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  • Articles  (416)
  • Annual Reviews  (416)
  • American Meteorological Society
  • 1995-1999  (238)
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  • Ethnic Sciences  (416)
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  • 1
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    Electronic Resource
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 24 (1995), S. 47-74 
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
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  • 2
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 24 (1995), S. 141-161 
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    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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  • 3
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 24 (1995), S. 237-256 
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    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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  • 4
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 24 (1995), S. 397-421 
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    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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  • 5
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 24 (1995), S. 495-523 
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    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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  • 6
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 25 (1996), S. 153-178 
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
    Notes: Abstract This review discusses pharmaceuticals as social and cultural phenomena by following their "life cycle" from production, marketing, and prescription to distribution, purchasing, consumption, and finally their efficacy. Each phase has its own particular context, actors, and transactions and is characterized by different sets of values and ideas. The anthropology of pharmaceuticals is relevant to medical anthropology and health policy. It also touches the heart of general anthropology with its long-time interest in the concepts of culture vs nature, symbolization and social transformation, and its more recent concerns with the cultural construction of the body and processes of globalization and localization. The study of transactions and meanings of pharmaceuticals in diverse social settings provides a particularly appropriate empirical base for addressing these new theoretical issues.
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  • 7
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 25 (1996), S. 201-216 
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
    Notes: Abstract This chapter reviews what is presently known about the sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) and examines the role that infant sleeping arrangements may play in reducing SIDS risks. Alongside sleep laboratory-based experimental evidence comparing bedsharing and solitary sleeping mother-infant pairs, an evolutionary and cross-cultural framework is used to argue that infant-parent cosleeping is biologically, psychologically, and socially the most appropriate context for the development of healthy infant sleep physiology. It is also the context within which potentially more optimal breastfeeding activities for both the mother and infant are most likely to emerge. A survey of cross-cultural data and laboratory findings suggest that where infant-parent cosleeping and breastfeeding are practiced in tandem in nonsmoking households, and are practiced by parents specifically to promote infant health, the chances of an infant dying from SIDS should be reduced.
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  • 8
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 25 (1996), S. 303-328 
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
    Notes: Abstract Recent perspectives in anthropological research define a disaster as a process/event involving the combination of a potentially destructive agent(s) from the natural and/or technological environment and a population in a socially and technologically produced condition of vulnerability. From this basic understanding three general topical areas have developed: (a) a behavioral and organizational response approach, (b) a social change approach, and (c) a political economic/environmental approach, focusing on the historical-structural dimensions of vulnerability to hazards, particularly in the developing world. Applied anthropological contributions to disaster management are discussed as well as research on perception and assessment of hazard risk. The article closes with a discussion of potentials in hazard and disaster research for theory building in anthropology, particularly in issues of human-environment relations and sociocultural change.
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  • 9
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 26 (1997), S. 73-85 
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
    Notes: Abstract This review is an overview of the newly developing field of language rights. It distinguishes between (a) historical/descriptive studies where language rights are treated as the resultant variable with no attempt to predict consequences, and (b) exhortatory and ideologically based studies in which language rights are considered a causal variable. An attempt at definitions follows, set within the field of language planning. Principal concerns, such as territoriality versus personality principles and individual versus collective rights, are discussed. The review ends with an argument to consider language rights as emic rights, which is to say culture-language-context-specific rights, rather than to consider linguistic human rights from a universal rights perspective which overstates issues and masks rights to as also being rights against. We need a careful exploration of the nature of language rights and their consequences.
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  • 10
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 26 (1997), S. 211-234 
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
    Notes: Abstract This review addresses issues of governmentality for Mesoamerica's earliest kingdoms. About 3200 years ago the Olmecs instituted stratified society based upon sacred kingship. Supervision of public works projects, the creation and deployment of monumental art, and control of ritual and ideology were the kings' principal means of governance within their kingdoms. Evidence for Olmec governance outside their region is equivocal. Olmecs may have conquered the societies of the Mazatan region, but they interacted with societies in the Mexican Highlands on a less coercive and more equitable basis.
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  • 11
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 26 (1997), S. 385-409 
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
    Notes: Abstract Anthropology has always involved men talking to men about men, yet until fairly recently very few within the discipline had truly examined men as men. This chapter explores how anthropologists understand, utilize, and debate the category of masculinity by reviewing recent examinations of men as engendered and engendering subjects. Beginning with descriptions of four distinct ways in which masculinity is defined and treated in anthropology, special attention is paid to the relations of difference, inequality, and women to the anthropological study of masculinities, including the awkward avoidance of feminist theory on the part of many anthropologists who study manhood. Specific topics discussed include the diverse cultural economies of masculinity, the notion of cultural regions in relation to images of manhood, male friendship, machismo, masculine embodiment, violence, power, and sexual faultlines.
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  • 12
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 26 (1997), S. 487-514 
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
    Notes: Abstract As a strategy of self-representation and a device of power, Europeanization is fundamentally reorganizing territoriality and peoplehood, the two principles of group identification that have shaped modern European order. It is the result of a new level and intensity of integration that has been a reaction to the destruction of this century's first and second world wars and the collapse of the cold-war division of Europe into an East and West. Driven above all by the organizational and administrative power of the European Union (EU), Europeanization is still distinct from the EU. Neither Europeanization nor the EU will replace the nation-state, which, for now, remains a superior form for organizing democratic participation and territoriality. Nonetheless, they will likely force states to yield some questions of sovereignty-above all, military, political, and economic-to the EU or other transnational bodies. Nations are now being brought into new relations with each other, creating new alliances and enmities, and are even recreating themselves. The authors explore five domains of practice where the process of Europeanization might be fruitfully studied: language, money, tourism, sex, and sport. They suggest dealing with the EU as a continental political unit of a novel order and with Europeanization pragmatically as both a vision and a process.
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  • 13
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 27 (1998), S. 63-82 
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
    Notes: Abstract Archaeologists currently studying the African diaspora generally examine three broad issues, in decreasing order of prominence: the material identification of African identity, the archaeology of freedom at maroon sites, and race and racism. While conducting this research, several scholars have learned that many nonarchaeologists are deeply interested in their interpretations. At the present time, the archaeology of the African diaspora is not a truly global pursuit and the New World is overrepresented. This situation should change as archaeologists around the world discover post-Columbian archaeology and take up diasporic investigations.
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  • 14
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 27 (1998), S. 171-195 
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
    Notes: Abstract This essay explores the theme of Wittgenstein as a philosopher of culture. The primary text on which the essay is based is Philosophical Investigations; it treats Stanley Cavell's work as a major guide for the understanding and reception of Wittgenstein into anthropology. Some Wittgensteinian themes explored in the essay are the idea of culture as capability, horizontal and vertical limits to forms of life, concepts of everyday life in the face of skepticism, and the complexity of the inner in relation to questions of belief and pain. While an attempt has been made to relate these ideas to ethnographic descriptions, the emphasis in this essay is on the question of how anthropology may receive Wittgenstein.
