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  • Articles  (72,966)
  • Springer  (43,903)
  • Wiley  (29,063)
  • 1995-1999  (39,829)
  • 1990-1994  (33,137)
  • Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition  (44,105)
  • Geography  (20,836)
  • Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying  (12,213)
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  • Articles  (72,966)
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  • 1
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    GPS solutions 1 (1995), S. 3-4 
    ISSN: 1521-1886
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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  • 2
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    GPS solutions 1 (1995), S. 1-2 
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  • 3
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    GPS solutions 1 (1995), S. 11-12 
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  • 4
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    GPS solutions 1 (1995), S. 7-8 
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  • 5
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    GPS solutions 1 (1995), S. 5-6 
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  • 6
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    GPS solutions 1 (1995), S. 9-10 
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  • 7
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    GPS solutions 1 (1995), S. 81-81 
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  • 8
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    GPS solutions 1 (1995), S. 86-87 
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  • 9
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    GPS solutions 1 (1995), S. 90-90 
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  • 10
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    GPS solutions 1 (1995), S. 91-93 
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  • 11
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    GPS solutions 1 (1995), S. 94-95 
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  • 12
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    GPS solutions 1 (1995), S. 88-89 
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  • 13
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    GPS solutions 1 (1995), S. 108-112 
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  • 14
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    GPS solutions 1 (1995), S. 99-107 
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  • 15
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    GPS solutions 1 (1995), S. 96-98 
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  • 16
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    GPS solutions 1 (1995), S. 129-138 
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  • 17
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    GPS solutions 1 (1995), S. 121-128 
    ISSN: 1521-1886
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: In the previous article we covered what asset location systems (ALS) are and the features and benefits they offer. In this article we explore the various features to be considered when acquiring an ALS and steps to be taken. We discuss what users are saying they want in an ALS, including the results of a survey of vehicle tracking system users and providers.
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  • 18
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    GPS solutions 1 (1995), S. 139-142 
    ISSN: 1521-1886
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  • 19
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    GPS solutions 1 (1995), S. 113-120 
    ISSN: 1521-1886
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The vertical component obtained from the Global Positioning System (GPS) observations is from the ellipsoid (a mathematical surface), and therefore needs to be converted to the orthometric height, which is from the geoid (represented by the mean sea level). The common practice is to use existing bench marks (around the four corners of a project area and interpolate for the rest of the area), but in many areas bench marks may not be available, in which case an existing geoid undulation is used. Present available global geoid undulation values are not generally as detailed as needed, and in many areas they are not known better than ±1 to ±5 m, because of many limitations. This article explains the difficulties encountered in obtaining precise geoid undulation with some example computations, and proposes a technique of applying corrections to the best available global geoid undulations using detailed free-air gravity anomalies (within a 2° × 2° area) to get relative centimeter accuracy. Several test computations have been performed to decide the optimal block sizes and the effective spherical distances to compute the regional and the local effects of gravity anomalies on geoid undulations by using the Stokes integral. In one test computation a 2° × 2° area was subdivided into smaller surface elements. A difference of 37.34 ± 1.6 cm in geoid undulation was obtained over the same 2° × 2° area when 1° × 1° block sizes were replaced by a combination of 5' × 5' and 1' × 1' subdivision integration elements (block sizes).
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  • 20
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    GPS solutions 1 (1995), S. 143-144 
    ISSN: 1521-1886
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  • 21
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    GPS solutions 1 (1995), S. 145-146 
    ISSN: 1521-1886
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  • 22
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    GPS solutions 1 (1995), S. 148-149 
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  • 23
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    GPS solutions 1 (1995), S. 146-146 
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  • 24
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    GPS solutions 2 (1998), S. 1-12 
    ISSN: 1521-1886
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  • 25
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    GPS solutions 2 (1998), S. 13-20 
    ISSN: 1521-1886
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  • 26
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    GPS solutions 2 (1998), S. 21-26 
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  • 27
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    GPS solutions 2 (1998), S. 27-35 
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  • 28
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    GPS solutions 2 (1998), S. 36-41 
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  • 29
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    GPS solutions 2 (1998), S. 42-48 
    ISSN: 1521-1886
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  • 30
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    European journal of wildlife research 36 (1990), S. 22-29 
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In the Mexican state of Nuevo León a two year freeland investigation of wild turkeys(Meleagris gallopavo) was undertaken. The transition zone between the open woodland formation of the lower slopes and the oak-pine forests of the middle slopes on the luv side of the eastern Sierra Madre Mountains provide an optimum habitat for the turkeys. Data on population density and habitat preferences with the seasonal changes over the course of the year were collected. The results provide an insight into the social and reproductive behaviour of the turkeys as well as a measure of success in brood rearing. Relationships were demonstrated between management for hunting and protection of this species, which is still relatively common in certain areas.
