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  • Articles  (79)
  • agriculture  (41)
  • cadmium  (38)
  • 1995-1999  (61)
  • 1990-1994  (18)
  • Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering  (79)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interactions of bacteria with cadmium (1992)
    Springer
    Biodegradation 3 (1992), S. 161-170 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9729
    Keywords: bioremediation ; cadmium ; heavy metals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Cadmium pollution arises mainly from contamination of minerals used in agriculture and from industrial processes. The usual situation is of large volumes of soil and water that are contaminated with low — but significant — concentrations of cadmium. Therefore, detoxification of the polluted water and soil involves the concentration of the metal, or binding it in a way that makes it biologically inert. Cadmium is one of the more toxic metals, that is also carcinogenic and teratogenic. Its effects are short term, even acute (diseases like Itai-itai), or long term. The long term effects are intensified due to the fact that cadmium accumulates in the body. This paper describes a study involving several hundred cadmium-resistant bacterial isolates. These bacteria could be divided into three groups—the largest group consisted of bacteria resistant to cadmium by effluxing it from the cells. The bacteria of the other two groups were capable of binding cadmium or of detoxifying it. We concentrated on one strain that could bind cadmium very efficiently, depending on the bacterial biomass and on the pH. This strain could effectively remove cadmium from contaminated water and soil.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00129081
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Research implications of the 1988 Canadian prairie provinces drought (1992)
    Springer
    Natural hazards 6 (1992), S. 109-129 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0840
    Keywords: Drought ; agriculture ; hydrology ; monitoring ; research
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The 1988 drought conditions, which prevailed over the southern portion of the Canadian prairie provinces, resulted in severe impacts on agriculture, water resources, forestry, and waterfowl production. In this paper, the climatological aspects of the drought are reviewed and the impacts of the drought are described. In addition, a number of the environmental factors that may have aggravated the drought's impacts are discussed. Processes contributing to the 1988 drought are considered in terms of their scales, relative importance and possible effects. It was evident from the information needs of government agencies and private businesses which had to cope with the effects of the 1988 drought, that studies are needed to effectively monitor drought and adjust to its impacts. In this paper, these needs are discussed; several specific hypotheses concerning drought-related processes are advanced and a framework for addressing the scientific aspects of droughts on the Canadian prairies is proposed. It is anticipated that many of these identified research needs and opportunities are applicable to other drought-prone areas of the world.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00124619
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Factor biases and promoting sustainable development: Adaptation to drought in the Senegal River Basin (1996)
    Springer
    Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change 1 (1996), S. 139-165 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1596
    Keywords: Adaptation ; agriculture ; agroforestry ; climate change ; drought ; ecological degradation ; factor bias ; Senegal ; sustainability ; social relations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Abstract The ongoing drought in the Sahel region of West Africa highlights the vulnerability of food-producing systems to climate change and variability. Adaptation to climate should therefore increase the sustainability of agriculture under a long-term drought. Progress towards sustainability and adaptation in the the Senegal River Basin is hampered by an existing set of social and ecological relationships that define the control over the means of production and how people interact with their environment. These relationships are sensitive to the technological inputs and the administration of food production, or the factor bias in the different policy alternatives for rural development. One option is based on state-controlled, irrigated plantations to provide rice (Oryza) for the capital, Dakar. This policy emphasizes a top-down management approach, mechanized agriculture and a reliance on external inputs which strengthens the relationships introduced during the colonial period. A time series decomposition of the annual flow in the Senegal River at Bakel in Senegal suggests that water resources availability has been substantially curtailed since 1960, and a review of the water resources budget or availability in the basin suggests that this policy's food production system is not sustainable under the current climate of the basin. Under these conditions, this program is exacerbating existing problems of landscape degradation and desertification, which increases rural poverty. A natural resource management policy offers two adaptation strategies that favour decentralized management and a reduction of external inputs. The first alternative, “Les Perimetres Irrigués”, emphasizes village-scale irrigation, low water consumption cereal crops and traditional socio-political structures. The second alternative emphasizes farm-level irrigation and agro-forestry projects to redress the primary effects of desertification. The water requirements of both the rice import substitution program and the natural resource management program are calculated. A water resources simulation model/optimization analysis using dynamic programming is used to compare these two alternatives to the rice import substitution programs. Results indicate that the natural resource management policy could potentially bring a large area into production while using far less water than the rice import substitution program. The natural resource management policy, in particular the second alternative with its emphasis on individual ownership and ecological rehabiliation, defines a different set of social and ecological relationships that appear to enhance the sustainability of food production under a long-term drought.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00455057
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Adapting to Climate Change in Africa (1997)
    Springer
    Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change 2 (1997), S. 19-44 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1596
    Keywords: adaptation ; Africa ; agriculture ; climate change ; vulnerability ; water
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Abstract The intersection of present vulnerability and the prospect of climate change in Africa warrants proactive action now to reduce the risk of large-scale, adverse impacts. The process of planning adaptive strategies requires a systematic evaluation of priorities and constraints, and the involvement of stakeholders. An overview of climate change in Africa and case studies of impacts for agriculture and water underlie discussion of a typology of adaptive responses that may be most effective for different stakeholders. The most effective strategies are likely to be to reduce present vulnerability and to enhance a broad spectrum of capacity in responding to environmental, resource and economic perturbations. In some cases, such as design of water systems, an added risk factor should be considered.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:MITI.0000004663.31074.64
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Adapting to climate change in Africa (1997)
    Springer
    Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change 2 (1997), S. 19-44 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1596
    Keywords: adaptation ; Africa ; agriculture ; climate change ; vulnerability ; water
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Abstract The intersection of present vulnerability and the prospect of climate change in Africa warrants proactive action now to reduce the risk of large-scale, adverse impacts. The process of planning adaptive strategies requires a systematic evaluation of priorities and constraints, and the involvement of stakeholders. An overview of climate change in Africa and case studies of impacts for agriculture and water underlie discussion of a typology of adaptive responses that may be most effective for different stakeholders. The most effective strategies are likely to be to reduce present vulnerability and to enhance a broad spectrum of capacity in responding to environmental, resource and economic perturbations. In some cases, such as design of water systems, an added risk factor should be considered.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02437055
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Soil sensitivity due to acid and heavy metal deposition in East Central Europe (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 737-742 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: acid deposition ; heavy metals ; cadmium ; soil contamination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Simultaneous soil acidification and deposition of heavy metals is a major concern for forest and agricultural soils of the Black Triangle region of East Central Europe including southern former East Germany, northern Bohemia of the Czech Republic, and southern Poland. The objective of this project was to develop historical and future projections of acid and heavy metal deposition to soils (As, Cd, Pb, Zn) and to produce a preliminary map of soil sensitivity to cadmium pollution and uptake by crops. Ultimately, we wish to assess the relative hazard and recovery times of soils to metals deposition in the region. Emission and deposition data bases obtained from several models developed at IIASA were linked using the Geographical Information System ARC/INFO to produce soil maps of sensitivity to cadmium mobility based on metals deposition, soil type, soil texture, organic matter content, and acid deposition. RAINS 6.1 (Alcamo et al., 1990) was utilized to produce maps of acid deposition for EMEP grids (150 km x 150 km). The largest amount of acid load is deposited in southern East Germany. Sulfur deposition in that area was 10–12 gS/m2/yr in 1990, and S+N deposition exceeded 8000 eq/ha/yr. But the “hot spot” for metals deposition is further to the east, in the Silesia area of southern Poland. The TRACE2 trajectory model of Alcamo, Bartnicki, and Olendrzynski (1992) was used to estimate cumulative metals deposition since 1955 with scenarios to 2010. Pb has improved over Europe since 1970 when depositions in the Ruhr River Valley of West Germany exceeded 60 mg/m2/yr. But cadmium deposition in southern Poland (Katowice and Krakow) has now accumulated to 60–70 mg/m2 by atmospheric deposition alone. During base case simulations from 1955–87, approximately 1.8 mg/kg Pb and 0.12 mg/kg Cd have been added to the mixed plow-layer of ∼30 cm. If these emissions continue indefinitely, the accumulation of metals will become problematic for agriculture and the food chain.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00476917
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Desorption-complexation-dissolution characteristics of adsorbed cadmium from kaolin by chelators (1996)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 86 (1996), S. 35-50 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Kaolin ; cadmium ; nta ; edta ; egta ; dcyta ; zeta potential ; desorption
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract In order to provide a sound experimental background for the remediation of metal-contaminated soil by chelators, the desorption/complexation/dissolution characteristics of Cd from kaolin as a representative soil component by four chelators (NTA, EDTA, EGTA and DCyTA) have been investigated as a function of solution pH. For all chelating agents under examination, the ratio of Cd (desorbed from kaolin) to chelator was found to be 1:1. The chelation/dissolution of Cd was strongly dependent on the solution pH for NTA and EDTA. In the NTA system, 100% Cd dissolution occurred only at a pH = 8 and pH 〈 3.2; under weakly acidic conditions only 45% of the Cd on kaolin was dissolved due to readsorption of CdNTA- complex on kaolin. At a pH ≥ 10, Cd dissolution decreased, due to Cd hydroxide precipitation. Only 85% of the total Cd on kaolin desorbed under weakly acidic conditions in the EDTA system, indicating metal complex readsorption similar to that found in the Cd-NTA system. Zeta potential measurements showed that the surface charge of Cd-loaded kaolin became more negative after addition of EDTA and NTA with a shift in the pH at the point of zero charge to a lower value. As compared to the EDTA and NTA systems, DCyTA and EGTA complexed strongly with Cd (100% Cd dissolution) over a wide pH range (2.5–12.0). The zeta potential of kaolin did not change and no Cd readsorption was found after addition of EGTA and DCyTA. The capacity of the four chelators for removing Cd from kaolin was found to be in the order DCyTA 〉 EGTA 〉 EDTA 〉 NTA.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00279144
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Accumulation of cadmium, chromium, and zinc by the mossSphagnum papillosum Lindle (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 93 (1997), S. 321-330 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: moss ; cadmium ; chromium ; zinc ; bioindicators ; contamination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract In a series of laboratory experiments employing radiotracer methodology, the uptake of Cd, Cr, and Zn bySphagnum papillosum Lindle moss from solutions of deionized water and bog water was investigated. Bioaccumulation of the metals was a passive process, since living and dead moss accumulated metal equally. No significant differences were found in metal uptake rates from single metal solutions and mixed metal solutions, suggesting insignificant competition between the metals occurred at the low concentration range used (10−10 to 10−7 M). Metal uptake conformed with Freundlich adsorption isotherms. Concentration factors of metals inSphagnum papillosum in bog water (103 for Cd and Zn, 102 for Cr) were lower than in deionized water (104 for Cd and Zn, 103 for Cr), possibly due to metal complexation by dissolved organic matter, competition by other major cations present in the bog water (Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+) or complexation by chlorides in the bog water. While earlier studies have demonstrated the potential of using sphagnum mosses for monitoring environmental metal contamination, these experiments are the first to assess metal uptake in moss using low, environmentally realistic metal concentrations. The results confirm that mosses would be very effective bioindicators of environmental metal concentrations because the concentration of metal in the moss rapidly and directly reflects the metal concentrations in the ambient water.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02404764
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Use of enrichment, and contamination factors together with geoaccumulation indexes to evaluate the content of Cd, Cu, and Ni in the Rybnik water reservoir in Poland (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 93 (1997), S. 347-365 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: reservoir of heated water ; contamination ; cadmium ; copper ; nickel ; sediment ; water ; enrichment factor ; geoaccumulation index ; contamination factor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract In this paper, the contamination degree of the Rybnik Reservoir with cadmium, copper and nickel was analyzed. Quality of the water from the reservoir was determined by drawing comparisons between the metal content in the water and both the officially permitted levels (contamination factor) and levels of metals occurring in the water of non-contaminated areas (enrichment factor). Contamination of bottom sediment with chosen metals was analyzed with reference to the metal content in mudstone (geoaccumulation index, enrichment factor, contamination factor). Trends towards changing the metal content in the bottom sediment was analyzed by determining the enrichment factor of the surface layer of the bottom sediments in relation to a deeper layer. Enrichment of the bottom sediments with metals coming from the water was also determined.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02404766
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Quantifying the influence of the cultivated plant species on the occurrence of carabid beetles within certain species using contingency table analysis (1997)
    Springer
    Environmental and ecological statistics 4 (1997), S. 321-336 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3009
    Keywords: agriculture ; ecology ; Carabidae ; contingency tables ; partial association
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The influence of the cultivated plant stand, subject to the timing of sampling, on the occurrence of selected carabid species is investigated for three years running. Due to the nominal character of the factors (cultivar, timing, carabid species and year) we used log-linear models of four dimensional contingency tables under certain hypotheses of independence. A coefficient of contingency is calculated for characterizing the partial association between two factors respectively. The difference in G 2 's between two nested models is used to test if there are differences between the three years concerning the strength of partial association between the number of beetles in the selected species and the cultivar or the sampling time respectively.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018543000013
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Combined effects of cadmium and linear alkyl benzene sulfonate on Lemna minor L. (1994)
    Springer
    Ecotoxicology 3 (1994), S. 59-67 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3017
