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  • Articles  (33)
  • cadmium  (33)
  • Springer  (33)
  • National Academy of Sciences
  • 1995-1999  (33)
  • 1975-1979
  • Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering  (33)
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  • Articles  (33)
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  • Springer  (33)
  • National Academy of Sciences
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Soil sensitivity due to acid and heavy metal deposition in East Central Europe (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 737-742 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: acid deposition ; heavy metals ; cadmium ; soil contamination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Simultaneous soil acidification and deposition of heavy metals is a major concern for forest and agricultural soils of the Black Triangle region of East Central Europe including southern former East Germany, northern Bohemia of the Czech Republic, and southern Poland. The objective of this project was to develop historical and future projections of acid and heavy metal deposition to soils (As, Cd, Pb, Zn) and to produce a preliminary map of soil sensitivity to cadmium pollution and uptake by crops. Ultimately, we wish to assess the relative hazard and recovery times of soils to metals deposition in the region. Emission and deposition data bases obtained from several models developed at IIASA were linked using the Geographical Information System ARC/INFO to produce soil maps of sensitivity to cadmium mobility based on metals deposition, soil type, soil texture, organic matter content, and acid deposition. RAINS 6.1 (Alcamo et al., 1990) was utilized to produce maps of acid deposition for EMEP grids (150 km x 150 km). The largest amount of acid load is deposited in southern East Germany. Sulfur deposition in that area was 10–12 gS/m2/yr in 1990, and S+N deposition exceeded 8000 eq/ha/yr. But the “hot spot” for metals deposition is further to the east, in the Silesia area of southern Poland. The TRACE2 trajectory model of Alcamo, Bartnicki, and Olendrzynski (1992) was used to estimate cumulative metals deposition since 1955 with scenarios to 2010. Pb has improved over Europe since 1970 when depositions in the Ruhr River Valley of West Germany exceeded 60 mg/m2/yr. But cadmium deposition in southern Poland (Katowice and Krakow) has now accumulated to 60–70 mg/m2 by atmospheric deposition alone. During base case simulations from 1955–87, approximately 1.8 mg/kg Pb and 0.12 mg/kg Cd have been added to the mixed plow-layer of ∼30 cm. If these emissions continue indefinitely, the accumulation of metals will become problematic for agriculture and the food chain.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00476917
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Desorption-complexation-dissolution characteristics of adsorbed cadmium from kaolin by chelators (1996)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 86 (1996), S. 35-50 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Kaolin ; cadmium ; nta ; edta ; egta ; dcyta ; zeta potential ; desorption
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract In order to provide a sound experimental background for the remediation of metal-contaminated soil by chelators, the desorption/complexation/dissolution characteristics of Cd from kaolin as a representative soil component by four chelators (NTA, EDTA, EGTA and DCyTA) have been investigated as a function of solution pH. For all chelating agents under examination, the ratio of Cd (desorbed from kaolin) to chelator was found to be 1:1. The chelation/dissolution of Cd was strongly dependent on the solution pH for NTA and EDTA. In the NTA system, 100% Cd dissolution occurred only at a pH = 8 and pH 〈 3.2; under weakly acidic conditions only 45% of the Cd on kaolin was dissolved due to readsorption of CdNTA- complex on kaolin. At a pH ≥ 10, Cd dissolution decreased, due to Cd hydroxide precipitation. Only 85% of the total Cd on kaolin desorbed under weakly acidic conditions in the EDTA system, indicating metal complex readsorption similar to that found in the Cd-NTA system. Zeta potential measurements showed that the surface charge of Cd-loaded kaolin became more negative after addition of EDTA and NTA with a shift in the pH at the point of zero charge to a lower value. As compared to the EDTA and NTA systems, DCyTA and EGTA complexed strongly with Cd (100% Cd dissolution) over a wide pH range (2.5–12.0). The zeta potential of kaolin did not change and no Cd readsorption was found after addition of EGTA and DCyTA. The capacity of the four chelators for removing Cd from kaolin was found to be in the order DCyTA 〉 EGTA 〉 EDTA 〉 NTA.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00279144
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Accumulation of cadmium, chromium, and zinc by the mossSphagnum papillosum Lindle (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 93 (1997), S. 321-330 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: moss ; cadmium ; chromium ; zinc ; bioindicators ; contamination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract In a series of laboratory experiments employing radiotracer methodology, the uptake of Cd, Cr, and Zn bySphagnum papillosum Lindle moss from solutions of deionized water and bog water was investigated. Bioaccumulation of the metals was a passive process, since living and dead moss accumulated metal equally. No significant differences were found in metal uptake rates from single metal solutions and mixed metal solutions, suggesting insignificant competition between the metals occurred at the low concentration range used (10−10 to 10−7 M). Metal uptake conformed with Freundlich adsorption isotherms. Concentration factors of metals inSphagnum papillosum in bog water (103 for Cd and Zn, 102 for Cr) were lower than in deionized water (104 for Cd and Zn, 103 for Cr), possibly due to metal complexation by dissolved organic matter, competition by other major cations present in the bog water (Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+) or complexation by chlorides in the bog water. While earlier studies have demonstrated the potential of using sphagnum mosses for monitoring environmental metal contamination, these experiments are the first to assess metal uptake in moss using low, environmentally realistic metal concentrations. The results confirm that mosses would be very effective bioindicators of environmental metal concentrations because the concentration of metal in the moss rapidly and directly reflects the metal concentrations in the ambient water.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02404764