    Abstract: Résumé Dans l'Etat fédéral mexicain Nuevo León, deux années d'étude sur le terrain ont été consacrées au Dindon sauvage(Meleagris gallopavo). Un habitat optimal est constitué par la zone d'interpénétration entre les formations ouvertes du bocage des versants inférieurs et les chênaies (-pineraies) des versants moyens sur le flanc ouest, exposé au vent, de la Sierra Madre. Des données ont été rassemblées sur la densité de population et sur les éco-preferenda saisonniers. Les résultats livrent quelques indications sur le comportement social et sexual de l'espèce ainsi que sur le succès de l'élevage des jeunes. Sont évoquées les relations entre la gestion cynégétique et la protection de ce gallinacé forestier sauvage dont l'abondance, dans certains secteurs tout au moins, n'est pas négligeable.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Im mexikanischen Bundesstaat Nuevo León wurde eine zweijährige Freilandstudie an Waldtruthühnern(Meleagris gallopavo) durchgeführt. Einen optimalen Habitat bietet die Verzahnungszone zwischen den offenen Buschwaldformationen der unteren Hanglagen und Eichen-(Kiefern-) Wäldern der mittleren Hanglagen an der Luvseite des östlichen Sierra-Madre-Gebirges. Es wurden Daten über die Populationsdichte und Habitatpräferenz im Wechsel der Jahreszeiten erhoben. Die Ergebnisse eröffnen zugleich Einblicke in das Sozial- und Fortpflanzungsverhalten sowie den Erfolg bei der Jungenaufzucht. Es werden Zusammenhänge zwischen jagdlicher Bewirtschaftung und dem Schutz dieser in Teilgebieten noch recht häufigen Waldhuhnart aufgezeigt.
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  • 31
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    European journal of wildlife research 36 (1990), S. 57-59 
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Presented is a case of synostosis of the frontals in the folded region of the interfrontal suture in a roe buck, aged five years. The anomaly is interpreted as a result of irritation of the frontal periosteum caused by injuries during butting.
    Abstract: Résumé On décrit une difformité de la voûte crânienne au niveau du repli de la suture interfrontale chez un brocard de 5 ans. On considère que la cause de l'anomalie réside dans une stimulation de l'activité du périoste par suite d'une blessure provoquée par un coup asséné par les bois d'un rival.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Beschrieben wird eine Verwachsung der Stirnbeine im Bereich des Faltteils derSutura interfrontalis bei einem fünfjährigen Rehbock. Als Ursache der Anomalie wird eine Periostreizung infolge Forkelverletzung angenommen.
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  • 32
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    European journal of wildlife research 36 (1990), S. 63-65 
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A two years old doe(Capreolus capreolus) was found with four toes on both hind legs, i.e. a doubling of the Autopodium. We explain it as a teratologic formation/growth.
    Abstract: Résumé Une chevrette(Capreolus capreolus) avec quatre orteils aux deux pattes arrières est décrite, c'est-à-dire avec un dédoublement de l'autopode. On explique ce phénomène par la présence d'une formation tératologique.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Bei einer 2- bis 3jährigen Rehgeiß(Capreolus capreolus) ist eine beidseitige Vierzehigkeit der Hinterläufe, d.h. Doppelbildung des Autopodiums, nachgewiesen. Sie wird als teratologische Bildung gedeutet.
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  • 33
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    European journal of wildlife research 36 (1990), S. 43-56 
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In 1988 a questionnaire survey was conducted among all German hunters who hunted in Canada in the period 1985 to 1987. The objective was to determine the demographic and psychological characteristics of hunting tourists, the number and species of harvested game as well as to assess the costs. German hunting tourists are primarily middle aged and elderly men with a high social status. The pleasure of purely shooting the game is certainly not the main motivation for German hunters to go to Canada. Rather, the hunting experience in a natural setting, as is not any longer possible in Germany, is of primary importance. Trophy hunting is mainly for horn and antler trophies. Hence, the German hunter in Canada looks for game similar to that in Germany. Hunting and cultural traditions are a major consideration here. The interest in trophies is less among hunters that pursue predators. The hunting of this game fulfils the desire to have unique or exotic hunting experiences. The expenses for this type of hunting are relatively high for the individuals concerned. However, these costs amount to only a negligible fraction of the total hunting expenditures in Canada.
    Abstract: Résumé En 1988, une enquête écrite a été effectuée auprès des chasseurs allemands venus chasser au Canada entre 1985 et 1987. Le but de l'enquête consistait à caractériser le profil démographique et psychologique des touristes-chausseurs, à établir une statistique cynégétique et à faire une évaluation des dépenses exposées à cette occasion. Les chasseurs-touristes sont d'abord des hommes de la cinquantaine, de couches sociales élevées. Le plaisir du tir proprement dit n'est pas, de toute évidence, la motivation principale des touristeschasseurs allemands voyageant au Canada. L'experience cynégétique dans un environnement naturel, inexistant en Allemagne, est primordiale à leurs yeux. La chasse au trophée se concentre essentiellement sur les cervicornes et les cavicornes. Le chasseur allemand recherche donc au Canada des trophées analogues à ceux que l'on trouve en Allemagne. La tradition et la culture cynégétiques jouent ici certainement un rôle déterminant. Pour les amateurs de tableaux de chasse, l'intérêt pour le trophée passe en effet à l'arrière-plan. La chasse de ces espèces-gibier est motivée par une expérience cynégétique inhabituelle et exotique. Les dépenses pour certains touristes-chasseurs sont relativement élevées. Au total, elles ne constituent cependant pas une part significative par rapport à l'ensemble des dépenses liées à la chasse au Canada.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung 1988 wurde bei deutschen Jägern, die in den Jahren 1985 bis 1987 in Kanada auf der Jagd waren, eine schriftliche Befragung durchgeführt. Ziel war eine demographische und psychologische Charakterisierung der Jagdtouristen, eine Jagdstatistik und die Ermittlung der Kosten. Deutsche Jagdtouristen sind in erster Linie Männer mittleren bis höheren Alters aus hohen sozialen Schichten. Die Lust am reinen Töten ist ganz sicher nicht die Hauptmotivation für deutsche Jagdtouristen, nach Kanada zu fahren. Das Jagderlebnis in einer natürlichen Umgebung, die es in Deutschland nicht mehr gibt, ist ihnen offensichtlich am wichtigsten. Die Trophäenjagd konzentriert sich überwiegend auf Gehörn- und Geweihträger. Der deutsche Jäger in Kanada sucht also nach Trophäen, die denen in Deutschland ähnlich sind. Hier spielen sicherlich Jagdtradition und Jagdkultur eine entscheidende Rolle. Bei Beutegreifern tritt das Trophäeninteresse in den Hintergrund. Bei der Jagd auf diese Wildarten spielt die Motivation, außergewöhnliche oder exotische Jagderlebnisse zu haben, eine wesentlich größere Rolle. Die Aufwendungen sind für den einzelnen Jagdtouristen relativ hoch. Insgesamt bilden sie aber keinen nennenswerten Anteil an den Gesamtaufwendungen für die Jagd in Kanada.
