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  • Articles  (195)
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  • Springer  (195)
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  • 1
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 4 (1990), S. 277-294 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Water distribution ; optimization ; nonlinear programming ; integer programming ; chance constraints ; rehabilation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents the mathematical development of an integer — nonlinear programming chance — constrained optimization model for the minimum cost rehabilitation/replacement of water distribution system components. Particular attention is given to the handling of uncertainties in the roughness factors and the loading conditions including both the random demand and preassure head requirements. The advantages of the proposed model include the ability to: 1) handle the optimal timing of rehabilitation/replacement for water distribution system components; 2) link a mixed-integer linear program solver, a nonlinear program solver, and a hydraulic simulator into an optimization framework; 3) handle the uncertainties of some of the variables; 4) incorporate various kinds of cost functions; and 5) handle multiple loading conditions.
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  • 2
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    Mathematical programming 52 (1991), S. 11-17 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Keywords: Modeling ; cancer ; optimization ; optimal control ; drug delivery
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper we consider the problems of modeling the tumor growth and optimize the chemotherapy treatment. A biologically based model is used with the goal of solving an optimization problem involving discrete delivery of antineoplastic drugs. Our model is formulated via compartmental analysis in order to take into account the cell cycle. The cost functional measures not only the final size of the tumor but also the total amount of drug delivered. We propose an algorithm based on the discrete maximum principle to solve the optimal drug schedule problem. Our numerical results show nice interpretations from the medical point of view.
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  • 3
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    OR spectrum 15 (1994), S. 235-246 
    ISSN: 1436-6304
    Keywords: Simulation ; Optimierung ; Ernteprozeß ; Bedienungsprozeß ; räumliche Aspekte ; Einflußgröße ; Zielgröße ; Bewertungsprozeß ; Simulation ; optimization ; harvesting process ; operational process ; spacious aspects ; influence factor ; target value ; valuation process
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract There is a wide range of possibilities for optimizing harvest process as transport-connected operations in a flow system. They are multi-stage operating process charakterized by a mixed arrangement of the operating elements. Above that, they have distinct spacious aspects. It is demonstrated which charakteristics of such processes have to be simulated by models, what target values should be determined in dependence on which influence factors and under which operational conditions. Furthermore it is elucidated how the valuation process for obtaining the desired information has to be shaped.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses „Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme“ — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1436-6304
    Keywords: Assignment problem ; computer models ; distribution sampling ; estimation ; integer programming ; large-scale modelling ; Latin hypercube ; optimization ; sampling ; sensitivity analysis ; Stichprobenverfahren ; Permutationsmatrizen ; implizite Funktionen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Lateinische Hyperwürfel Stichprobenverfahren (LHS) dienen dazu, in geeigneter Weise die Verteilungsfunktion (zumindest angenähert) der Funktionswerte einer komplexen (impliziten) Funktion, in Abhängigkeit ihrer Variablen werte, zu schätzen. Anwendungen finden sich in Modellen, in denen erforderliche Variablenumformungen nicht möglich sind und in denen die Zahl der Simulationsläufe aus zeitlichen Gründen gering zu halten oder fixiert ist. Es stellt sich die Frage, welche Werte in jedem Lauf den Variablen zuzuordnen sind. Herkömmliche Vorgehensweisen benutzen ausgefeilte, geschichtete Stichprobenverfahren, die jedoch Fehler bei der Bestimmung von Varianz und Kovarianz, aufgrund der Korrelation der Stichprobenpaare, beinhalten können. In dieser Arbeit wird eine Methode beschrieben, den absoluten Fehler zwischen dem tatsächlichen und dem korrelierenden Stichprobenpaar so klein wie möglich zu halten. Selbst für kleine Stichprobenumfänge können dabei schon optimale Pläne erzielt werden. Permutationsmatrizen haben die Eigenschaft, die Summe der Korrelationen zwischen Spaltenpaaren zu minimieren. Die vorgestellte Heuristik ist in der Lage, in allen getesteten Fällen das Optimum zu finden.
    Notes: Abstract The objective of Latin Hypercube Sampling is to determine an effective procedure for sampling from a (possibly correlated) multivariate population to estimate the distribution function (or at least a significant number of moments) of a complicated function of its variables. The typical application involves a computer-based model in which it is largely impossible to find a way (closed form or numerical) to do the necessary transformation of variables and where it is expensive to run in terms of computing resources and time. Classical approaches to hypercube sampling have used sophisticated stratified sampling techniques; but such sampling may provide incorrect measures of the output parameters' variances or covariances due to correlation between the sampling pairs. In this work, we offer a strategy which provides a sampling specification minimizing the sum of the absolute values of the pairwise differences between the true and sampled correlation pairs. We show that optimal plans can be obtained for even small sample sizes. We consider the characteristics of permutation matrices which minimize the sum of correlations between column pairs and then present an effective heuristic for solution. This heuristic generally finds plans which match the correlation structure exactly. When it does not, we provide a hybrid lagrangian/heuristic method, which empirically has found the optimal solution for all cases tested.
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  • 5
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    Mathematical programming 61 (1993), S. 19-37 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Keywords: Self-scaling ; BFGS method ; quasi-Newton method ; optimization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract We study the self-scaling BFGS method of Oren and Luenberger (1974) for solving unconstrained optimization problems. For general convex functions, we prove that the method is globally convergent with inexact line searches. We also show that the directions generated by the self-scaling BFGS method approach Newton's direction asymptotically. This would ensure superlinear convergence if, in addition, the search directions were well-scaled, but we show that this is not always the case. We find that the method has a major drawback: to achieve superlinear convergence it may be necessary to evaluate the function twice per iteration, even very near the solution. An example is constructed to show that the step-sizes required to achieve a superlinear rate converge to 2 and 0.5 alternately.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1436-5057
    Keywords: 65L60 ; Numerical analysis ; nonlinear differential equations ; finite elements ; numerical simulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das Problem der Berechnung des elektrostatischen Potentials in eindimensionalen Mehrschichtstrukturen mit quantifizierter Elektronenladung wird unter Zuhilfenahme der Theorie monotoner Operatoren und von Störungstheorie untersucht. Eine Fehlerabschätzung wird gegeben für den Fall einer Diskretisierung mit Lagrange-finiten Elementen erster Ordnung. Eine praktische Implementierung dieser Methode bei Verwendung eines quasi-Newton Algorithmus sowie numerische Resultate werden gezeigt.
    Notes: Abstract The problem of computing the electrostatic potential in a one dimensional multilayer semiconductor device with quantized electrons density is analysed using results of monotone operator theory and perturbation calculus. An error estimate is proved for the discretization with Lagrange finite elements of degree one. A practical implementation of the method, using a quasi-Newton algorithm is presented together with some numerical results.
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  • 7
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 8 (1994), S. 301-317 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Change ; discontinued stations ; entropy ; networks ; optimization ; prediction ; unbiased ; water quality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract A new methodology for predicting water quality values at discontinued water quality monitoring stations is proposed. The method is based upon the Principle of Maximum Entropy (POME) and provides unbiased predictions of water quality levels at upstream tributaries and on the mainstem of a river given observed changes in the distribution of the same water quality parameter at a downstream location. Changes in the values of water quality parameters which are known a priori to have occurred upstream, but which are not sufficiently large to account for all the observed change in the same water quality parameter at the downstream location are able to be incorporated in the method through the introduction of a new term in the basic entropy expression. Application of the procedure to water quality monitoring on the Mackenzie River in Queensland, Australia indicates the method has considerable potential for prediction of water quality at discontinued stations. The method also has potential for identifying the location of causes of observed changes in water quality at a downstream station.
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  • 8
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    Fire technology 32 (1996), S. 291-296 
    ISSN: 1572-8099
    Keywords: Building codes ; building economics ; economic analysis ; fire safety ; health care facilities ; hospitals ; life safety codes ; linear programming ; mathematical programming ; optimization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract ALARM is personal computer software that helps building managers and fire safety engineers achieve cost-effective compliance with the widely used NFPA 101,Life Safety Code ®. The software currently supports health-care occupancy analysis. Through the equivalency provision of the code,ALARM implements a goal-oriented, or performance-based, approach to code compliance. The software generates a set of alternative code compliance strategies and their estimated construction costs. Engineering judgment is then applied to select the most appropriate code compliance strategy based on both cost and design considerations. The software offers a code-compliance optimizer, a comprehensive file manager, and a full-screen data editor. Since 1981, the optimization method used inALARM has been field-tested in 89 hospitals (17,898 beds). For this sample, the least-cost solution identified by the software was, on average, 41 percent less expensive than the prescriptive solution. This represents a potential cost savings of $2,116 per bed or more than $37 million. Future versions ofALARM could address other building occupancies.
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  • 9
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    Design automation for embedded systems 3 (1998), S. 59-73 
    ISSN: 1572-8080
    Keywords: Code generation ; optimization ; digital signal processors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract We address the problem of code optimization for embedded DSP microprocessors. Such processors (e.g., those in the TMS320 series) have highly irregular datapaths, and conventional code generation methods typically result in inefficient code. In this paper we formulate and solve some optimization problems that arise in code generation for processors with irregular datapaths. In addition to instruction scheduling and register allocation, we also formulate the accumulator spilling and mode selection problems that arise in DSP microprocessors. We present optimal and heuristic algorithms that determine an instruction schedule simultaneously optimizing accumulator spilling and mode selection. Experimental results are presented.
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  • 10
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    Formal methods in system design 3 (1993), S. 25-47 
    ISSN: 1572-8102
    Keywords: mechanical theorem proving ; primitive inference rules ; delayed computation ; optimization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract The HOL system is afully expansive theorem prover: proofs generated in the system are composed of applications of the primitive inference rules of the underlying logic. One can have a high degree of confidence that such systems are sound, but they are far slower than theorem provers that exploit metatheoretic or derived properties. This paper presents techniques for postponing part of the computation so that the user of a fully expansive theorem prover can be more productive. The notions oflazy theorem andlazy conversion are introduced. These not only allow part of the computation to be delayed, but also permit nonlocal optimizations that are only possible because the primitive inferences are not performed immediately. The approach also opens the way to proof procedures that exploit metatheoretic properties without sacrificing security; the primitive inferences still have to be performed in order to generate a theorem, but during the proof development the user is free of the overheads they entail.
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  • 11
    ISSN: 1572-8757
    Keywords: methane adsorption ; on-board storage ; mathematical modeling ; numerical simulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract The charge of natural gas adsorption storage systems is studied numerically, With emphasis given to the impact on its dynamics of intraparticle diffusional resistances to mass transport. Besides adsorption kinetics and thermal effects, the simulation model takes into account both mass transport inside the adsorbent and hydrodynamics of flow through the packed bed. Numerical results are presented for change with methane of a 50 liter cylindrical reservoir, filled with hypothetical adsorbents with diffusional time constants in the range 10−3 s1 D/R p 2 ≤ ∞. and with the adsorption equilibrium curve of a commercially available activated carbon with a good adsorptive storage capacity. An attempt is made to assemble the charge histories for different values ofD/R p 2 , in a single cure by using a modilied time scale.