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Use of enrichment, and contamination factors together with geoaccumulation indexes to evaluate the content of Cd, Cu, and Ni in the Rybnik water reservoir in Poland (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 93 (1997), S. 347-365 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: reservoir of heated water ; contamination ; cadmium ; copper ; nickel ; sediment ; water ; enrichment factor ; geoaccumulation index ; contamination factor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract In this paper, the contamination degree of the Rybnik Reservoir with cadmium, copper and nickel was analyzed. Quality of the water from the reservoir was determined by drawing comparisons between the metal content in the water and both the officially permitted levels (contamination factor) and levels of metals occurring in the water of non-contaminated areas (enrichment factor). Contamination of bottom sediment with chosen metals was analyzed with reference to the metal content in mudstone (geoaccumulation index, enrichment factor, contamination factor). Trends towards changing the metal content in the bottom sediment was analyzed by determining the enrichment factor of the surface layer of the bottom sediments in relation to a deeper layer. Enrichment of the bottom sediments with metals coming from the water was also determined.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02404766
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sublethal effects of cadmium on arm regeneration in the burrowing brittlestar, Microphiopholis gracillima (1996)
    Springer
    Ecotoxicology 5 (1996), S. 115-133 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3017
    Keywords: sediment toxicity ; cadmium ; ophiuroidea ; regeneration ; sublethal effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: To assess the sublethal effects of sediment-bound cadmium on arm regeneration of Microphiopholis gracillima, a burrowing brittlestar, experiments were conducted to quantify the tissue and morphology of regenerating arms, the uptake of cadmium in various tissues and the effect M. gracillima had on the cadmium pools in muddy sediments. Regenerated arms of cadmium-exposed M. gracillima are thinner, with proportionally less soft and skeletal tissue and a greater number of developing ossicles than animals held in sediment without cadmium. Microphiopholis gracillima decreased pore water cadmium concentrations in muddy sediments. Uptake of cadmium in tissues dominated by the calcium carbonate endoskeleton was proportional to the measured sediment cadmium concentration, while concentrations in whole regenerating arms were more closely related to the pore water concentration. Both calcium and cadmium are accumulated in the early stages of arm regeneration with an apparent interaction which interferes with ossicle construction. Sediment-bound cadmium has a negative effect on the organism's recovery from sublethal tissue loss and, ultimately, its long-term survival.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00119050
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of cadmium on the transformation of ferrihydrite into crystalline products at pH 8 (1996)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 91 (1996), S. 307-325 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: ferrihydrite ; cadmium ; transformation ; crystallization ; wastewater solids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Ferrihydrite, prepared in the presence of 0 to 20 mole % Cd in the solution, was used to study the transformation of ferrihydrite into crystalline products. The result showed that the presence of Cd strongly retards the transformation of ferrihydrite into crystalline products, suppressing the formation of goethite and leading to a product which eventually consists entirely of hematite at pH 8 and at 70 °C. The fraction of hematite in the transformation products increased with increasing level of Cd in the system. When 9 mole % Cd was present, the transformation product consisted entirely of hematite. The chemical analysis and XRD data showed that Cd was incorporated into the lattice of iron oxides, Cd-hematite and Cd-goethite being formed. The mole % Cd which replaced iron in the iron oxides increased with increasing level of Cd in the system below 9 mole % Cd. Above this value, but below 20 mole % the mole % of Cd incorporated in the lattice of iron oxides was constant at about 2.9 mole %. The volume of the unit cell of Cd-goethite increased with increasing level of Cd in the system until the goethite production was entirely suppressed. The volume of the unit cell of Cd-hematite also increased with increasing level of Cd, below 9 mole % of Cd in the system. Above this value, it was constant. Scanning electron microscopic examination showed that the presence of Cd affected the morphology of hematite more than that of goethite. The goethite grew from ferrihydrite as acicular crystals independent of the amount of Cd in the system. The shape of hematite particles varied from irregular platelets with lower Cd level, to ellipsoids, with higher Cd level in the system, and it also suggested that Cd prevented the formation of goethite by hindering the dissolution of ferrihydrite rather than by interfering with nucleation and growth of goethite from solution. The rate of transformation was studied at pH 8, 50 °C and 70 °C. The transformations were first order reactions at both temperatures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00666266
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Use of Enrichment, and Contamination Factors Together with Geoaccumulation Indexes to Evaluate the Content of Cd, Cu, and Ni in the Rybnik Water Reservoir in Poland (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 93 (1997), S. 347-365 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: reservoir of heated water ; contamination ; cadmium ; copper ; nickel ; sediment ; water ; enrichment factor ; geoaccumulation index ; contamination factor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract In this paper, the contamination degree of the Rybnik Reservoir with cadmium, copper andnickel was analyzed. Quality of the water from the reservoir was determined by drawingcomparisons between the metal content in the water and both the officially permitted levels(contamination factor) and levels of metals occurring in the water of non-contaminated areas(enrichment factor). Contamination of bottom sediment with chosen metals was analyzed withreference to the metal content in mudstone (geoaccumulation index, enrichment factor,contamination factor). Trends towards changing the metal content in the bottom sediment wasanalyzed by determining the enrichment factor of the surface layer of the bottom sediments inrelation to a deeper layer. Enrichment of the bottom sediments with metals coming from the waterwas also determined.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022121615949