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    European journal of wildlife research 36 (1990), S. 95-103 
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In order to determine the biochemical-genetic variability among European Mouflon(Ovis ammon musimon) 31 isoenzyme systems were investigated using starch gel electrophoresis and enzyme specific analyses. A total of 34 animals from 4 different populations were used in the investigation. Only one genetic polymorphism(Es-2) was demonstrated out of 46 testable gene loci. With an average polymorphic rate of 2.2 % and an average heterozygotic rate of 1.1 %, the European wild sheep is one of the least biochemical-genetically variable species among large mammals investigated. The probable cause for this low variability could well be the small number of animals introduced into the European mainland which provided the basis for present populations. However, other possibilities influencing variability such as the pre-historical population history of the species and the cladogenesis of the Caprini are discussed.
    Abstract: Résumé Afin de déterminer la variabilité génétique au niveau biochimique chez le Mouflon(Ovis ammon musimon), 31 systèmes d'iso-enzymes, provenant d'un total de 34 animaux issus de 4 populations différentes, ont été analysés par électrophorèse horizontale au gel d'amidon et par des méthodes spécifiques aux analyses enzymatiques. Parmi 46 loci analysables un seul(Es-2) révéla un polymorphisme génétique. Avec un taux moyen de polymorphisme de 2,2 % et un taux moyen d'hétérozygotie de 1,1 %, le Mouflon fait partie des espèces montrant la variabilité génétique biochimique la plus faible parmi les grands mammifères étudiés jusqu'ici. Comme explication la plus vraisemblable de cette constatation, on invoque une acclimatation sur le continent européen ayant procédé au moyen d'un nombre réduit d'individus; d'autres influences déterminantes sont cependant avancées comme le développement des effectifs de l'espèce au cours de la préhistoire ainsi que la cladogenèse des Caprins.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Um die biochemisch-genetische Variabilität beim Mufflon(Ovis ammon musimon) zu ermitteln, wurden bei insgesamt 34 Tieren aus 4 verschiedenen Beständen 31 Isoenzymsysteme mittels horizontaler Stärkegelelektrophorese und enzymspezifischer Nachweismethoden untersucht. Von 46 auswertbaren Genloci zeigte sich nur an einem(Es-2) ein genetischer Polymorphismus. Mit einer durchschnittlichen Polymorphierate von 2,2 % und einer durchschnittlichen Heterozygotierate von 1,1 % gehört das Muffelwild unter den bisher untersuchten Großsäugern zu den Arten mit der geringsten biochemisch-genetischen Variabilität. Als wahrscheinlichste Ursache für diesen Befund wird die von geringen Individuenzahlen ausgehende Einbürgerung dieses Wildschafes auf dem europäischen Festland vermutet; es werden jedoch auch andere mögliche Einflußgrößen, wie die prähistorische Bestandesgeschichte der Art und die Kladogenese der Caprini diskutiert.
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    European journal of wildlife research 36 (1990), S. 271-272 
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  • 36
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    European journal of wildlife research 37 (1991), S. 35-39 
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD, E.C. 1.15.1.1.) was investigated electrophoretically in 196 muscle-, heart- and liver samples of red deer from the forest Reinhardswald, a game preserve in Hessen, Western Germany. The banding patterns in the electropherograms can be interpreted as products of two loci, one of them coding for an enzyme of dimeric quarternary structure. The observed genotypic distribution does not fit Hardy-Weinberg expectations. An excess of heterozygotes is observed. This phenomenon is explained by a sample bias caused by deer management. This study is the basis for further wide ranging investigations, intended to evaluate consequences of wildlife management on the genetic structure of this deer population.