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  • 12
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    Adsorption 4 (1998), S. 337-344 
    ISSN: 1572-8757
    Keywords: pressure swing adsorption ; mathematical models ; numerical simulation ; finite difference ; adaptive time stepping
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Three different finite-difference routines were compared for solving the nonlinear, coupled, partial differential and algebraic equations that describe pressure swing adsorption processes. A successive substitution method (SS), a block LU decomposition procedure (BLUD), and the method of lines approach with adaptive time stepping (DASSL) were used to simulate and compare the computation times required to reach the periodic state for two different PSA systems: PSA-air drying and PSA-solvent vapor recovery. For both systems, the results showed that DASSL was nearly twice as fast as BLUD, whereas SS was nearly an order of magnitude slower than BLUD. DASSL and BLUD were also very robust and accurate, as nearly identical bed profiles were obtained from both methods under both transient and periodic state conditions.
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    Queueing systems 21 (1995), S. 337-389 
    ISSN: 1572-9443
    Keywords: Queueing networks ; loss networks ; multiarmed bandits ; bounds ; policies ; optimization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract We survey a new approach that the author and his co-workers have developed to formulate stochastic control problems (predominantly queueing systems) asmathematical programming problems. The central idea is to characterize the region of achievable performance in a stochastic control problem, i.e., find linear or nonlinear constraints on the performance vectors that all policies satisfy. We present linear and nonlinear relaxations of the performance space for the following problems: Indexable systems (multiclass single station queues and multiarmed bandit problems), restless bandit problems, polling systems, multiclass queueing and loss networks. These relaxations lead to bounds on the performance of an optimal policy. Using information from the relaxations we construct heuristic nearly optimal policies. The theme in the paper is the thesis that better formulations lead to deeper understanding and better solution methods. Overall the proposed approach for stochastic control problems parallels efforts of the mathematical programming community in the last twenty years to develop sharper formulations (polyhedral combinatorics and more recently nonlinear relaxations) and leads to new insights ranging from a complete characterization and new algorithms for indexable systems to tight lower bounds and nearly optimal algorithms for restless bandit problems, polling systems, multiclass queueing and loss networks.
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  • 14
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    Queueing systems 12 (1992), S. 135-213 
    ISSN: 1572-9443
    Keywords: Queueing networks ; manufacturing systems ; design ; optimization ; second order properties ; convexity ; supermodularity ; transposition increasingness ; Schur convexity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract Design issues in various types of manufacturing systems such as flow lines, automatic transfer lines, job shops, flexible machining systems, flexible assembly systems and multiple cell systems are addressed in this paper. Approaches to resolving these design issues of these systems using queueing models are reviewed. In particular, we show how the structural properties that are recently derived for single and multiple stage queueing systems can be used effectively in the solution of certain design optimization problems.
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  • 15
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    Annals of operations research 58 (1995), S. 379-402 
    ISSN: 1572-9338
    Keywords: Optimal control ; stochastic control ; dynamic systems ; economics ; public-sector applications ; optimization ; budgetary policies ; monetary policy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper, we determine optimal budgetary and monetary policies for Austria using a small macroeconometric model. We use a Keynesian model of the Austrian economy, called FINPOL1, estimated by ordinary least squares, which relates the main objective variables of Austrian economic policies, such as the growth rate of real gross domestic product, the rate of unemployment, the rate of inflation, the balance of payments, and the ratio of the federal budget deficit to GDP, to fiscal and monetary policy instruments, namely expenditures and revenues of the federal budget and money supply. Optimal fiscal and monetary policies are calculated for the model under a quadratic objective function using the algorithm OPTCON for the optimum control of nonlinear stochastic dynamic systems. Several control experiments are performed in order to assess the influence of different kinds of uncertainty on optimal budgetary and monetary policies. Apart from deterministic optimization runs, different assumptions about parameter uncertainties are introduced; the results of these different stochastic optimum control experiments are compared and interpreted.
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  • 16
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    Annals of operations research 56 (1995), S. 287-311 
    ISSN: 1572-9338
    Keywords: Probability functions ; gradient of integral ; sensitivity analysis ; optimization ; discrete event dynamic systems ; shut-down problem ; probabilistic risk analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Probability functions depending upon parameters are represented as integrals over sets given by inequalities. New derivative formulas for the intergrals over a volume are considered. Derivatives are presented as sums of integrals over a volume and over a surface. Two examples are discussed: probability functions with linear constraints (random right-hand sides), and a dynamical shut-down problem with sensors.
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  • 17
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    Constraints 4 (1999), S. 79-89 
    ISSN: 1572-9354
    Keywords: benchmarks ; radio link frequency assignment ; constraint satisfaction ; optimization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract The problem of radio frequency assignment is to provide communication channels from limited spectral resources whilst keeping to a minimum the interference suffered by those whishing to communicate in a given radio communication network. This problem is a combinatorial (NP-hard) optimization problem. In 1993, the CELAR (the French “Centre d'Electronique de l'Armement”) built a suite of simplified versions of Radio Link Frequency Assignment Problems (RLFAP) starting from data on a real network Roisnel93. Initially designed for assessing the performances of several Constraint Logic Programming languages, these benchmarks have been made available to the public in the framework of the European EUCLID project CALMA (Combinatorial Algorithms for Military Applications). These problems should look very attractive to the CSP community: the problem is simple to represent, all constraints are binary and involve finite domain variables. They nevertheless have some of the flavors of real problems (including large size and several optimization criteria). This paper gives essential facts about the CELAR instances and also introduces the GRAPH instances which were generated during the CALMA project.
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  • 18
    ISSN: 1572-9354
    Keywords: overconstrained problems ; constraint satisfaction ; optimization ; soft constraint ; dynamic programming ; branch and bound ; complexity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract In this paper we describe and compare two frameworks for constraint solving where classical CSPs, fuzzy CSPs, weighted CSPs, partial constraint satisfaction, and others can be easily cast. One is based on a semiring, and the other one on a totally ordered commutative monoid. While comparing the two approaches, we show how to pass from one to the other one, and we discuss when this is possible. The two frameworks have been independently introduced in ijcai95,jacm and schiex-ijcai95.
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    Queueing systems 30 (1998), S. 273-287 
    ISSN: 1572-9443
    Keywords: single server queue ; controlled service rate ; batch Markovian arrival process ; optimization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract This paper deals with the problem of the optimal service rate control in the system with BMAP (Batch Markovian Arrival Process) arrival stream. An algorithm for the computation of the embedded stationary queue length distribution is developed. The procedure for the cost criteria calculation is elaborated for any fixed parameters of the multithreshold control policy.
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    Queueing systems 6 (1990), S. 207-221 
    ISSN: 1572-9443
    Keywords: Batch service queues ; bulk arrival queueing systems ; stochastic control ; optimization ; mass-transit systems
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract We consider the control of an infinite capacity shuttle which transports passengers between two terminals. The passengers arrive at each terminal according to a compound Poisson process and the travel time from one terminal to the other is a random variable following an arbitrary distribution. The following control limit policy is considered: dispatch the shuttle at terminali, at the instant that the total number of passengers waiting at terminali reaches or exceeds a predetermined control limitm i . The objective of this paper is to obtain the mean waiting time of an arbitrary passenger at each terminal for given control valuesm 1 andm 2. We also discuss a search procedure to obtain the optimal control values which minimize the total expected cost per unit time under a linear cost structure.
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    Celestial mechanics and dynamical astronomy 63 (1995), S. 255-269 
    ISSN: 1572-9478
    Keywords: Solar sail ; orbit-rotation coupling ; passive radiative orientation ; optimization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract A complete treatment of the general motion of rotation and translation of a solar-sail spacecraft is proposed for the non-flat sail of complex shape. The planar heliocentric roto-translatory motion is considered, orbit-rotational coupling in the problem of altitude and orbital sail motion is investigated for the two-folding sail formed by two unequal reflective rectangular plates oriented at a right angle. The problem of orbit-rotational coupling is essentially a planar one: both sail plates are orthogonal to the orbital plane. The possibility of the non-controlled interplanetary transfer with such two-folding sail at its passive radiational orientation is established analytically from point of view of orbit-rotational coupling. Optimal geometric proportions of this sail are found at minimum-time interplanetary transfers.
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    Annals of operations research 36 (1992), S. 101-124 
    ISSN: 1572-9338
    Keywords: Computer networks ; feedback control ; flow control ; optimization ; routing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: Abstract The performance of a network subject to either state dependent or state independent flow control is investigated. In the state dependent case, the flow control policy is a function of the total number of packets for which the controller has not yet received an acknowledgment. In this case it is shown that the optimal flow control is a sliding window mechanism. The effect of the delayed feedback on the network performance as well as the size of the window are studied. The state independent optimal rate is also derived. The performance of the state dependent and state independent flow control policies are compared. Conditions for employing one of the two types of flow control policies for superior end-to-end network performance are discussed. All the results obtained are demonstrated using simple examples.
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    Annals of operations research 57 (1995), S. 217-232 
    ISSN: 1572-9338
    Keywords: Scheduling ; robotic cell ; tandem machines ; optimization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: Abstract The paper deals with the scheduling of a robotic cell in which jobs are processed on two tandem machines. The job transportation between the machines is done by a transportation robot. The robotic cell has limitations on the intermediate space between the machines for storing the work-in-process. What complicates the scheduling problem is that the loading/unloading operation times are non-negligible. Given the total number of operationsn, an optimalO(n logn)-time algorithm is proposed together with the proof of optimality.
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    Queueing systems 12 (1992), S. 95-133 
    ISSN: 1572-9443
    Keywords: Open queueing networks ; job shops ; approximation procedures ; parametric decomposition approach ; optimization ; Brownian control ; system design ; review
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract In this paper we review open queueing network models of manufacturing systems. The paper consists of two parts. In the first part we discuss design and planning problems arising in manufacturing. In doing so we focus on those problems that are best addressed by queueing network models. In the second part of the paper we describe developments in queueing network methodology. We are primarily concerned with features such as general service times, deterministic product routings, and machine failures — features that are prevalent in manufacturing settings. Since these features have eluded exact analysis, approximation procedures have been proposed. In the second part of this paper we review the developments in approximation procedures and highlight the assumptions that underlie these approaches.
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    Queueing systems 14 (1993), S. 369-384 
    ISSN: 1572-9443
    Keywords: Queue ; state dependent parameters ; semi-Markov process ; modulated process ; Markov process ; semi-regenerative process ; ergodic theorems ; steady state distribution ; invariant probability measure ; idle period ; busy period ; input process ; output process ; optimization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract The authors study queueing, input and output processes in a queueing system with bulk service and state dependent service delay. The input flow of customers, modulated by a semi-Markov process, is served by a single server that takes batches of a certain fixed size if available or waits until the queue accumulates enough customers for service. In the latter case, the batch taken for service is of random size dependent on the state of the system, while service duration depends both on the state of the system and on the batch size taken. The authors establish a necessary and sufficient condition for equilibrium of the system and obtain the following results: Explicit formulas for steady state distribution of the queueing process, intensity of the input and output processes, and mean values of idle and busy periods. They employ theory of semi-regenerative processes and illustrate the results by a number of examples. In one of them an optimization problem is discussed.