    Keywords: cadmium ; detergents ; duckweed ; glycine-metabolism ; toxicity ; water pollution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: The effects of 0.1 ppm cadmium and 0.005% linear alkyl benzene sulfonates (LAS) on the uptake and metabolic incorporation of 14C glycine by Lemna minor L., after 2, 24 and 48 h were studied for antagonistic/synergistic effects. Combined exposure was found to decrease the 14C incorporation into proteins, DNA, RNA and phospholipids, to a greater extent than individual exposure. The presence of LAS increased the uptake of 109Cd in the plants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00121388
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chronic toxicity of cadmium in Pteris vittata, a roadside fern (1994)
    Springer
    Ecotoxicology 3 (1994), S. 235-247 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3017
    Keywords: cadmium ; fern ; uptake ; morphology ; ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: The effect of Cd at concentrations of 0.1, 1.0, 2.5, 5.0 and 10.0 ppm on Pteris vittata, a commonly occurring roadside fern was studied during the entire life cycle from spore germination to spore production. Light, fluorescence, scanning and transmission electron microscopy were used to study the structural changes due to Cd. With increasing Cd concentrations the following changes were observed: inhibition of first and second generation spores, abnormal development of protonema, disintegration of thylakoid organization, delayed formation of reproductive elements and abnormal sporangia. As the Cd content of the plants increased with increasing concentration in the medium, biomass-specific concentrations of chlorophyll and carotenoids decreased. The gametophytic phase was more sensitive than the sporophytic stage to Cd. The differences noticed during the three stages of development could be useful as markers for Cd contamination in the environment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00117990
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sublethal effects of cadmium on arm regeneration in the burrowing brittlestar, Microphiopholis gracillima (1996)
    Springer
    Ecotoxicology 5 (1996), S. 115-133 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3017
    Keywords: sediment toxicity ; cadmium ; ophiuroidea ; regeneration ; sublethal effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: To assess the sublethal effects of sediment-bound cadmium on arm regeneration of Microphiopholis gracillima, a burrowing brittlestar, experiments were conducted to quantify the tissue and morphology of regenerating arms, the uptake of cadmium in various tissues and the effect M. gracillima had on the cadmium pools in muddy sediments. Regenerated arms of cadmium-exposed M. gracillima are thinner, with proportionally less soft and skeletal tissue and a greater number of developing ossicles than animals held in sediment without cadmium. Microphiopholis gracillima decreased pore water cadmium concentrations in muddy sediments. Uptake of cadmium in tissues dominated by the calcium carbonate endoskeleton was proportional to the measured sediment cadmium concentration, while concentrations in whole regenerating arms were more closely related to the pore water concentration. Both calcium and cadmium are accumulated in the early stages of arm regeneration with an apparent interaction which interferes with ossicle construction. Sediment-bound cadmium has a negative effect on the organism's recovery from sublethal tissue loss and, ultimately, its long-term survival.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00119050
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  • 14
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    Ethical issues concerning potential global climate change on food production (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of agricultural and environmental ethics 5 (1992), S. 113-146 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-322X
    Keywords: climate change ; food ; agriculture ; ethics ; technologies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract Burning fossil fuel in the North American continent contributes more to the CO2 global warming problem than in any other continent. The resulting climate changes are expected to alter food production. The overall changes in temperature, moisture, carbon dioxide, insect pests, plant pathogens, and weeds associated with global warming are projected to reduce food production in North America. However, in Africa, the projected slight rise in rainfall is encouraging, especially since Africa already suffers from severe shortages of rainfall. For all regions, a reduction in fossil fuel burning is vital. Adoption of sound ecological resource management, especially soil and water conservation and the prevention of deforestation, is important. Together, these steps will benefit agriculture, the environment, farmers, and society as a whole.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01966356
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  • 15
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    Environmental and social implications of waste in U.S. agriculture and food sectors (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of agricultural and environmental ethics 3 (1990), S. 5-20 
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    ISSN: 1573-322X
    Keywords: agriculture ; waste ; environment ; economic ; social ; costs ; erosion ; pesticides ; water
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract Because the agriculture/food sectors appear to be driven by short-term economic and political forces, cheap energy, and agricultural-chemical technologies, waste and environmental/social problems in the agricultural/food sectors are estimated to cost the nation at least $150 billion per year. Most of the waste and environmental/social problems can be eliminated through better resource management policies and the adoption of sustainable agricultural practices.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02014477
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  • 16
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    Journalists' views of advertiser pressures on agricultural news (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of agricultural and environmental ethics 7 (1994), S. 157-172 
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    ISSN: 1573-322X
    Keywords: press ; agriculture ; ethics ; newspapers ; farm magazines
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract All major journalism ethical codes explicitly state that journalists should protect editorial copy from undue influence by outside sources. However, much of the previous research on agricultural information has concentrated on what information various media communicate (gatekeeping studies) or communication's role in increasing innovation adoption (diffusion studies). Few studies have concentrated specifically on organizational and structural constraints that might adversely affect agricultural journalists' ethical standards; those that have, focus largely on farm magazines. A study of newspaper reporters who cover agricultural news found that the most pressing ethical concern is the effect of advertiser (agri-business) pressure on editorial copy, and that their concerns in general parallel those of farm magazine writers and editors. The majority reported being in situations in which they might be exposed to advertiser pressure, including pressures to change or withhold editorial copy. Large minorities suggested that advertising pressures affect the overall environment in which agricultural journalists work, and more than one in ten said they allow advertiser pressures to influence editorial decisions. The newspaper reporters who cover agricultural beats showed slightly more resistance to advertiser pressure than did farm magazine editors in a parallel study.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02349035
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  • 17
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    Towards a sustainable and efficient use of manure in agriculture: The Dutch case (1991)
    Springer
    Environmental and resource economics 1 (1991), S. 313-332 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1502
    Keywords: Manure problem ; nutrient policy ; nutrient surplus ; regulatory levy ; sustainability ; agriculture ; intensive livestock sector ; acidification ; groundwater pollution ; eutrophication
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Rapid increases in livestock production in the Netherlands have changed manure from a valuable input into a mere waste product. This is especially true for the southern and eastern parts of the country, where specialized pig and poultry farms have concentrated on sandy soils. As these farms generally own very little land, they largely depend on imported feedstuffs. As a consequence, manure is applied to the land in such large quantities that serious environmental problems have resulted: (1) eutrophication of surface water by phosphate emissions; (2) pollution of groundwater by nitrate emissions; and (3) acidification by ammonia emissions. In the last few years the Dutch government has developed a manure policy to counteract these effects. Our analysis of that policy has revealed at least three fundamental defects, which render the manure policy ineffective and inefficient. In this paper proposals are made to remove the defects in current manure policy. Much attention is paid to the problem of designing a mixture of policy instruments which is both effective as well as efficient in limiting the environmental problems caused by manure. It is shown that the use of financial incentives in regulation can substantially improve the efficiency of the manure policy. Finally, the main economic consequences of the proposed policy are examined for the public sector as well as for the agricultural sector.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00367923
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  • 18
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    Abatement of agricultural pollution and economic incentives: The case of intensive livestock farming in France (1993)
    Springer
    Environmental and resource economics 3 (1993), S. 285-296 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1502
    Keywords: Pollution control ; nitrogen taxation ; agriculture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Amongst possible economic incentives to encourage reduced nitrate contamination of water, this paper emphasizes a nitrogen tax as a possible solution. This finding is based on models estimated from panel data for 100 intensive livestock farms. For each farm a threshold is established (nitrogen units which can be spread per hectare without damage) above which there is an excess of nitrogen. The 100 farms can consequently be classified into two subsamples. The demand for nitrogen is derived for each sub-sample using the dual approach. Both categories are pooled together and a tobit model is estimated. This is used to derive total nitogen demand if all farms were under the threshold. A mineral nitrogen tax would lead to a reduced nitrate concentration in water supplies, because of a more efficient use of organic nitrogen together with a reduction in the use of mineral nitrogen in crop production.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00313163
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  • 19
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    An evaluation of adaptation options for climate change impacts on agriculture in Kazakhstan (1999)
    Springer
    Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change 4 (1999), S. 25-41 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1596
    Keywords: adaptation ; agriculture ; climate change ; Kazakhstan
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Abstract Agriculture in Kazakhstan is sensitive to climate, and wheat yields could be reduced up to 70% under climate change. With the transition from a socialist economy to a free market economy, decisions are being made now that will affect Kazakhstan's ability to cope with climate change. A team of Kazakh and American researchers examined the cost-effectiveness and barriers to implementations of adaptation options for climate change. Twelve adaptation options that increase flexibility to respond to climate change were identified using a screening matrix. Four options, forecasting pest outbreaks, developing regional centers for preserving genetic diversity of seeds, supporting a transition to a free market, and reducing soil erosion through the use of changed farming practices, were examined. The Adaptation Decision Matrix (ADM) was then applied to estimate benefits using expert judgment (using an arbitrary numerical scale, not monetary values) and benefits estimates were compared to costs to determine cost-effectiveness. The ADM uses subjective measures of how well adaptation options meet policy objectives. Controlling soil erosion was estimated to have the highest benefits, but the high costs of implementation appears to make it relatively cost-ineffective. Supporting a transition to a free market was ranked as the most cost-effective measure, with regional centers second. However, use of different scales to quantify benefits or different weights can result in regional centers being more cost-effective than the transition to a free market. Regional centers was also judged to have fewer barriers to implementation than a transition to a free market. These results will be incorporated in Kazakhstan's National Action Plan. The ADM and other tools are relatively easy to apply, but are quite subjective and difficult to evaluate. The tools can be quite useful by decision makers to analyze advantages and disadvantages between different adaptation options, but should be supplemented with additional, particularly quantitative analysis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009626526883
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    Electronic Resource
    Scale, context, and decision making in agricultural adaptation to climate variability and change (1999)
    Springer
    Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change 4 (1999), S. 137-165 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1596
    Keywords: adaptation ; agriculture ; climate change ; decision-making ; variability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Abstract This work presents a framework for viewing agricultural adaptation, emphasizing the multiple spatial and temporal scales on which individuals and institutions process information on changes in their environment. The framework is offered as a means to gain perspective on the role of climate variability and change in agricultural adaptation, and developed for a case study of Australian agriculture. To study adaptation issues at the scale of individual farms we developed a simple modelling framework. The model highlights the decision making element of adaptation in light of uncertainty, and underscores the importance of decision information related to climate variability. Model results show that the assumption of perfect information for farmers systematically overpredicts adaptive performance. The results also suggest that farmers who make tactical planting decisions on the basis of historical climate information are outperformed by those who use even moderately successful seasonal forecast information. Analysis at continental scales highlights the prominent role of the decline in economic operating conditions on Australian agriculture. Examples from segments of the agricultural industry in Australia are given to illustrate the importance of appropriate scale attribution in adapting to environmental changes. In particular, adaptations oriented toward short time scale changes in the farming environment (droughts, market fluctuations) can be limited in their efficacy by constraints imposed by broad changes in the soil/water base and economic environment occuring over longer time scales. The case study also makes the point that adaptation must be defined in reference to some goal, which is ultimately a social and political exercise. Overall, this study highlights the importance of allowing more complexity (limited information, risk aversion, cross-scale interactions, mis-attribution of cause and effect, background context, identification of goals) in representing adaptation processes in climate change studies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009636607038
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    Factor Biases and Promoting Sustainable Development: Adaptation to Drought in the Senegal River Basin (1996)
    Springer
    Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change 1 (1996), S. 139-165 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1596