    Abstract: Résumé L'enzyme Superoxiddismutase (SOD, E.C. 1.15.1.1.) a été étudié par électrophorèse continue et focalisation isoélectrique de 196 échantillons d'organes de cerfs provenant de la Réserve cynégétique de la Reinhardswald en Hesse. Les bandes électrophorétiques-types peuvent être interprétées comme étant le résultat de l'action de deux loci, le locus 1 codant un enzyme avec structure quaternaire dimérique. Un test de χ2 révèle que les fréquences observées du génotype s'écartent significativement des fréquences attendues, avec un excédent des hétérozygotes. Cette situation s'explique par le lâcher de cerfs hongrois dans la population autochtone avec, à chaque fois, des fréquences alléliques opposées et un tir sélectif. Ces recherches serviront à fonder des recherches ultérieures sur cette population en faisant appel à d'autres iso-enzymes afin de suivre les effets de la gestion cynégétique sur des paramètres génétiques.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Das Enzym Superoxiddismutase (SOD, E.C. 1.15.1.1.) wurde mittels der kontinuierlichen Elektrophorese und der isoelektrischen Fokussierung anhand von 196 Rotwild-Organproben aus dem Wildschutzgebiet Reinhardswald/Hessen untersucht. Das Bandenmuster im Elektropherogramm kann als das Produkt zweier Loci interpretiert werden, wobei Genort-1 ein Enzym mit dimerer Quartärstruktur codiert. Im Chi2-Test zeigt sich eine signifikante Abweichung der beobachteten von den erwarteten Genotyphäufigkeiten, ein Überschuß an Heterozygoten wurde beobachtet. Dieser Zustand ist durch das Aussetzen von ungarischem Rotwild in die autochthone Population mit jeweils entgegengerichteten Allelfrequenzen und selektivem Abschuß erklärbar. Die Untersuchungen dienen als Grundstein für nachfolgende Untersuchungen an dieser Population unter Verwendung weiterer Isoenzyme, um Auswirkungen des jagdlichen Managements auf genetische Parameter zu verfolgen.
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  • 37
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    European journal of wildlife research 37 (1991), S. 67-68 
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    European journal of wildlife research 37 (1991), S. 69-77 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In order to determine the genetic variability of fallow deer in hunting districts in Northrhine-Westphalia, 6 isoenzyme systems from liver tissue of 56 sample animals were analyzed using gel electrophoresis. Of the 11 gene loci studied, 8 were monomorphic. The average heterozygotic rate of all populations was 1.4 %, the average number of alleles per gene loci was 1.37. No significant differences were found among the populations. Measures concerning the management of fallow deer for hunting are discussed.
    Abstract: Résumé Afin d'établir la variabilité génétique du Daim(Dama dama) sur le plan biochimique dans des territoires de Rhénanie-Westphalie, on a anlysé sur un ensemble de 56 individus six systèmes d'isoenzymes du tissu hépatique par électrophorèse. Des 11 loci géniques recensés, 8 étaient monomorphes. Le taux moyen d'hétérozygotie de toutes les populations s'élevait à 1,4 %, le nombre moyen d'allèles par locus génique à 1,37. Aucune différence significative ne fut décelée entre les populations. Une discussion porte sur les mesures de gestion cynégétique du Daim.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Um die biochemisch erfaßbare genetische Variabilität von Damwild (Dama dama) in Revieren in Nordrhein-Westfalen zu ermitteln, wurden bei insgesamt 56 Individuen sechs Isoenzymsysteme aus Lebergewebe gelelektrophoretisch analysiert. Von den erfaßten 11 Genorten waren 8 monomorph. Die durchschnittliche Heterozygotierate aller Populationen betrug 1,4 %, die durchschnittliche Anzahl Allele pro Genort 1,37. Es fanden sich keine signifikanten Unterschiede zwischen den Populationen. Maßnahmen zur jagdlichen Bewirtschaftung des Damwildes werden diskutiert.
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    European journal of wildlife research 38 (1992), S. 283-292 
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    GPS solutions 1 (1995), S. 23-27 
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    Notes: This is the first in a series of three articles authored by John Beukers. In this series, John will lead us through some of today's relevant radionavigation history putting turbulent times into perspective. Picking out what he considers significant in the current debate, he projects the future for satellite and terrestrial radionavigation systems well into the 21st century.
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    GPS solutions 1 (1995), S. 48-53 
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    GPS solutions 1 (1995), S. 38-47 
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    GPS solutions 1 (1995), S. 54-58 
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    GPS solutions 1 (1995), S. 59-64 
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    GPS solutions 1 (1995), S. 13-22 
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    Notes: Asset location systems, including vehicle and property tracking systems, are in the verge of exploding onto the scene for widespread business and personal use. This is due in part to decreased costs of GPS equipment, and greater availability of wireless communication systems, but also largely due to public awareness of their capabilities and benefits. Companies, organizations, and individual consumers that earlier could not justify the costs of tracking systems are now seriously considering their implementation. Public awareness of such systems is growing daily. Newspapers regularly have articles covering the latest applications of GPS. En route nagivation for aircraft, assisting blind people to navigate the streets of a city, and tracking skiers on slopes are some of the topics of recent newspapers articles on GPS. This article explores GPS asset location systems, looks at their features and foibles, and considers their cost, utility, ease of use, and drawbacks.
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    GPS solutions 1 (1995), S. 28-37 
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    Notes: Executive Summary GPS is a scientific method used as an adjunct to geographic information systems (GIS) for determining high-accuracy control points over large areas. Recent improvements in receiver technology, differential surveying, and software have made use of GPS technology more practical for smaller GIS projects. This article compares three different GPSs with occupation times of 2 and 12 min using an existing control network, comparing the location of the points and the distances between points. The control network internal distances vary from 40 to 280 m, and within 2000 m of the nearest second-order National Geodetic Survey (NGS) triangulation station. The partnership of GPS and GIS will lead to higher surveying integrity while improving digital mapping on the ground over small and large areas. It also allows for postsurvey analysis with solutions coming from multiple base stations. Presented here is a case study of how to achieve highly accurate and effective control points using using GPS/GIS, particularly for a small area.