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Accumulation of Cadmium, Chromium, and Zinc by the Moss Sphagnum Papillosum Lindle (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 93 (1997), S. 321-330 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: moss ; cadmium ; chromium ; zinc ; bioindicators ; contamination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract In a series of laboratory experiments employing radiotracer methodology, the uptake of Cd,Cr, and Zn by Sphagnum papillosum Lindle moss from solutions of deionized water and bogwater was investigated. Bioaccumulation of the metals was a passive process, since living anddead moss accumulated metal equally. No significant differences were found in metal uptake ratesfrom single metal solutions and mixed metal solutions, suggesting insignificant competitionbetween the metals occurred at the low concentration range used (10-10 to 10-7 M). Metaluptake conformed with Freundlich adsorption isotherms. Concentration factors of metals inSphagnum papillosum in bog water (103 for Cd and Zn, 102 for Cr) were lower than in deionizedwater (104 for Cd and Zn, 103 for Cr), possibly due to metal complexation by dissolved organicmatter, competition by other major cations present in the bog water (Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+) orcomplexation by chlorides in the bog water. While earlier studies have demonstrated the potentialof using sphagnum mosses for monitoring environmental metal contamination, these experimentsare the first to assess metal uptake in moss using low, environmentally realistic metalconcentrations. The results confirm that mosses would be very effective bioindicators ofenvironmental metal concentrations because the concentration of metal in the moss rapidly anddirectly reflects the metal concentrations in the ambient water.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022117515040
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    INCREASED CADMIUM AVAILABILITY TO CROPS ON A SEWAGE-SLUDGE AMENDED SOIL (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 94 (1997), S. 361-372 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: heavy metals ; contamination ; mobilization ; cadmium ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Analysis of spatial distribution of sewage-sludge born cadmium on the experimental plot revealed positive correlation of total cadmium and organic matter. Soil pH fluctuated randomly on the field. ‘Bioavailable’ concentrations, as determined by NH4-acetate extraction, were closely correlated to the total cadmium levels, and only negligible effects of pH and/or organic matter fluctuations were recorded. Desorption model using modified Freundlich isotherm was applied to predict risks of cadmium solubilization at different conditions. Simulations revealed that the organic matter content within the ranges found at the experimental field cannot support a proper immobilization of cadmium at pH-range observed at the field. The phenomenon was explained by ineffective care for the soil in the past.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026407720823
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    CADMIUM MOBILISATION UNDER CONDITIONS SIMULATING ANAEROBIC TO AEROBIC TRANSITION IN A LANDFILL LEACHATE-POLLUTED AQUIFER (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 94 (1997), S. 385-392 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: landfill ; leachate ; cadmium ; aquifer ; redox
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The anaerobic conditions in landfill leachate-polluted aquifers can lead to trapping of many heavy metals as sulfide precipitates. In laboratory experiments with aqueous systems containing sulfidic solid phases (aquifer solids from a landfill leachate plume or amorphous FeS), cadmium previously trapped as a sulfide precipitate was released to the aqueous phase when conditions were changed from initially slightly anaerobic to aerobic. Cadmium was subsequently removed from solution either by adsorption on Fe oxyhydroxide phases or by precipitation as a carbonate mineral, groundwater pH being the major controlling variable.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026411821732
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Increased cadmium availability to crops on a sewage-sludge amended soil (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 94 (1997), S. 361-372 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: heavy metals ; contamination ; mobilization ; cadmium ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Analysis of spatial distribution of sewage-sludge born cadmium on the experimental plot revealed positive correlation of total cadmium and organic matter. Soil pH fluctuated randomly on the field. ‘Bioavailable’ concentrations, as determined by NH4-acetate extraction, were closely correlated to the total cadmium levels, and only negligible effects of pH and/or organic matter fluctuations were recorded. Desorption model using modified Freundlich isotherm was applied to predict risks of cadmium solubilization at different conditions. Simulations revealed that the organic matter content within the ranges found at the experimental field cannot support a proper immobilization of cadmium at pH-range observed at the field. The phenomenon was explained by ineffective care for the soil in the past.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02406068
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    CADMIUM ACCUMULATION AND TOXICITY IN SUBMERGED PLANT HYDRILLA VERTICILLATA (l.f.) ROYLE (1997)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 47 (1997), S. 167-173 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: accumulation ; bioassay ; cadmium ; Hydrilla verticillata ; toxicity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Cadmium accumulation and its toxicity in relation tochlorophyll, protein, cysteine contents and in vivo nitrate reductaseactivity were studied under controlled conditions in Hydrillaverticillata, a submerged commonly occurring macrophyte. Plants weresubjected to six different concentrations of Cd ranging from 1.0 to 25.0 µM for 24, 48, 72 and 168 h. Tissue Cd concentration was maximum (13.71 µmoles/g dw) at 25 µM background concentration. At this concentration, a decrease of approximately 79 and 72% was found in chlorophyll and protein content. In vivo nitrate reductase activity was stimulated at 1.0 µM; however, the activity gradually declined beyond this concentration. Exposure to various cadmium concentrations resulted in an increase in cysteine content of the plant.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005771301076
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Changes in uptake of calcium caused by phytotoxicity of cadmium in Salvinia molesta (1996)
    Springer
    Ecotoxicology 5 (1996), S. 9-21 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3017