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  • 15
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 24 (1995), S. 1-20 
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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  • 16
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 24 (1995), S. 21-45 
    ISSN: 0084-6570
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  • 17
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 24 (1995), S. 119-140 
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  • 18
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 24 (1995), S. 215-235 
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  • 19
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 24 (1995), S. 313-342 
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  • 20
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 24 (1995), S. 423-446 
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  • 21
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 24 (1995), S. 525-546 
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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  • 22
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    Annual Review of Anthropology 25 (1996), S. 1-18 
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
    Notes: In this professional memoir I trace my career and the changes that occurred after World War II in the biological anthropology studies of human populations. I describe my academic training at the University of New Mexico and Harvard University and my research training at the US Climatic Research Laboratory. During my academic career at The Pennsylvania State University, I directed two multidisciplinary research efforts as part of the International Biological Programme and Man in the Biosphere Program. These were the high-altitude studies in Nunoa, Peru, and the migration and modernization studies of Samoan communities. I describe my participation in the development of these international science programs as well as the effects on the discipline of biological anthropology. In conclusion, I reflect on the growth and development of biological anthropology, particularly in human population biology.
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  • 23
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    Annual Review of Anthropology 25 (1996), S. 81-103 
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
    Notes: Abstract The 1990 Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act requires universities, museums, and federal agencies to inventory their archeological collections to prepare for the repatriation of skeletons to their Native American descendants. The loss of these collections will be a detriment to the study of North American osteology, but the inventory and repatriation process has increased the number of skeletons studied from about 30% to nearly 100%. The availability of funds stimulated by this law produced osteological data collection and systematization unprecedented in the history of osteology. The possibility of forming partnerships between Native Americans and osteologists has the potential of producing a vibrant future for North American osteology and the new bioarcheology.
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    Annual Review of Anthropology 25 (1996), S. 179-200 
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
    Notes: Abstract This review discusses changes in Amazonian indigenous anthropology since the synthesis presented in the Handbook of South American Indians. The past few years have seen the emergence of an image of Amazonia characterized by a growing emphasis on the complexity of indigenous social formations and the ecological diversity of the region. This new image of society and nature is taking shape in a theoretical context characterized by the synergistic interaction between structural and historical approaches, by an attempt to go beyond monocausal explanatory models (whether naturalistic or culturalistic) in favor of a dialectical view of the relations between society and nature, and by hopes of a "new synthesis" that could integrate the knowledge accumulated in the fields of human ecology, social anthropology, archeology, and history.
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  • 25
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    Annual Review of Anthropology 25 (1996), S. 253-274 
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    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
    Notes: Abstract Over the past decade anthropologists and epidemiologists have begun to move beyond the "benign neglect" that characterized their prior relationship. Some of the most important collaborations between these disciplines concern themes of culture change and stress, social stratification, and the unpacking of other social and cultural variables. Anthropologists have criticized and expanded epidemiological notions of risk and vulnerability. Multidisciplinary teams of anthropologists and epidemiologists have constructed new measures and used multiple methods to increase the validity of their results. Disputes about classification have also linked the two disciplines. Collaborative projects between anthropologists and epidemiologists are leading to more nuanced and accurate descriptions of human behavior and more appropriate and effective interventions. Epidemiological techniques and ideas are also being used for anthropological ends, because disease often spreads along the framework of social structure. These many forms of collaboration create the foundations of a cultural epidemiology.
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    Annual Review of Anthropology 25 (1996), S. 353-382 
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
    Notes: Abstract This review describes some recent, unexpected findings concerning variation in spatial language across cultures, and places them in the context of the general anthropology of space on the one hand, and theories of spatial cognition in the cognitive sciences on the other. There has been much concern with the symbolism of space in anthropological writings, but little on concepts of space in practical activities. This neglect of everyday spatial notions may be due to unwitting ethnocentrism, the assumption in Western thinking generally that notions of space are universally of a single kind. Recent work shows that systems of spatial reckoning and description can in fact be quite divergent across cultures, linguistic differences correlating with distinct cognitive tendencies. This unexpected cultural variation raises interesting questions concerning the relation between cultural and linguistic concepts and the biological foundations of cognition. It argues for more sophisticated models relating culture and cognition than we currently have available.
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    Annual Review of Anthropology 26 (1997), S. 25-46 
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
    Notes: Abstract This essay explores the continuing relevance of Marx's work in anthropological theory by examining three dimensions of his thought, concentrating on a central text in each: historical materialism (The German Ideology), the analysis of capitalism (Volume 1 of Capital), and political analysis (The Eighteenth Brumaire). Each of these dimensions is related to present-day discussions in anthropological and social theory, but the emphasis remains on an interpretation of Marx's work.
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    Annual Review of Anthropology 26 (1997), S. 109-128 
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
    Notes: Abstract The integration of gesture with speech production is described, and the various ways in which-in conversational settings-gesture functions in relation to spoken discourse are discussed. Cultural differences in gesture use are outlined, and the possible relationship between these differences and language differences, on the one hand, and the microecology of social life, on the other, are considered. Conventionalization in speech-associated gestures and in gestures that can be used without speech is discussed. Various kinds of "gesture systems" and sign languages used in speaking communities (alternate sign languages) are described along with their relationships to spoken language. Fully autonomous sign languages, as developed among the deaf, are briefly considered in regard to how signs and signing may be related to gestures and gesturing.
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    Annual Review of Anthropology 26 (1997), S. 291-312 
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
    Notes: Abstract The linguistic relativity hypothesis, the proposal that the particular language we speak influences the way we think about reality, forms one part of the broader question of how language influences thought. Despite long-standing historical interest in the hypothesis, there is relatively little empirical research directly addressing it. Existing empirical approaches are classified into three types. 1. Structure-centered approaches begin with language differences and ask about their implications for thought. 2. Domain-centered approaches begin with experienced reality and ask how different languages encode it. 3. Behavior-centered approaches begin with some practical concern and seek an explanation in language. These approaches are compared, and recent methodological improvements highlighted. Despite empirical advances, a theoretical account needs to articulate exactly how languages interpret experiences and how those interpretations influence thought. This will entail integrating theory and data concerning both the general relation of language and thought and the shaping influence of specific discursive structures and practices.