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    GPS solutions 1 (1995), S. 65-73 
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    Notes: The NAVSTAR Global Positioning System is a space-based, all-weather, worldwide satellite navigation system. GPS uses the constellation of satellites and associated ground equipment to perform the primary missions of highly accurate navigation, time transfer, and nuclear detonation detection. To achieve these missions, GPS has three clearly defined segments – space, user and control (see Figure 1). The control segment, otherwise referred to as the operational control segment (OCS), consists of the personnel and equipment that controls the space segment and interfaces with the user segment. The OCS is made up of the master control station (MCS), the ground antennas (GA), and the monitor stations (MS). The purpose of this article is to describe how the 2nd Space Operations Squadron runs the MCS, the key element of the OCS.
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    GPS solutions 1 (1995), S. 74-75 
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    GPS solutions 1 (1995), S. 76-79 
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    GPS solutions 1 (1995), S. 80-80 
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    GPS solutions 1 (1995), S. 85-85 
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    GPS solutions 2 (1998), S. 62-65 
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    GPS solutions 2 (1998), S. 66-66 
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    GPS solutions 2 (1998), S. 67-68 
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    GPS solutions 2 (1998), S. 1-2 
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    GPS solutions 2 (1998), S. 16-27 
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    Notes: The potential 48-satellite constellation offered by the combination of observations from both the GPS and GLONASS positioning systems has created considerable interest among existing GPS users. In the published literature, a considerable amount of work has been devoted to the theoretical issue of algorithm design for combined GPS/GLONASS positioning solutions. Little work has been published, however, on the practical conversion of existing GPS software to include GLONASS observations. This paper considers the computation issues pertaining to the GLONASS broadcast ephemeris for inclusion of GLONASS observations into existing GPS software. The format of the GLONASS broadcast ephemeris is discussed and theory of satellite orbits and their stepwise numerical integration is reviewed. Finally, a strategy for GLONASS broadcast ephemeris computation is proposed to facilitate combination of GPS and GLONASS observations. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    Notes: The International Association of Geodesy officially established the International GPS Service (IGS) on Janaury 1, 1994. Its prime objective is to provide support and a rerefence system for a wide variety of scientific and practical applications involving GPS. To fulfill its role the IGS also generates, in addition to its fundamental products (orbital/staion positions and consistent Earth orientation parameters), additional reference-system products providing the necessary infrastructure, standards, and means of calibrations for timing and various atmospheric applications of GPS. The generation and efficient application of IGS products and their impact on a number of positioning and atmospheric applications, including low earth orbit satellites, is reviewed and discussed. @ 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    Notes: A proper choice of the observation weight matrix is of importance for both adjusting and testing GPS data. Our understanding of the noise characteristic of GPS observations, on which the weight matrix should be based, is, however, still underdeveloped. This makes it difficult to draw up an appropriate weight matrix. The first and foremost purpose of this contribution is therefore to draw attention to the need to improve upon our rudimentary knowledge of the GPS stochastic model. To this end, results will be presented of a relatively simple case study in which the possible presence of cross-correlation between observables is considered. With these results we hope to spur further discussion and research on this important topic. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    Notes: An effective method of decreasing multipath errors in GPS or GPS/GLONASS receivers by changing delay lock loop correlator reference signal is discussed. Unlike other approaches, this method does not lead to apparatus complication, power comsumption increase, or augmentation of digital processor load. This method eliminates the multipath error completely if the difference in delays of direct and reflected signal is more than 30 m, and decreases this error for smaller delays. The cost of such decrease is that the noise error is decreased. However, the noise error is much less dangerous than the multipath one because of its smaller value and much shorter correlation interval. Calculated and experimental data for the method are given for multipath and noise errors. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    GPS solutions 2 (1998), S. 67-67 
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    GPS solutions 2 (1998), S. 64-66 
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    GPS solutions 2 (1998), S. 68-68 
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    GPS solutions 2 (1998), S. 69-71 
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    GPS solutions 2 (1998), S. 72-72 
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    GPS solutions 2 (1999), S. 1-2 
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    GPS solutions 2 (1999), S. 24-36 
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    Notes: The purpose of this article is to report on an integrated system that uses GPS and other low cost sensors for azimuth and pitch determination. The ability of the integrated system to maintain a solution over periods of induced GPS outage is also demonstrated. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    GPS solutions 2 (1999), S. 18-23 
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    Notes: The Global Positioning System (GPS) satellita navigation aiding system, sometimes called NAVSTAR, has become a utility to the military and many civilian areas. GPS, currently consisting of 24 satellites, is used by the military for navigation, precision weapons delivery, and the future digital battlefield. In the civilian sector, GPS is widely used as the primary or secondary aid for land, water, and air navigation; as a surveying aid; as a vehicle location system; and as a precision time standard for cellular and ATM sites. In the aviation community, GPS is becoming an integral part of the WAAS (Wide Area Augmentation System) and the LAAS (Local Area Augmentation System) for en route navigation in North America and Category II and III precision approach, and for surface navigation. The vulnerability of GPS have become the vulnerabilities of WAAS and LAAS, and require consideration of interference mittigation techniques. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    GPS solutions 2 (1999), S. 37-40 