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    Annals of operations research 58 (1995), S. 243-260 
    ISSN: 1572-9338
    Keywords: Assignment problem ; computer models ; distribution sampling ; estimation ; integer programming ; large-scale modelling ; latin hypercube ; optimization ; sampling ; sensitivity analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Latin hypercube sampling is often used to estimate the distribution function of a complicated function of many random variables. In so doing, it is typically necessary to choose a permutation matrix which minimizes the correlation among the cells in the hypercube layout. This problem can be formulated as a generalized, multi-dimensional assignment problem. For the two-dimensional case, we provide a polynomial algorithm. For higher dimensions, we offer effective heuristic and bounding procedures.
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    Constraints 4 (1999), S. 101-112 
    ISSN: 1572-9354
    Keywords: sensitivity analysis ; duality ; optimization ; inference
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    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract The constraint programming community has recently begun to address certain types of optimization problems. These problems tend to be discrete or to have discrete elements. Although sensitivity analysis is well developed for continuous problems, progress in this area for discrete problems has been limited. This paper proposes a general approach to sensitivity analysis that applies to both continuous and discrete problems. In the continuous case, particularly in linear programming, sensitivity analysis can be obtained by solving a dual problem. One way to broaden this result is to generalize the classical idea of a dual to that of an “inference dual,” which can be defined for any optimization problem. To solve the inference dual is to obtain a proof of the optimal value of the problem. Sensitivity analysis can be interpreted as an analysis of the role of each constraint in this proof. This paper shows that traditional sensitivity analysis for linear programming is a special case of this approach. It also illustrates how the approach can work out in a discrete problem by applying it to 0-1 linear programming (linear pseudo-boolean optimization).
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    Queueing systems 20 (1995), S. 207-254 
    ISSN: 1572-9443
    Keywords: Scheduling ; random polling ; optimization ; perturbation analysis ; Golden Ratio policy ; radio network
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    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract We address the problem of schedulingM customer classes in a single-server system, with customers arriving in one ofN arrival streams, as it arises in scheduling transmissions in packet radio networks. In general,N≠M and a customer from some stream may join one of several classes. We consider a slotted time model where at each scheduling epoch the server (channel) is assigned to a particular class (transmission set) and can serve multiple customers (packets) simultaneously, one from every arrival stream (network node) that can belong to this class. The assignment is based on arandom polling policy: the current time slot is allocated to theith class with probability θi. Our objective is to determine the optimal probabilities by adjusting them on line so as to optimize some overall performance measure. We present an approach based on perturbation analysis techniques, where all customer arrival processes can be arbitrary, and no information about them is required. The basis of this approach is the development of two sensitivity estimators leading to amarked slot and aphantom slot algorithm. The algorithms determine the effect of removing/ adding service slots to an existing schedule on the mean customer waiting times by directly observing the system. The optimal slot assignment probabilities are then used to design adeterministic scheduling policy based on the Golden Ratio policy. Finally, several numerical results based on a simple optimization algorithm are included.
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    Celestial mechanics and dynamical astronomy 57 (1993), S. 1-28 
    ISSN: 1572-9478
    Keywords: Asteroids ; physics of the solar system ; high-velocity impacts ; numerical simulation
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We present a self-consistent numerical algorithm aimed at predicting the outcomes of high-velocity impacts between asteroids (or other small bodies of the solar system), based on a set of model input parameters which can be estimated from the available experimental evidence, and including the possible gravitational reaccumulation of ejected fragments whose velocity is less than a suitably defined escape velocity. All the fragment mass distributions are modelled by truncated power laws, and a possible correlation between fragment ejection velocity and mass is taken into account in different ways, including a probabilistic one. We analyze in particular the effectiveness of the gravitational reaccumulation process in terms of different choices of the collisional parameters and the assumed relationship between fragment speed and mass. Both the transition size beyond which solid targets are likely to reaccumulate a large fraction of the fragment mass and the collision energy needed to disperse most of the fragments are sensitive functions of the assumed fragment velocity versus mass relationship. We also give some examples of how our algorithm can be applied to study the origin and collisional history of small solar system bodies, including the asteroid 951 Gaspra (recently imaged by the Galileo probe) and the asteroid families.
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    Celestial mechanics and dynamical astronomy 51 (1991), S. 169-197 
    ISSN: 1572-9478
    Keywords: asteroid belt ; secular resonance ; action angle variables ; surface of section ; numerical simulation
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper an analytical model, suitable for a global description of the dynamics in a secular resonance of order 1, is derived from the general perturbation study developed in a previous paper (Morbidelli and Henrard (1991)). Such a model is then used to study the secular resonances ν6, ν5 and ν16, and pictures illustrating the secular motion are obtained. The peculiarities of the ν5 resonances are discussed in detail. The results are compared with those obtained by the theories of Yoshikawa and Nakai-Kinoshita. Some numerical simulations performed by Ch. Froeschlé and H. Scholl are discussed in the light of the new theoretical results. New numerical experiments on the ν6 resonance are also presented.
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    Astrophysics and space science 256 (1997), S. 51-75 
    ISSN: 1572-946X
    Keywords: Numerical modeling ; numerical simulation ; electric space ; plasma universe ; cosmology ; galaxies ; filamentation ; electrical currents ; quasars ; double radio galaxies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Advances in the simulation of astrophysical and cosmic plasmas are the direct result of advances in computational capabilities, today consisting of new techniques such as multilevel concurrent simulation, multi-teraflop computational platforms and experimental facilities for producing and diagnosing plasmas under extreme conditions for the benchmarking of simulations. Examples of these are the treatment of mesoscalic plasma and the scaling to astrophysical and cosmic dimensions and the Accelerated Strategic Computing Initiative whose goal is to construct petaflop (1015 floating operations per second) computers, and pulsed power and laser inertial confinement plasmas where megajoules of energy are delivered to highly-diagnosed plasmas. This paper concentrates on the achievements to date in simulating and experimentally producing plasmas scaled to both astrophysical and cosmic plasma dimensions. A previous paper (Part I, Peratt, 1997) outlines the algorithms and computational growth.
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    Computational complexity 5 (1995), S. 155-166 
    ISSN: 1420-8954
    Keywords: Complexity classes ; nondeterministic logspace ; optimization ; iterated multiplication ; 68Q15 ; 68Q25
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract We show that computing iterated multiplication of word matrices over {0,1}*, using the operations maximum and concatenation, is complete for the class optL of logspace optimization functions. The same problem for word matrices over {1}* is complete for the class FNL of nondeterministic logspace functions. Improving previously obtained results, we furthermore place the class optL in AC1, and characterize FNL by restricted logspace optimization functions.
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    Journal of marine science and technology 1 (1996), S. 94-104 
    ISSN: 1437-8213
    Keywords: numerical simulation ; field data ; multilevel model ; Tokyo Bay
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    Topics: Geosciences , Technology
    Notes: Abstract A multilevel model was applied to the calculation of permanent current and density variation in Tokyo Bay, and the change of the state of stratification and the accompanying current field was simulated. In the numerical simulation, the observed field data such as wind conditions and atmospheric temperature were used as input to the calculation, and the results were compared with the observed values of currents, salinity, and sea temperature. Comparison of simulation results and observed data revealed that the numerical simulation could describe well the current and density field governed by wind under stratified conditions. In particular, the long-term variations of the vertical structure of salinity and temperature from summer to autumn could be predicted qualitatively, as could the long-term variations of the vertical structure of salinity and temperature from summer to autumn. Additionally, the effects of boundary conditions on the results of numerical simulations were examined. As a result, it was clarified that the simulation results of salinity stratification were strongly affected by the boundary conditions such as river discharge and the vertical structure of salinity at the open boundary adjacent to the outer ocean.
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    Journal of marine science and technology 1 (1996), S. 105-113 
    ISSN: 1437-8213
    Keywords: slow drift viscous damping ; wave effect ; horizontal cylinder ; model experiment ; numerical simulation
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    Topics: Geosciences , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The hydrodynamic forces acting on a circular cylinder and a rectangular cylinder undergoing slow drift oscillation in regular waves were investigated experimentally and numerically. Forced oscillation tests with low frequency and large amplitude in regular waves and forced two-harmonic oscillation with combined low and high frequencies were carried out in the experimental study. In the numerical study a finite-difference method was used to simulate viscous flow around a two-dimensional oscillating cylinder. The results of experiments showed that a horizontal rectangular cylinder oscillating slowly in waves has much higher damping coefficients than one oscillating in two-harmonic mode, while the numerical study indicated that such differences in the damping coefficient arise partly from the different effects of one-direction harmonic flow and rotating flow on the vortex shedding caused by the slow drift oscillation.
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    Mathematical programming 48 (1990), S. 19-39 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Keywords: Nonlinear programming ; numerical simulation ; chance constraints ; Monte Carlo methods
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    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Once subsurface water supplies become contaminated, designing cost-effective and reliable remediation schemes becomes a difficult task. The combination of finite element simulation of groundwater contaminant transport with nonlinear optimization is one approach to determine the best well selection and optimal fluid withdrawal and injection rates to contain and remove the contaminated water. Both deterministic and stochastic programming problems have been formulated and solved. These tend to be large scale problems, owing to the simulation component which serves as a portion of the constraint set. The overall problem of combined groundwater process simulation and nonlinear optimization is discussed along with example problems. Because the contaminant transport simulation models give highly uncertain results, quantifying their uncertainty and incorporating reliability into the remediation design results in a class of large stochastic nonlinear problems. The reliability problem is beginning to be addressed, and some strategies and formulations involving chance constraints and Monte Carlo methods are presented.
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    Mathematical programming 61 (1993), S. 281-300 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Keywords: Variational inequalities ; descent methods ; optimization
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    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract We present a framework for descent algorithms that solve the monotone variational inequality problem VIP v which consists in finding a solutionv *∈Ω v satisfyings(v *)T(v−v *)⩾0, for allv∈Ω v. This unified framework includes, as special cases, some well known iterative methods and equivalent optimization formulations. A descent method is developed for an equivalent general optimization formulation and a proof of its convergence is given. Based on this unified logarithmic framework, we show that a variant of the descent method where each subproblem is only solved approximately is globally convergent under certain conditions.
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    Computing 47 (1991), S. 29-42 
    ISSN: 1436-5057
    Keywords: 65K05 ; Interval Newton method ; interval arithmetic ; optimization
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    Topics: Computer Science
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Arbeit entwickelt ein optimales Intervall-Newton-Verfahren für Systeme von nichtlinearen Gleichungen, wie sie im Zusammenhang mit nichtlinearen Optimierungsaufgaben auftreten. Die Modifikationen des Intervall-Newton-Verfahrens in dieser Arbeit stellen numerisch wirkungsvolle Verbesserungen des allgemeinen Intervall-Newton-Verfahrens dar. In der Arbeit wird aufgezeigt, daß die Berechnung einer optimalen Schrittweite im Intervall-Newton-Verfahren notwendig ist, damit man die Generierung einer feiner werdenden Einschließungsfolge garantieren kann. Dieses Vorgehen wird als optimales Newton-Verfahren bezeichnet und für den mehrdimensionalen Fall implementiert. Die Arbeit zeigt dann die Verwendung des optimalen Intervall-Newton-Verfahrens als “feasible direction”-Verfahren im Zusammenhang mit Nichtnegativitätsbedingungen. In der Implementierung wird auch eine Technik der Matrizenzerlegung verwendet, die den Rechenaufwand für die Inverse der Hesseschen Matrix im Intervall-Newton-Verfahren vermindert. Das Vorgehen wird an mehreren Beispielen demonstriert, u.a. an Optimierungsaufgaben mit Störungen der Problemkoeffizienten. Die numerischen Ergebnisse bestätigen die Leistungsfähigkeit unserer Ansätze.