    Keywords: cadmium ; calcium ; phyotoxicity ; Salvinia molesta ; uptake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: The effect of Ca on the uptake of Cd by root and leaves of Salvinia molesta was investigated at different time intervals and under different photoperiods. For detailed study on uptake and interaction, 15Ca and 109Cd were used and it was found that there was a higher uptake of 45Ca in the root and leaves at 48 h and a concurrent reduction in 109Cd content at 48 h suggesting alterations in Ca functions due to the phytotoxicity of Cd. Ultrastructural changes due to cadmium toxicity included swirling of thylakoid membranes of the chloroplasts as well as detachment of the tips of trichomes from the leaf.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00116320
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of Cadmium on Parental Behaviour in Free-Living Willow Ptarmigan Hens (1999)
    Springer
    Ecotoxicology 8 (1999), S. 1-7 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3017
    Keywords: cadmium ; pollution ; parental behaviour ; chick survival ; willow ptarmigan ; Lagopus l. lagopus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Earlier studies have shown that elevated levels of Cd may negatively affect the behaviour of birds and mammals. However, these experiments were carried out under controlled laboratory conditions, and results from free-living populations have not been available. By using osmotic minipumps implanted subcutaneously in free-living willow ptarmigan hens, the effects of Cd contamination on parental behaviour were studied. When CdCl 2 (83.2 mg Cd/l) was administered, an increase in the Cd content in the liver and kidneys was achieved that was comparable to normal field levels. After hatching, the hens were followed by radio telemetry and parental behaviour was recorded when the broods were flushed. Chick survival up to 8–9 days was recorded. Cd-contaminated hens showed less distraction display and flew longer when flushed compared with control hens, although not significantly so. The Cd-contaminated hens had significantly lower chick survival than control hens.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008836908985
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Accumulation and Distribution of Cadmium in Willow Ptarmigan (1999)
    Springer
    Ecotoxicology 8 (1999), S. 457-465 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3017
    Keywords: cadmium ; accumulation ; long-range pollution ; willow ptarmigan ; Lagopus l. lagopus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The accumulation and distribution of cadmium (Cd) were studied in willow ptarmigan from a mountainous area in Central Norway. The highest concentrations were found in the kidneys. The liver also accumulated substantial amounts, but heart and breast muscles had low concentrations. There was a significant correlation between the Cd content and age in all tissues. The liver and kidneys showed a rapid increase in Cd content during the ptarmigan's first autumn and winter, but the accumulation seemed to level off when the bird passed its first year of life. Furthermore, a positive correlation was found among all four tissues, the strongest being between liver and kidneys, and the weakest between heart muscle and breast muscle. The ratio of cadmium in liver to cadmium in kidney was less than 1, which indicates a chronic low-level exposure situation. This ratio varied among seasons, being significantly higher in winter/spring than in summer/autumn. In general, the Cd content in the kidneys was approximately 7–10 times that of the liver. Breast muscle had a very low Cd content when the concentration of cadmium in the kidney was less than 75–80 mg kg-1 of Cd, but the content increased markedly when the kidney contained more Cd than this.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008912003597
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Temporal Changes in Cadmium, Thallium, and Vanadium Mobility in Soil and Phytoavailability under Field Conditions (1998)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 101 (1998), S. 399-410 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: bioavailability ; bush bean ; cadmium ; contamination ; heavy metal ; industrial waste ; mobility ; Phaseolus vulgaris ; sandy soil ; Savannah River Site ; soil ; thallium ; vanadium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A field study was conducted over a 30 mo period to examine movement of Cd, Tl, and V through the profile of a Coastal Plain soil (Typic Kandiudult) and the availability of these trace metals to bush bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) plants. The metals were applied to field plots as dissolved salts and mixed into the surface 7.5 cm. The greatest concentration of all three metals was observed in the surface soils, with a steep decrease occurring down to the 7.5 to 15 cm depth. Thallium was the most mobile of the three metals; approximately 15% of the applied Tl and 〈3% of the applied Cd and V moved below the surface 7.5-cm region during the 30-mo experiment. Extractable concentrations of all three metals in the surface soils decreased significantly (P ≤0.05) during the initial 18 mo after treatment. No further decrease occurred between 18 and 30 mo. The presence of Al- and Fe-oxides and small amounts of clay minerals and organic matter in this highly-weathered, low cation-exchange soil were likely responsible for the retention of the trace metals. Bioavailability, as measured by concentrations and total amounts of metals in root and aboveground tissues of plants, did not change significantly between 18 and 30 mo. These data suggest that bioavailability of Cd, Tl, and V decreased over time as a result of transformation of these elements into unavailable forms and not to leaching. These changes in bioavailability occurred soon after application, becoming negligible after 18 mo.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004906313547
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cadmium mobilisation under conditions simulating anaerobic to aerobic transition in a landfill leachate-polluted aquifer (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 94 (1997), S. 385-392 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: landfill ; leachate ; cadmium ; aquifer ; redox
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The anaerobic conditions in landfill leachate-polluted aquifers can lead to trapping of many heavy metals as sulfide precipitates. In laboratory experiments with aqueous systems containing sulfidic solid phases (aquifer solids from a landfill leachate plume or amorphous FeS), cadmium previously trapped as a sulfide precipitate was released to the aqueous phase when conditions were changed from initially slightly anaerobic to aerobic. Cadmium was subsequently removed from solution either by adsorption on Fe oxyhydroxide phases or by precipitation as a carbonate mineral, groundwater pH being the major controlling variable.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02406070