    Keywords: Adaptation ; agriculture ; agroforestry ; climate change ; drought ; ecological degradation ; factor bias ; Senegal ; sustainability ; social relations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Abstract The ongoing drought in the Sahel region of West Africa highlights the vulnerability of food-producing systems to climate change and variability. Adaptation to climate should therefore increase the sustainability of agriculture under a long-term drought. Progress towards sustainability and adaptation in the the Senegal River Basin is hampered by an existing set of social and ecological relationships that define the control over the means of production and how people interact with their environment. These relationships are sensitive to the technological inputs and the administration of food production, or the factor bias in the different policy alternatives for rural development. One option is based on state-controlled, irrigated plantations to provide rice (Oryza) for the capital, Dakar. This policy emphasizes a top-down management approach, mechanized agriculture and a reliance on external inputs which strengthens the relationships introduced during the colonial period. A time series decomposition of the annual flow in the Senegal River at Bakel in Senegal suggests that water resources availability has been substantially curtailed since 1960, and a review of the water resources budget or availability in the basin suggests that this policy's food production system is not sustainable under the current climate of the basin. Under these conditions, this program is exacerbating existing problems of landscape degradation and desertification, which increases rural poverty. A natural resource management policy offers two adaptation strategies that favour decentralized management and a reduction of external inputs. The first alternative, “Les Perimetres Irrigués”, emphasizes village-scale irrigation, low water consumption cereal crops and traditional socio-political structures. The second alternative emphasizes farm-level irrigation and agro-forestry projects to redress the primary effects of desertification. The water requirements of both the rice import substitution program and the natural resource management program are calculated. A water resources simulation model/optimization analysis using dynamic programming is used to compare these two alternatives to the rice import substitution programs. Results indicate that the natural resource management policy could potentially bring a large area into production while using far less water than the rice import substitution program. The natural resource management policy, in particular the second alternative with its emphasis on individual ownership and ecological rehabiliation, defines a different set of social and ecological relationships that appear to enhance the sustainability of food production under a long-term drought.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:MITI.0000027382.26287.8c
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    Impacts of Global Climate Change on Mediterranean Agrigulture: Current Methodologies and Future Directions. An Introductory Essay (1997)
    Springer
    Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change 1 (1997), S. 219-232 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1596
    Keywords: climate change ; mediterranean region ; agriculture ; cereal production ; impact assessment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Abstract Current trends in Mediterranean agriculture reveal differences between the Northern and Southern Mediterranean countries as related to population growth, land and water use, and food supply and demand. The changes in temperature and precipitation predicted by general circulation models for the Mediterranean region will affect water availability and resource management, critically shaping the patterns of future crop production. Three companion papers analyze in detail future impacts of predicted climate change on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and maize (Zea mays L.) production in Spain, Greece, and Egypt, and test farm- level adaptation strategies such as early planting and cultivar change with the aid of dynamic crop models. Strategies to improve the assessment of the potential effects of future climate change on agricultural production are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:MITI.0000018269.58736.82
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    Modelling Crop-Climate Interactions in Spain: Vulnerability and Adaptation of Different Agricultural Systems to Climate Change (1997)
    Springer
    Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change 1 (1997), S. 273-288 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1596
    Keywords: climate change ; vulnerability ; adaptation ; agriculture ; Spain ; wheat ; maize
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Abstract This study evaluates the theoretical impact of climate change on yields and water use of two crops with different responses to increased CO2 and which represent contrasting agricultural systems in Spain. In all cases the simulated effects of a CO2-induced climate change depended on the counteracting effects between higher daily ET rates, shortening of crop growth duration and changes in precipitation patterns as well as the simulated effects of CO2 on the water use efficiency of the crops. For summer irrigated crops such as maize, the yield reductions and the exacerbated problems of irrigation water availability simulated with climate change may force the crop out of production in some regions. For winter dryland crops such as wheat, productivity increased significantly in some regions, suggesting a northward shift of area suitable for wheat production in future climates. The study considered strategies for improving the efficiency of water use based on the optimization of crop management decisions in a CO2-driven warmer climate.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:MITI.0000018139.42373.f1
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    Impact of Climate Change on Possible Scenarios for Egyptian Agriculture in the Future (1997)
    Springer
    Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change 1 (1997), S. 233-250 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1596
    Keywords: climate change ; vulnerability ; adaptation ; agriculture ; Egypt
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Abstract If no timely measures are taken to adapt Egyptian agriculture to possible climate warming, the effects may be negative and serious. Egypt appears to be particularly vulnerable to climate change because of its dependence on the Nile River as the primary water source, its large traditional agricultural base, and its long coastline, already undergoing both intensifying development and erosion. A simulation study characterized potential yield and water use efficiency decreases on two reference crops in the main agricultural regions with possible future climatic variation, even when the beneficial effects of increased CO2 were taken into account. On-farm adaptation techniques which imply no additional cost to the agricultural system, did not compensate for the yield losses with the warmer climate or improve the crop water-use efficiency. Economic adjustments such as the improvement of the overall water-use efficiency of the agricultural system, soil drainage and conservation, land management, and crop alternatives are essential. If appropriate measures are taken, negative effects of climate change in agricultural production and other major resource sectors (water and land) may be lessened.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:MITI.0000018270.16497.39
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
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    Impacts of global climate change on Mediterranean agrigulture: Current methodologies and future directions (1997)
    Springer
    Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change 1 (1997), S. 219-232 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1596
    Keywords: climate change ; mediterranean region ; agriculture ; cereal production ; impact assessment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Abstract Current trends in Mediterranean agriculture reveal differences between the Northern and Southern Mediterranean countries as related to population growth, land and water use, and food supply and demand. The changes in temperature and precipitation predicted by general circulation models for the Mediterranean region will affect water availability and resource management, critically shaping the patterns of future crop production. Three companion papers analyze in detail future impacts of predicted climate change on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and maize (Zea mays L.) production in Spain, Greece, and Egypt, and test farm- level adaptation strategies such as early planting and cultivar change with the aid of dynamic crop models. Strategies to improve the assessment of the potential effects of future climate change on agricultural production are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00517804
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    Impact of climate change on possible scenarios for Egyptian agriculture in the future (1997)
    Springer
    Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change 1 (1997), S. 233-250 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1596
    Keywords: climate change ; vulnerability ; adaption ; agriculture ; Egypt
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Abstract If no timely measures are taken to adapt Egyptian agriculture to possible climate warming, the effects may be negative and serious. Egypt appears to be particularly vulnerable to climate change because of its dependence on the Nile River as the primary water source, its large traditional agricultural base, and its long coastline, already undergoing both intensifying development and erosion. A simulation study characterized potential yield and water use efficiency decreases on two reference crops in the main agricultural regions with possible future climatic variation, even when the beneficial effects of increased CO2 were taken into account. On-farm adaptation techniques which imply no additional cost to the agricultural system, did not compensate for the yield losses with the warmer climate or improve the crop water-use efficiency. Economic adjustments such as the improvement of the overall water-use efficiency of the agricultural system, soil drainage and conservation, land management, and crop alternatives are essential. If appropriate measures are taken, negative effects of climate change in agricultural production and other major resource sectors (water and land) may be lessened.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00517805
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    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Modelling crop-climate interactions in Spain: Vulnerability and adaptation of different agricultural systems to climate change (1997)
    Springer
    Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change 1 (1997), S. 273-288 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1596
    Keywords: climate change ; vulnerability ; adaptation ; agriculture ; Spain ; wheat ; maize
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Abstract This study evaluates the theoretical impact of climate change on yields and water use of two crops with different responses to increased CO2 and which represent contrasting agricultural systems in Spain. In all cases the simulated effects of a CO2-induced climate change depended on the counteracting effects between higher daily ET rates, shortening of crop growth duration and changes in precipitation patterns as well as the simulated effects of CO2 on the water use efficiency of the crops. For summer irrigated crops such as maize, the yield reductions and the exacerbated problems of irrigation water availability simulated with climate change may force the crop out of production in some regions. For winter dryland crops such as wheat, productivity increased significantly in some regions, suggesting a northward shift of area suitable for wheat production in future climates. The study considered strategies for improving the efficiency of water use based on the optimization of crop management decisions in a CO2-driven warmer climate.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00517807
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    Reconsidering the green revolution: Diversity and stability in cradle areas of crop domestication (1992)
    Springer
    Human ecology 20 (1992), S. 145-167 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: agriculture ; development ; diversity ; stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract This paper reconsiders two widely held hypotheses about the effects of the green revolution, that it led to biological simplification and instability. The hypothesis of biological simplification (genetic erosion) is tested with evidence from Andean agriculture, where farmers maintain a significant degree of crop diversity even as they adopt modern crop varieties. The hypothesis of increased instability is tested with evidence from Asia where wheat and rice yields show no general pattern of increased instability. Neither of these hypotheses is confirmed. The conventional wisdom about the green revolution should be reconsidered with emphasis on resilience and variation in modernizing farming systems.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00889077
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    “Predatory Sedentism”: Intimidation and Intensification in the Nigerian Savanna (1997)
    Springer
    Human ecology 25 (1997), S. 223-242 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: agriculture ; population ; settlement ; land tenure ; conflict ; Nigeria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract While many studies have explored how agriculture changes when population density rises, this paper examines actions farmers may take to control whether population density rises. Using information from ethnographic fieldwork, colonial archives, and air photography, two agricultural groups migrating into an agricultural frontier in the Nigerian savanna are compared. Population density in Kofyar communities has risen to over 100/km 2 ; Tiv communities, although older, have maintained population densities of around 50/km 2 , in part through intimidation of encroachers. This use of intimidation is a component of a distinctive adaptive strategy that includes settlement stability, high population mobility tied to witchcraft accusations, relatively extensive cultivation allowing considerable off-time, and reliance on social networks to facilitate residential mobility and land access. Population pressure must be seen as an integral part of this adaptive strategy, rather than as cause or consequence.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1021974122578
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    Tapirs, Tractors, and Tapes: The Changing Economy and Ecology of the Xavánte Indians of Central Brazil (1997)
    Springer
    Human ecology 25 (1997), S. 545-566 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: South American Indians ; Brazil ; Amazonia ; development ; human ecology ; land use ; Xavánte ; agriculture ; land use ; nutrition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract This paper explores the process of change in a Brazilian indigenous community, relating it to historical, economical, and political forces at the regional and national levels, as well as to environmental variables. In the light of current fieldwork, we examine the predictions of a model constructed 20 years ago based on fieldwork in this and three other Indian communities of Central Brazil by Daniel Gross and collaborators. This model ascribed involvement in the market economy of small-scale communities primarily to land circumscription and resulting environmental degradation, increasing the labor cost of subsistence food production. We find that in the case of the Xavánte community entry into the market was more the result of a top-down government plan to implement mechanized rice production on Xavánte reservations. With the collapse of the project the Xavánte have, on the one hand, returned to a more “traditional” economy based on hunting, gathering, and swidden agriculture and, on the other hand, are innovating by marketing their cultural image through connections with national and international environmentalist organizations.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1021881823603
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    Threats to sustainability in African agriculture: Searching for appropriate paradigms (1995)
    Springer
    Human ecology 23 (1995), S. 291-334 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: agriculture ; sustainability ; Africa ; crop pests ; crop diseases
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract This paper attempts to identify the main threats to and sources of sustainability in African agricultural systems by examining cases of unsustainability and resilience at various levels. Current concepts of sustainable agriculture are based mainly on the experiences and norms of western industrial nations and may not be appropriate to sub-Saharan Africa and other developing regions. The things we want to sustain comprise a hierarchy of attributes, components, and systems at increasing scales, and it is important to examine the dynamics of sustainability at each significant level as well as the impacts of events at one level on others. Cases of crop declines and of collapses of larger systems indicate that extreme perturbations, both biophysical and social, are more important as causes of unsustainability than suggested in the literature, while the significance of resource degradation or of overuse of technological inputs have been overemphasized. Survey data from Kenya and Nigeria show that the main causes of crop disappearances have been major disease or pest outbreaks, followed by changes in crop preferences. Fertility and land use stresses have been only a tertiary factor. Sources of resilience that have buffered households and larger systems from the impacts of these range from farmers' strategies of crop and income diversification and searches for resistant cultivars to interventions by national and international bodies. Numerous population and large-scale system collapses have also occurred over the past century in Africa, almost all caused by extreme social and/or biophysical perturbations. There is no evidence that land degradation or land use pressure has played a significant role in these. Increased land use pressure has led to the disappearance or alteration of many prior practices, though farmers have generally adapted to these. Resource management systems have also declined due to outmigration as regions undergo a transition from remote and relatively closed systems to more open systems. These may call for a greater rather than lower use of modern technology to enhance the income earning potential of agricultural production.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01190135
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    Ecological dimensions of Appalachian agricultural diversity, 1880–1910 (1990)
    Springer