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents the development of an optimal interval Newton method for systems of nonlinear equations. The context of solving such systems of equations is that of optimization of nonlinear mathematical programs. The modifications of the interval Newton method presented in this paper provide computationally effective enhancements to the general interval Newton method. The paper demonstrates the need to compute an optimal step length in the interval Newton method in order to guarantee the generation of a sequence of improving solutions. This method is referred to as the optimal Newton method and is implemented in multiple dimensions. Secondly, the paper demonstrates the use of the optimal interval Newton method as a feasible direction method to deal with non-negativity constraints. Also, included in this implementation is the use of a matrix decomposition technique to reduce the computational effort required to compute the Hessian inverse in the interval Newton method. The methods are demonstrated on several problems. Included in these problems are mathematical programs with perturbations in the problem coefficients. The numerical results clearly demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of these approaches.
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    Meccanica 29 (1994), S. 95-103 
    ISSN: 1572-9648
    Keywords: Synthesis ; optimization ; kinematics ; robotics
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Sommario In questo lavoro si propone e viene discusso un metodo di ottimizzazione applicato alla sintesi di manipolatori, aventi una catena cinematica aperta con tre coppie rotoidali, la cui struttura soddisfi ai requisiti di ingombro minimo e spazio di lavoro assegnato tramite limitazioni prefissate. Per la risoluzione del problema à stata utilizzata una tecnica di programmazione quadratica sequenziale, la cui efficacia è dimostrata tramite esempi.
    Notes: Abstract An optimization method is proposed and discussed in order to synthesize a three-revolute open chain manipulator whose structure can have minimum size encumbrance and a workspace with prescribed constraints. The sequential quadratic programming optimization technique used has been successfully applied to the formulated problem as illustrated in some examples.
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    ISSN: 1572-9648
    Keywords: Attitude dynamics ; tethered systems ; numerical simulation ; topographic mapping
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Sommario Questo lavoro analizza differenti leggi di controllo di assetto di un sistema tethered costituito da due masse. Tali leggi sono basate sull'uso di ruote di inerzia. Gli autori propongono un sistema costituito dalla integrazione di tre ruote di inerzia con momento nominale nullo a bordo di ogni piattaforma. Le leggi di controllo sono derivate mediante un modello analitico semplificato e successivamente implementate in un programma di simulazione numerica tridimensionale che integra contemporaneamente la dinamica orbitale e di assetto di sistemi tethered. I risultati finali mostrano che è possibile ridurre le differenze tra gli angoli di beccheggio ed imbardata delle due piattaforme a valori adeguati per applicazioni di telerilevamento nelle microonde (10−3 gradi), e che, inoltre, le alte frequenze delle oscillazioni di rollio vengono efficacemente smorzate.
    Notes: Abstract Various attitude control laws of a two masses tethered space system by using inertia wheels are analysed in this paper. The authors propose a zero-momentum system, consisting of the integration of three independent reaction wheels on board each platform. The control laws are derived by using a simplified attitude model and are then implemented in a three-dimensional numerical simulator, which simultaneously integrates the orbital and attitude equations. Final results show that pitch and yaw angular differences between the two platforms can be kept within values adequate for microwave remote sensing applications (10−3 deg); in addition roll high frequency oscillations are damped.
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    Meccanica 29 (1994), S. 331-341 
    ISSN: 1572-9648
    Keywords: Swirling jets ; numerical simulation ; vortex filament technique ; vortex dynamics
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Sommario In questo lavoro si analizza la dinamica della vorticità in un setto rotante in cui siano presenti, ed in competizione reciproca, fenomeni di instabilità di Kelvin-Helmholtz e di Rayleigh. A tale scopo si adotta una metodologia di soluzione non viscosa, Lagrangiana a filamenti vorticosi. Viene mostrato come il profilo di velocità assiale del getto altera la simmetria del moto di pura rotazione. Viceversa, la presenza della rotazione modifica il flusso dominato dall'instabilità di Kelvin-Helmholtz attraverso la formazione di anelli vorticosi controrotanti. L'interazione di questi due campi di velocità porta sia ad una considerevole riduzione del diametro locale del getto, sia ad una variazione temporale della circolazione degli anelli vorticosi.
    Notes: Abstract We investigate the mechanisms of vorticity concentration, reorientation and stretching in a swirling jet, whose dynamics is dominated by the competition of a Kelvin-Helmholtz-type vortex sheet instability and a centrifugal Rayleigh instability. To this end, we employ an inviscid Lagrangian vortex filament technique. It is found that the axial jet velocity profile breaks the symmetry of the pure swirling flow. Conversely, the swirl is seen to modify the case dominated by a Kelvin-Helmholtz instability in that it results in the formation of counterrotating vortex rings. A pinch-off mechanism is observed which leads to a dramatic decrease in the local jet diameter. Furthermore, the vortex ring circulation is seen to be time dependent.
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    Journal of intelligent and robotic systems 7 (1993), S. 57-71 
    ISSN: 1573-0409
    Keywords: Assembly ; planning ; multi-robot systems ; optimization ; task allocation ; cooperation ; kitting ; heuristics ; cell design ; m-traveling salesmen problem
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract In previous research, we defined, classified, and solved the robotic assembly plan problem for a single assembly robot. In this paper, we formulate this problem for the case of multiple, cooperating assembly robots. The problem now includes the allocation of assembly tasks among multiple robots.
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    The journal of supercomputing 6 (1992), S. 49-70 
    ISSN: 1573-0484
    Keywords: CRAY X-MP/Y-MP ; memory conflicts ; optimization ; performance estimation ; vectorization
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    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract Optimization of vector-intensive applications for the CRAY X-MP/Y-MP often requires arranging the operations to take full advantage of such architectural features as the memory system, independent memory ports, chaining, and independent functional units. Estimation of performance is not straightforward since many operations can occur concurrently. As a tool for making trades between vector algorithms, a method has been developed and used successfully at E-Systems Inc. to predict the execution time of a sequence of vector operations without resorting to actual code development. This method reduced our software development time, produced significantly more efficient code, and provided for a systematic approach to optimization. The performance estimation is generally accurate to within 10% and accounts for memory conflicts that result from fixed stride references.
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    Higher-order and symbolic computation 7 (1994), S. 337-343 
    ISSN: 1573-0557
    Keywords: compiler ; optimization ; loop header ; continuation-passing style ; lambda-calculus ; in-line expansion
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    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract The introduction of a “loop header” block facilitates the hoisting of loop-invariant code from a loop. In a λ-calculus intermediate representation, which has a notion of scope, this transformation is particularly useful. Loop headers with scope also solve a problem with in-line expansion of recursive functions or loops: if done naively, only the first iteration is inlined. A loop header can encapsulate the loop or recursion for better in-line expansion. This optimization improves performance by about 5% in Standard ML of New Jersey.
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    Journal of risk and uncertainty 10 (1995), S. 99-125 
    ISSN: 1573-0476
    Keywords: numerical simulation ; hedonic equilibrium ; compensating wage differentials ; job safety ; workers' compensation insurance ; OSHA ; C68 ; J28 ; J31
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract Using a computable hedonic equilibrium model of the labor market, we numerically simulate the interactions between workers and firms as tempered by the state and federal regulations intended to influence workplace safety. We compute the changes needed for OSHA to become economically meaningful and determine the impact on safety from further expanding the experience rating of workers' compensation insurance premiums. Most importantly, we show how numerical simulation can serve as a complementary research tool to econometric models. Simulation is well suited for studying extreme policy changes and locating structural conditions pivotal in determining economic outcomes.
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    The journal of supercomputing 5 (1991), S. 31-48 
    ISSN: 1573-0484
    Keywords: C language ; numerical computing ; Fortran ; data type ; floating point arithmetic ; optimization
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    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract The predominant programming language for numerical and scientific applications is Fortran, and super-computers are primarily used to run large-scale numerical and scientific applications. C is not widely used for numerical and scientific programming, yet C provides many desirable linguistic features not present in Fortran-77. Furthermore, the existence of a standard library and preprocessor eliminates the worst portability problems. A comparison of C and Fortran-77 shows several key deficiencies in C that reduce its desirability for some numerical problems. Some of these problems have already been addressed by the new ANSI standard for C, but others remain. C with a few extensions and modifications could be suitable for all numerical applications and could become more popular in supercomputing environments.
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    The journal of supercomputing 8 (1994), S. 195-207 
    ISSN: 1573-0484
    Keywords: Genetic algorithms ; RNA structure prediction ; massively parallel ; dynamic programming ; optimization
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    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract We present a new method for predicting RNA secondary structure based on a genetic algorithm. The algorithm is designed to run on a massively parallel SIMD computer. Statistical analysis shows that the program performs well when compared to a dynamic programming algorithm used to solve the same problem. The program has also pointed out a long-standing simplification in the implementation of the original dynamic programming algorithm that sometimes causes it not to find the optimal secondary structure.
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    ISSN: 1573-0840
    Keywords: The 1960 Chilean tsunami ; numerical simulation ; Imamura number ; difference between farand near-field tsunamis ; sea-bottom scouring ; damage to aquaculture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The 1960 Chilean tsunami which traveled the Pacific Ocean and caused much damages to Japan is simulated from its generation to the terminal effects on coastal areas. In the computation of ocean propagation by the linear longwave theory, a new technique is introduced to keep the same accuracy as the linear Boussinesq equation and reduce the CPU time as well as the computer memory. In the coastal transformation computation, the energy dissipation due to sea-bottom scouring is suggested to be included, particularly in the case of long bays. To obtain accurate results, the current velocity requires finer spatial grids than the water surface elevation. Damage done to pearl culture rafts are explained in terms of the computed current velocity.
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    Marketing letters 8 (1997), S. 167-181 
    ISSN: 1573-059X
    Keywords: price and promotion ; economics models ; optimization
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract Does it matter if managers use an absolute amount or the relativepercentage discount when determining the optimal price and promotionalstrategy for a good? Intuitively, one might expect that the results ofboth models (deal amount and deal percentage) would be identical. Thisresearch shows that the deal-percentage model dominates the deal-amountmodel on three dimensions: (1) consumers pay more when an amount modelis used, (2) the seller has lower profits and different promotionalstrategies when an amount model is used, and (3) consumer behavior isunrealistically constrained by the amount model. This research showsthat whenever the seller offers a promotion in the deal-amount model,the net price paid by the consumer (regular price minus the deal) isalways higher than the net price in the deal-discount model. Thisresult implies that the ultimate price and promotional strategy (suchas depth of promotion, timing of promotions, and so on) prescribed bythe models are different. Additionally, this research shows that whenconsumers respond similarly in the models, the seller's profits arehigher in the deal-percentage model. This finding is a direct result ofthe higher net price in the deal-amount model. Finally, contrary toempirical findings in the marketing literature, the deal-amount modelrequires consumers to respond more strongly to price changes than topromotions (that is, the promotional elasticity plus one must be lessthan the magnitude of the price elasticity) for the optimal price to bepositive. The deal-percentage model does not place similar restrictionson consumer behavior.