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    Annual Review of Anthropology 26 (1997), S. 313-335 
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    Notes: Abstract Many measures in human biology that are studied as immutable traits are actually fluctuating physiological functions that adjust body systems to rapid changes in the environment. This overview discusses what has been learned about the response to the stressors inherent in continuously changing microenvironments in modern Western societies of two related physiological functions: the release of catecholamines and blood pressure. The review shows that many factors that are part of or influence lifestyle-including perception and cognitive state, the nature of the social situation, foods, stimulants and exercise-and external conditions such as temperature, continuously alter catecholamine levels and blood pressure. Because lifestyle stress may be an important selective force in human populations, studies of dynamic functions that react to it, such as catecholamine release and blood pressure, may be important in understanding the ongoing dynamics of human evolution.
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    Annual Review of Anthropology 26 (1997), S. 411-437 
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    Notes: Abstract In the past decade, archaeologists have given considerable attention to research on gender in the human past. In this review, we attempt to acknowledge much of this diverse and abundant work from an explicitly feminist perspective. We focus on reviewing a selection of approaches to gender that are anchored to specific theoretical standpoints. In addition, we highlight several approaches that challenge an archaeology of gender that does not explicitly engage with the implications of this topic for research, practice, and interpretation. From our perspective, we suggest the value of situating gender research within an explicitly feminist framework, and we draw attention to some of the important insights for archaeology from the wider field of feminist critiques of science. Last, we draw attention to the crucial implications for the practice of archaeology.
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    Annual Review of Anthropology 26 (1997), S. 515-540 
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    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
    Notes: Abstract Humans are only one of the species produced by the hominoid evolutionary radiation. Common and pygmy chimpanzees (our closest relatives), gorillas, orangutans, and the lesser apes also belong to this group. In humans, patterns of genetic variation are becoming increasingly better characterized by modern molecular methods. Understanding human variation in an evolutionary context, however, requires comparison of human patterns with those of other hominoids, to reveal features shared among hominoids and those unique to humans. Genetic variation among chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans is beginning to be characterized, so that comparisons are now possible. From genetic data, several different kinds of information can be reconstructed, including the evolutionary relatedness of subspecies and populations, time estimates for evolutionary divergences, past population dynamics, extent of gene flow over geographical landscapes, and group social structure. Knowledge of hominoid genetic variation is also relevant to applied fields such as primate conservation and medicine.
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    Annual Review of Anthropology 26 (1997), S. 591-621 
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    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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    Notes: Abstract This review essay illustrates how changes in the conception of gender define the historical production of feminist ethnography in four distinct periods. In the first period (1880-1920), biological sex was seen to determine social roles, and gender was not seen as separable from sex, though it was beginning to emerge as an analytical category. The second period (1920-1960) marks the separation of sex from gender as sex was increasingly seen as indeterminative of gender roles. In the third period (1960-1980), the distinction between sex and gender was elaborated into the notion of a sex/gender system-the idea that different societies organized brute biological facts into particular gender regimes. By the contemporary period (1980-1996), critiques of "gender essentialism" (the reification of "woman" as a biological or universal category) suggest that the analytical separation between sex and gender is miscast because "sex" is itself a social category.
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    Annual Review of Anthropology 27 (1998), S. xiii 
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    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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    Notes: In this brief account of my childhood introduction to anthropology and the subsequent ways I began acquiring a more intimate and analytical understanding of languages, cultures, societies, and impinging relevant surroundings, I acknowledge my indebtedness to the people and institutions that have facilitated this enduring process and note how informal influences and associations-some from nonanthropological domains-may be of invaluable assistance to the field-oriented ethnologist. First educated in public schools on eastern Long Island, I went for my undergraduate and graduate work to Berkeley and Yale, respectively. Since then, I have been on the anthropology faculties at Columbia (1954-1962) and Yale (1962 to the present). Since World War II, my principal ethnographic, linguistic, and ecological field sites have been on Mindoro (Hanunoo) and Luzon (Ifugao), in the Philippines.
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    Annual Review of Anthropology 27 (1998), S. 83-104 
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    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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    Notes: Abstract The late twentieth century has seen far-reaching changes in the translocal cultural regimes known as world religions. This review examines the politics and meanings of recent changes in three such religions: Christianity, Islam, and Hinduism. It highlights the nature of the forces reshaping religious meanings and authority, the processes promoting conversion and standardization, and the implications of these religious refigurations for our understanding of late modernity itself. Though modernity is multiple and every tradition unique, this review suggests that all contemporary religions confront a similar structural predicament, related to the globalization of mass societies and the porous pluralism of late modernity.
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    Annual Review of Anthropology 27 (1998), S. 153-169 
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    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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    Notes: Abstract This article summarizes recent genetic evidence about the population history of our species. There is a congruence of evidence from different systems showing that the genetic effective size of humans is about 10,000 reproducing adults. We discuss how the magnitude and fluctuation of this number over time is important for evaluating competing hypotheses about the nature of human evolution during the Pleistocene. The differences in estimates of effective size derived from high mutation rate and low mutation rate genetic systems allow us to trace broad-scale changes in population size. The ultimate goal is to produce a comprehensive history of our own gene pool and its spread and differentiation over the world. The genetic evidence should also complement archaeological evidence of our past by revealing aspects of our history that are not readily visible from the archaeological record, such as whether hominid populations in the Pleistocene were different species.
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    Annual Review of Anthropology 27 (1998), S. 247-271 
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    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
    Notes: Abstract We use an expanded framework of multiple epidemiologic transitions to review the issues of re/emerging infection. The first epidemiologic transition was associated with a rise in infectious diseases that accompanied the Neolithic Revolution. The second epidemiologic transition involved the shift from infectious to chronic disease mortality associated with industrialization. The recent resurgence of infectious disease mortality marks a third epidemiologic transition characterized by newly emerging, re- emerging, and antibiotic resistant pathogens in the context of an accelerated globalization of human disease ecologies. These transitions illustrate recurring sociohistorical and ecological themes in human-disease relationships from the Paleolithic Age to the present day.
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    Annual Review of Anthropology 27 (1998), S. 301-328 
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    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
    Notes: Abstract Cultural primatology is hypothesized on the basis of social learning of group-specific behavior by nonhuman primates, especially in nature. Scholars ask different questions in testing this idea: what? (anthropologists), how? (psychologists), and why? (zoologists). Most evidence comes from five genera: Cebus (capuchin monkeys), Macaca (macaque monkeys), Gorilla (gorilla), Pongo (orangutan), and Pan (chimpanzees). Two species especially, Japanese monkey (Macaca fuscata) and chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes), show innovation, dissemination, standardization, durability, diffusion, and tradition in both subsistence and nonsubsistence activities, as revealed by decades of longitudinal study.
