution. Comparisons between experimental moment data and moments of simulated mean concentration distributions showed that the model was not able to accurately predict experimentally observed mixing behavior.
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  • 30
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    Studia geophysica et geodaetica 40 (1996), S. 167-177 
    ISSN: 1573-1626
    Keywords: surface waves ; dispersion ; Love waves ; Rayleigh waves ; slowness ; quadratic slowness
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary Dispersion relations for Love and Rayleigh waves in a layer on a half-space are modified by introducing quadratic slownesses instead of velocities. The advantages of this approach are demonstrated on analytical formulae for computing the group velocity.
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