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    Natural hazards 9 (1994), S. 125-153 
    ISSN: 1573-0840
    Keywords: Storm waves ; Canadian Atlantic ; numerical simulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The Grand Banks and the Scotian Shelf regions of the Canadian Atlantic often experience strong winds and high waves associated with the passage of intense storms during the winter months of December to March. These storm waves are identified as a major hazard to shipping, offshore exploration and other marine activities in eastern Canada. In this study, an operational spectral ocean wave model has been used to simulate sea-states associated with selected storm events in the Canadian Atlantic. The wave model operates on a grid (with grid spacing of about 111 km) which covers a major portion of the north Atlantic. A nested fine grid (with grid spacing of about 37 km) has been designed which covers the shelf regions of the Canadian Atlantic. The model employs deep-water physics over the coarse grid while over the fine grid shallow-water processes as represented by wave refraction, wave shoaling, bottom friction and wave number scaling are included. The wave model also includes, as an optional package, the third-generation source terms as represented by the nonlinear wave-wave interaction terms. For two selected storm events, the model generated sea-states are evaluated against available buoy data as well as against hand analyzed operational wave height charts over the northwest Atlantic. The evaluation shows that the various versions of the model can simulate the observed sea-states, reasonably well. The utility of the wave model in providing numerical guidance for offshore activities is briefly discussed.
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    ISSN: 1573-0840
    Keywords: Storm surges ; tides ; total water level ; numerical simulation ; numerical prediction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract A water level model incorporating the nonlinear interactions between tides and storm surges for numerical simulation and prediction use is developed in this paper. Using a conventional two-dimensional nonlinear storm surge model and tide model and associated semi-momentum finite-difference scheme, both the storm surges caused by the tropical cyclones hitting Shanghai and the tides in related regions during the period 1949–1990, are numerically simulated. In simulating storm surges, 16 tropical cyclones with different kinds of tracks are chosen. Meanwhile, to simulate tides, the governing equations for tides, along with 63 prescribed tidal constituents at open “sea” boundaries are numerically computed. Sixteen associated cases of total water-level simulations comprising joint effects linking surges and tides and one case of real-time prediction have been carried out in 1990 on the basis of computed surges and tides. The total water levels thus obtained in this way give better results than those obtained by the traditional method, i.e. without taking into account, in the model, nonlinear coupling between storm surges and tides. Comparison of the predictions of storm surges and the total water level with the hindcast ones in 1990 showed that a relatively larger error of prediction mainly results from the incorrect forecasting of tropical cyclones but not from the prediction method itself.
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    Journal of statistical physics 81 (1995), S. 237-253 
    ISSN: 1572-9613
    Keywords: Reaction-diffusion ; BGK model ; kinetic theory ; numerical simulation
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We are interested in applying lattice BGK models to the diffusion-driven reactive systemA+B→C, which was investigated by Gálfi and Rácz with an asymptotic analysis and by Chopard and Droz with a cellular automaton model. The lattice BGK model is free from noise and flexible for various applications. We derive the general reaction-diffusion equations for the lattice BGK models under the assumption of local diffusive equilibrium. Two fourth-order terms are derived and verified by numerical simulations. The motivation of this study is to compare the lattice BGK results with existing results before we apply the models to more complicated systems. The scalings concern two exponents α and β appearing in the production rate ofC componentR(x, t)∼t −β G(xt −α ). We find the same values for α=1/6 and β=2/3 as Gálfi and Rácz found at the long time limit. AGaussian-like function forG is numerically obtained, which confirms a similar result of Gálfi and Rácz. On the one hand, when compared with the asymptotic analysis, lattice BGK models are easy to apply to cases where no analytic or asymptotic results exist; on the other hand, when compared with cellular automaton models, lattice BGK models are faster, simpler, and more accurate. The discrepancy of the results between the cellular automaton model and the lattice BGK models for the exponents comes from the role of the intrinsic fluctuation. Once the time and space correlation of stochastic stirring is given, we can incorporate a random fluctuating term in lattice BGK models. The Schlögl model is also tested, showing the ability of lattice BGK models for generating Turing patterns, which may stimulate further interesting investigations.
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    Journal of statistical physics 74 (1994), S. 1293-1299 
    ISSN: 1572-9613
    Keywords: Cellular automata ; critical phenomena ; optimization ; spin glass
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract In Kauffman's Boolean automata model on the square lattice, the Darwinian fitness of survival can be defined as the fraction of elements which do not change from one iteration to the next. Biological mutations are simulated by filpping one bit in the rule of one site. Selection of the fitter mutant then optimizes the whole lattice completely. This optimization is particularly effective near the critical point of the transition to chaos, but is in itself not a critical phenomenon. Also a two-dimensional spin glass can be optimized in this way.
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    Journal of statistical physics 85 (1996), S. 427-454 
    ISSN: 1572-9613
    Keywords: Steady Boltzmann equation ; boundary value problem ; numerical simulation
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We discuss steady boundary value problems for the Boltzmann equation with inflow and diffusive boundary conditions in one, two, and three dimensions, with suitable truncations of the collision kernel. General existence and uniqueness results are obtained if the domain is sufficiently small. In one dimension, the existence of solutions on general intervals is obtained by abstract fixed-point theory.
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    Journal of statistical physics 86 (1997), S. 1067-1087 
    ISSN: 1572-9613
    Keywords: Brownian motion ; friction coefficients ; fluctuation-induced transport ; numerical simulation
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The behavior of a test particle in a rarefied gas of classical particles is investigated. considering different interaction mechanisms (specular and diffuse reflection, respectively). For large mass ratio between test and gas particles, analytical expressions for the linear friction coefficient are derived. Moreover, the existence of directed motion of asymmetric test particles with distinct initial conditions (but in the absence of any gradients) is shown. The analytical results are supported by a numerical simulation technique applicable to systems with any mass ratio, which is described here in detail.
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    Journal of statistical physics 93 (1998), S. 449-465 
    ISSN: 1572-9613
    Keywords: Granular media ; pattern ; convection ; enhanced diffusion ; granular temperature ; numerical simulation
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Motions of individual particles within the stripe and square patterns formed in oscillated granular media are studied using numerical simulations. Our event-driven molecular dynamics simulations yield standing wave patterns in good accord with those observed in experiments at the same frequency and acceleration amplitude. The patterns are subharmonic and so return to their initial macroscopic state after two external cycles. However, simulations reveal that individual particles do not return to their initial position. In addition to diffusive motion, an organized flow of particles within the patterns is found; associated with each peak and each valley of the pattern is a pair of counterrotating convection rolls. The diffusion is anisotropic: transport perpendicular to stripes is enhanced over that parallel to stripes. This enhancement is computed as a function of the layer depth, acceleration amplitude, frequency, and coefficient of restitution of the particles, and is attributed to the effect of the advective motion. Velocity distributions, granular temperature, and the dependence of the diffusion coefficient parallel to the stripes on the average granular temperature are studied.
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    Journal of statistical physics 95 (1999), S. 903-923 
    ISSN: 1572-9613
    Keywords: homogeneous nucleation ; density functional theory ; numerical simulation
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Significant progress has been made in recent years in measuring homogeneous nucleation rates in a variety of liquid–vapor and liquid–solid transitions. These studies have revealed serious shortcomings of classical nucleation theory. New theoretical work and simulation studies of simplified model systems have provided a better understanding of homogeneous nucleation, but many challenges remain. This article summarizes some recent developments, with an emphasis on the field-theoretic approach pioneered by Cahn and Hilliard in their study of nucleation in a two-component incompressible fluid in 1959.
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    Journal of statistical physics 81 (1995), S. 5-16 
    ISSN: 1572-9613
    Keywords: Fluid dynamics ; turbulence ; channel flow ; lattice Boltzmann equation ; numerical simulation ; finite volume ; k-ɛ turbulence model
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Some of the most urgent challenges facing the lattice Boltzmann equation (LBE) to rival state-of-the-art computer fluid dynamics (CFD) techniques are discussed. A novel LBE scheme fork-ɛ turbulence modeling is proposed.
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    Journal of intelligent and robotic systems 19 (1997), S. 39-54 
    ISSN: 1573-0409
    Keywords: extended Jacobian method ; Lagrange multiplier method ; kinematically redundant manipulators ; numerical efficiency ; optimization ; robotics
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    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Several methods have been proposed in the past for resolving the control of kinematically redundant manipulators by optimizing a secondary criterion. The extended Jacobian method constrains the gradient of this criterion to be in the null space of the Jacobian matrix, while the Lagrange multiplier method represents the gradient as being in the row space. In this paper, a numerically efficient form of the Lagrange multiplier method is presented and is compared analytically, computationally, and operationally to the extended Jacobian method. This paper also presents an improved method for tracking algorithmic singularities over previous work.
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    Journal of intelligent and robotic systems 19 (1997), S. 89-103 
    ISSN: 1573-0409
    Keywords: kinematics ; manipulator ; optimization ; performance criteria ; redundancy ; robot
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    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract A method to simultaneously optimize multiple performance criteria for a redundant manipulator is presented. Preferred formulation requirements for the criteria are discussed, and previously proposed normalization methods are examined. A statistically based variable weighting technique is developed and evaluated. A seven-degree-of-freedom Robotics Research Corporation manipulator is used as a test bed for the multiple criteria optimization scheme.
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    Journal of intelligent and robotic systems 24 (1999), S. 43-68 
    ISSN: 1573-0409
    Keywords: learning robots ; system organization ; optimization ; physical equation ; look-ut table ; neural networks ; fuzzy controllers
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    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract This paper explores a stepwise learning approach based on a system's decomposition into functional subsystems. Two case studies are examined: a visually guided robot that learns to track a maneuvering object, and a robot that learns to use the information from a force sensor in order to put a peg into a hole. These two applications show the features and advantages of the proposed approach: i) the subsystems naturally arise as functional components of the hardware and software; ii) these subsystems are building blocks of the robot behavior and can be combined in several ways for performing various tasks; iii) this decomposition makes it easier to check the performances and detect the cause of a malfunction; iv) only those subsystems for which a satisfactory solution is not available need to be learned; v) the strategy proposed for coordinating the optimization of all subsystems ensures an improvement at the task-level; vi) the overall system's behavior is significantly improved by the stepwise learning approach.
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    Journal of intelligent and robotic systems 19 (1997), S. 105-117 
    ISSN: 1573-0409
    Keywords: optimization ; Pontryagin’s maximum principle ; redundant manipulators ; state-space augmentation ; trajectory planning
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    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The off-line global trajectory planning for kinematically redundant manipulators is formulated as an optimization problem whose solution is obtained by applying the Pontryagin’s Maximum Principle. The state space augmentation method is developed to obtain a set of optimal joint trajectories corresponding to a singularity-free Cartesian path which avoids joint limits and conserves joint configuration in cyclic motion. Results of computer simulation conducted on a three-degree-of-freedom planar manipulator are presented and discussed.