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    Annual Review of Anthropology 27 (1998), S. 273-300 
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    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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    Notes: Abstract Genetics has become the major tool of the life sciences. This is driven partly by technology, and partly by the belief that genes are the ultimate units of biomedical or evolutionary information. The search for variation associated with disease has motivated the Human Genome Project to construct a detailed road map of the entire set of human genetic material, and some additional form of globally representative human genome diversity resource has been proposed for the anthropological purposes of reconstructing human population history. Any such resource raises complex societal and ethical issues as well as scientific ones. However, the amount and complexity of genetic variation has frustrated hopes for simple genetic answers to important biomedical or anthropological questions, and a consequent converging of these differing interests suggests that developing a genetic variation resource will be important in many disciplines.
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    Annual Review of Anthropology 27 (1998), S. 329-346 
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    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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    Notes: Abstract Why should archaeologists deal with symbols and how can they do so? This article outlines three major traditions archaeologists have followed in conceptualizing symbols, each with its own preferred topics of study, understanding of power and social relations, and epistemology. These include the processual view of symbols as tokens that represent reality, the structuralist view of symbols as mental girders framing a cultural reality, and the postmodern view of symbols as arbitrary fragments incorporated into phenomenological experience. The primary conclusions are that (a) any serious consideration of ancient society requires us to deal with its symbols; (b) human symbolism is so diverse (it includes cognitive structures; ritual icons; identities such as gender, prestige, and ethnicity; technological knowledge; and political ideologies) that multiple approaches are needed to deal adequately with it; and (c) a major problem in the archaeology of symbols is understanding how varied kinds of symbols relate to each other.
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    Annual Review of Anthropology 27 (1998), S. 347-374 
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    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
    Notes: Abstract Evolutionary ecology of human reproduction is defined as the application of natural selection theory to the study of human reproductive strategies and decision-making in an ecological context. The basic Darwinian assumption is that humans-like all other organisms-are designed to maximize their inclusive fitness within the ecological constraints to which they are exposed. Life history theory, which identifies trade-off problems in reproductive investment, and evolutionary physiology and psychology, which analyzes the adaptive mechanisms regulating reproduction, are two crucial tools of evolutionary reproductive ecology. Advanced empirical insights have been obtained mainly with respect to the ecology of fecundity, fertility, child-care strategies, and differential parental investment. Much less is known about the ecology of nepotism and the postgenerative life span. The following three theoretical aspects, which are not well understood, belong to the desiderata of future improvement in evolutionary human reproductive ecology: (a) the significance of and the interactions between different levels of adaptability (genetic, ontogenetic, and contextual) for the adaptive solution of reproductive problems; (b) the dialectics of constraints and adaptive choices in reproductive decisions; and (c) the dynamics of demographic change.
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    Annual Review of Anthropology 27 (1998), S. 375-399 
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    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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    Notes: Abstract Current methods in skeletal biology have improved significantly our ability to estimate the demographic parameters of extinct populations. Gross morphological and histological age indicators have been developed and tested in a variety of contexts, revealing great variation in the levels of accuracy of age prediction of each indicator. Primary attention is given here to the best-performing hard-tissue indicators of age and to composite methods of recovering the age and sex distribution of a cemetery. It is becoming increasingly apparent that some cemetaries should not be used for demographic reconstruction. Such collections have no bearing on the feasibility of paleodemographic research. Our review concludes with discussions about the role of comparing modern mortality patterns to those of paleodemography, and the issue and impact of departures from stationary demographic conditions during prehistoric times.
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    Annual Review of Anthropology 27 (1998), S. 401-426 
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    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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    Notes: Abstract An emergent focus of linguistic anthropological research is discernible in the investigation of the causes and consequences of contact of local language communities with forces of the wider polities in which they have become incorporated. This focus can be sketched by surveying a number of its component conceptual approaches, such as anthropological linguistics, ethnography of communication, variationist sociolinguistics, and the sociology and politics of languages. Its consideration of language as a total cultural fact is outlined by reference to studies that differentially emphasize language structure, entextualization/contextualization of language, and language ideology.
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    Annual Review of Anthropology 27 (1998), S. 427-449 
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    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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    Notes: Abstract In the last decade, anthropology has faced challenges to its self-definition associated both with new worldly circumstances and scholarly trends inside and outside the discipline. Recent interest in globalization has provoked discussion concerning what anthropology should be about, how it might be done, and what its relationships are to other bodies of literature and knowledge practices. Unsettling questions have been raised about working concepts of culture, ethnography, the field, fieldwork, and comparative analysis. Extending the rethinking of "place" in anthropology begun by Appadurai, I consider the future of "culture areas" as discursive frameworks for organizing disciplinary practices. Some characteristics of anthropological regionalism are located by contrasting them to interdisciplinary area studies, insofar as globalization poses apparently similar challenges to each. Because of its iconic disciplinary status as an exemplar of "real" anthropology, Melanesianist ethnography is given extended consideration as a particularly interesting case.
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    Annual Review of Anthropology 27 (1998), S. 451-472 
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    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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    Notes: Abstract The genealogical classification of languages has been the subject of investigation for more than two centuries, and progress continues to be made in deepening our understanding of language change, both in theoretical terms and in the study of specific language families. In recent years, as in the past, many new proposals of linguistic relationships have been constructed, some promising to various degrees and others clearly untenable. The debate about specific recent proposals is part of the healthy process needed to evaluate proposed relationships, discard those that prove incorrect, and refine those of merit. Rather than evaluating the relative linguistic "distance" between potentially related languages, with temporal distance leading to some point where we cannot distinguish real relationships from chance similarities, we propose a scale of easy to difficult relationships in which temporal distance is only one factor that makes some relationships more recognizable than others.
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    Annual Review of Anthropology 27 (1998), S. 473-502 
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    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
    Notes: Abstract In the past several decades, biological sciences have been revolutionized by their increased understanding of how life works at the molecular level. In what ways, and to what extent, will this scientific revolution affect the human societies within which the science is situated? The legal, ethical, and social implications of research in human genetics have been discussed in depth, particularly in the context of the Human Genome Project and, to a lesser extent, the proposed Human Genome Diversity Project. Both projects could have significant effects on society, the former largely at the level of individuals or families and the latter primarily at the level of ethnic groups or nations. These effects can be grouped in six broad categories: identity, prediction, history, manipulation, ownership and control, and destiny.
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    Annual Review of Anthropology 27 (1998), S. 503-532 
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    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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    Notes: Abstract Since the mid-1980s, there has been an explosion of dance studies as scholars from a variety of disciplines have turned their attention to dance. Anthropologists have played a critical role in this new dance scholarship, contributing comparative analyses, critiquing colonial and ethnocentric categories, and situating studies of dance and movement within broader frameworks of embodiment and the politics of culture. This review highlights ethnographic and historical studies that foreground dance and other structured movement systems in the making of colonial cultures; the constitution of gender, ethnic and national identities; the formation of discourses of exoticization; and the production of social bodies. Several works that employ innovative approaches to the study of dance and movement are explored in detail.