    Human ecology 18 (1990), S. 105-130 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: agriculture ; forest farming ; social history ; Appalachia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract This research uses aggregate statistical sources to describe agricultural diversity in a 31 county area of Appalachian Kentucky over the period 1880–1910. In particular, it considers the distribution and duration of forest farming in this region. It examines the causes of agricultural diversity by testing a series of hypotheses conceptually based in ecological theory. For 1880, counties differed in the degree to which they had the characteristics expected for forest farming. This variation was geographically patterned. While there was still geographical variation in county agricultural characteristics in 1910, sufficient change had occurred so that none of the counties continued to closely conform to the pattern expected for forest farming. Variation and change in county agricultural characteristics were found to be related to population density and growth, soil quality, the presence of railroads, and the development of commercial coal mining.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00889074
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    Land use change in the Amazon estuary: Patterns of caboclo settlement and landscape management (1994)
    Springer
    Human ecology 22 (1994), S. 249-278 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: land use ; land cover ; Amazon ; estuary ; flooded forest ; aÇai ; palms ; agriculture ; pastures ; swidden ; slash-and-burn agriculture ; succession ; remote sensing ; GIS
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract Landsat TM scenes for 1985 and 1991 are used to produce a georeferenced map of land cover and land use for an area of the Amazon estuary inhabited by three populations of caboclos with distinct patterns of land use. This information is combined in a geographic information system with ethnographic and survey research carried out over the past 5 years to develop representative spectral “signatures” which permit measurement and differentiation of land uses and the detection of change even between small areas of managed floodplain forest and unmanaged forest, and between three distinct age/growth classes of secondary succession following deforestation. Implementation of these procedures permit the scaling up or down of research at different resolutions. Three distinct patterns of land use are examined with differential impact on the environment. Mechanized agriculture at one site has eliminated virtually all the mature upland forest and is now dominated by secondary successional vegetation. The more traditional system of diversified land use at the next site shows a subtle cycling of flooded forest to managed palm forest through time in response to the price of palm fruit and cycling in the use of fallow land. A third site, based on palm fruit extractivism, shows minimal changes in land cover due to persistent specialization on management of flooded forest extraction. There is little evidence that the community with the greatest impact on forest cover is any better off economically than the two communities which have minimal impact on the landscape. This study suggests how a balance between use and conservation in Amazonia may be achieved in floodplain and estuarine areas, and the effectiveness of monitoring these types of land cover from satellite platforms.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02168853
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    Reducing the contribution of ammonia to nitrogen deposition across Europe (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 1891-1896 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: emissions ; nitrogen ; ammonia ; agriculture ; integrated assessment modelling ; abatement strategies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract European emissions of reduced nitrogen, arising principally from agriculture, are comparable with those of oxidised nitrogen from mobile and stationary combustion sources. It is therefore important to include ammonia emissions in working towards a new protocol on nitrogen under the programme of the UN Economic Commission for Europe on the control of transboundary air pollution. However the nature of the sources and the subsequent atmospheric transport and chemistry are very different from other acidifying pollutants. This paper describes work in hand under the MARACCAS project to compare agricultural activities in different European countries and to assess the applicability and efficacy of potential abatement measures. The aim is to derive abatement costs for each country relating successive emission reductions to the costs of achieving them, to be used by the UN ECE Task Force on Integrated Assessment Modelling (TFIAM) — in particular with our Abatement Strategies Assessment Model, ASAM. The paper will also address the large uncertainties involved in integrated assessment modelling with respect to ammonia, and suggest how these may be allowed for in deriving cost-effective abatement strategies.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01186110
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    The effect of cadmium on the transformation of ferrihydrite into crystalline products at pH 8 (1996)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 91 (1996), S. 307-325 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: ferrihydrite ; cadmium ; transformation ; crystallization ; wastewater solids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Ferrihydrite, prepared in the presence of 0 to 20 mole % Cd in the solution, was used to study the transformation of ferrihydrite into crystalline products. The result showed that the presence of Cd strongly retards the transformation of ferrihydrite into crystalline products, suppressing the formation of goethite and leading to a product which eventually consists entirely of hematite at pH 8 and at 70 °C. The fraction of hematite in the transformation products increased with increasing level of Cd in the system. When 9 mole % Cd was present, the transformation product consisted entirely of hematite. The chemical analysis and XRD data showed that Cd was incorporated into the lattice of iron oxides, Cd-hematite and Cd-goethite being formed. The mole % Cd which replaced iron in the iron oxides increased with increasing level of Cd in the system below 9 mole % Cd. Above this value, but below 20 mole % the mole % of Cd incorporated in the lattice of iron oxides was constant at about 2.9 mole %. The volume of the unit cell of Cd-goethite increased with increasing level of Cd in the system until the goethite production was entirely suppressed. The volume of the unit cell of Cd-hematite also increased with increasing level of Cd, below 9 mole % of Cd in the system. Above this value, it was constant. Scanning electron microscopic examination showed that the presence of Cd affected the morphology of hematite more than that of goethite. The goethite grew from ferrihydrite as acicular crystals independent of the amount of Cd in the system. The shape of hematite particles varied from irregular platelets with lower Cd level, to ellipsoids, with higher Cd level in the system, and it also suggested that Cd prevented the formation of goethite by hindering the dissolution of ferrihydrite rather than by interfering with nucleation and growth of goethite from solution. The rate of transformation was studied at pH 8, 50 °C and 70 °C. The transformations were first order reactions at both temperatures.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00666266
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    Vulnerability of rice and corn to climate change in the Philippines (1996)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 92 (1996), S. 41-51 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Philippines ; agriculture ; rice ; corn ; CCCM ; CERES-Corn ; CERES-Rice ; GFDL ; GISS ; UKMO
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The potential impact of climate change on rice and corn crops in the Philippines was assessed using preliminary results from four general circulation models and the Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer. The results showed both increases and decreases in the yield of two rice varieties. The results for corn showed a consistent decrease in yield. The decrease in crop yield may be due to a shorter maturity period and an increase in potential evapotranspiration as a result of increased daytime and nighttime temperatures, which are critical to dry matter production. Rainfall in tropical areas such as the Philippines is generally high, and so a decrease in rainfall of only 10% may not affect the water supply significantly, but an increase of the same magnitude may affect crop production tremendously because of frequent occurrences of floods. One potential negative impact not included in this analysis is the effects of strong winds due to typhoons.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00175551
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    Climate change vulnerability and adaptation in Asia and the Pacific: Workshop summary (1996)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 92 (1996), S. 1-12 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Asia ; Pacific island nations ; adaptation ; agriculture ; forest ; coastal resources ; water resources ; sea level rise ; national action plans
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The Regional Workshop on Climate Change Vulnerability and Adaptation Assessment in Asia and the Pacific metto present and discuss assessments of vulnerability and adaptation to climate change in agriculture, forests, coastal resources, and water resources. Discussions were held in breakout and plenary sessions about the state of the science for vulnerability and adaptation assessment, conclusions that can be drawn about the vulnerability of the region to climate change, and where future research efforts should be directed. The workshop concluded that sea level rise is of greatest concern to island and coastal nations in the region, climate change will have a significant effect on agriculture, water resources are sensitive to changes in average climate conditions and to tropical monsoons and cyclones, and forests could be significantly affected by climate change. The workshop recommended that efforts to improve general circulation models continue and that countries in the region cooperate on the analyses of vulnerability and addressing adaptation measures. The workshop also concluded that results of vulnerability and adaptation assessments should be presented to policy makers and the public and that assessments continue to be undertaken to improve our understanding of the issue.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00175548
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    Effects of interannual climate variability and climate change on rice yield in Java, Indonesia (1996)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 92 (1996), S. 29-39 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Indonesia ; Java ; agriculture ; rice ; drought ; El Nino ; GFDL ; GISS ; UKMO
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract About 60% of the nearly 40 x 106 t of rice produced in Indonesia are from the island of Java. However, the rice self-sufficiency that has been attained and maintained since 1984 could be threatened by changing climate, and has been affected by the climate variability effects of the El Nino/Southern Oscillation phenomenon. To aid policy makers and planners in formulating strategic policy options, the effects of recurring droughts and possible climate change on rice yields were studied using climate and crop models. Three models were used to simulate climate change: those of the Goddard Institute for Space Studies, Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, and the United Kingdom Meteorological Office. Several climate scenarios were generated for Ngawi, in East Java, and Sukamandi, in West Java. These models indicate that doubling greenhouse gases would increase solar radiation by 1.2–2.1%, minimum and maximum temperatures by 7.6–16.8°C, and precipitation by 20.5–91.7%. The Goddard Institute for Space Studies transient climate change scenarios indicate that maximum and minimum temperatures would increase by 3.5 and 4.9%, respectively, in 2010, 6.9 and 9.8%, respectively, in 2030, and 11.1 and 15.7%, respectively, in 2050. The rainfall Agrotechnology Transfer crop model slightly under-predicts lowland rice yields of several experimental plots in three sites in Java and one site in Sumatra, but the results are almost equal to or a little higher than farm level yields. Nevertheless, the simulation outputs and experimental plots yields are closely related with a coefficient of determination value of 87%. Changes in climate in the decades of 2010, 2030, and 2050 could drastically reduce rice yield: the rice yield is estimated to decrease by about 1 % annually in East Java and less in West Java. Currently, the rice yields in dry
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    Use of Enrichment, and Contamination Factors Together with Geoaccumulation Indexes to Evaluate the Content of Cd, Cu, and Ni in the Rybnik Water Reservoir in Poland (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 93 (1997), S. 347-365 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: reservoir of heated water ; contamination ; cadmium ; copper ; nickel ; sediment ; water ; enrichment factor ; geoaccumulation index ; contamination factor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract In this paper, the contamination degree of the Rybnik Reservoir with cadmium, copper andnickel was analyzed. Quality of the water from the reservoir was determined by drawingcomparisons between the metal content in the water and both the officially permitted levels(contamination factor) and levels of metals occurring in the water of non-contaminated areas(enrichment factor). Contamination of bottom sediment with chosen metals was analyzed withreference to the metal content in mudstone (geoaccumulation index, enrichment factor,contamination factor). Trends towards changing the metal content in the bottom sediment wasanalyzed by determining the enrichment factor of the surface layer of the bottom sediments inrelation to a deeper layer. Enrichment of the bottom sediments with metals coming from the waterwas also determined.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022121615949
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    Accumulation of Cadmium, Chromium, and Zinc by the Moss Sphagnum Papillosum Lindle (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 93 (1997), S. 321-330 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: moss ; cadmium ; chromium ; zinc ; bioindicators ; contamination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract In a series of laboratory experiments employing radiotracer methodology, the uptake of Cd,Cr, and Zn by Sphagnum papillosum Lindle moss from solutions of deionized water and bogwater was investigated. Bioaccumulation of the metals was a passive process, since living anddead moss accumulated metal equally. No significant differences were found in metal uptake ratesfrom single metal solutions and mixed metal solutions, suggesting insignificant competitionbetween the metals occurred at the low concentration range used (10-10 to 10-7 M). Metaluptake conformed with Freundlich adsorption isotherms. Concentration factors of metals inSphagnum papillosum in bog water (103 for Cd and Zn, 102 for Cr) were lower than in deionizedwater (104 for Cd and Zn, 103 for Cr), possibly due to metal complexation by dissolved organicmatter, competition by other major cations present in the bog water (Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+) orcomplexation by chlorides in the bog water. While earlier studies have demonstrated the potentialof using sphagnum mosses for monitoring environmental metal contamination, these experimentsare the first to assess metal uptake in moss using low, environmentally realistic metalconcentrations. The results confirm that mosses would be very effective bioindicators ofenvironmental metal concentrations because the concentration of metal in the moss rapidly anddirectly reflects the metal concentrations in the ambient water.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022117515040
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    INCREASED CADMIUM AVAILABILITY TO CROPS ON A SEWAGE-SLUDGE AMENDED SOIL (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 94 (1997), S. 361-372 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: heavy metals ; contamination ; mobilization ; cadmium ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Analysis of spatial distribution of sewage-sludge born cadmium on the experimental plot revealed positive correlation of total cadmium and organic matter. Soil pH fluctuated randomly on the field. ‘Bioavailable’ concentrations, as determined by NH4-acetate extraction, were closely correlated to the total cadmium levels, and only negligible effects of pH and/or organic matter fluctuations were recorded. Desorption model using modified Freundlich isotherm was applied to predict risks of cadmium solubilization at different conditions. Simulations revealed that the organic matter content within the ranges found at the experimental field cannot support a proper immobilization of cadmium at pH-range observed at the field. The phenomenon was explained by ineffective care for the soil in the past.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026407720823
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    CADMIUM MOBILISATION UNDER CONDITIONS SIMULATING ANAEROBIC TO AEROBIC TRANSITION IN A LANDFILL LEACHATE-POLLUTED AQUIFER (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 94 (1997), S. 385-392 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: landfill ; leachate ; cadmium ; aquifer ; redox
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The anaerobic conditions in landfill leachate-polluted aquifers can lead to trapping of many heavy metals as sulfide precipitates. In laboratory experiments with aqueous systems containing sulfidic solid phases (aquifer solids from a landfill leachate plume or amorphous FeS), cadmium previously trapped as a sulfide precipitate was released to the aqueous phase when conditions were changed from initially slightly anaerobic to aerobic. Cadmium was subsequently removed from solution either by adsorption on Fe oxyhydroxide phases or by precipitation as a carbonate mineral, groundwater pH being the major controlling variable.