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    Journal of intelligent and robotic systems 24 (1999), S. 125-149 
    ISSN: 1573-0409
    Keywords: planning ; control ; multi-fingered robot hand ; optimization ; internal force ; simulation
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    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper, the problem of controlling multi-fingered robot hands with rolling and sliding contacts is addressed. Several issues are explored. These issues involve the kinematic analysis and modeling, the dynamic analysis and control, and the coordination of a multi-fingered robot hand system. Based on a hand-object system in which the contacts are allowed to both roll and slide, a kinematic model is derived and analyzed. Also, the dynamic model of the hand-object system with relative motion contacts is studied. A control law is proposed to guarantee the asymptotic tracking of the object trajectory together with the desired rolling and/or sliding motions along the surface of the object. A planning approach is then introduced to minimize the contact forces so that the desired motion of the object and the relative motions between the fingers and the object can be achieved. Simulation results which support the theoretical development are presented.
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    Machine learning 5 (1990), S. 427-450 
    ISSN: 0885-6125
    Keywords: Learning ; image interpretation ; detection ; optimization ; genetic algorithms ; thresholded rules
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    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract We have developed an expert system for interpretation of passive sonar images. A key component of the system is a group of event detection rules whose conditions consist of tests against thresholds. Due to the complexity, variability and clumpiness (i.e., tendency towards highly nonuniform distribution) of the data, tuning these thresholds for good performance under all conditions is a difficult task. We have implemented a procedure for learning rule thresholds whereby the detection capability of each rule continually improves as more and more data is played through the system. The learning procedure contains the following components: 1) a windowing mechanism that adds exceptions (i.e., false alarms and missed detections) into a training database of positive and negative examples and 2) a genetic algorithm to optimize the thresholds with respect to the training database. The genetic training algorithm allows the developer to explicitly choose an operating point on the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve of a rule. Experiments have verified 1) the superiority of this automated approach to selecting rule thresholds over manual techniques and 2) the improvement of rule performance with experience.
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    Machine learning 5 (1990), S. 427-450 
    ISSN: 0885-6125
    Keywords: Learning ; image interpretation ; detection ; optimization ; genetic algorithms ; thresholded rules
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    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract We have developed an expert system for interpretation of passive sonar images. A key component of the system is a group of event detection rules whose conditions consist of tests against thresholds. Due to the complexity, variability and clumpiness (i.e., tendency towards highly nonuniform distribution) of the data, tuning these thresholds for good performance under all conditions is a difficult task. We have implemented a procedure for learning rule thresholds whereby the detection capability of each rule continually improves as more and more data is played through the system. The learning procedure contains the following components: 1) a windowing mechanism that adds exceptions (i.e., false alarms and missed detections) into a training database of positive and negative examples and 2) a genetic algorithm to optimize the thresholds with respect to the training database. The genetic training algorithm allows the developer to explicitly choose an operating point on the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve of a rule. Experiments have verified 1) the superiority of this automated approach to selecting rule thresholds over manual techniques and 2) the improvement of rule performance with experience.
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    Acta mechanica solida Sinica 8 (1995), S. 45-50 
    ISSN: 0894-9166
    Keywords: spallation ; microscopic observation ; micro- damage mechanism ; numerical simulation
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Spall tests in pure copper and LY12 aluminum alloy are performed. The mechanism of the nucleation, growth and coalescence of micro-voids is observed by means of microscopic observation of the recovered specimens. The model presented in Ref. [4] is incorporated in a hydrodynamic one-dimensional finite-difference computer code to simulate the processes of spallation in pure copper and LY12 aluminum alloy specimens. This model can satisfactorily describe the processes of spallation.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 144 (1995), S. 621-631 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Noto-Hanto-Oki earthquake tsunami ; source model ; spectral synthesis ; numerical simulation
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A source model was discussed for a small tsunami accompanied by the Noto-Hanto-Oki earthquake (M s 6.6), striking Japan on 7 February, 1994. Assuming a fault model under the sea bottom, we estimated the focal parameters jointly, using synthesized tsunami source spectra as well as the tsunami numerical simulation. The fault proposed by this study consists of a plane sized 15×15 km, dipping N47°W with the dip angle of 42°, which is almost pure reverse fault (slip angle 87°) with a dislocation of 1 meter. The numerical simulation shows that the shallow sea in the source region caused a comparatively long recurring tsunami (the periods are 12–18 minutes) in spite of its small size. The model fault is corresponding to an aftershock area of this earthquake.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 143 (1994), S. 61-87 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Friction ; earthquakes ; nonlinear dynamics ; lattice solid ; numerical simulation ; numerical modeling
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A lattice solid model capable of simulating rock friction, fracture and the associated seismic wave radiation is developed in order to study the origin of the stick-slip instability that is responsible for earthquakes. The model consists of a lattice of interacting particles. In order to study the effect of surface roughness on the frictional behavior of elastic blocks being rubbed past one another, the simplest possible particle interactions were specified corresponding to radially dependent elastic-brittle bonds. The model material can therefore be considered as round elastic grains with negligible friction between their surfaces. Although breaking of the bonds can occur, fracturing energy is not considered. Stick-slip behavior is observed in a numerical experiment involving 2D blocks with rough surfaces being rubbed past one another at a constant rate. Slip is initiated when two interlocking asperities push past one another exciting a slip pulse. The pulse fronts propagate with speeds ranging from the Rayleigh wave speed up to a value between the shear and compressional wave speeds in agreement with field observations and theoretical analyses of mode-II rupture. Slip rates are comparable to seismic rates in the initial part of one slip pulse whose front propagates at the Rayleigh wave speed. However, the slip rate is an order of magnitude higher in the main part of pulses, possibly because of the simplified model description that neglected intrinsic friction and the high rates at which the blocks were driven, or alternatively, uncertainty in slip rates obtained through the inversion of seismograms. Particle trajectories during slip have motions normal to the fault, indicating that the fault surfaces jump apart during the passage of the slip pulse. Normal motion is expected as the asperities on the two surfaces ride over one another. The form of the particle trajectories is similar to those observed in stick-slip experiments involving foam rubber blocks (Brune et al., 1993). Additional work is required to determine whether the slip pulses relate to the interface waves proposed by Brune and co-workers to explain the heat-flow paradox and whether they are capable of inducing a significant local reduction in the normal stress. It is hoped that the progressive development of the lattice solid model will lead to realistic simulations of earthquake dynamics and ultimately, provide clues as to whether or not earthquakes are predictable.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 144 (1995), S. 855-874 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Earthquake ; tsunamis ; runup ; South Kuril Islands ; numerical simulation ; tide gage ; subsidence
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The 1994 Shikotan earthquake was one of the greatest earthquakes in recent years with a magnitude ofM s 8.0. A tsunami survey was conducted by Russian and U.S. geophysicists from October 16–30, 1994, less than two weeks after the earthquake. The survey results and a numerical hindcast simulation are reported. Tsunami focusing effect at locations supposedly sheltered by the island chain is discussed. Based on the obtained data, tsunamis which attacked Shikotan Island are characterized as long waves (the order of 10–20 min wave period) with a positive leading wave. Possible consequences of the positive leading wave form are discussed in relation to the observed minimal destruction of beach vegetation and relatively small transport of marine sediment onto the shore. The high-quality tide-gage record in Malokurilskaya Bay indicates the occurrence of a 53 cm subsidence at the site.
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  • 69
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: The 1992 Flores earthquake tsunami ; numerical simulation ; landslide ; hydraulic pressure ; tsunami damage
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Numerical analysis of the 1992 Flores Island, Indonesia earthquake tsunami is carried out with the composite fault model consisting of two different slip values. Computed results show good agreement with the measured runup heights in the northeastern part of Flores Island, except for those in the southern shore of Hading Bay and at Riangkroko. The landslides in the southern part of Hading Bay could generate local tsunamis of more than 10 m. The circular-arc slip model proposed in this study for wave generation due to landslides shows better results than the subsidence model, It is, however, difficult to reproduce the tsunami runup height of 26.2 m at Riangkroko, which was extraordinarily high compared to other places. The wave propagation process on a sea bottom with a steep slope, as well as landslides, may be the cause of the amplification of tsunami at Riangkroko. The simulation model demonstrates that the reflected wave along the northeastern shore of Flores Island, accompanying a high hydraulic pressure, could be the main cause of severe damage in the southern coast of Babi Island.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 142 (1994), S. 491-527 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Self-organization ; self-organized criticality ; random directed polymer ; fractals ; multi-fractals ; faults ; earthquakes ; competition ; optimization
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract This work presents at attempt to model brittle ruptures and slips in a continental plate and its spontaneous organization by repeated earthquakes in terms of coarse-grained properties of the mechanical plate. A statistical physics model, which simulates anti-plane shear deformation of a thin plate with inhomogeneous elastic properties, is thus analyzed theoretically and numerically in order to study the spatio-temporal evolution of rupture patterns in response to a constant applied strain rate at its borders, mimicking the effect of neighboring plates. Rupture occurs when the local stress reaches a threshold value. Broken elements are instantaneously healed and retain the original material properties, enabling the occurrence of recurrent earthquakes. Extending previous works (Cowie et al., 1993;Miltenberger et al., 1993), we present a study of the most startling feature of this model which is that ruptures become strongly correlated in space and time leading to the spontaneous development of multifractal structures and gradually accumulate large displacements. The formation of the structures and the temporal variation of rupture activity is due to a complex interplay between the random structure, long-range elastic interactions and the threshold nature of rupture physics. The spontaneous formation of fractal fault structures by repeated earthquakes is mirrored at short times by the spatio-temporal chaotic dynamics of earthquakes, well-described by a Gutenberg-Richter power law. We also show that the fault structures can be understood as pure geometrical objects, namely minimal manifolds, which in two dimensions correspond to the random directed polymer (RDP) problem. This mapping allows us to use the results of many studies on the RDP in the field of statistical physics, where it is an exact result that the minimal random manifolds in 2D systems are self-affine with a roughness exponent 2/3. We also present results pertaining to the influence of the degree β of stress release per earthquake on the competition between faults. Our results provide a rigorous framework from which to initiate rationalization of many, reported fractal fault studies.
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    Optical review 2 (1995), S. 463-470 
    ISSN: 1349-9432
    Keywords: lens design ; optimization ; global optimization ; damped least squares method ; damping factor ; aberration ; merit function ; escape function
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The technique of using the ‘escape function’ for global optimization in lens design is described. This includes how to identify two solutions as independent; the threshold value for this criterion can be chosen to determine how to explore local solutions—rough or fine. Choice of appropriate values for two parameters in the escape function is most important, since this will affect the efficiency of the automatic global optimization process. There are two problems, i.e. giving default values at the beginning of the design, and determining a default rule to change them when the escape is unsuccessful. The latter was solved by assuming a ‘saddle path’ as the best route to escape. An exact solution for the former was not found, but a hint for finding a second best solution is shown based on the statistical study of local minima.