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    Annual Review of Anthropology 28 (1999), S. i 
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    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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    Notes: Figure 1 Figure 1 A broad reflection on some of the major surprises to anthropological theory occasioned by the history, and in a number of instances the tenacity, of indigenous cultures in the twentieth century. We are not leaving the century with the same ideas that got us there. Contrary to the inherited notions of progressive development, whether of the political left or right, the surviving victims of imperial capitalism neither became all alike nor just like us. Contrary to the "despondency theory" of mid-century, the logical and historical precursor of dependency theory, surviving indigenous peoples aim to take cultural responsibility for what has been done to them. Across large parts of northern North America, even hunters and gatherers live, largely by hunting and gathering. The Eskimo are still there, and they are still Eskimo. Around the world the peoples give the lie to received theoretical oppositions between tradition and change, indigenous culture and modernity, townsmen and tribesmen, and other cliches of the received anthropological wisdom. Reports of the death of indigenous cultures-as of the demise of anthropology-have been exaggerated.
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    Annual Review of Anthropology 28 (1999), S. 27-50 
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    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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    Notes: Abstract Ingested nutrients and nonnutrients are presented as determinants in human evolution. The amount and quality of energy, including fat, various foods supply are important criteria in governing selection. Oxidative stress associated with respiration of energy is a factor in the etiology of dietary diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and cancer, and in aging. Evolutionary trends such as gains in brain and body sizes, greater ingestion of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and cholesterol, heating of fatty food, and greater longevity increased oxidative stress while greater reliance on animals foods and less on plants decreased ingestion of exogenous antioxidants. The hypothesis that selection for nonnutrient ingestive behaviors was a compensatory mechanism for increasing antioxidants is presented within the context of a four-factor model on the origins of human medicine.
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    Annual Review of Anthropology 28 (1999), S. 1-25 
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    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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    Notes: Abstract The interaction of nutritional status with political structure in prehistoric New World societies is examined through bioarchaeological analysis. Overall, a general correlation is seen between political complexity and patterns of morbidity among various subsegments of the population. This relationship is strongest among egalitarian societies, in which few differences exist, and state-level societies, in which differences are readily apparent and appear to widen over time. At intermediate levels of political complexity, a less consistent picture emerges; various explanations are considered as to why the dietary differences predicted by the ethnohistorical and archaeological records are not reflected in the osteological record. Also addressed are patterns of differences in access to nutritional resources by gender at the various levels of political organization, as well as patterns of access between rural and urban centers. Future directions of study are suggested.
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    Annual Review of Anthropology 28 (1999), S. 51-71 
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    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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    Notes: Abstract This article reviews some of the major archeological research and resulting current debates that center around the nature of the formation of Islamic society in the Maghreb and the Iberian Peninsula from the seventh century AD through the later Middle Ages. Over the last two decades, archeology has played an increasingly important role in working out the details of how this great cultural transformation occurred and has led to considerable revision of historical interpretations of the medieval period in the western Mediterranean region. On a more general anthropological level, research in both regions presents a remarkable potential to contribute to the literature on the archeology of ethnicity, and to research into the impact of changing religion and ideology on such diverse areas of human activity as household organization, gender relations, settlement location and spatial organization, and ceramic production and distribution.
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    Annual Review of Anthropology 28 (1999), S. 73-108 
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    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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    Notes: Abstract War is a fraught subject. Those who study it often fight about it. This chapter examines the current state of the study of war, described and analyzed by anthropologists and nonanthropologists who employ concepts like culture in writing about the future of war. Warfare seems bound to keep us revisiting certain aspects of the past. At the same time, nothing induces change quite like conflict. Does war have a future? The preponderance of evidence-biological, archeological, ethnological-suggests that it does. But not all anthropologists agree. This in and of itself represents one of a series of gaps that begs further consideration.
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    Annual Review of Anthropology 28 (1999), S. 109-153 
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    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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    Notes: Abstract To better understand both the shared and special features of human growth, this article explores the evolution of growth patterns of mammals in general and primates in particular. Special attention is paid to several competing hypotheses concerning the adaptive value of the juvenile stage to the life history of the social mammals. One hypothesis claims that all social mammals have a juvenile stage of life, but although most primate species are social, not all primates show a juvenile stage of life history. There is also controversy over whether the adolescent growth spurt is a uniquely human feature. On the basis of empirical observations and evolutionary considerations, I conclude that the human adolescent growth spurt in stature and skeletal maturation is species specific, not found in any other primate species. Finally, data and theory are used to advance a philosophy of human growth. An acceptable philosophy must acknowledge the mammalian and primate foundations for the human pattern of growth. But a robust philosophy of human growth must also account for the ecology to which the human species, indeed any species, is adapted. Accordingly, a philosophy of human growth must allow for the evolution of variations on common themes and of new stages of growth that may be unique to the human species.
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    Annual Review of Anthropology 28 (1999), S. 155-174 
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    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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    Notes: Abstract The professionalization of archaeology in the late nineteenth century was linked to the growth of antiquities markets and the development of museums as institutions of education and social reproduction. Professional archaeologists moved into the universities in large numbers after World War II and then increasingly into the private sector after the mid-1970s. In the United States, archaeologists currently confront a highly segmented labor market with significant wage and benefits differentials, and increasing numbers face marginal employment. At the same time, descendant communities and government regulations are transforming the ways by which archaeologists have traditionally conducted their investigations.
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    Annual Review of Anthropology 28 (1999), S. 175-199 
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    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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    Notes: Abstract This paper provides an overview of the main approaches to the discursive analysis of racist utterances. Moreover, we discuss the notions of racism and race historically and from the point of view of different cultures and languages. We restrict ourselves to the discourse analytical concepts and methodologies, which vary greatly, both in theory and in analysis. We present one example and analyze it in detail as an illustration of the linguistic tools that help make hidden and latent meanings transparent.
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    Annual Review of Anthropology 28 (1999), S. 201-224 
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    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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    Notes: Abstract Humans' relationships with animals, increasingly the subject of controversy, have long been of interest to those whose primary aim has been the better understanding of humans' relationships with other humans. Since this topic was last reviewed here, human-animal relationships have undergone considerable reexamination, reflecting key trends in the history of social analysis, including concerns with connections between anthropology and colonialism and with the construction of race, class, and gender identities. There have been many attempts to integrate structuralist or symbolic approaches with those focused on environmental, political, and economic dimensions. Human-animal relationships are now much more likely to be considered in dynamic terms, and consequently, there has been much interdisciplinary exchange between anthropologists and historians. Some research directly engages moral and political concerns about animals, but it is likely that sociocultural research on human-animal relationships will continue to be as much, if not more, about humans.