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    Increased cadmium availability to crops on a sewage-sludge amended soil (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 94 (1997), S. 361-372 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: heavy metals ; contamination ; mobilization ; cadmium ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Analysis of spatial distribution of sewage-sludge born cadmium on the experimental plot revealed positive correlation of total cadmium and organic matter. Soil pH fluctuated randomly on the field. ‘Bioavailable’ concentrations, as determined by NH4-acetate extraction, were closely correlated to the total cadmium levels, and only negligible effects of pH and/or organic matter fluctuations were recorded. Desorption model using modified Freundlich isotherm was applied to predict risks of cadmium solubilization at different conditions. Simulations revealed that the organic matter content within the ranges found at the experimental field cannot support a proper immobilization of cadmium at pH-range observed at the field. The phenomenon was explained by ineffective care for the soil in the past.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02406068
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    Zinc, among a ‘cocktail’ of metal pollutants, is responsible for the absence of the terrestrial isopod Porcellio scaber from the vicinity of a primary smelting works (1994)
    Springer
    Ecotoxicology 3 (1994), S. 68-78 
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    ISSN: 1573-3017
    Keywords: cadmium ; copper ; isopods ; lead ; Porcellio scaber ; zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Porcellio scaber Latreille (Crustacea: Isopoda) of one month in age were reared for a year on leaf litter of field maple (Acer campestre) contaminated in the laboratory with a range of concentrations of cadmium, copper, lead or zinc. The metals were applied topically to the leaves as nitrates. Growth and survival, numbers of live offspring produced by females that matured, and concentrations of metals in adult isopods at the end of the experiment were measured. ‘Critical concentrations’ of metals in food at which all the isopods died before producing offspring were 100 μg Cd g−1, 100 μg Cu g−1, 2000 μg Pb g−1 and 1000 μg Zn g−1 (on a dry weight basis). The relative toxicities of the four metals in the laboratory were compared with concentrations of cadmium, copper, lead and zinc in surface leaf litter in the vicinity of a primary smelting works at Avonmouth, South West England. The results support the hypothesis that the absence of Porcellio scaber from sites in the immediate vicinity of the factory is due to zinc poisoning. Although cadmium is approximately ten times more toxic to isopods than zinc in the laboratory, zinc is most likely to be killing isopods in the field because its concentration is always at least 30 times higher than cadmium in Avonmouth leaf litter, and more than 100 times higher at most sites. Populations of Porcellio scaber survive in field sites where surface leaf litter contains up to 5000 μg Zn g−1. This is at least five times higher than the ‘critical concentration’ in laboratory experiments. Thus, the methodology for assessing metal toxicity described in this paper, exaggerates the potential effects of metals to isopods in the field. Such differences between laboratory and field toxicities of metals should be taken into account when environmental protection levels for metals are being proposed for soil invertebrates based on ecotoxicological tests conducted in the laboratory.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00121389
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    Impact of education on the attitudes of college students toward biotechnology (1993)
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    Journal of agricultural and environmental ethics 6 (1993), S. 75-88 
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    ISSN: 1573-322X
    Keywords: biotechnology ; education ; agriculture ; socio-economic issues
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract An interdisciplinary course was designed as an introduction to the applications of, and the socio-economic issues associated with, biotechnology. College students enrolled in the course were surveyed prior to the first formal lecture, and again upon completion of the course. Assessment was made of the impact of the educational materials on the attitudes and perceptions of the students toward the applications of biotechnology to agriculture. Data were collected for the first three semesters in which the course was offered. Answers to survey questions were analyzed on a before and after basis. It was found that students were very accepting of biotechnology prior to taking the course, despite a generally low level of exposure to this type of technology. The course was effective in increasing the knowledge base of the students, but not as effective in allaying their perceptions of risks associated with biotechnology.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01965616
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    Monocrotophos-Induced Mass Mortality of Swainson's Hawks in Argentina, 1995–96 (1999)
    Springer
    Ecotoxicology 8 (1999), S. 201-214 
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    ISSN: 1573-3017
    Keywords: Swainson's hawks ; mortality ; monocrotophos ; agriculture ; Argentina
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Swainson's hawks (Buteo swainsoni) were observed in the grasslands (pampas) of Argentina during the austral summer of 1995–96. Widespread agrochemical use to control insects had a profound effect on flocks of hawks foraging on grasshoppers and caterpillars throughout the pampas. We describe 19 mortality incidents and an estimated 5,095 dead hawks. Forensic analysis indicated that the organophosphate insecticide monocrotophos was responsible for the deaths at six separate sites, accounting for over 4,000 of the mortalities. Brain cholinesterase was lethally inhibited (〉95%) and monocrotophos residues (n=31/45, mean=0.20 ppm, range 0.05–1.08 ppm) were found in the contents of the gastrointestinal tract. No other insecticide residues were found. Sample analyses, combined with interviews with farmers, indicated that monocrotophos was responsible for deaths at 17 of 19 mortality incidents.
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    Agricultural vulnerability and adaptation to global warming in China (1996)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 92 (1996), S. 63-73 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: China ; agriculture ; maize ; rice ; wheat ; GFDL ; MPI ; UKMO
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract This paper discusses the vulnerability and adaptation of the agricultural sector of China to global warming. Based on a summarization of Chinese agricultural and general circulation model trends, adverse impacts on China's agriculture caused by a warming and drying climate were identified. Because of limited irrigation potential, the sustainable development of Chinese agriculture will be difficult. Six sensitive agricultural areas located on the edges of different agroecological zones, and seven provinces with high vulnerability to the impacts on agriculture, were identified. On the basis of an estimation ofthe potential supply of agricultural products and demand for food, the annual incremental costs for adaptation to climate change would be US$0.8–3.48 billion; without adaptation, the annual agricultural loss due to global warming would be US$1.37–79.98 billion from 2000 to 2050. Adaptive measures discussed include intensive management and the possibility of a tripartite structure of planting that would entail coordinated development of gain crops, feed crops, and cash crops.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00175553
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    Assessing impacts of climatic variations on foodgrain prpduction in Bangladesh (1996)
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    Water, air & soil pollution 92 (1996), S. 53-62 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Bangladesh ; agriculture ; rice ; wheat ; CCCM ; CERES-Rice ; CERES-Wheat ; GFDL
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A simulation study was conducted to assess the vulnerability of foodgrain production in Bangladesh to potential climate change. Simulation runs were made for high yield varieties office for Aus (March-August), Aman (July-November), and Boro (February-July), the traditional growing seasons, using the CERES-Rice model. Simulation runs were made for wheat, which is grown from November through March, using the CERES-Wheat model. Three scenarios (baseline, Canadian Climate Centre Model, and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory) and sensitivity analyses for temperature increases of 2 and 4°C at three levels of CO2 (330, 580, and 660 ppm) were used. In the simulation, increased CO2 levels increased rice yields over baseline, and considerable spatial and temporal variations were noted. Higher temperatures reduced the yields in almost all study locations and in all seasons, and it was particularly pronounced with a 4°C increase. The detrimental effect of temperature rise was observed even with increased CO2 levels. Wheat yields increased with increased CO2 level in all three locations. The adverse effects of increased temperature were more pronounced for wheat than for rice at all levels of increased CO2. In the scenarios of the Canadian Climate Centre Model and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, both rice and wheat yields were decreased (35% and 31 %, respectively) over baseline in all seasons, especially in the Aus season, and in all locations. The adverse effects of the climate under the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory scenario were more pronounced for wheat that for rice. The greatest reductions in aggregated production for both crops were noted at 330 PPM CO2 with a 4°C temperature rise. The greatest increases in aggregated production for rice and wheat were observed at a 660 ppm CO2 with no temperature increase.
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    The impacts of potential climate change and climate variability on simulated maize production in China (1996)
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    Water, air & soil pollution 92 (1996), S. 75-85 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: China ; agriculture ; maize ; GFDL ; MPI ; UKMO
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract This study assessed the impacts of potential climate change on maize yields in China, using the CERES-Maize model under rainfed and irrigated conditions, based on 35 maize modeling sites in eastern China that characterize the main maize regions. The Chinese Weather Generator was developed to generate a long time series of daily climate data as baseline climate for 51 sites in China. Climate change scenarios were created from three equilibrium general circulation models: the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory model, the high-resolution United Kingdom Meteorological Office model, and the Max Planck Institute model. At most sites, simulated yields of both rainfed and irrigated maize decreased under climate change scenarios, primarily because of increases in temperature, which shorten maize growth duration, particularly the grain-filling period. Decreases of simulated yields varied across the general circulation model scenarios. Simulated yields increased at only a few northern sites, probably because maize growth is currently temperature-limited at these relatively high latitudes. To analyze the possible impacts of climate variability on maize yield, we specified incremental changes to variabilities of temperature and precipitation and applied these changes to the general circulation model scenarios to create sensitivity scenarios. Arbitrary climate variability sensitivity tests were conducted at three sites in the North China Plain to test maize model responses to a range of changes (0%, +10%, and +20%) inthe monthly standard deviations of temperature and monthly variation coefficients of precipitation. The results from the three sites showed that incremental climate variability caused simulated yield decreases, and the decreases in rainfed yield were greater than those of irrigated yield.
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    Vulnerability of Sri Lanka tea production to global climate change (1996)
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    Water, air & soil pollution 92 (1996), S. 87-94 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Sri Lanka ; agriculture ; tea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The tea industry is Sri Lanka's main net foreign exchange earner and source of income for the majority of laborers. Tea yield is greatly influenced by weather, and especially by droughts, which cause irreparable losses because irrigation is seldom used on tea plantations. At the other extreme, heavy rains erode top soil and wash away fertilizers and other chemicals. In the recently published Sri Lanka country report on climate change, it was reported that the island will experience extreme rainfall intensities and warmer temperatures as a result of climate change. The possibility of a 10% increase in the length of dry and wet seasons per year in the main plantation area was also indicated. Thus both drought damages and soil losses in tea production areas will increase in the years to come. An analysis of the results of field experiments with weather data shows that increases in temperature, soil moisture deficit, and saturation vapor pressure deficit in the low elevations will adversely affect growth and yield of tea. Reports have also shown that about 30 cm of soil has already been eroded from upland tea plantations. Under these circumstances, the tea industry in Sri Lanka is clearly vulnerable to predicted climate changes, and subsequently greater economic, social, and environmental problems. This paper discusses the various aspects of the adverse effects of climate change on Sri Lanka's tea industry.