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    Optical review 2 (1995), S. 47-51 
    ISSN: 1349-9432
    Keywords: lens design ; optimization ; global optimization ; damped least squares method ; damping factor ; aberration ; merit function
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract In designing lenses with the damped least squares method, the solution obtained by optimization routine is a local minimum of the merit function. To get out of this and seek a different solution, we propose to use an ‘escape function’ as an additional operand of the lens system, to be controlled. Experiments were made on simple models of merit function and the advantage of this technique was ascertained. We also planted this algorithm into OSLO SIX (lens design software by Sinclair Optics) by means of CCL (C-compatible language) and applied it to actual lens design. Experiments convinced us that the method would be an effective tool for global optimization.
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    Acta mechanica solida Sinica 3 (1990), S. 81-91 
    ISSN: 0894-9166
    Keywords: fuzzy ; optimization ; application ; multiobjective ; antenna ; structure
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract On the basis of the recently proposed general fuzzy optimization [1–2], this paper investigates the multiobjective fuzzy optimum design of antenna structures, in which the weight objective, precision objective, lowest frequency objective and safety degree objective are included. This is a successful application of fuzzy optimization to large engineering structures.
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  • 74
    ISSN: 0894-9166
    Keywords: stochastic damage ; micro-mechanics model ; low cycle fatigue ; numerical simulation
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A numerical simulation of stochastic damage evolution process in the condition of low cycle fatigue loading is discussed. The relations between damage variables and micro-cracks are obtained by means of the micro-mechanics model of the representative volume element proposed by Lemaitre and Dufailly[10]. The stochastic initial damage values are introduced in consideration of the inherent micro-defects in materials. The model combined with a finite element method is applied to simulate the damage evolution process under low cycle fatigue loading. The micro-cracks on the sur face of a specimen of 19Mn6 alloy steel are measured with a replica technique. The numerical results show that the nonhomogeneity of damage and the localization of the fatigue failure are well shown by the proposed simulations, and the fatigue lives are reasonably predicted.
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    Acta mechanica solida Sinica 6 (1993), S. 69-80 
    ISSN: 0894-9166
    Keywords: dynamic ductile damage ; porosity ; microscopic observation ; numerical simulation
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Based on meso-damage mechanics, a model of dynamic ductile damage under tensile stress is developed, in which work-hardening behavior, rate-dependent contribution and inertial effects are taken into account. Plate-impact test on pure copper under one-dimensional plane strain condition is conducted. Some significant mechanical phenomena are observed by means of microscopic observations of the spalled specimen. The mathematical model presented in this paper is incorporated in a hydrodynamic one-dimensional finite-difference computer code, to simulate the process of spallation in pure copper sample. Comparison of numerical calculations and experimental results shows that the model can describe spall damage successfully.
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    Acta mechanica solida Sinica 7 (1994), S. 29-38 
    ISSN: 0894-9166
    Keywords: optimization ; zigzag method ; GAs
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper, a new zigzag method for plate structures and a genetic algorithm (GA) of dynamic source seed spaces are developed and a combination of them is used to deal with large scale built-up structural optimization. The new GA combined with the zigzag method can work efficiently when coping with large scale structural optimization included displacement and stress constraints. Examples show that this GA is robust and can be used for many complex structural optimization problems.
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    Machine vision and applications 4 (1991), S. 59-87 
    ISSN: 1432-1769
    Keywords: optimization ; feature extraction ; minimal encoding ; generic models
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract In this paper, we propose a unified optimization framework for feature extraction that lets us simultaneously take into account image data and semantic knowledge: We model objects using a language that specifies both photometric and geometric constraints and defines an information-theoretic objective function that measures the fit of the models to the data. We then treat the problem of finding objects as one of generating the optimal description of the image in terms of this language. We have validated our framework by performing extensive experiments on detecting objects in aerial imagery described by simple geometric constraints and have developed two algorithms for generating optimal descriptions. The first one starts with a rough sketch of a polygonal object and deforms the initial contour to maximize the objective function, thus finding object outlines. The second one automatically extracts complex rectilinear buildings from complex aerial images.
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    Journal of nonlinear science 3 (1993), S. 307-327 
    ISSN: 1432-1467
    Keywords: bifurcation ; saddle node ; Hopf ; stability ; robustness ; optimization ; numerical methods ; transcritical ; pitchfork ; extended systems
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Engineering and physical systems are often modeled as nonlinear differential equations with a vector λ of parameters and operated at a stable equilibrium. However, as the parameters λ vary from some nominal value λ0, the stability of the equilibrium can be lost in a saddle-node or Hopf bifurcation. The spatial relation in parameter space of λ0 to the critical set of parameters at which the stable equilibrium bifurcates determines the robustness of the system stability to parameter variations and is important in applications. We propose computing a parameter vector λ* at which the stable equilibrium bifurcates which is locally closest in parameter space to the nominal parameters λ0. Iterative and direct methods for computing these locally closest bifurcations are described. The methods are extensions of standard, one-parameter methods of computing bifurcations and are based on formulas for the normal vector to hypersurfaces of the bifurcation set. Conditions on the hypersurface curvature are given to ensure the local convergence of the iterative method and the regularity of solutions of the direct method. Formulas are derived for the curvature of the saddle node bifurcation set. The methods are extended to transcritical and pitchfork bifurcations and parametrized maps, and the sensitivity to λ0 of the distance to a closest bifurcation is derived. The application of the methods is illustrated by computing the proximity to the closest voltage collapse instability of a simple electric power system.
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    Journal of nonlinear science 3 (1993), S. 393-426 
    ISSN: 1432-1467
    Keywords: nearly integrable PDE ; nonlinear modes ; modulation equations ; numerical simulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The purpose of this paper is the derivation of reduced, finite-dimensional dynamical systems that govern the near-integrable modulations ofN-phase, spatially periodic, integrable wavetrains. The small parameter in this perturbation theory is the size of the nonintegrable perturbation in the equation, rather than the amplitude of the solution, which is arbitrary. Therefore, these reduced equations locally approximate strongly nonlinear behavior of the nearly integrable PDE. The derivation we present relies heavily on the integrability of the underlying PDE and applies, in general, to anyN-phase periodic wavetrain. For specific applications, however, a numerical pretest is applied to fix the truncation orderN. We present one example of the reduction philosophy with the damped, driven sine-Gordon system and summarize our present progress toward application of the modulation equations to this numerical study.
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  • 80
    ISSN: 1573-1499
    Keywords: bioremediation ; numerical simulation ; carbon tetrachloride ; denitrification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract When injecting nutrients during active bioremediation, various nutrient addition strategies can be employed in order to remediate the site at minimal expense. In particular, if more than one nutrient is required, a pulse addition strategy can be devised in which these nutrients are added as temporally separated pulses such that the biostimulated portion of the flow field can be maximized. In this manuscript, results of numerical simulations are reported which demonstrate this effect. Previously published kinetic expressions describing microbial growth and carbon tetrachloride degradation under denitrifying conditions are used in these simulations. The simulations indicate that volumetric treatment can be accomplished by injecting long duration nutrient pulses of different nutrients that are separated by a long period where only unamended water is injected. This strategy will cause the nutrient pulses to overlap at a considerable distance from the injection point, while maintaining concentrations that are high enough to ensure significantbiomass growth and contaminant destruction.
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    Environmental and resource economics 9 (1997), S. 199-224 
    ISSN: 1573-1502
    Keywords: environmental policy ; pulp and paper ; life cycle ; optimization ; technology lock-in ; recycling ; geography of production ; environment-trade conflict
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Economics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper, we propose a methodology, based on materials accounting and operational research techniques, to assess different industry configurations according to their life cycle environmental impacts. Rather than evaluating a specific technology, our methodology searches for the feasible configuration with the minimum impact. This approach allows us to address some basic policy-relevant questions regarding technology choice, investment priorities, industrial structures, and international trade patterns. We demonstrate the methodology in the context of the European pulp and paper industry. We are able to show that current environmental policy's focus on maximizing recycling is optimal now, but that modest improvements in primary pulping technology may shift the optimal industry configuration away from recycling toward more primary pulping with incineration. We show that this will have significant implications for the amount and type of environmental damage, for the location of different stages in the production chain, and for trade between European member states. We caution policy makers that their single-minded focus on recycling may foreclose investment in technologies that could prove environmentally superior. Finally, we hint that member state governments may be fashioning their environmental policy positions at least in part on some of the trade and industrial implications we find.
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    Environmental and resource economics 9 (1997), S. 409-427 
    ISSN: 1573-1502
    Keywords: structural diversity ; optimization ; resource management
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper introduces a computationally convenient measure of structural diversity based on absolute deviations between relative shares of individual groups forming a community. A conceptual framework is developed, some theoretical properties of the measure are derived, and its close relation to the Shannon index, a widely used diversity measure, is explored. The paper also presents an empirical application involving this measure where optimum harvesting strategies are determined under diversity constraints, and investigates the trade off between economic and environmental objectives for a mixed forest in Indonesia.
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    Transport in porous media 28 (1997), S. 335-372 
    ISSN: 1573-1634
    Keywords: heterogeneous fractures ; preferential flow paths ; two-phase flow ; boiling and condensation ; vapor-dominated geothermal reservoirs ; nuclear waste disposal ; numerical simulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Water injection into unsaturated fractured rock at above-boiling temperatures gives rise to complex fluid flow and heat transfer processes. Examples include water injection into depleted vapor-dominated geothermal reservoirs, and emplacement of heat-generating nuclear wastes in unsaturated fractured rock. We conceptualize fractures as two-dimensional heterogeneous porous media, and use geostatistical techniques to generate synthetic permeability distributions in the fracture plane. Water flow in hot high-angle fractures is simulated numerically, taking into account the combined action of gravity, capillary, and pressure forces, and conductive heat transfer from the wall rocks which gives rise to strong vaporization. In heterogeneous fractures boiling plumes are found to have dendritic shapes, and to be subject to strong lateral flow effects. Fractures with spatially-averaged homogeneous permeabilities tend to give poor approximations for vaporization behavior and liquid migration patterns. Depending on water flow rates, rock temperature, and fracture permeability, liquid water can migrate considerable distances through fractured rock that is at above-boiling temperatures and be only partially vaporized.
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    Journal of fluorescence 8 (1998), S. 273-280 
    ISSN: 1573-4994
    Keywords: Fluorescence quenching ; transient effect ; Smoluchowski–Collins–Kimball model ; numerical simulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Numerical simulations designed to illuminate the opportunities for and limitations on recovering the parameters in the Smoluchowski–Collins–Kimball (SCK) model of time-dependent fluorescence quenching from the data of time-correlated single-photon counting experiments have been carried out. Two “donors” with lifetimes of 880 and 410 ps, corresponding to the unquenched S2 lifetimes of 2,2,3,3-tetramethylindanethione (TMIT) and 9,9-dimethylanthrathione (DMAT) in inert perfluoroalkane solvents at room temperature, were used for purposes of illustration. The failure of the single-exponential decay model due to the transient effect can be detected at lower quencher concentrations for longer-lived fluorophores. While good values of the diffusion coefficient, effective encounter distance, and scaling parameters can be recovered at sufficiently high quencher concentrations, the simulations show that values of the specific rate constant, κ, can be expected to vary by up to two orders of magnitude when it is recovered from typical time-correlated single-photon counting data even if the data can be reliably described by the SCK model. The ability to differentiate between SCK kinetics and single-exponential kinetics by using fluorophores of varying unquenched lifetimes has also been explored.