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    Annual Review of Anthropology 28 (1999), S. 285-310 
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    Notes: Abstract Apocalypticism and millennialism are the dark and light sides of a historical sensibility transfixed by the possibility of imminent catastrophe, cosmic redemption, spiritual transformation, and a new world order. This essay briefly surveys work by anthropologists and like-minded scholars that focuses directly on endtime movements. It then reviews at more length a varied literature focusing on American apocalypticisms and millennialisms. Turning to contemporary America, we survey the ways in which an apocalyptic/millennial sensibility-as a mode of attention, mode of knowing, and voice-has come to inhabit and structure modern American life across a wide range of registers.
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    Annual Review of Anthropology 28 (1999), S. 253-284 
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    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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    Notes: Abstract With the concept of environment as its organizing motif, this review focuses on two general fields of anthropological environmental research: ecological anthropology and the anthropology of environmentalism. Analysis of the complementary political and human ecology research programs is structured around four theoretical and methodological areas: transformations in the ecological paradigm, levels of analysis and articulation, the use of history, and the reemergence of space. Ethnographic analyses of the social forces of environmentalism point to civil society as an emerging and important protagonist with regard to environmental issues, and these social forces are reviewed within the categories of environmental movements, rights, territories, and discourses. A final prospective section looks at contemporary urban, viral, virtual, and warfare environments and postulates that the combination of empirical and political approaches can provide for anthropology an expanded role, one that has strong bioethical implications, in environmental debates and issues.
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    Annual Review of Anthropology 28 (1999), S. 225-252 
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    Notes: Abstract The proposal that linguistic sounds such as phonemes, features, syllables, or tones can be meaningful, or sound-symbolic, contradicts the principles of arbitrariness and double articulation that are axiomatic to structural linguistics. Nevertheless, a considerable body of research that supports principles of sound symbolism has accumulated. This review discusses the most widely attested forms of sound symbolism and the research programs linked to sound symbolism that have influenced linguists and anthropologists most. Numerous reports of magnitude sound symbolism in the form of experimental studies and comparative surveys have been integrated into a biologically based theory of its motivation. Magnitude sound symbolism also catalyzed a number of experimental studies by psychologists and linguists in search of a universal sound-symbolic substrate underlying all languages. Although the search for a sound-symbolic substrate has been abandoned, the success rates of these studies have never been satisfactorily explained. Sound-symbolic processes have had a definitive impact on morphological analyses of phonesthemes and on historical linguists' understandings of diachronic processes. A typologically widespread form of sound symbolism occurs as a kind of lexical class known as the ideophone, which is conspicuously underdeveloped in standard average European languages, and highly perplexing for linguists and anthropologists. Although it has always been a respectable domain of inquiry in ethnopoetics and interpretive ethnography, the case for sound symbolism has of late been argued with renewed vigor on the part of psychological anthropologists and philosophers who see a paradigm shift under way.
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    Annual Review of Anthropology 28 (1999), S. 311-339 
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    Notes: Abstract Primatology in anthropology began with morphological comparisons of primates to reconstruct the evolution of humans. Naturalistic studies started in the mid-twentieth century and contributed to understanding the functions of morphological variations. Today, research in primatology employs the new paradigm of behavioral ecology and sociobiology for analysis and interpretation of variation in behavior and ecology. Grouping and group sizes of primates are explained with reference to effects of predation, defense of resources, and female defense against male infanticide. Primates avoid close consanguineous mating, usually by dispersal of males from the birthplace, though in bonobos and chimpanzees males are philopatric. In many primates, nepotistic relations among females are explained by kin selection operating on the philopatric sex. In chimpanzees, nepotism is clearest among the philopatric males. Sexual dimorphism, dominance hierarchies, intrasexual competition, and particularly infanticide by males are best explained by the action of sexual selection. Comparative studies of primates indicate that the large brains of the genus Homo (enlarged cerebral cortex) evolved after bipedalism and human dental characters and probably depended on high-quality diets. Broad comparative studies have supported the hypothesis that large brains may have evolved in response to complex social environments, but comparisons within the apes only may not support the hypothesis. Although dominant themes of current anthropology are not compatible with the epistemology, theory, or methodology of primate research and interpretation, primate studies fit easily within the future of anthropology as a four-field evolutionary study of the origins of humans and human nature.
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    Annual Review of Anthropology 28 (1999), S. 375-395 
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    Notes: Abstract Issues in the linguistic study of US Latinos are reviewed, with an emphasis on recent work in sociolinguistics. Predominant models of language contact are evaluated, as are factors contributing to variation. Among these factors are (a) the state of changes in progress; (b) the complexity of historical, socioeconomic, and demographic conditions of US Latinos; (c) the community's degree of contact with other ethnic/linguistic groups; (d) language attitudes toward the matrix and embedded languages; (e) the local evaluation and patterns of use of particular variants; and (f) the possibility of autochthonous innovation within the dialect. Questions of US Latino participation in changes beyond those in their immediate communities are addressed. The need to connect linguistic variation with other aspects of semiotic meaning is emphasized.
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    Annual Review of Anthropology 28 (1999), S. 341-373 
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    Notes: Abstract This review describes a paradigmatic shift in anthropological studies of human movement, from an observationist view of behavior to a conception of body movement as dynamically embodied action. After outlining the scope of such study, historical and cultural reasons for the relative neglect of body movement in anthropological enquiry are examined critically and placed in the wider context of recent social and cultural theorizing about the body and the problem of dynamic embodiment. A historical overview situates earlier approaches, such as kinesics and proxemics, in relation to more recent developments in theory and method, such as those offered by semasiology and the concept of the "action sign." Overlapping interests with linguistic and cognitive anthropology are described. The emergence of a holistic "anthropology of human movement" has raised new research questions that require new resources. Theoretical insights have challenged researchers to devise new methods and to adopt or devise new technologies, such as videotape and an adequate transcription system. An example of the latter illustrates the analytic advantages of literacy in the medium.
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    Annual Review of Anthropology 28 (1999), S. 397-430 
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    Notes: Abstract Life history theory offers evolutionary explanations for the timing of life events, with a particular focus on age-schedules of fertility and mortality and growth. Traditional models examine trade-offs between current and future reproduction and quality versus quantity of offspring. These models can be used to understand questions concerning time of gestation, age of weaning, juvenile mortality profiles, age at maturation, adult body size, fertility rates, senescence, menopause, and the length of the life span. The trajectory of energy acquisition and its allocations is also an important part of life history theory. Modifications of these models have been developed to examine the period of learning, postweaning parental investment, and patterns of development. In this article, we combine energetic and demographic approaches in order to examine the human life course from an optimality perspective. The evolved life history solves related problems across two generations. The first set of decisions concerns how to maximize own lifetime net energy production that can be used for reproduction. The second set of decisions concerns how to maximize total offspring energy production (summed over all offspring).