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Heavy Metals and Selenium in Herring Gulls (LARUS ARGENTATUS) NESTING IN COLONIES FROM EASTERN LONG ISLAND TO VIRGINIA (1997)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 48 (1997), S. 285-296 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: herring gulls ; heavy metals ; selenium ; feathers ; bioindicator ; mercury ; lead ; cadmium ; chromium ; manganese
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract With increasing interest in assessing the health or well-being ofcommunities and ecosystems, birds are being used asbioindicators. Coloniallynesting species breed mainly in coastal areas that are alsopreferred for humandevelopment, exposing the birds to various pollutants. Inthis paper concentrations of heavy metal and selenium in the feathers ofHerring Gulls(Larus argentatus) nesting in several colonies fromMassachusetts toDelaware are reported. There were significant differencesamong colonies forall metals, with metal concentrations being two to nearly fivetimes higher atsome colonies than others. Selenium showed the leastdifference, and cadmium showed the greatest difference among sites. Concentrations of lead werehighest at Prall‘s Island; mercury was highest at Shinnecock,Huckleberry andHarvey, and manganese was highest at Captree.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005760321417
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Accumulation of Cu, Cd, Cr, Mn and Pb from artificially contaminated soil by Bacopa Monnieri (1999)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 57 (1999), S. 253-264 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: accumulation ; Bacopa Monnieri ; cadmium ; chromium ; copper ; lead ; manganese
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The metal accumulation potential of Bacopa monnieri L. was assessed under simulated laboratory conditions. This study was carried out in mixed metals (Cu, Cd, Pb, Cr, Mn) condition and repeated exposures in artificial contaminated soil. The growing shoots were planted in garden subsoil containing 3, 16, 32, 64, 160 μM each of the above metals. After 8 weeks, plants were refeeded to three times higher concentrations of each metal than initially used to assess the maximum accumulating potential of the metals. The accumulation of the metals by the root and shoot was concentration and duration dependent. The metal accumulation was considerably higher in the fine root than in the shoot and showed the following order : Mn 〉 Cr 〉 Cu 〉 Cd 〉 Pb. The plants showed high tolerance to the metals as no visible phytotoxic symptom was produced after 8 weeks. However, as a result of combined metal toxicity, chlorophyll content was reduced by 62% after 12 weeks. The highest metal concentration was lethal to the plant at 16 weeks. In view of their high tolerance, the plants of B. monnieri may be considered for the amelioration of industrially-polluted wetlands experiencing regular flushing of wastewaters.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006091215529
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    Changes in Phytoavailability and Concentration of Cadmium in Soil Following Long Term Salix Cropping (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 114 (1999), S. 171-184 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: cadmium ; plant uptake ; soil ; Salix
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Cadmium concentrations in Salix (willow) shoots are generally high and Salix can therefore potentially remove significant amounts of Cd from soil. The aim of this study was to investigate how long-term Salix cultivation had affected total and plant available Cd concentrations in agricultural soil. The study was made in 8 to 30 yr old plantations. Soil profiles down to 65 cm depth were sampled and conditions within the plantations were compared to those in nearby reference areas. When consideration was given to certain pH differences, concentrations of exchangeable Cd throughout the soil profiles were significantly lower in the Salix stands than in the reference areas. However, the effect on concentrations of total Cd was negligible. The yield levels proved not to be optimal and Cd concentrations in shoots were lower than average in the investigated stands. Data on exchangeable Cd show that uptake occurs throughout the soil profile and the Cd pool involved is thus large. These facts may explain why total concentrations were only slightly influenced. The conclusion reached was that Salix cultivation reduces the amount of plant-available Cd in the soil. However, more investigations are needed to evaluate how this effect can be optimized by choice of clone and other management measures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005050005459
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    Desorption of Cadmium(II) from Artificially Contaminated Sediments (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 100 (1997), S. 181-196 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: contaminated sediments ; cadmium ; desorption
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The desorption kinetics of cadmium from natural sediments was investigated. Three sediment samples from Maryland water bodies were artificially contaminated with Cd(II) and subsequently exposed to a wide range of chemical conditions in batch reactors. Dissolved Cd(II) was monitored. The highest desorption rates and extents were observed at low pH and high concentrations of CaCl2 and EDTA (a strong Cd chelator), with reduced rates at higher pH. Nearly all of the desorption occurred within the first 30 minutes of exposure. Adsorption of Cd(II) was greatest, and desorption slowest on the sediments with the lowest sand content. A simple desorption model was developed assuming proton competition with cadmium. This model was fit to experimental data at different pH using a non-linear, least-squares analysis to obtain rate constants.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018392022843
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    Atmospheric Deposition of Trace Metals at Three Sites Near the Great Lakes (1998)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 103 (1998), S. 423-439 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: airborne particles ; air pollution ; arsenic ; cadmium ; chromium ; copper ; lead ; manganese ; nickel ; precipitation ; selenium ; vanadium ; zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The concentrations of vanadium (V), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), arsenic (As), selenium (Se), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb) in precipitation and on airborne particles were measured at three Integrated Atmospheric Deposition Network (IADN) monitoring stations on Lakes Superior, Michigan and Erie during 1993 and 1994. These data were used to estimate annual wet and dry deposition fluxes at these sites. In most cases, both wet and dry deposition make an important contribution to the total atmospheric flux of trace metals. Total (wet + dry) annual loadings of Zn and Cr are higher at the Lake Erie site than at the Lake Michigan and Lake Superior sites. Atmospheric loadings of the other metals are similar at all three sites. Wet deposition of metals is more closely related to precipitation amount than to the concentration of metals in the precipitation. Dry deposition fluxes are controlled by the concentration of trace metals on large particles. Total particle mass concentrations are higher during the summer and fall at the Lake Erie site, however no seasonal trends in total particle mass at the other sites or trace metals at any of the sites were detected. The total atmospheric loadings calculated in this work are in agreement with other estimates of metals deposition to the Great Lakes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004905832617
