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  • COMMUNICATIONS
  • SPACE RADIATION
  • 1995-1999  (61)
  • 1970-1974  (3,349)
  • 1900-1904  (1)
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  • 1
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    Nuclear fragmentation parameters needed for interpretation of observed fluxes of UH cosmic ray nuclei (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Any study of the origin of the UH nuclei in the cosmic rays requires that their observed abundances be propagated back to the source. This demands a knowledge of the interaction cross sections in the materials of the detectors, any local overlying matter, and the interstellar medium. New measurements of interaction probabilities of 10.6 GeV/n gold nuclei show significant differences from previous measurements made at less than 1.0 GeV/n nuclei. These differences are particularly marked for a hydrogen target. Hence, those cross sections previously measured at low energies should not be applied to cosmic ray observations made at energies greater than or = 2 GeV/n. Without a measurement of the energy dependence of these cross sections it will be difficult to make reliable propagation calculations, since the differences between measured and predicted cross sections are still at the 20 to 30% level.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Advances in Space Research (ISSN 0273-1177); 15; 6; p. (6)39-(6)48
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 2
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    Cosmic ray heavy ion penetration deep into the magnetosphere: Results from S81-1 and CRRES (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: In spite of strong magnetic shielding by the geomagnetic field, small fractions (1-10 %) of the total high energy, heavy ion intensities of solar and galactic cosmic rays have been observed at energies below theoretical cutoffs for direct entry into the earth's magnetosphere from interplanetary space. We report on measurements of these heavy ions at 10 to 500 MeV/nucleon by cosmic ray composition experiments on the S81-1 satellite in polar orbit during 1982 and on the Combined Release and Radiation Effects Satellite (CRRES) satellite in geosynchronous transfer orbit during 1990-1991.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Advances in Space Research (ISSN 0273-1177); 15; 1; p. (1)61-(1)64
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 3
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    Below-cutoff ions in the heavy ions in space experiment (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: In January 1990, the Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF) spacecraft was retrieved after nearly 6 years in space in a 28.4 deg orbit at a mean altitude of 476 km. Onboard LDEF was NRL's Heavy Ions In Space (HIIS) experiment, comprising large thick stacks of plastic track detectors with a total collecting power of 2.0 sq m-sr. We report preliminary results on the observation of stopping Fe-group ions at energies far below the geomagnetic cutoff for fully-ionized galactic cosmic rays.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Advances in Space Research (ISSN 0273-1177); 15; 1; p. (1)57-(1)60
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 4
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    LET spectra of trapped anomalous cosmic rays in low-Earth orbit (1996)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Observations aboard Cosmos satelites discovered trapped anomalous cosmic rays (ACRs), tracked the variation in their intensity in 1986-1988, and measured their fluence, spectrum, and composition at solar minimum in the previous solar cycle. The MAST instrument aboard the SAMPEX satellite has observed trapped anomalous cosmic rays in the present solar cycle, confirmed the general features of the Cosmos data, and provided the first detailed observations of trapped ACRs. In this paper we apply theoretical modeling of trapped ACRs, which is shown to provide a reasonably good description of both the Cosmos and SAMPEX data, to calculate the integral linear-energy-transfer (LET) spectra due to trapped ACRs in typical low-Earth orbits. We compare these calculations with the LET spectra produced by galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) and non-trapped ACRs in order to assess the relative radiation hazard posed by trapped ACRs.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Advances in Space Research (ISSN 0273-1177); 17; 2; p. (2)47-(2)51
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  • 5
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    Comparison of distributed acceleration and standard models of cosmic-ray transport (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Recent cosmic-ray abundance measurements for elements in the range 3 less than or equal to Z less than or equal to 28 and energies 10 MeV/n less than or equal to E less than or equal to 1 TeV/n have been analyzed with computer transport modeling. About 500 elemental and isotopic measurements have been explored in this analysis. The transport code includes the effects of ionization losses, nuclear spallation reactions (including those of secondaries), all nuclear decay modes, stripping and attachment of electrons, escape from the Galaxy, weak reacceleration and solar modulation. Four models of reacceleration (with several submodels of various reacceleration strengths) were explored. A chi (exp 2) analysis show that the reacceleration models yield at least equally good fits to the data as the standard propagation model. However, with reacceleration, the ad hoc assumptions of the standard model regarding discontinuities in the energy dependence of the mean path length traversed by cosmic rays, and in the momentum spectrum of the cosmic-ray source spectrum are eliminated. Futhermore, the difficulty between rigidity dependent leakage and energy independent anisotropy below energies of 10(exp 14) eV is alleviated.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Advances in Space Research (ISSN 0273-1177); 15; 1; p. (1)65-(1)68
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  • 6
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    Radiation belts of the earth, solar and galactic cosmic rays (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TT-F-14312
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 7
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    Skylab and the Sun (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Articles pertaining to the solar studies and the Skylab program are presented, with emphasis on the usefulness of the Apollo Telescope Mount (ATM) program. A description of Skylab objectives and key mission events is included along with articles about the sun. Skylab solar studies which are reported include these topics: ATM solar observatory, scientific instruments, crew operations and crew training, and the joint observing program. The Skylab associated solar programs are also reported.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-EP-119
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 8
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    The quiet sun (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: An up-to-date textbook of solar physics is presented. The solar structure and processes, and the interior are described along with the photosphere, the chromosphere, and the corona. The strongest Fraunhofer lines, visible coronal lines, and coronal UV, XUV, and X-ray lines are listed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-SP-303 , LC-72-600092
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 9
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    Spaceborne electronic imaging systems (1971)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Criteria and recommended practices for the design of the spaceborne elements of electronic imaging systems are presented. A spaceborne electronic imaging system is defined as a device that collects energy in some portion of the electromagnetic spectrum with detector(s) whose direct output is an electrical signal that can be processed (using direct transmission or delayed transmission after recording) to form a pictorial image. This definition encompasses both image tube systems and scanning point-detector systems. The intent was to collect the design experience and recommended practice of the several systems possessing the common denominator of acquiring images from space electronically and to maintain the system viewpoint rather than pursuing specialization in devices. The devices may be markedly different physically, but each was designed to provide a particular type of image within particular limitations. Performance parameters which determine the type of system selected for a given mission and which influence the design include: Sensitivity, Resolution, Dynamic range, Spectral response, Frame rate/bandwidth, Optics compatibility, Image motion, Radiation resistance, Size, Weight, Power, and Reliability.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS
    Type: NASA-SP-8078
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 10
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    Electronic signal generators: A compilation (1971)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Electronic signal generator data based on solid state concepts were simplified or refined to meet requirements, such as reliability, simplicity, fail-safe characteristics, and the capability of withstanding environmental extremes. Pulse generators, high voltage pulse generators, oscillators, analog signal generators, square wave signal generators, and special function signal generators are described.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS
    Type: NASA-SP-5946(01)
    Format: application/pdf
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