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    Annual Review of Anthropology 28 (1999), S. 431-454 
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    Notes: Abstract Southeast Asia is probably the part of the world most closely associated by anthropologists with an interpretive concept of culture. Yet do such ideas as culture areas or local cultures retain their analytical salience when our attention turns to processes of domination, displacement, and diaspora? This article considers the state of culture theory in the anthropology of Southeast Asia today, focusing on the themes of gender, marginality, violence, and the state. Culture is increasingly viewed as an attribute of the state-an object of state policy, an ideological zone for the exercise of state power, or literally a creation of the state-whereas the state itself is comprehended in ways analogous to totalizing models of culture.
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    Annual Review of Anthropology 28 (1999), S. 509-529 
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    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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    Notes: Abstract Human beings are biologically adapted for culture in ways that other primates are not, as evidenced most clearly by the fact that only human cultural traditions accumulate modifications over historical time (the ratchet effect). The key adaptation is one that enables individuals to understand other individuals as intentional agents like the self. This species-unique form of social cognition emerges in human ontogeny at approximately 1 year of age, as infants begin to engage with other persons in various kinds of joint attentional activities involving gaze following, social referencing, and gestural communication. Young children's joint attentional skills then engender some uniquely powerful forms of cultural learning, enabling the acquisition of language, discourse skills, tool-use practices, and other conventional activities. These novel forms of cultural learning allow human beings to, in effect, pool their cognitive resources both contemporaneously and over historical time in ways that are unique in the animal kingdom.
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    Annual Review of Anthropology 28 (1999), S. 455-478 
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    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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    Notes: Abstract Anthropologies of late modernity (also called postmodernity, postindustrial society, knowledge society, or information society) provide a number of stimulating challenges for all levels of social, cultural, and psychological theory, as well as for ethnographic and other genres of anthropological writing. Three key overlapping arenas of attention are the centrality of science and technology; decolonization, postcolonialism, and the reconstruction of societies after social trauma; and the role of the new electronic and visual media. The most important challenges of contemporary ethnographic practice include more than merely (a) the techniques of multilocale or multisited ethnography for strategically accessing different points in broadly spread processes, (b) the techniques of multivocal or multiaudience-addressed texts for mapping and acknowledging with greater precision the situatedness of knowledge, (c) the reworking of traditional notions of comparative work for a world that is increasingly aware of difference, and (d) acknowledging that anthropological representations are interventions within a stream of representations, mediations, and unequally inflected discourses competing for hegemonic control. Of equal importance are the challenges of juxtaposing, complementing, or supplementing other genres of writing, working with historians, literary theorists, media critics, novelists, investigative or in-depth journalists, writers of insider accounts (e.g. autobiographers, scientists writing for the public), photographers and film makers, and others.
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    Annual Review of Anthropology 28 (1999), S. 479-507 
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    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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    Notes: Abstract This review asks the question: What new avenues of social science enquiry are suggested by new ecological thinking, with its focus on nonequilibrium dynamics, spatial and temporal variation, complexity, and uncertainty? Following a review of the emergence of the "new ecology" and the highlighting of contrasts with earlier "balance of nature" perspectives, work emerging from ecological anthropology, political ecology, environmental and ecological economics, and debates about nature and culture are examined. With some important exceptions, much social science work and associated popular and policy debates remain firmly wedded to a static and equilibrial view. This review turns to three areas where a more dynamic perspective has emerged. Each has the potential to take central elements of new ecological thinking seriously, sometimes with major practical consequences for planning, intervention design, and management. First is the concern with spatial and temporal dynamics developed in detailed and situated analyses of "people in places," using, in particular, historical analysis as a way of explaining environmental change across time and space. Second is the growing understanding of environment as both the product of and the setting for human interactions, which link dynamic structural analyses of environmental processes with an appreciation of human agency in environmental transformation, as part of a "structuration" approach. Third is the appreciation of complexity and uncertainty in social-ecological systems and, with this, the recognition of that prediction, management, and control are unlikely, if not impossible.
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    Annual Review of Anthropology 28 (1999), S. 553-575 
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    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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    Notes: Abstract Studying human behavior in the light of evolutionary theory involves studying the comparative evolutionary history of behaviors (phylogeny), the psychological machinery that generates them (mechanisms), and the adaptive value of that machinery in past reproductive competition (natural selection). To show the value of a phylogenetic perspective, I consider the ethology of emotional expression and the cladistics of primate social systems. For psychological mechanisms, I review evidence for a pan-human set of conceptual building blocks, including innate concepts of things, space, and time, of number, of logic, of natural history, and of "other minds" and social life, which can be combined to generate a vast array of culture-specific concepts. For natural selection, I discuss the sexual selection of sex differences and similarities, and the social selection of moral sentiments and group psychology.
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    Annual Review of Anthropology 28 (1999), S. 531-552 
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    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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    Notes: Abstract Optimality theory was introduced in the early 1990s as an alternative model of the organization of natural human language sound systems. This article provides an introduction to the model for the nonlinguist. The basic principles of optimality theory are introduced and explained (GEN, CON, and EVAL). Three important constraint families are explored (Faithfulness, Alignment, and Markedness). Illustrations are provided involving syllabification and vowel harmony in Tibetan and prosodic phonotactics in Tonkawa. The article closes with two general discussions. The first addresses recurring issues in phonological and linguistic analysis and sketches how optimality theory might account for these. The second points out how the explanations arrived at through optimality theory are providing new answers to familiar questions, as well as raising new questions for study.
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    Annual Review of Anthropology 28 (1999), S. 577-598 
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    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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    Notes: Abstract As an artifact of imperial culture, Africanist anthropology is historically associated with the colonization of Africa in ways that undermine the subdiscipline's claims of neutrality and objectivity. A critical literature on the ideological and discursive inventions of Africa by the West challenges the very possibility of Africanist anthropology, to which a variety of responses have emerged. These range from historical reexaminations of imperial discourses, colonial interactions, and fieldwork in Africa, including dialogical engagements with the very production of ethnographic texts, to a more dialectical anthropology of colonial spectacle and culture as it was coproduced and reciprocally determined in imperial centers and peripheries. Understood philologically, as an imperial palimpsest in ethnographic writing, the colonial legacy in Africanist ethnography can never be negated, but must be acknowledged under the sign of its erasure.