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  • 23
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    Effects of Cadmium-Spiked Sediment on Cadmium Accumulation and Bioturbation by Nymphs of the Burrowing Mayfly Hexagenia bilineata (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 109 (1999), S. 277-292 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: accumulation ; bioturbation ; cadmium ; Hexagenia ; mayfly ; spiked sediment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract We assessed accumulation of cadmium (Cd) and bioturbation by nymphs of the burrowing mayfly Hexagenia bilineata as indicators of exposure to Cd-spiked sediment in a 21-d test. Surficial sediments (top 5 cm) from Pool 7 of the Upper Mississippi River were spiked with Cd to concentrations of 3, 7, and 15 μg Cd g-1 dry weight. The experimental design was completely randomized, with three Cd-spiked sediment treatments plus an unspiked sediment control (1 μg Cd g-1 dry weight), and 10 nymphs in each of six replicates per treatment. Nymphs accumulated Cd during the 21-d exposure; mean concentrations varied from 0.22 to 6.24 μg g-1 dry weight, and tissue concentrations were correlated with Cd concentration in unfiltered test water (r = 0.93, P 〈0.01) and test sediment (r = 0.93, P 〈0.01). The effect of Cd on bioturbation by nymphs, as indicated by turbidity, differed significantly among treatments (P = 0.045) and over time within treatments (P = 0.01). Turbidity progressively decreased as Cd concentration in the sediment increased, up to 7 μg g-1; however, turbidity in the 15 μg g-1 treatment (our greatest exposure concentration) did not differ significantly from the control. Concentrations of Cd in unfiltered, overlying test water increased significantly within treatments during the test, indicating that nymphs mobilized sediment-associated Cd into the overlying water, presumably through burrowing and respiratory activities.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005089601201
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    Addition of Calcareous Metal Waster to Acid Soils: Consequences for Metal Solubility (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 111 (1999), S. 201-214 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: cadmium ; fly Ash ; lead ; metal solubility ; soil amendments ; zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A model was tested which predicts the pH and solution metal concentration in the solution phase of soil amended with (waste-) incinerator fly ash (FA). Graded quantities of calcareous metal-rich FA were equilibrated with an acid clay soil, in aerated CaCl2 suspensions (0.01 M), to give a pH range of 3.1 (100% soil) to 7.5 (100% FA). As the FA loading was increased, the concentrations of Zn, Cd and Pb in solution passed through a maximum and then declined until the pH of the soil/ash mixtures approximated that of the pure FA (pHFA). This apparently complex pattern was accurately described by a simple pH- dependent adsorption equation relating adsorbed metal (Mads) to divalent metal concentration in solution (M2+) and pH through 3 constants designated n, Kads} and m: For pH 〈 pHFA, log (Mads (M2+)n) = Kads + m pH However, at greater ash loadings the solution metal concentration and pH remained constant with FA addition and a solubility product (Ks) could be applied: For pH ≥ pHFA, og(M2+) = log Ks - 2 pH Metal concentrations in solution [Msoln] were greatest at very low FA loadings (around 2%); at lower FA additions [Msoln] was limited by total metal concentration while at higher additions of ash the solubility of metals was suppressed by the liming effect of the fly ash. It was therefore concluded that low levels of dust transfer from disposal sites to surrounding acidic soils may be the greatest source of metal pollution to biological and aquatic systems.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005081525584
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    Adsorption of Cadmium by Indian Soils (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 111 (1999), S. 225-234 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: adsorption ; cadmium ; Freundlich ; isotherm ; Langmuir ; linear ; Indian soils
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Adsorption behaviour of cadmium (Cd) in soils is an important process which exerts a major influence on its uptake by plant roots. Thirteen soils from various parts of India (tropical region), their pH ranging from 4.2 to 8.4, were subjected to Cd treatment at various concentrations (1 to 100 μg ml-1) and equilibrated at room temperature (25 ± 1 °C). The Cd adsorbed by each soil was calculated as the difference between the amount of Cd present in the solution initially and that remaining after equilibration. Results indicated that the adsorption capacity of the soils for Cd increased with an increase in the pH or alkalinity of the soils. The rate of adsorption was, however, found to decrease with increased pH. All the 13 soils used in this study followed linear and Freundlich adsorption isotherms with highly significant positive correlations (r). The neutral and alkaline soils also followed the Langmuir adsorption isotherm, the adsorption maxima being lowest for the neutral soil and highest for the alkaline soil. The adsorption data, in general, indicated that Cd was in a fixed form at higher pH levels. The results are generally similar to those of the temperate regions; however, Cd adsorption capacity of tropical vertisols was comparatively higher than those of temperate vertisols.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005038325836