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    Notes: The growing importance and effectiveness of the Global Positioning System (GPS) in positioning geophysical surveys is now well established. In Ecuador's Amazon basin the use of GPS was the determining factor in the successful completion of a gravity survey carried out in 1994. Over 500 gravity stations, spaced from 1 to 5 km apart and positioned by GPS, were collected in the jungle environment in the country's southeast, where the preexisting data, of variable and unknown quality, were mostly confined to areas along the major rivers. This station densification, which includes the reoccupation of selected points, contributed to increase the gravity coverage; it also allowed us to evaluate and correct 1100 preexisting data points in the area, so that the different surveys can be merged. The composite data set is used for a geologic analysis of the study area, where previously unknown structures are discovered. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    GPS solutions 2 (1999), S. 41-49 
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    Notes: The permanent GPS tracking site at Annapolis, MD shows a 7-mm seasonal signal primarily in its horizontal position. It is suggested that thermal expansion of the pier on which the antenna rests is the source of this motion. A simple numerical model of the pier reproduces the observed motion of the GPS antenna, lending credence to this hypothesis. Although adding an additional level of complexity, this motion is predictable and the site retains it s value for high precision monitoring. Although the arrangement of this GPS site it somewhat uncommon, these results emphasize the importance of the underlying antenna monumentation when measuring crustal motions. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    GPS solutions 2 (1999), S. 63-69 
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    Notes: GPS ambiguity resolution is the process of resolving the unknown cycle ambiguities of double-difference (DD) carrier-phase data as integers. It is the key to fast and high-precision relative GPS positioning. Critical in the application of ambiguity resolution is its reliability. Unsuccessful ambiguity resolution, when passed unnoticed, will too often lead to unacceptable errors in the positioning results. High success rates are required for ambiguity resolution to be reliable. In this contribution we will introduce and evaluate such diagnostic measures. They complement existing methods of ambiguity resolution and allow the user and/or analyst to infer their reliability. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    GPS solutions 2 (1999), S. 50-62 
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    Notes: The largest error in currently used GPS orbit models is due to the effect of solar radiation pressure. Over the last few years many improvements were made in modeling the orbits of GPS satellites within the International GPS Service (IGS). Howeer, most improvements were achieved by increasing the number of estimated orbit and/or solar radiation pressure parameters. This increase in the number of estimated satellite parameters weakens the solutions of all estimated parameters (not only orbit parameters). Because of correlations the additional orbit parameters may introduce biases in other estimated quantities, for example the length of day. We present a recently developed solar radiation pressure model for the GPS satellites. This model is based on experiences and results gained at the Center for Orbit Determination in Europe (CODE) in the context of its IGS activities since June 1992. The performance of the new model is almost an order of magnitude better than that of the existing ROCK models. It also allows a reduction of the number of orbit parameters that have to be estimated. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    Notes: A solar-powered GPS receiver has been installed near Beaver Lake, Antarctica, to monitor postglacial isostatic rebound that may be occurring as a result of ice thinning near the Lambert Glacier since the last glacial maximum. The equipment is 400 km from the nearest Australian Antarctic base and is completely automated. It is expected that there will be sufficient solar power to operate the equipment from January 1998 to May 1998, but the data will not be recovered until the following summer season. The scatter in height computed from the first 25 days of data is ± 7.5 mm. If such precision is representative of the accuracy of the height estimates, isostatic rebound of 〈 1 mm/yr will be able to be detected after a few years of observations at the site. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    GPS solutions 2 (1999), S. 79-80 
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    GPS solutions 2 (1999), S. 81-83 
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    GPS solutions 2 (1999), S. 76-78 
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    Notes: Automatic analysis of geodetic-quality GPS data is available with the use of e-mail and ftp (file transfer program) as an interface to a computer at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), where precise transmitter parameters – GPS ephemerides and clock errors – are computed regularly. The interface is such that e-mail from an external user causes the JPL computer to fetch the user's data. The computer than analyzes the data, and places the results in an area accessible to the user. An e-mail to the user gives information on the location of the analysis results, which the user can subsequently fetch. Operations on the JPL computer are entirely automatic, and require essentially no labor. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    GPS solutions 2 (1999), S. 1-6 
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    Notes: This article describes the Nationwide Differential Global Positioning System (NDGPS) service being developed in the United States and the enormous benefits to federal agencies, state governments, and the general public. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    GPS solutions 2 (1999), S. 35-43 
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    Notes: The noise term of GPS phase data can be calculated from the measured carrier-to-noise power density ratios (C/N0). The C/N0 values are used in the proposed SIGMA-ɛ model to calculate the variance matrix of double-differenced GPS phase data. Examples show the capability of this model to yield higher accuracies for GPS surveys than the use of the standard weighting scheme. Most importantly, the SIGMA-ɛ model allows the use of noisier phase data from very low elevation satellites to overcome poor satellite geometry problems. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    GPS solutions 2 (1999), S. 44-51 
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    Notes: Investigations of deformation styles in Asia have already led to new kinematic models that predict the spatial and temporal evolution of deformations in the region. Testing these models is now within realm of current GPS technology. In this study, GPS data during 4 months from six stations in Asia, including a new station from Hong Kong whose data were not in public domain, were analyzed for generating kinematic geophysical constraints for the deformations at the regional scale. Processing of 4 months' continuous GPS data from all stations shows small relative station velocities (Wuhan, Shanghai, Xian, and Hong Kong stations in China), except the Lhasa station, which has a northeasterly velocity of about 3 cm/year with respect to the fixed GPS station operating in Taiwan. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    GPS solutions 2 (1999), S. 7-21 