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    Acta mechanica Sinica 13 (1997), S. 304-312 
    ISSN: 1614-3116
    Keywords: unsteady vortex control ; numerical simulation ; airfoil at high incidence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The effects of leading-edge blowing-suction on the vortex flow past an airfoil at high incidence are investigated numerically by solving the Navier-Stokes equations. The results indicate that the frequency of the flowfield excited by the periodic blowing-suction locks into the forcing frequency, which is half of the dominant frequency for the flow past a fixed airfoil without injection. In that case, a well-developed primary leading-edge vortex occupies the upper surface of the airfoil and the largest lift augmentation is obtained.
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  • 86
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    Acta mechanica Sinica 13 (1997), S. 193-202 
    ISSN: 1614-3116
    Keywords: numerical simulation ; pulverized-coal combustor ; two-phase flow
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract In the present paper, a multifluid model of two-phase flows with pulverized-coal combustion, based on a continuum-trajectory model with reacting particle phase, is developed and employed to simulate the 3-D turbulent two-phase flows and combustion in a new type of pulverized-coal combustor with one primary-air jet placed along the wall of the combustor. The results show that: (1) this continuum-trajectory model with reacting particle phase can be used in practical engineering to qualitatively predict the flame stability, concentrations of gas species, possibilities of slag formation and soot deposition, etc.; (2) large recirculation zones can be created in the combustor, which is favorable to the ignition and flame stabilization.
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  • 87
    ISSN: 1614-3116
    Keywords: reservoir ; multiphase flow ; solid deformation ; coupled model ; numerical simulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A mathematical model for coupled multiphase fluid flow and sedimentation deformation is developed based on fluid-solid interaction mechanism. A finite difference-finite element numerical approach is presented. The results of an example show that the fluid-solid coupled effect has great influence on multiphase fluid flow and reservoir recovery performances, and the coupled model has practical significance for oilfield development.
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    Acta mechanica Sinica 13 (1997), S. 210-217 
    ISSN: 1614-3116
    Keywords: numerical simulation ; motion of contact line ; interface tracking
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The paper proposes a physical model for the motion of the contact line and the gas-liquid interface. The local motion of the contact line at the solid wall is assumed and the interface between gas and liquid is traced by a level function. The numerically. The motion of the water column in a vertical pipe is computed and the results are in good agreement with experimental data.
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    Acta mechanica Sinica 15 (1999), S. 116-125 
    ISSN: 1614-3116
    Keywords: vortex control ; separation flow ; delta wing ; numerical simulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The numerical investigation has been performed to explore the feasibility of vortex control by leading edge sucking excitation on a delta wing. The results reveal that the flow on the upper surface of the delta wing changes significantly in a wide range of the angle of attack. For the vortical flow at moderate angle of attack, the secondary and tertiary vortices are weakened or suppressed, and the total lift is almost unchanged. For the stalled flow at high angle of attack, the leading edge concentrated vortex is recovered, and the lift is enhanced with increasing suction rate. For the bluff-body flow at even high angles of attack, the lift can still be improved. The concentrated vortex disappears on the upper surface, and the load increment is nearly unchanged along the chordwise direction.
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    Acta mechanica Sinica 8 (1992), S. 117-126 
    ISSN: 1614-3116
    Keywords: numerical simulation ; diffuser ; turbulent flow ; k-ε turbulence model ; HSMAC scheme BFC approach
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Fully developed incompressible turbulent flow in a conical diffuser having a total divergence angle of 8° and an area ratio of 4∶1 has been simulated by ak-ε turbulence model with high Reynolds number and adverse pressure gradient. The research has been done for pipe entry Reynolds numbers of 1.16×105 and 2.93×105. The mean flow velocity and turbulence energy are predicted successfully and the advantage of Boundary Fit Coordinates approach is discussed. Furthermore, thek-ε turbulence model is applied to a flow in a conical diffuser having a total divergence angle of 30° with a perforated screen. A simplified mathematical model, where only the pressure drop is considered, has been used for describing the effect of the perforated screen. The optimum combination of the resistance coefficient and the location of the perforated screen is predicted for high diffuser efficiency or the uniform velocity distribution.
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  • 91
    ISSN: 1614-3116
    Keywords: melt flow in CZ crystal growth ; magnetic field effect ; numerical simulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Numerical results show that an external magnetic field may influence significantly the flow pattern in the molten semiconductor of Czochralski crystal growth. The melt flow could be pronouncedly damped by a magnetic field with the intensity of several thousands Gauss, while the temperature field is affected only in a less extent by the magnetic field.
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    Acta mechanica Sinica 11 (1995), S. 200-208 
    ISSN: 1614-3116
    Keywords: transonic flow ; high angle of attack ; vortex-breakdown ; numerical simulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The transonic flowfields and vortex-breakdown over a slender wing with the angle of attack from 10° to 28° are studied numerically, and the emphasis is on the secondary separation and the charateristics of vortex-breakdown. The results indicated that: (a) TVD schemes have strong capability for capturing vortices in three-dimensional transonic separated flow at large angle of attack. (b) The development of secondary vortices is more complex than that of leading-edge ones, and is affected by wing's configuration, angle of attack and compressibility simultaneously, and the effect of compressibility is more severe at low angle of attack. (c) The starting angle of attack for vortex-breakdown (when vortex bursting point crosses trailing-edge) is about 18° forM∞=0.85, then the bursting point moves upstream quickly with increasing angle of attack. (d) At α=24°, breakdown occurs over most part of upper side, and the wing begins to stall. Therefore, there is a large lag of angle of attack between the beginning of vortex-breakdown and the stall of the wing. (e) This lag increase with the decreasing of Mach number.
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    Acta mechanica Sinica 12 (1996), S. 104-116 
    ISSN: 1614-3116
    Keywords: partial differential equation ; flow database ; optimization ; dynamical system
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A new theory on the construction of optimal truncated Low-Dimensional Dynamical Systems (LDDSs) with different physical meanings has been developed. The physical properties of the optimal bases are reflected in the user-defined optimal conditions. Through the analysis of linear and nonlinear examples, it is shown that the LDDSs constructed by using the Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) method are not the optimum. After comparing the errors of LDDSs based on the new theory, POD and Fourier methods, it is concluded that the LDDSs based on the new theory are optimally truncated and catch the desired physical properties of the systems.
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    Acta mechanica Sinica 13 (1997), S. 97-105 
    ISSN: 1614-3116
    Keywords: reacting mixing layer ; N-S equations ; numerical simulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper, the supersonic chemically reacting mixing layer is simulated with the third order ENN scheme, based on the Navier-Stokes equations, containing transport equations of all species. The numerical results show that the thickness of mixing layer increases gradually along the flow direction, and that the Kelvin-Helmholtz instabilities may not exist in mixing layer flows.
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  • 95
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    Acta mechanica Sinica 14 (1998), S. 130-138 
    ISSN: 1614-3116
    Keywords: thermocapillary-driven flow ; buoyancy-driven flow ; crystal growth ; numerical simulation ; flow instability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Thermocapillary- and buoyancy-driven convection in open cavities with differentially heated endwalls is investigated by numerical solutions of the two-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations coupled with the energy equation. We studied the thermocapillary and buoyancy convection in the cavities, filled with low-Prandtl-number fluids, with two aspect-ratiosA=1 and 4, Grashof number up to 105 and Reynolds number ⋎Re⋎≤104. Our results show that thermocapillary can have a quite significant effect on the stability of a primarily buoyancy-driven flow, as well as on the flow structures and dynamic behavior for both additive effect (i.e., positiveRe) and opposing effect (i.e., negativeRe).
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    Acta mechanica Sinica 6 (1990), S. 193-203 
    ISSN: 1614-3116
    Keywords: numerical simulation ; free jets ; TVD scheme ; Euler and NS equations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Through a study on one-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations, it was found that the spurious oscillations occuring near shock waves with finite difference equations are related to the dispersion term in the corresponding modified differential equations. If the sign of dispersion coefficient is properly adjusted so that the sign changes across shock waves, the undesirable oscillations can be totally suppressed. Based on this finding, the non-oscillatory, containing no free parameters and dissipative shheme (NND scheme) is developed. This scheme is one of “TVD”. The axisymmetric free jet flows are simulated numerically using this scheme. The results obtained by the present scheme are compared with the experimental picture. It is shown that the agreement is very good, and that this scheme has advantages of high resolution for capturing shocks and contact discontinuities.
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    Acta mechanica Sinica 8 (1992), S. 108-116 
    ISSN: 1614-3116
    Keywords: agricultural ecosystems ; water-heat exchange ; numerical simulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper, the authors adopt the model suggested by Lin and et al in [6–8] with some improvement in difference schemes. We especially focus on the details of water-heat exchange process in vegetation. For illustration, numerical simulation of the exchange process for wheat in Xu-Chen region in Shandong province is carefully made, the computational results turn out in good agreement with the experimental data.
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    Acta mechanica Sinica 7 (1991), S. 243-250 
    ISSN: 1614-3116
    Keywords: damage and fracture model ; fracture initiation and crack propagation ; large elastic-plastic deformation ; numerical simulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A unified damage and fracture model, the combinatory work density model, which is suitable for either non-cracked body or cracked body has been suggested[t−7]. In the present paper, the deformation and fracture of the two kinds of tensile spceimen and TPB specimen made of 40Cr steel have been simulated by using the new model together with the large elastic-plastic deformation finite element method. The results give a good picture of the whole deformation and fracture processes of the specimens in experiments; especially, the results on the TPB specimen can be used to obtain the relationship between load and displacement at the loading pointP-Δ, and between crack extension and displacement at the loading point Δa-Δ, the resistance curveJ R -Δa and the fracture toughnessJ 1C . All the results are in remarkable agreement with those obtained by experiments. Therefore the model suggested here can be used to simulate crack initiation and propagation in non-cracked body and fracture initiation and crack stable propagation in cracked body.
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    Acta mechanica Sinica 9 (1993), S. 131-141 
    ISSN: 1614-3116
    Keywords: crack tip superblunting ; polyproplene ; toughening ; numerical simulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Experimental revelation ofsuperblunting along plane strain predominant crack tip segment is reported here for modified polyproplene. As elucidated by a heuristic model of progressive circumferential cold-draw, the formation of superblunting crack tip depends critically on the ratio between the cold-draw propagation speed and the loading speed, and contributes significantly to the material toughening, especially for the improvement in impact toughness. Detailed numerical calculations are conducted based on a hyperelastic-viscoplastic and anisotropic damage constitutive model at finite deformation. The simulated results recapitulate the essential features of crack tip superblunting.
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    Numerical algorithms 19 (1998), S. 235-246 
    ISSN: 1572-9265
    Keywords: DAEs ; elastic multibody systems ; numerical simulation ; slider crank ; 65L05 ; 70-08
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Elastic multibody systems arise in the simulation of vehicles, robots, air- and spacecrafts. They feature a mixed structure with differential-algebraic equations (DAEs) governing the gross motion and partial differential equations (PDEs) describing the elastic deformation of particular bodies. We introduce a general modelling framework for this new application field and discuss numerical simulation techniques from several points of view. Due to different time scales, singular perturbation theory and model reduction play an important role. A slider crank mechanism with a 2D FE grid for the elastic connecting rod illustrates the techniques.
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