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    Cadmium Regulated Nitrate Reductase Activity in Hydrilla Verticillata (1.f.) Royle (1998)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 106 (1998), S. 171-177 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Hydrilla verticillata ; cadmium ; nitrate reductase activity ; protein synthesis inhibitor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The study was conducted to evaluate the suitability of nitrate reductase activity and the level of some metabolites as an in vivo test system for cadmium toxicity in submerged macrophyte Hydrilla verticillata. Cadmium (Cd) concentrations ranging from 0.01-80 μM affected nitrate reductase activity in a differential way. It had stimulatory effect up to 1.0 μM Cd, while higher concentrations inhibited the enzyme activity significantly. The protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide inhibited Cd-stimulated nitrate reductase activity during in vivo and in vitro assays. However, the effect of Cd on NR activity under in vitro assay was more pronounced. Although low Cd exposures had no effect, higher metal exposures augmented nitrate uptake. This Cd-induced NO3 - uptake did not result in recovery of inhibited enzyme activity in vivo. It appears that nitrate reductase activity is more sensitive to Cd toxicity than the eventual products of nitrate assimilation such as total organic nitrogen and soluble proteins. There was a differential response of chlorophyll levels to Cd; lower concentrations enhanced the pigment level while higher ones reduced it. Cadmium exposure always enhanced the levels of carotenoids. Results showed that nitrate reductase activity could serve as an useful bioassay for Cd contamination using H. verticillata.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004923908436
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    Environmental Exposure to Cadmium and Lead in the Pediatric Age Group (1998)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 105 (1998), S. 661-665 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: cadmium ; environmental contamination ; lead ; serum ; water
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Lead additives in automotive fuel, smog from a nearby industrial center warranted an investigation on cadmium and lead in Manisa, a city of tabacco processing. Hundred and one children were screened in view of lead and cadmium exposure. In 23 children between the ages of 0–2 years the mean (±SEM) serum lead level was 7.15 ± 0.10 μg/dl, in 28 between the ages of 3–6 years was 7.20 ± 0.10 μg/dl and in 50 between the ages of 7–15 years was 7.20 ± 0.10 μg/dl, respectively, with no significant differences. Serum cadmium levels in the same groups of children was 0.066 ± 0.008 ng/ml, 0.078 ± 0.008 ng/ml 0.088 ± 0.006 ng/ml, respectively. The difference in cadmium levels between the age groups of 0–2 years and 7–15 years was significant (p〈0.038). This significant increase in blood cadmium level is also shown by simple linear regression analysis: Cadmium (ng/ml) = 0.049 + 0.005 (age), and p〈0.0001, F Ratio = 50.578, coefficient of correlation = 0.581. Our study revealed that lead is not a serious environmental contaminant for children, yet; however, the increasing trend seen in exposure to cadmium warrants serious consideration and urgant preventive measures.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005068930889
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    Cadmium Uptake by Cowpea and Mungbean as Affected by Cd and P Application (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 112 (1999), S. 163-169 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: cadmium ; dry matter yield ; concentration ; uptake ; Cd XP interaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A green house experiment was conducted to determine the interactive effects of cadmium (0, 2.5, 5, 10, and 20 mg Cd kg-1 soil) and phosphorus (0, 20 and 40 mg P kg-1 soil) on dry matter yield of cowpea and mungbean, and tissue concentration and uptake of cadmium (Cd) and Phosphorus (P). Application of Cd to soil decreased the dry matter yield of both the crops significantly at each level of applied P. Phosphorus application, on the other hand, increased the dry matter yield of both crops significantly at each level of Cd additions to the soil. Cadmium concentration in plant tissue and uptake of Cd by plants increased markedly with the increasing rates of Cd in the soil. The magnitude of increase in tissue Cd concentration, however, was higher in the absence than in the presence of added P. Consequently, the concentration of Cd in plants decreased with increasing levels of P application to the soil. This decrease in tissue Cd concentration with increasing P supply in the soil was mainly attributed to increased dry matter yield of crops. The concentration of P in cowpea and mungbean tissue increased while the uptake of P by these crops decreased markedly with increasing levels of Cd in the soil, irrespective of the rates of P applied.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005065314499
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    Measured Soil Water Concentrations of Cadmium and Zinc in Plant Pots and Estimated Leaching Outflows from Contaminated Soils (1998)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 102 (1998), S. 105-115 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: cadmium ; contaminated soils ; leaching ; soil extracts ; solute species ; zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Soil water concentrations of cadmium and zinc were measured in plant pots with 15 contaminated soils which differed in origin, texture, pH (5.1 – 7.8) and concentrations of cadmium (0.2 – 17 mg Cd kg-1) and zinc (36 – 1300 mg Zn kg-1). The soil waters contained total concentrations of 0.5 to 17 µg Cd L-1 and 9 to 3600 µg Zn L-1, which were dominated by free metal ions as measured by an ion exchange-resin method. Annual leaching outflows were estimated from soil water concentrations to be 0.5 – 17 g Cd ha-1 y-1 and 9 – 3600 g Zn ha-1 y-1 per 100 mm of net percolation, corresponding to 0.1% per year of the total soil content of cadmium and zinc. The measured soil water concentrations of cadmium and zinc did not correlate linearly with the corresponding soil concentrations but correlated fairly well with concentrations measured in Ca(NO3)2 extracts of the soils and with soil water concentrations estimated from soil concentrations and pH. Such concentration estimates may be useful for estimating amounts of cadmium and zinc being leached from soils.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004964200904
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    The Effect of Refure Incinerator Fumes on the Lead and Cadmium Content of Experimentally Exposed Corcicolous Lichens (1998)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 104 (1998), S. 29-40 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: bioaccumulation ; cadmium ; incineration ; lead ; lichens
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Nine corticolous lichens have been used to detect the lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) given off by a municipal solid waste incinerator. This bioindication study involved lichens gathered from unpolluted sites around Grenoble (Isère, France) to three conditions: the first batch was set up down wind of the waste incinerator fumes, the second one was set up in the ambient atmosphere of the plant, and the third was kept in a non polluted place. After one month of exposure, the batches were compared. The lichens from the first and second batches did not show any appreciable thallus change. Pb and Cd concentrations have shown that lichens accumulate heavy metals in variable ways according to the species and to the conditions of pollution.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004965131303