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    CADMIUM ACCUMULATION AND TOXICITY IN SUBMERGED PLANT HYDRILLA VERTICILLATA (l.f.) ROYLE (1997)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 47 (1997), S. 167-173 
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    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: accumulation ; bioassay ; cadmium ; Hydrilla verticillata ; toxicity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Cadmium accumulation and its toxicity in relation tochlorophyll, protein, cysteine contents and in vivo nitrate reductaseactivity were studied under controlled conditions in Hydrillaverticillata, a submerged commonly occurring macrophyte. Plants weresubjected to six different concentrations of Cd ranging from 1.0 to 25.0 µM for 24, 48, 72 and 168 h. Tissue Cd concentration was maximum (13.71 µmoles/g dw) at 25 µM background concentration. At this concentration, a decrease of approximately 79 and 72% was found in chlorophyll and protein content. In vivo nitrate reductase activity was stimulated at 1.0 µM; however, the activity gradually declined beyond this concentration. Exposure to various cadmium concentrations resulted in an increase in cysteine content of the plant.
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    Wheat yield functions for analysis of land-use change in China (1999)
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    Environmental modeling and assessment 4 (1999), S. 115-132 
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    ISSN: 1573-2967
    Keywords: agriculture ; land use ; wheat production ; simulation models ; China
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract CERES-Wheat, a dynamic process crop growth model, is specified and validated for eight sites in the major wheat-growing regions of China. Crop model results are then used to test the Mitscherlich-Baule and the quadratic functional forms for yield response to nitrogen fertilizer, irrigation water, temperature, and precipitation. The resulting functions are designed to be used in a linked biophysical-economic model of land-use and land-cover change in China. While both functions predict yield responses adequately, the Mitscherlich-Baule function is preferable to the quadratic function because its parameters are biologically and physically realistic. Variables explaining a significant proportion of simulated yield variance are nitrogen, irrigation water, and precipitation; temperature was a less significant component of yield variation within the range of observed year-to-year variability at the study sites. Crop model simulations with a generic soil with median characteristics of the eight sites compared to simulations with site-specific soils showed that agricultural soils in China have similar and, in general, low-to-moderate water-holding capacities and organic matter contents. The validated crop model is useful for simulating the range of conditions under which wheat is grown in China, and provides the means to estimate production functions when experimental field data are not available.
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    Climate impact on social systems: the risk assessment approach (1999)
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    Environmental modeling and assessment 4 (1999), S. 287-294 
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    ISSN: 1573-2967
    Keywords: risk analysis ; global change ; agriculture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A novel approach to the problem of estimating climate impact on social systems is suggested. This approach is based on a risk concept, where the notion of critical events is introduced and the probability of such events is estimated. The estimation considers both the inherent stochasticity of climatic processes and the artificial stochasticity of climate predictions due to scientific uncertainties. The method is worked out in some detail for the regional problem of crop production and the risks associated with global climate change, and illustrated by a case study (Kursk region of the FSU). In order to get local climatic characteristics (weather), a so-called “statistical weather generator” is used. One interesting finding is that the 3% risk level remains constant up to 1.0–1.1°C rise of mean seasonal temperature, if the variance does not change. On the other hand, the risk grows rapidly with increasing variance (even if the mean temperature rises very slowly). The risk approach is able to separate two problems: (i) assessment of global change impact, and (ii) decision making. The main task for the scientific community is to provide the politicians with different options; the choice of admissible (from the social point of view) critical events and the corresponding risk levels is the business of decision makers.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1019068402139
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    Measuring sustainability (1994)
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    Environmental and ecological statistics 1 (1994), S. 21-36 
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    ISSN: 1573-3009
    Keywords: agriculture ; economic index ; statistical tests ; total factor productivity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract An agricultural system is sustainable if productive output is maintained economically over time when assessed in relation to environmental concern. This paper considers ways of statistically evaluating measures of sustainability illustrated by reference to extensive data from the Classical Experiments at Rothamsted.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00714195
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    The effect of agricultural discharge on striped bass (Morone saxatilis) in California's Sacramento-San Joaquin drainage (1994)
    Springer
    Ecotoxicology 3 (1994), S. 123-142 
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    ISSN: 1573-3017
    Keywords: striped bass ; opossum shrimp ; agriculture ; toxicity ; bioassay
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The striped bass (Morone saxatilis) population of the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta has declined approximately 80% since the mid-1970s. This decline has been attributed to factors such as water diversions, pollution and reduced abundance of food organisms. One source of potential pollutants is agricultural return water. The Colusa Basin Drain discharges water from over 150 000 acres and can account for over 20% of the flow of the Sacramento River. Because discharge occurs at the same time striped bass are spawning, early developmental stages could be adversely affected. Toxicity studies conducted over a 3 year period consistently demonstrated acute toxicity to striped bass larvae and to opossum shrimp (Neomysis mercedis), an important food organism for juvenile striped bass. Acute toxicity was also demonstrated with striped bass embryos. In addition, a model based on pesticide use more effectively predicted striped bass recruitment during the period of decline than did a model based on historically important river flows and delta diversions. These studies indicate that agricultural return water should not be disregarded when considering potential causes of the decline of striped bass.
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    Changes in uptake of calcium caused by phytotoxicity of cadmium in Salvinia molesta (1996)
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    Ecotoxicology 5 (1996), S. 9-21 
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    ISSN: 1573-3017
    Keywords: cadmium ; calcium ; phyotoxicity ; Salvinia molesta ; uptake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: The effect of Ca on the uptake of Cd by root and leaves of Salvinia molesta was investigated at different time intervals and under different photoperiods. For detailed study on uptake and interaction, 15Ca and 109Cd were used and it was found that there was a higher uptake of 45Ca in the root and leaves at 48 h and a concurrent reduction in 109Cd content at 48 h suggesting alterations in Ca functions due to the phytotoxicity of Cd. Ultrastructural changes due to cadmium toxicity included swirling of thylakoid membranes of the chloroplasts as well as detachment of the tips of trichomes from the leaf.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00116320
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    Effects of Cadmium on Parental Behaviour in Free-Living Willow Ptarmigan Hens (1999)
    Springer
    Ecotoxicology 8 (1999), S. 1-7 
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    ISSN: 1573-3017
    Keywords: cadmium ; pollution ; parental behaviour ; chick survival ; willow ptarmigan ; Lagopus l. lagopus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Earlier studies have shown that elevated levels of Cd may negatively affect the behaviour of birds and mammals. However, these experiments were carried out under controlled laboratory conditions, and results from free-living populations have not been available. By using osmotic minipumps implanted subcutaneously in free-living willow ptarmigan hens, the effects of Cd contamination on parental behaviour were studied. When CdCl 2 (83.2 mg Cd/l) was administered, an increase in the Cd content in the liver and kidneys was achieved that was comparable to normal field levels. After hatching, the hens were followed by radio telemetry and parental behaviour was recorded when the broods were flushed. Chick survival up to 8–9 days was recorded. Cd-contaminated hens showed less distraction display and flew longer when flushed compared with control hens, although not significantly so. The Cd-contaminated hens had significantly lower chick survival than control hens.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008836908985
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    Basic principles of agroecology and sustainable agriculture (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of agricultural and environmental ethics 6 (1993), S. 1-19 
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    ISSN: 1573-322X
    Keywords: agroecosystems ; agriculture ; ecology ; sustainability ; biodiversity ; competition ; succession ; culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract In the final analysis, sustainable agriculture must derive from applied ecology, especially the principle of the regulation of the abundance and distribution of species (and, secondarily, their activities) in space and time. Interspecific competition in natural ecosystems has its counterparts in agriculture, designed to divert greater amounts of energy, nutrients, and water into crops. Whereas natural ecosystems select for a diversity of species in communities, recent agriculture has minimized diversity in favour of vulnerable monocultures. Such systems show intrinsically less stability and resilience to perturbations. Some kinds of crop rotation resemble ecological succession in that one crop prepares the land for successive crop production. Such rotations enhance soil organic processes such as decomposition and material cycling, build a nutrient capital to sustain later crop growth, and reduce the intensity of pest buildup. Species in natural communities occur at discrete points along the r-K continuum of reproductive maturity. Clearing forested land for agriculture, rotational burning practices, and replacing perennial grassland communities by cereal monocultures moves the agricultural community towards the r extreme. Plant breeders select for varieties which yield at an earlier age and lower plant biomass, effectively moving a variety towards the r type. Features of more natural landscapes, such as hedgerows, may act as physical and biological adjuncts to agricultural production. They should exist as networks in agricultural lands to be most effective. Soil is of major importance in agroecosystems, and maintaining, deliberately, its vitality and resilience to agricultural perturbations is the very basis of sustainable land use.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01965612
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    Amounts of pesticides reaching target pests: Environmental impacts and ethics (1995)
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    Journal of agricultural and environmental ethics 8 (1995), S. 17-29 
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    ISSN: 1573-322X
    Keywords: pesticides ; pests ; targets ; application ; technology ; agriculture ; environment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract Less than 0.1% of pesticides applied for pest control reach their target pests. Thus, more than 99.9% of pesticides used move into the environment where they adversely affect public health and beneficial biota, and contaminate soil, water, and the atmosphere of the ecosystem. Improved pesticide application technologies can improve pesticide use efficiency and protect public health and the environment.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02286399
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    Accumulation and Distribution of Cadmium in Willow Ptarmigan (1999)
    Springer
    Ecotoxicology 8 (1999), S. 457-465 
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    ISSN: 1573-3017
    Keywords: cadmium ; accumulation ; long-range pollution ; willow ptarmigan ; Lagopus l. lagopus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The accumulation and distribution of cadmium (Cd) were studied in willow ptarmigan from a mountainous area in Central Norway. The highest concentrations were found in the kidneys. The liver also accumulated substantial amounts, but heart and breast muscles had low concentrations. There was a significant correlation between the Cd content and age in all tissues. The liver and kidneys showed a rapid increase in Cd content during the ptarmigan's first autumn and winter, but the accumulation seemed to level off when the bird passed its first year of life. Furthermore, a positive correlation was found among all four tissues, the strongest being between liver and kidneys, and the weakest between heart muscle and breast muscle. The ratio of cadmium in liver to cadmium in kidney was less than 1, which indicates a chronic low-level exposure situation. This ratio varied among seasons, being significantly higher in winter/spring than in summer/autumn. In general, the Cd content in the kidneys was approximately 7–10 times that of the liver. Breast muscle had a very low Cd content when the concentration of cadmium in the kidney was less than 75–80 mg kg-1 of Cd, but the content increased markedly when the kidney contained more Cd than this.
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    Temporal Changes in Cadmium, Thallium, and Vanadium Mobility in Soil and Phytoavailability under Field Conditions (1998)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 101 (1998), S. 399-410 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: bioavailability ; bush bean ; cadmium ; contamination ; heavy metal ; industrial waste ; mobility ; Phaseolus vulgaris ; sandy soil ; Savannah River Site ; soil ; thallium ; vanadium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A field study was conducted over a 30 mo period to examine movement of Cd, Tl, and V through the profile of a Coastal Plain soil (Typic Kandiudult) and the availability of these trace metals to bush bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) plants. The metals were applied to field plots as dissolved salts and mixed into the surface 7.5 cm. The greatest concentration of all three metals was observed in the surface soils, with a steep decrease occurring down to the 7.5 to 15 cm depth. Thallium was the most mobile of the three metals; approximately 15% of the applied Tl and 〈3% of the applied Cd and V moved below the surface 7.5-cm region during the 30-mo experiment. Extractable concentrations of all three metals in the surface soils decreased significantly (P ≤0.05) during the initial 18 mo after treatment. No further decrease occurred between 18 and 30 mo. The presence of Al- and Fe-oxides and small amounts of clay minerals and organic matter in this highly-weathered, low cation-exchange soil were likely responsible for the retention of the trace metals. Bioavailability, as measured by concentrations and total amounts of metals in root and aboveground tissues of plants, did not change significantly between 18 and 30 mo. These data suggest that bioavailability of Cd, Tl, and V decreased over time as a result of transformation of these elements into unavailable forms and not to leaching. These changes in bioavailability occurred soon after application, becoming negligible after 18 mo.