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    Notes: Accurate estimates of the velocity and acceleration of a platform are often needed in high dynamic positioning, airborne gravimetry, and geophysics. In turn, differentiation of GPS signals is a crucial process for obtaining these estimates. It is important in the measurement domain where, for example, the phase measurements are used along with their instantaneous derivative (Doppler) to estimate position and velocity. It is also important in postprocessing, where acceleration is usually estimated by differentiating estimates of position and velocity. Various methods of differentiating a signal can have very different effects on the resulting derivative, and their suitability varies from situation to situation. These comments set the stage for the investigations in this article. The objective is twofold: (1) to carry out a comprehensive study of possible differentiation methods, characterizing each in the frequency domain; and (2) to use real data to demonstrate each of these methods in both of the measurement and position domains, in conditions of variable, high, or unknown dynamics. Examples are given using real GPS data in both the measurement domain and in the position and velocity domain. The appropriate differentiator is used in several cases of varying dynamics to derive a Doppler signal from carrier phase measurements (rather than using the raw Doppler generated by the receiver). In the statistic case, it is seen that the accuracy of velocity estimates can be improved from 4.0 mm/s to 0.7 mm/s by using the correct filter. In conditions of medium dynamics experienced in an airborne gravity survey, it is demonstrated that accelerations as the 2–4 mGal level (1 mGal = 0.00001 m/s2) can be obtained at the required filtering periods. Finally, a precision motion table is used to show that when using the correct filter, velocity estimates under high dynamics can be improved by an order of magnitude to 27.0 mm/s. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 83
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    Notes: LandStar is a differential global positioning service (DGPS) that provides 24-h real-time positioning for various applications on land, water, and air in North America, Australia, New Zealand, Europe, and Africa. Its focus is on real-time applications requiring a submeter positioning capability such as agriculture, forestry, Geospatial Information Systems (GIS), survey/mapping, and land/vehicular navigation. LandStar uses a Wide Area Network of reference stations to derive DGPS corrections to model the variation of GPS error sources over a large area. These model parameters are used by the Virtual Reference Station processors to calculate standard corrections that are available for all predefined locations in the network. The corrections are transmitted to the user by L-band satellite communication in the standard RTCM SC104 DGPS correction format. This article investigates the performance of the LandStar Mk III system under various operational conditions and assesses its performance in both static and kinematic modes. Four field tests were conducted during 12 months that tested the sysem in clear static and kinematic conditions as well as suboptimal environments associated with low and heavy foliage conditions. Both the accuracy and availability of the system under these conditions is investigated, with an emphasis on whether the above variables are caused by the LandStar system differential corrections, the GPS measurements, or a combination of both. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    GPS solutions 2 (1999), S. 57-59 
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  • 85
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    GPS solutions 2 (1999), S. 64-66 
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  • 86
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    GPS solutions 2 (1999), S. 60-63 
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    Notes: From time to time, this column will include short contributions from invited guest contributors on specialized subjects pertaining to inonospheric effects on GPS signals. In this issue, Dr. A. J. Van Dierendonck discusses the required specifications of a civilian GPS receiver specially designed to make quantitative measurements of both ionospheric amplitude and carrier phase scintillation effects from GPS signals. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    GPS solutions 2 (1999), S. 52-56 
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    Notes: A modular approach consisting of three steps is presented for precise positioning with GPS: integrity, monitoring (data validation), ambiguity resolution, and positioning. Results of one step are used as input for the next. After a brief description of reliability and testing and techniques for GPS ambiguity resolution, the observation equations for the geometry-free GPS model are given, used for integrity monitoring, followed by those for single-difference relative positioning with the double-difference ambiguities removed. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 88
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    GPS solutions 3 (1999), S. 1-1 
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  • 89
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    GPS solutions 3 (1999), S. 2-4 
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    Notes: GPS technology will face not one but two critical rollover dates over the next eight months. One is the millennium (Y2K) rollover. The other is the GPS week 1024 rollover also known as the GPS End of the Week (EOW). Each rollover dat has the potential to cause severe problems in GPS receivers and related software. This article expolres the reasons why these dates are a problem and describes choices that must be made as to their solution. The paper also describes some verification methods that may be used to test GPS receivers and software. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 90
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    GPS solutions 3 (1999), S. 17-25 
    ISSN: 1521-1886
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    Notes: The Global Positioning System (GPS), in addition to providing precise navigation and positioning information, produces precise time and frequency measurements. These measurements result from the atomic clocks in the GPS satellites, which are closely coupled to Universal Coordinated Time as maintained by the U. S. Naval Observatory [UTC(USNO)]. The application of these measurements to timekeeping and other systems requiring precise time and frequency is distinct from the navigation/positioning mission. This article will describe the differences in application of GPS to time and frequency uses. These uses will be described in the major areas of timekeeping; stationary uses, such as communications networking; and mobile use for aircraft and shipboard applications. The major considerations in application and operation with precise and less-capable oscilators will be described. Examples and data will be presented to illustrate the applications. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 91
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    Notes: High-accuracy real-time GPS-based attitude determination requires that integer ambiguities be resolved very quickly so that the attitude angles can be output with minimum delay. This article describes an attitude determination algorithm that can resolve integer ambiguities instantaneously, relative to one antenna of a multi-antenna array configuration. The carrier phase and pseudorange observations are used with fixed baseline length constraints and fiberoptic gyro data. Real-time stochastic model improvement using empirical elevation-dependent standard deviation function and an estimated scale factor are a feature of this algorithm. Integer ambiguity search using the LAMBDA method, sophisticated validation criteria, and an adaptive procedure has also been implemented within the software. An experiment was carried out using four Leica dual-frequency GPS receivers (but only the L1 carrier phase and pseudorange data were used) and a low-cost fiberoptic on a car. The results indicate that integer ambiguities can be resolved on a single-epoch basis with a 98.9% success rate. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 92