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    Effect of Calcium on the Soil Adsorption of Cadmium and Zinc in Some Spanish Sandy Soils (1998)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 105 (1998), S. 507-520 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: adsorption isotherms ; cadmium ; calcium ; competition ; zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Castellón Plain is a natural area with an extension of 464 km2, situated in Castellón (eastern coast of Spain), with an important number of ceramic industries which generate waste waters containing cadmium and zinc. In this paper, equilibrium adsorption isotherms have been obtained to examine the behaviour of cadmium and zinc in three selected soils of Castellón Plain (Spain) by means of batch experiments. Both metals exhibit non-linear adsorption isotherms with adsorption maximum beyond the dissolved concentration range considered in this study. Statistical analysis showed that data fit slighty better to Freundlich linearization than that of Langmuir. Adsorption coefficients obtained from Freundlich approximation were calculated to evaluate the relative cadmium and zinc distribution between solution and studied soils obtaining coefficients ranging from 5200 to 5900 μg kg-1μg l-1 -n for cadmium and from 3500 to 43200 μg kg-1μg l-1 -n for zinc. The effects of salt concentration and calcium competition for adsorption sites were investigated providing different concentrations of CaCl2 in background solutions. Adsorption capacities of cadmium and zinc in the studied soils decreased when the salt concentration increased. A tenfold increase in calcium concentration reduced the cadmium adsorption capacity approximately by one third whereas the Ca2+ ion does not seem a significant competitor with Zn2+ for adsorption sites in soils with high organic matter content, where precipitation of zinc can be expected.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004919807528
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    Retention of Metals in Agricultural Soils After Amending with MSW and MSW-Biosolids Compost (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 109 (1999), S. 163-178 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: cadmium ; copper ; lead ; MSW-biosolids compost ; MSW compost ; soil ; zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The goal of this study was to measure the As, Cu, Fe, Pb and Zn contents of soils amended with municipal solid waste (MSW) and MSW-biosolids compost and to determine the long-term transport of these metals to lower soil horizons. Lead, Cu, Cd and Zn contents in the composts were 3–20 times more concentrated in the compost compared to the soil at the Calverton, NY, U.S.A. farm. As a result, Pb, Cd, Cu and Zn were elevated in the upper 5 cm soil layer following compost application and the metal enrichment was proportional to the amount of compost applied (21–62 Mg ha-1). In addition, Pb, As and Cu contents of the non-compost amended Calverton soils were enriched above the tillage depth (20–25 cm). Cu, Pb and As enrichment was attributed to the historical use of sodium arsenite, lead arsenate and copper sulfate insecticides and fungicides. Results of the metal analyses of soil cores collected 16 and 52 months following compost application showed that Cu, Zn and Pb remained confined to the upper 5 cm soil layer. The low water extractable fraction of these metals in MSW and MSW-biosolids compost was a major factor limiting the transport of these metals to lower soil horizons. In contrast, Cd leaching from the upper 0–5 and 5–10 cm soil layers was continuous over the 52 month study period and was attributed primarily to the presence of soluble Cd in phosphate fertilizer initially applied to the Calverton farm soil.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005026131978
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    Heavy Metals in Mangrove Sediments of the United ARAB Emirates Shoreline (Arabian Gulf) (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 116 (1999), S. 523-534 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: cadmium ; cobalt ; chromium ; copper ; lead ; manganese ; nickel ; organic carbon ; zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The levels and distributions of eight heavy metals in the sediments of four mangrove areas, namely Abu Dhabi, Umm al-Quwain, Ras al-Khaimah, and Khor Khuwair along the shoreline of the United Arab Emirates (U.A.E.) were investigated. The metal levels, expressed as μg g−1 as well as organic carbon (%) in different mangrove areas were scattered in the ranges: 3.12–6.94 for cadmium (mean 4.82), 5.70–14.0 for cobalt (mean 10.2), 8.28–18.9 for chromium (mean 11.9), 5.31–29.4 for copper (mean 7.21), 28.8–169 for manganese (mean 84.1), 14.8–109 for nickel (mean 36.4), 13.2–49.8 for lead (mean 28.1), 4.59–22.4 for zinc (mean 11.3), and ND-2.13 for organic carbon (mean 0.63%). Significant variations in the levels of these metals were considered due to: 1) organic carbon content; 2) presence of well developed mangrove forests; and 3) anthropogenic inputs such as discarded automobiles, transformers, batteries, tires and spilled crude oil, atmospheric fallout as well as waste-waters disposal. In addition recreational activities cause negative effects. Concentrations of manganese, nickel and lead were significantly higher than the other metals. The high concentrations of Mn and Ni were due to non-anthropogenic sources (the geological nature formations and the presence of high mountains of basic igneous rocks), whereas the high levels of lead were due to inputs from oil spills, discarded solid wastes such as automobiles, batteries and the prior high rate of petrol combustion lead. Significant relationships were observed between several couples of metals in different mangrove regions, as well as between a number of heavy metals and organic carbon, indicating that complexation with organic materials may play an important role in the distribution patterns of these metals. Metals and organic carbon analyses for different grain-size fractions showed higher levels in the finest fraction (〈63 μm) specially for manganese and copper. Except for lead, comparison of metal levels in mangrove sediments with those of the Arabian Gulf indicated that the mangrove sediments along U.A.E. shorelines contained similar concentrations as other Arabian Gulf regions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005139020681
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