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    Cadmium mobilisation under conditions simulating anaerobic to aerobic transition in a landfill leachate-polluted aquifer (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 94 (1997), S. 385-392 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: landfill ; leachate ; cadmium ; aquifer ; redox
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The anaerobic conditions in landfill leachate-polluted aquifers can lead to trapping of many heavy metals as sulfide precipitates. In laboratory experiments with aqueous systems containing sulfidic solid phases (aquifer solids from a landfill leachate plume or amorphous FeS), cadmium previously trapped as a sulfide precipitate was released to the aqueous phase when conditions were changed from initially slightly anaerobic to aerobic. Cadmium was subsequently removed from solution either by adsorption on Fe oxyhydroxide phases or by precipitation as a carbonate mineral, groundwater pH being the major controlling variable.
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    Heavy Metals and Selenium in Herring Gulls (LARUS ARGENTATUS) NESTING IN COLONIES FROM EASTERN LONG ISLAND TO VIRGINIA (1997)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 48 (1997), S. 285-296 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: herring gulls ; heavy metals ; selenium ; feathers ; bioindicator ; mercury ; lead ; cadmium ; chromium ; manganese
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract With increasing interest in assessing the health or well-being ofcommunities and ecosystems, birds are being used asbioindicators. Coloniallynesting species breed mainly in coastal areas that are alsopreferred for humandevelopment, exposing the birds to various pollutants. Inthis paper concentrations of heavy metal and selenium in the feathers ofHerring Gulls(Larus argentatus) nesting in several colonies fromMassachusetts toDelaware are reported. There were significant differencesamong colonies forall metals, with metal concentrations being two to nearly fivetimes higher atsome colonies than others. Selenium showed the leastdifference, and cadmium showed the greatest difference among sites. Concentrations of lead werehighest at Prall‘s Island; mercury was highest at Shinnecock,Huckleberry andHarvey, and manganese was highest at Captree.
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    Accumulation of Cu, Cd, Cr, Mn and Pb from artificially contaminated soil by Bacopa Monnieri (1999)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 57 (1999), S. 253-264 
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    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: accumulation ; Bacopa Monnieri ; cadmium ; chromium ; copper ; lead ; manganese
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The metal accumulation potential of Bacopa monnieri L. was assessed under simulated laboratory conditions. This study was carried out in mixed metals (Cu, Cd, Pb, Cr, Mn) condition and repeated exposures in artificial contaminated soil. The growing shoots were planted in garden subsoil containing 3, 16, 32, 64, 160 μM each of the above metals. After 8 weeks, plants were refeeded to three times higher concentrations of each metal than initially used to assess the maximum accumulating potential of the metals. The accumulation of the metals by the root and shoot was concentration and duration dependent. The metal accumulation was considerably higher in the fine root than in the shoot and showed the following order : Mn 〉 Cr 〉 Cu 〉 Cd 〉 Pb. The plants showed high tolerance to the metals as no visible phytotoxic symptom was produced after 8 weeks. However, as a result of combined metal toxicity, chlorophyll content was reduced by 62% after 12 weeks. The highest metal concentration was lethal to the plant at 16 weeks. In view of their high tolerance, the plants of B. monnieri may be considered for the amelioration of industrially-polluted wetlands experiencing regular flushing of wastewaters.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006091215529
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    Accumulation and effects of lead and cadmium on wood ducks near a mining and smelting complex in Idaho (1993)
    Springer
    Ecotoxicology 2 (1993), S. 139-154 
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    ISSN: 1573-3017
    Keywords: wood ducks ; lead ; cadmium ; reproduction ; protoporphyrin ; ALAD
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: A study of wood ducks (Aix sponsa) was conducted along the Coeur d'Alene River system in northern Idaho in 1986 and 1987. Most of this area has been subjected to severe contamination from lead and other metals from mining and smelting since the 1880s. In 1986, a preliminary study of wood duck nesting was conducted in the contaminated area; incubating hens captured in nest boxes were bled and weighed. Blood samples were used to determine lead and cadmium concentrations and physiological characteristics. In 1987, an intensive study of wood ducks involved trapping and monitoring nest boxes in the contaminated area. Blood and tissue samples were also taken from wood ducks from a reference area without known contamination from metals. Lead levels in blood and tissues of most wood ducks from the contaminated area frequently exceeded those considered hazardous to birds; maximum levels (wet weight) of lead were 8 μg g−1 in blood and 14 μg g−1 in liver. Changes in physiological characteristics constituted the only evidence of potentially adverse effects from lead. In the contaminated area, nesting success (55% unadjusted, 35% Mayfield estimate) was less than in other areas where predation was low and nest boxes were used; but lead concentrations and physiological characteristics of blood were similar in successful and unsuccessful hens. Values of ALAD, hemoglobin, and body mass were negatively correlated with blood concentrations of lead, whereas protoporphyrin was positively correlated with lead levels in the blood. Some of the protoporphyrin values (1,091 μg dl−1 in a male and 756 μg dl−1 in a female) equalled those associated with lead toxicosis in experimental birds. ALAD activity was low in most birds from the contaminated area; values of 0 were obtained from 11 birds. Lead levels in blood, ALAD, protoporphyrin, and hemoglobin were significantly different between birds from the contaminated and reference areas. Concentrations of lead in ingesta of wood ducks ranged from 0.9 to 610 μg g−1 in the contaminated area and 0.2 to 0.6 μg g−1 in the reference area. Levels of cadmium in kidneys of wood ducks ranged from 1μg g−1 to 20 μg g−1 in the contaminated area and from only to 0.1 μg g−1 to 1 μg g−1 in the reference area. Cadmium concentrations were less than known effect levels.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00119436
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    Changes in Phytoavailability and Concentration of Cadmium in Soil Following Long Term Salix Cropping (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 114 (1999), S. 171-184 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: cadmium ; plant uptake ; soil ; Salix
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Cadmium concentrations in Salix (willow) shoots are generally high and Salix can therefore potentially remove significant amounts of Cd from soil. The aim of this study was to investigate how long-term Salix cultivation had affected total and plant available Cd concentrations in agricultural soil. The study was made in 8 to 30 yr old plantations. Soil profiles down to 65 cm depth were sampled and conditions within the plantations were compared to those in nearby reference areas. When consideration was given to certain pH differences, concentrations of exchangeable Cd throughout the soil profiles were significantly lower in the Salix stands than in the reference areas. However, the effect on concentrations of total Cd was negligible. The yield levels proved not to be optimal and Cd concentrations in shoots were lower than average in the investigated stands. Data on exchangeable Cd show that uptake occurs throughout the soil profile and the Cd pool involved is thus large. These facts may explain why total concentrations were only slightly influenced. The conclusion reached was that Salix cultivation reduces the amount of plant-available Cd in the soil. However, more investigations are needed to evaluate how this effect can be optimized by choice of clone and other management measures.
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    Desorption of Cadmium(II) from Artificially Contaminated Sediments (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 100 (1997), S. 181-196 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: contaminated sediments ; cadmium ; desorption
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The desorption kinetics of cadmium from natural sediments was investigated. Three sediment samples from Maryland water bodies were artificially contaminated with Cd(II) and subsequently exposed to a wide range of chemical conditions in batch reactors. Dissolved Cd(II) was monitored. The highest desorption rates and extents were observed at low pH and high concentrations of CaCl2 and EDTA (a strong Cd chelator), with reduced rates at higher pH. Nearly all of the desorption occurred within the first 30 minutes of exposure. Adsorption of Cd(II) was greatest, and desorption slowest on the sediments with the lowest sand content. A simple desorption model was developed assuming proton competition with cadmium. This model was fit to experimental data at different pH using a non-linear, least-squares analysis to obtain rate constants.
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    Atmospheric Deposition of Trace Metals at Three Sites Near the Great Lakes (1998)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 103 (1998), S. 423-439 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: airborne particles ; air pollution ; arsenic ; cadmium ; chromium ; copper ; lead ; manganese ; nickel ; precipitation ; selenium ; vanadium ; zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The concentrations of vanadium (V), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), arsenic (As), selenium (Se), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb) in precipitation and on airborne particles were measured at three Integrated Atmospheric Deposition Network (IADN) monitoring stations on Lakes Superior, Michigan and Erie during 1993 and 1994. These data were used to estimate annual wet and dry deposition fluxes at these sites. In most cases, both wet and dry deposition make an important contribution to the total atmospheric flux of trace metals. Total (wet + dry) annual loadings of Zn and Cr are higher at the Lake Erie site than at the Lake Michigan and Lake Superior sites. Atmospheric loadings of the other metals are similar at all three sites. Wet deposition of metals is more closely related to precipitation amount than to the concentration of metals in the precipitation. Dry deposition fluxes are controlled by the concentration of trace metals on large particles. Total particle mass concentrations are higher during the summer and fall at the Lake Erie site, however no seasonal trends in total particle mass at the other sites or trace metals at any of the sites were detected. The total atmospheric loadings calculated in this work are in agreement with other estimates of metals deposition to the Great Lakes.
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    Effects of Cadmium-Spiked Sediment on Cadmium Accumulation and Bioturbation by Nymphs of the Burrowing Mayfly Hexagenia bilineata (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 109 (1999), S. 277-292 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: accumulation ; bioturbation ; cadmium ; Hexagenia ; mayfly ; spiked sediment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract We assessed accumulation of cadmium (Cd) and bioturbation by nymphs of the burrowing mayfly Hexagenia bilineata as indicators of exposure to Cd-spiked sediment in a 21-d test. Surficial sediments (top 5 cm) from Pool 7 of the Upper Mississippi River were spiked with Cd to concentrations of 3, 7, and 15 μg Cd g-1 dry weight. The experimental design was completely randomized, with three Cd-spiked sediment treatments plus an unspiked sediment control (1 μg Cd g-1 dry weight), and 10 nymphs in each of six replicates per treatment. Nymphs accumulated Cd during the 21-d exposure; mean concentrations varied from 0.22 to 6.24 μg g-1 dry weight, and tissue concentrations were correlated with Cd concentration in unfiltered test water (r = 0.93, P 〈0.01) and test sediment (r = 0.93, P 〈0.01). The effect of Cd on bioturbation by nymphs, as indicated by turbidity, differed significantly among treatments (P = 0.045) and over time within treatments (P = 0.01). Turbidity progressively decreased as Cd concentration in the sediment increased, up to 7 μg g-1; however, turbidity in the 15 μg g-1 treatment (our greatest exposure concentration) did not differ significantly from the control. Concentrations of Cd in unfiltered, overlying test water increased significantly within treatments during the test, indicating that nymphs mobilized sediment-associated Cd into the overlying water, presumably through burrowing and respiratory activities.
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    Addition of Calcareous Metal Waster to Acid Soils: Consequences for Metal Solubility (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 111 (1999), S. 201-214 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: cadmium ; fly Ash ; lead ; metal solubility ; soil amendments ; zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A model was tested which predicts the pH and solution metal concentration in the solution phase of soil amended with (waste-) incinerator fly ash (FA). Graded quantities of calcareous metal-rich FA were equilibrated with an acid clay soil, in aerated CaCl2 suspensions (0.01 M), to give a pH range of 3.1 (100% soil) to 7.5 (100% FA). As the FA loading was increased, the concentrations of Zn, Cd and Pb in solution passed through a maximum and then declined until the pH of the soil/ash mixtures approximated that of the pure FA (pHFA). This apparently complex pattern was accurately described by a simple pH- dependent adsorption equation relating adsorbed metal (Mads) to divalent metal concentration in solution (M2+) and pH through 3 constants designated n, Kads} and m: For pH 〈 pHFA, log (Mads (M2+)n) = Kads + m pH However, at greater ash loadings the solution metal concentration and pH remained constant with FA addition and a solubility product (Ks) could be applied: For pH ≥ pHFA, og(M2+) = log Ks - 2 pH Metal concentrations in solution [Msoln] were greatest at very low FA loadings (around 2%); at lower FA additions [Msoln] was limited by total metal concentration while at higher additions of ash the solubility of metals was suppressed by the liming effect of the fly ash. It was therefore concluded that low levels of dust transfer from disposal sites to surrounding acidic soils may be the greatest source of metal pollution to biological and aquatic systems.