    ISSN: 1521-1886
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    Notes: The 29th Research Institute recently published its latest transformation parameters for WGS and PZ 90. Because these tranformation parameter estimates were derived from stations located within Russia, variance-covariance propagation was carried out to study the benefits of a better global distribution of stations. An example that includes two stations in North America is presented. The transformation improves significantly. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 93
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    GPS solutions 3 (1999), S. 26-31 
    ISSN: 1521-1886
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    Notes: Considering GLONASS as one of the pillars of the international Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), the Russian Federation works toward the integration of GLONASS with other navigation systems, cooperates with the internal user community, and contributes to the development and coordination of standards concerning GLONASS and the combined use of GLONASS and the global positioning system (GPS). This work is pursued in conformity with recommendations of respective international organizations. Most users recognize that the GLONASS/GPS combination has better characteristics in terms of availability, accuracy, integrity, and so on. However, the combined use of these satellite systems raises problems that must be addressed. This article reviews problems encountered when using two different navigation systems. Solutions developed thus far are outlined. The potential of GLONASS and approaches for high accuracy UTC time transfer are discussed. The transformation between the WGS 84 and PZ 90 reference frames and their conformity with the international terrestrial reference frame (ITRF) is considered. Various solutions are viewed in connections with recommendations made by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), the Global Navigation Satellite System Panel (GNSP), and the Consultative Committee for Definition of the Second (CCDS) concerning the desirability of using either or both systems interchangeably. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    GPS solutions 3 (1999), S. 32-41 
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    Notes: The hybridization of GPS with GLONASS has formed a first stage in GNSS development. We examine the performance of the hybrid system in the position domain for both code and carrier phase cases. Several major differences exist between GPS and GLONASS; most significant is GLONASS's signal frequency diversity, which can lead to measurement bias, particularly so when a pair of receivers are operating at different temperatures. Unless signal frequency diversity is addressed either on-receiver or at the data processing stage, positioning errors can occur at the centimeter level. We outline the difficulties of combining observations from the two systems and discuss how these may be overcome. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 95
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    GPS solutions 3 (1999), S. 42-49 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: For many common GPS/GLONASS native receiver formats, a single freeware program called TEQC now allows the user to translate from the binary receiver format to the standard Receiver Independent Exchange (RINEX) format, to edit existing RINEX files, and to quality-check the data before postprocessing. TEQC is 100% noninteractive and has a command line interface modeled after common UNIX commands. This combined with TEQC's extensive documentation makes it simple to use for new and experienced users and in automated processing scripts. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 96
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    GPS solutions 3 (1999), S. 50-58 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: The precise point whose position is being measured when a GPS baseline is determined is generally assumed to be the phase center of the GPS antenna. However, the phase center of a GPS antenna is neither a physical point nor a stable point. For any given GPS antenna, the phase center will change with the changing direction of the signal from a satellite. Ideally, most of this phase center variation depends on satellite elevation. Azimuthal effects are only introduced by the local environment around each individual antenna site. These phase center variations affect the antenna offsets that are needed to connect GPS measurements to physical monuments. Ignoring these phase center variations can lead to serious (up to 10 cm) vertical errors. This article will describe the procedure by which the National Geodetic Survey is calibrating GPS antennas and how this information may be obtained and used to avoid problems from these antenna variations. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    GPS solutions 3 (1999), S. 77-78 
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    GPS solutions 3 (1999), S. 59-72 
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    Notes: Since its official start in January 1994, the International GPS Service (IGS) has been distributing, as part of its product combination, two distinct Earth rotation parameter (ERP) series: the IGS Rapid series and the IGS Final series. Initially, the IGS Rapid ERP values were interpolations of the International Earth Rotation Service (IERS) Bulletin A, whereas the IGS Final ERP series was based on the IERS Bulletin B. Since June 1996, the IGS has been generating its own Final ERP series consistent with the IGS combined orbit products and based on weighted means of individual IGS analysis center (AC) solutions. At first, only the polar motion (PM) coordinates and their rates were combined. Length of Day (LOD) and Universal Time (UT) solutions, also based on separate weighted mean combinations, followed in March 1997. Currently, the IGS Rapid and Final combinations are produced and made available within 17 hours and 11 days, respectively, after the last observation. Both IGS and the best AC series are consistent and precise at the 0.1-milliarcsecond (mas) level for PM and at about 30 μs for LOD. Biases in some AC solutions may exceed these consistency levels. Comparisons of both IGS ERP series with external standards, such as the IERS multitechnique Bulletins and atmospheric angular momentum series, confirm the estimated precisions. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    GPS solutions 3 (1999), S. 79-81 
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    GPS solutions 3 (1999), S. 73-76 
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    Notes: The Jet Propulsion Laboratory's (JPL's) automated GPS data analysis service, which is available via the Internet, has been tested. This service is attractive not only because data submission and retrieval are entirely automated on the Internet, but also because it makes centimeter positioning possible for individual dual-frequency receivers. To learn more about this service, the repeatability of position solutions were investigated by means of two simple experiments. The positions of a continuously operating reference station have been computed repeatedly for observation times ranging from 1 hour to 24 hours. In addition, short baseline repeatability and accuracy were tested. Centimeter-level results were obtained. The difference in the vertical definition of the electronic center for antennas of different types could readily be identified. The JPL service is easy to use, even in its present form (which one might label version 1.0). © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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