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    Annual Review of Anthropology 8 (1979), S. 393-415 
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    Annual Review of Anthropology 8 (1979), S. 579-598 
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    Annual Review of Anthropology 24 (1995), S. 343-372 
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    Annual Review of Anthropology 24 (1995), S. 447-470 
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    Annual Review of Anthropology 24 (1995), S. 547-565 
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    Annual Review of Anthropology 25 (1996), S. 63-79 
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    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
    Notes: Abstract Archaeologists are in the midst of restructuring their relationship with Native Americans. The legal, political, social, and intellectual ramifications of this process are reviewed to examine the fundamental changes occurring in the way archaeology is conducted in the Americas. Much of the impetus for this change resulted from the criticism of archaeology by Native Americans, which led to passage of the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act of 1990 (NAGPRA). NAGPRA has indelibly changed how archaeologists will work in the United States. The issues raised by Native Americans about why and how archaeological research is conducted, however, go beyond NAGPRA to the paradigmatic basis of archaeology. Archaeologists will have new opportunities available to them if they work in partnership with Native Americans in studying the rich archaeological record in the Americas.
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    Annual Review of Anthropology 25 (1996), S. 45-61 
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    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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    Notes: Abstract The household has emerged as a focus of archaeological inquiry over the past decade. This review summarizes issues raised by economic and feminist anthropologists about the meaning of the terms household and domestic and then considers research on household archaeology, craft specialization, and gender relevant to the study of the organization of domestic labor. It is argued that the common functional definition of the household as an adaptive mechanism reacting to environmental and social conditions underconceptualizes the household and renders its study unlikely to contribute to our understanding of economic and social processes in past societies. Studies of craft specialization and women's economic production that emphasize what members of the domestic group do and how that action is valued are more successful in demonstrating the dynamic interaction between household and society.
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    Annual Review of Anthropology 26 (1997), S. 185-210 
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    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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    Notes: Abstract Fossils pose special problems for making phylogenetic and functional inferences about evolution. One reason is that bones have numerous functions and grow through a variety of processes, some of which are under strong genetic control, but many of which are highly influenced by external stimuli. Analyses of the angular kinetics, cross-sectional geometries, and microstructural properties of bones reveal information not only about the forces generated by habitual activities but also about osteogenic responses to such forces. Consequently, comparisons of osseous characters are at best an indirect and frequently misleading source of systematic information. By integrating functional and phylogenetic studies of the skeleton with analyses of how bones develop, we may find a useful solution to these problems.
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    Annual Review of Anthropology 26 (1997), S. 129-161 
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    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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    Notes: Abstract Between 100 BCE and 200 CE, the city of Teotihuacan grew rapidly, most of the Basin of Mexico population was relocated in the city, immense civic-religious structures were built, and symbolic and material evidence shows the early importance of war. Rulers were probably able and powerful. Subsequently the city did not grow, and government may have become more collective, with significant constraints on rulers' powers. A state religion centered on war and fertility deities presumably served elite interests, but civic consciousness may also have been encouraged. A female goddess was important but probably not as pervasive as has been suggested. Political control probably did not extend beyond central Mexico, except perhaps for some outposts, and the scale and significance of commerce are unclear. Teotihuacan's prestige, however, spread widely in Mesoamerica, manifested especially in symbols of sacred war, used for their own ends by local elites.
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    Annual Review of Anthropology 26 (1997), S. 163-183 
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    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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    Notes: Abstract The study of colonialism erases the boundaries between anthropology and history or literary studies, and between the postcolonial present and the colonial past. From the standpoint of anthropology, it is also reflexive, addressing the colonial use and formation of ethnography and its supporting practices of travel. Since the 1960s, the study of colonialism has increasingly presented a view of colonialism as struggle and negotiation, analyzing how the dichotomous representations that Westerners use for colonial rule are the outcome of much more murky and complex practical interactions. By thus treating Western governmentality as emergent and particular, it is rewriting our histories of the present.
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    Annual Review of Anthropology 26 (1997), S. 235-261 
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    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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    Notes: Abstract Pastoralist societies face more threats to their way of life now than at any previous time. Population growth; loss of herding lands to private farms, ranches, game parks, and urban areas; increased commoditization of the livestock economy; out-migration by poor pastoralists; and periodic dislocations brought about by drought, famine, and civil war are increasing in pastoralist regions of the world. Mongolia and China, however, have seen a revitalization of pastoral production with decollectivization. This review examines problems of pastoral governance and development including the "tragedy of the commons" debate, threats to common property rights, the effects of commercial ranching on pastoral economies, decollectivization in the former socialist countries, and the current state of development policies of Western donor countries. Case examples from the Maasai and Barabaig of East Africa and pastoralists of Mongolia and China illustrate these changes.
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    Annual Review of Anthropology 27 (1998), S. 129-151 
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    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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    Notes: Abstract African influence in a nation must be examined within the framework of the nation's formation of diversity, ethno-racial paradigm, and particular history. Based on the paradigmatic cases of Brazil and the United States, I contend here that racial attitudes and the position and role of African traditions in a nation are interrelated. Discerning racial conceptions, perceptions, and patterns of discrimination in a nation provides us with strong clues about the place and role assigned to the African presence in that context. Racisms may not differ much in intensity, but they do in the cognitive operations they imply, because they are grounded in encoded ethnic knowledge accumulated through specific historical experiences.
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    Annual Review of Anthropology 27 (1998), S. 223-246 
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    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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    Notes: Abstract Nationalism requires the elaboration of a real or invented remote past. This review considers how archaeological data are manipulated for nationalist purposes, and it discusses the development of archaeology during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries and the relationship of archaeology to nation-building, particularly in Europe. Contrastive conceptions of nationality and ethnicity are presented, and it is argued that adoption of modern constructivist perspectives is incompatible with attempting to identify ethnic/national groups solely on the basis of archaeological evidence. The political uses of archaeology are also reviewed for the construction of national identities in immigrant and postcolonial states. The problematic nature of nationalistic interpretations of the archaeological record is discussed, and the essay concludes with a consideration of the professional and ethical responsibilities of archaeologists confronted with such interpretations.
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    Annual Review of Anthropology 8 (1979), S. 161-205 
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    Annual Review of Anthropology 8 (1979), S. 231-266 
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    Annual Review of Anthropology 8 (1979), S. 309-331 
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    Annual Review of Anthropology 8 (1979), S. 353-371 
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    Annual Review of Anthropology 8 (1979), S. 431-443 
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    Annual Review of Anthropology 4 (1975), S. 1-26 
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    Annual Review of Anthropology 4 (1975), S. 27-58 
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    Annual Review of Anthropology 4 (1975), S. 59-73 
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    Annual Review of Anthropology 4 (1975), S. 75-94 
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    Annual Review of Anthropology 4 (1975), S. 95-119 
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    Annual Review of Anthropology 4 (1975), S. 121-144 
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    Annual Review of Anthropology 4 (1975), S. 145-161 
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    Annual Review of Anthropology 4 (1975), S. 163-181 
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    Annual Review of Anthropology 4 (1975), S. 183-206 
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    Annual Review of Anthropology 4 (1975), S. 207-224 
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    Annual Review of Anthropology 4 (1975), S. 225-245 
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    Annual Review of Anthropology 4 (1975), S. 247-270 
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