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    Adsorption of Cadmium by Indian Soils (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 111 (1999), S. 225-234 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: adsorption ; cadmium ; Freundlich ; isotherm ; Langmuir ; linear ; Indian soils
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Adsorption behaviour of cadmium (Cd) in soils is an important process which exerts a major influence on its uptake by plant roots. Thirteen soils from various parts of India (tropical region), their pH ranging from 4.2 to 8.4, were subjected to Cd treatment at various concentrations (1 to 100 μg ml-1) and equilibrated at room temperature (25 ± 1 °C). The Cd adsorbed by each soil was calculated as the difference between the amount of Cd present in the solution initially and that remaining after equilibration. Results indicated that the adsorption capacity of the soils for Cd increased with an increase in the pH or alkalinity of the soils. The rate of adsorption was, however, found to decrease with increased pH. All the 13 soils used in this study followed linear and Freundlich adsorption isotherms with highly significant positive correlations (r). The neutral and alkaline soils also followed the Langmuir adsorption isotherm, the adsorption maxima being lowest for the neutral soil and highest for the alkaline soil. The adsorption data, in general, indicated that Cd was in a fixed form at higher pH levels. The results are generally similar to those of the temperate regions; however, Cd adsorption capacity of tropical vertisols was comparatively higher than those of temperate vertisols.
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    Cadmium Regulated Nitrate Reductase Activity in Hydrilla Verticillata (1.f.) Royle (1998)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 106 (1998), S. 171-177 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Hydrilla verticillata ; cadmium ; nitrate reductase activity ; protein synthesis inhibitor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The study was conducted to evaluate the suitability of nitrate reductase activity and the level of some metabolites as an in vivo test system for cadmium toxicity in submerged macrophyte Hydrilla verticillata. Cadmium (Cd) concentrations ranging from 0.01-80 μM affected nitrate reductase activity in a differential way. It had stimulatory effect up to 1.0 μM Cd, while higher concentrations inhibited the enzyme activity significantly. The protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide inhibited Cd-stimulated nitrate reductase activity during in vivo and in vitro assays. However, the effect of Cd on NR activity under in vitro assay was more pronounced. Although low Cd exposures had no effect, higher metal exposures augmented nitrate uptake. This Cd-induced NO3 - uptake did not result in recovery of inhibited enzyme activity in vivo. It appears that nitrate reductase activity is more sensitive to Cd toxicity than the eventual products of nitrate assimilation such as total organic nitrogen and soluble proteins. There was a differential response of chlorophyll levels to Cd; lower concentrations enhanced the pigment level while higher ones reduced it. Cadmium exposure always enhanced the levels of carotenoids. Results showed that nitrate reductase activity could serve as an useful bioassay for Cd contamination using H. verticillata.
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    Environmental Exposure to Cadmium and Lead in the Pediatric Age Group (1998)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 105 (1998), S. 661-665 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: cadmium ; environmental contamination ; lead ; serum ; water
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Lead additives in automotive fuel, smog from a nearby industrial center warranted an investigation on cadmium and lead in Manisa, a city of tabacco processing. Hundred and one children were screened in view of lead and cadmium exposure. In 23 children between the ages of 0–2 years the mean (±SEM) serum lead level was 7.15 ± 0.10 μg/dl, in 28 between the ages of 3–6 years was 7.20 ± 0.10 μg/dl and in 50 between the ages of 7–15 years was 7.20 ± 0.10 μg/dl, respectively, with no significant differences. Serum cadmium levels in the same groups of children was 0.066 ± 0.008 ng/ml, 0.078 ± 0.008 ng/ml 0.088 ± 0.006 ng/ml, respectively. The difference in cadmium levels between the age groups of 0–2 years and 7–15 years was significant (p〈0.038). This significant increase in blood cadmium level is also shown by simple linear regression analysis: Cadmium (ng/ml) = 0.049 + 0.005 (age), and p〈0.0001, F Ratio = 50.578, coefficient of correlation = 0.581. Our study revealed that lead is not a serious environmental contaminant for children, yet; however, the increasing trend seen in exposure to cadmium warrants serious consideration and urgant preventive measures.
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    Cadmium Uptake by Cowpea and Mungbean as Affected by Cd and P Application (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 112 (1999), S. 163-169 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: cadmium ; dry matter yield ; concentration ; uptake ; Cd XP interaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A green house experiment was conducted to determine the interactive effects of cadmium (0, 2.5, 5, 10, and 20 mg Cd kg-1 soil) and phosphorus (0, 20 and 40 mg P kg-1 soil) on dry matter yield of cowpea and mungbean, and tissue concentration and uptake of cadmium (Cd) and Phosphorus (P). Application of Cd to soil decreased the dry matter yield of both the crops significantly at each level of applied P. Phosphorus application, on the other hand, increased the dry matter yield of both crops significantly at each level of Cd additions to the soil. Cadmium concentration in plant tissue and uptake of Cd by plants increased markedly with the increasing rates of Cd in the soil. The magnitude of increase in tissue Cd concentration, however, was higher in the absence than in the presence of added P. Consequently, the concentration of Cd in plants decreased with increasing levels of P application to the soil. This decrease in tissue Cd concentration with increasing P supply in the soil was mainly attributed to increased dry matter yield of crops. The concentration of P in cowpea and mungbean tissue increased while the uptake of P by these crops decreased markedly with increasing levels of Cd in the soil, irrespective of the rates of P applied.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005065314499
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  • 75
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    Measured Soil Water Concentrations of Cadmium and Zinc in Plant Pots and Estimated Leaching Outflows from Contaminated Soils (1998)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 102 (1998), S. 105-115 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: cadmium ; contaminated soils ; leaching ; soil extracts ; solute species ; zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Soil water concentrations of cadmium and zinc were measured in plant pots with 15 contaminated soils which differed in origin, texture, pH (5.1 – 7.8) and concentrations of cadmium (0.2 – 17 mg Cd kg-1) and zinc (36 – 1300 mg Zn kg-1). The soil waters contained total concentrations of 0.5 to 17 µg Cd L-1 and 9 to 3600 µg Zn L-1, which were dominated by free metal ions as measured by an ion exchange-resin method. Annual leaching outflows were estimated from soil water concentrations to be 0.5 – 17 g Cd ha-1 y-1 and 9 – 3600 g Zn ha-1 y-1 per 100 mm of net percolation, corresponding to 0.1% per year of the total soil content of cadmium and zinc. The measured soil water concentrations of cadmium and zinc did not correlate linearly with the corresponding soil concentrations but correlated fairly well with concentrations measured in Ca(NO3)2 extracts of the soils and with soil water concentrations estimated from soil concentrations and pH. Such concentration estimates may be useful for estimating amounts of cadmium and zinc being leached from soils.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004964200904
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  • 76
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    The Effect of Refure Incinerator Fumes on the Lead and Cadmium Content of Experimentally Exposed Corcicolous Lichens (1998)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 104 (1998), S. 29-40 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: bioaccumulation ; cadmium ; incineration ; lead ; lichens
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Nine corticolous lichens have been used to detect the lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) given off by a municipal solid waste incinerator. This bioindication study involved lichens gathered from unpolluted sites around Grenoble (Isère, France) to three conditions: the first batch was set up down wind of the waste incinerator fumes, the second one was set up in the ambient atmosphere of the plant, and the third was kept in a non polluted place. After one month of exposure, the batches were compared. The lichens from the first and second batches did not show any appreciable thallus change. Pb and Cd concentrations have shown that lichens accumulate heavy metals in variable ways according to the species and to the conditions of pollution.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004965131303
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  • 77
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    Effect of Calcium on the Soil Adsorption of Cadmium and Zinc in Some Spanish Sandy Soils (1998)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 105 (1998), S. 507-520 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: adsorption isotherms ; cadmium ; calcium ; competition ; zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Castellón Plain is a natural area with an extension of 464 km2, situated in Castellón (eastern coast of Spain), with an important number of ceramic industries which generate waste waters containing cadmium and zinc. In this paper, equilibrium adsorption isotherms have been obtained to examine the behaviour of cadmium and zinc in three selected soils of Castellón Plain (Spain) by means of batch experiments. Both metals exhibit non-linear adsorption isotherms with adsorption maximum beyond the dissolved concentration range considered in this study. Statistical analysis showed that data fit slighty better to Freundlich linearization than that of Langmuir. Adsorption coefficients obtained from Freundlich approximation were calculated to evaluate the relative cadmium and zinc distribution between solution and studied soils obtaining coefficients ranging from 5200 to 5900 μg kg-1μg l-1 -n for cadmium and from 3500 to 43200 μg kg-1μg l-1 -n for zinc. The effects of salt concentration and calcium competition for adsorption sites were investigated providing different concentrations of CaCl2 in background solutions. Adsorption capacities of cadmium and zinc in the studied soils decreased when the salt concentration increased. A tenfold increase in calcium concentration reduced the cadmium adsorption capacity approximately by one third whereas the Ca2+ ion does not seem a significant competitor with Zn2+ for adsorption sites in soils with high organic matter content, where precipitation of zinc can be expected.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004919807528
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  • 78
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    Retention of Metals in Agricultural Soils After Amending with MSW and MSW-Biosolids Compost (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 109 (1999), S. 163-178 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: cadmium ; copper ; lead ; MSW-biosolids compost ; MSW compost ; soil ; zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The goal of this study was to measure the As, Cu, Fe, Pb and Zn contents of soils amended with municipal solid waste (MSW) and MSW-biosolids compost and to determine the long-term transport of these metals to lower soil horizons. Lead, Cu, Cd and Zn contents in the composts were 3–20 times more concentrated in the compost compared to the soil at the Calverton, NY, U.S.A. farm. As a result, Pb, Cd, Cu and Zn were elevated in the upper 5 cm soil layer following compost application and the metal enrichment was proportional to the amount of compost applied (21–62 Mg ha-1). In addition, Pb, As and Cu contents of the non-compost amended Calverton soils were enriched above the tillage depth (20–25 cm). Cu, Pb and As enrichment was attributed to the historical use of sodium arsenite, lead arsenate and copper sulfate insecticides and fungicides. Results of the metal analyses of soil cores collected 16 and 52 months following compost application showed that Cu, Zn and Pb remained confined to the upper 5 cm soil layer. The low water extractable fraction of these metals in MSW and MSW-biosolids compost was a major factor limiting the transport of these metals to lower soil horizons. In contrast, Cd leaching from the upper 0–5 and 5–10 cm soil layers was continuous over the 52 month study period and was attributed primarily to the presence of soluble Cd in phosphate fertilizer initially applied to the Calverton farm soil.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005026131978
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  • 79
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    Heavy Metals in Mangrove Sediments of the United ARAB Emirates Shoreline (Arabian Gulf) (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 116 (1999), S. 523-534 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: cadmium ; cobalt ; chromium ; copper ; lead ; manganese ; nickel ; organic carbon ; zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The levels and distributions of eight heavy metals in the sediments of four mangrove areas, namely Abu Dhabi, Umm al-Quwain, Ras al-Khaimah, and Khor Khuwair along the shoreline of the United Arab Emirates (U.A.E.) were investigated. The metal levels, expressed as μg g−1 as well as organic carbon (%) in different mangrove areas were scattered in the ranges: 3.12–6.94 for cadmium (mean 4.82), 5.70–14.0 for cobalt (mean 10.2), 8.28–18.9 for chromium (mean 11.9), 5.31–29.4 for copper (mean 7.21), 28.8–169 for manganese (mean 84.1), 14.8–109 for nickel (mean 36.4), 13.2–49.8 for lead (mean 28.1), 4.59–22.4 for zinc (mean 11.3), and ND-2.13 for organic carbon (mean 0.63%). Significant variations in the levels of these metals were considered due to: 1) organic carbon content; 2) presence of well developed mangrove forests; and 3) anthropogenic inputs such as discarded automobiles, transformers, batteries, tires and spilled crude oil, atmospheric fallout as well as waste-waters disposal. In addition recreational activities cause negative effects. Concentrations of manganese, nickel and lead were significantly higher than the other metals. The high concentrations of Mn and Ni were due to non-anthropogenic sources (the geological nature formations and the presence of high mountains of basic igneous rocks), whereas the high levels of lead were due to inputs from oil spills, discarded solid wastes such as automobiles, batteries and the prior high rate of petrol combustion lead. Significant relationships were observed between several couples of metals in different mangrove regions, as well as between a number of heavy metals and organic carbon, indicating that complexation with organic materials may play an important role in the distribution patterns of these metals. Metals and organic carbon analyses for different grain-size fractions showed higher levels in the finest fraction (〈63 μm) specially for manganese and copper. Except for lead, comparison of metal levels in mangrove sediments with those of the Arabian Gulf indicated that the mangrove sediments along U.A.E. shorelines contained similar concentrations as other Arabian Gulf regions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005139020681
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