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  • Articles  (21)
  • ozone
  • 2000-2004  (21)
  • Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering  (15)
  • Chemistry and Pharmacology  (6)
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  • Articles  (21)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    NOx or VOC Limitation in East German Ozone Plumes? (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of atmospheric chemistry 35 (2000), S. 1-18 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0662
    Keywords: ozone ; nitrogen oxides ; VOC ; ozone formation ; air pollution ; urban emissions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The ozone forming potential of VOCs and NOx for plumes observed from several cities and a power plant in eastern Germany was investigated. A closed box model with a gas phase photochemical reaction mechanism was employed to simulate several scenarios based upon aircraft observations. In several of the scenarios, the initial concentrations of NOx, VOCs, and SO2, were reduced to study the factors limiting the O3 production. Ozone production was limited by the initial VOC concentrations for all of the simulated plumes. Higher O3 concentrations were produced with reduced initial NOx. In one sample with high SO2 mixing ratios (〉100 ppb), SO2 was also identified as a significant contributor to the production of O3.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006237921920
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Boundary Layer Ozone in the Tropical America Northern Hemisphere Region (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of atmospheric chemistry 35 (2000), S. 249-272 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0662
    Keywords: ozone ; tropical atmosphere ; boundary layer ozone ; biomass burning ; Venezuelan savannah
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract In recent field campaigns, boundary layer ozone concentrations were measuredat different sites in the Orinoco river basin (mainly savannahs) and nearbylocations (cloud forest and coastal sites), during dry and wet seasons. Theresults provide a comprehensive description of boundary layer ozone in atropical region north of the equator where scarce information is available.Ozone measurements were made using photometric ozone analyzers. In thesavannah region, ozone profiles (up to 1000 m) were also obtained usingelectrochemical concentration cell sondes, launched in a tethered balloon.The results, in comparison with other parts of the world, confirm the lowvalues for the concentration of ozone in the boundary layer of the studyregion. Throughout the entire region (marine, coastal, and continental areas),higher concentrations were produced during the dry season (20–30 ppbv)than during the wet season (13–17 ppbv), likely due to the photochemicalproduction of ozone from biomass burning emissions. This seasonal variationobserved in the boundary layer contrasts with satellite data, that show highertotal tropospheric ozone columns during the wet season in the 0–15°Nregion; this means that the ozone annual cycles in the boundary layer and freetroposphere are out of phase.At the most pristine continental sites in the southern part of Venezuela,quite a `peculiar' diurnal variation was observed, with maximum concentrationsin the morning and a steady decrease of ∼0.6 ppbv hr-1 duringthe hours of high solar irradiation. Although dynamic aspects cannot be ruledout, the daytime ozone decrease, which cannot be explained by thewell-established `classical' continental O3 sinks, suggests thatin this region part of the ozone consumption is caused byHO x cycles at low NO x levels. Futurestudies to elucidate the causes of the daytime ozone decrease at thesecontinental sites should be undertaken.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006270911796
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Is the Arctic Surface Layer a Source and Sink of NOx in Winter/Spring? (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of atmospheric chemistry 36 (2000), S. 1-22 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0662
    Keywords: active nitrogen ; ozone ; radicals ; snow chemistry ; Arctic ; surface layer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Measurements of NOx (NO +NO2) and the sum of reactive nitrogenconstituents, NOy, were made near the surface atAlert (82.5°N), Canada during March and April1998. In early March when solar insolation was absentor very low, NOx mixing ratios were frequentlynear zero. After polar sunrise when the sun was abovethe horizon for much or all of the day a diurnalvariation in NOx and NOy was observed withamplitudes as large as 30–40 pptv. The source ofactive nitrogen is attributed to release from the snowsurface by a process that is apparently sensitized bysunlight. If the source from the snowpack is a largescale feature of the Arctic then the diurnal trendsalso require a competing process for removal to thesurface. From the diurnal change in the NO/NO2ratio, mid-April mixing ratios for the sum of peroxyand halogen oxide radicals of ≤10 pptv werederived for periods when ozone mixing ratios were inthe normal range of 30–50 ppbv. Mid-day ozoneproduction and loss rates with the active nitrogensource were estimated to be ∼1–2 ppbv/day and in nearbalance. NOy mixing ratios which averaged only295±66 pptv do not support a large accumulation inthe high Arctic surface layer in the winter and springof 1998. The small abundance of NOy relative tothe elevated mixing ratios of other long-livedanthropogenic constituents requires that reactivenitrogen be removed to the surface during transport toor during residence within the high Arctic.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006301029874
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Impact of Non-Methane Hydrocarbons on Tropospheric Chemistry and the Oxidizing Power of the Global Troposphere: 3-Dimensional Modelling Results (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of atmospheric chemistry 36 (2000), S. 157-230 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0662
    Keywords: non-methane hydrocarbons ; ozone ; HO x ; CO ; NO x ; tropospheric chemistry ; global ; 3-d modeling ; upper troposphere
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The impact of natural and anthropogenicnon-methane hydrocarbons (NMHC) on troposphericchemistry is investigated with the global,three-dimensional chemistry-transport model MOGUNTIA.This meteorologically simplified model allows theinclusion of a rather detailed scheme to describeNMHC oxidation chemistry. Comparing model resultscalculated with and without NMHC oxidation chemistryindicates that NMHC oxidation adds 40–60% to surfacecarbon monoxide (CO) levels over the continents andslightly less over the oceans. Free tropospheric COlevels increase by 30–60%. The overall yield of COfrom the NMHC mixture considered is calculated to beabout 0.4 CO per C atom. Organic nitrate formationduring NMHC oxidation, and their transport anddecomposition affect the global distribution of NO x and thereby O3 production. The impact of theshort-lived NMHC extends over the entire tropospheredue to the formation of longer-lived intermediateslike CO, and various carbonyl and carboxyl compounds.NMHC oxidation almost doubles the net photochemicalproduction of O3 in the troposphere and leads to20–80% higher O3 concentration inNO x -rich boundarylayers, with highest increases over and downwind ofthe industrial and biomass burning regions. Anincrease by 20–30% is calculated for the remotemarine atmosphere. At higher altitudes, smaller, butstill significant increases, in O3 concentrationsbetween 10 and 60% are calculated, maximizing in thetropics. NO from lightning also enhances the netchemical production of O3 by about 30%, leading to asimilar increase in the global mean OH radicalconcentration. NMHC oxidation decreases the OH radicalconcentrations in the continental boundary layer withlarge NMHC emissions by up to 20–60%. In the marineboundary layer (MBL) OH levels can increase in someregions by 10–20% depending on season and NO x levels.However, in most of the MBL OH will decrease by10–20% due to the increase in CO levels by NMHCoxidation chemistry. The large decreases especiallyover the continents strongly reduce the markedcontrasts in OHconcentrations between land and oceanwhich are calculated when only the backgroundchemistry is considered. In the middle troposphere, OHconcentrations are reduced by about 15%, although dueto the growth in CO. The overall effect of thesechanges on the tropospheric lifetime of CH4 is a 15%increase from 6.5 to 7.4 years. Biogenic hydrocarbonsdominate the impact of NMHC on global troposphericchemistry. Convection of hydrocarbon oxidationproducts: hydrogen peroxides and carbonyl compounds,especially acetone, is the main source of HO x in theupper troposphere. Convective transport and additionof NO from lightning are important for the O3 budgetin the free troposphere.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006300616544
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Kinetic Studies of OH and O3 Reactions with Allyl and Isopropenyl Acetate (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of atmospheric chemistry 37 (2000), S. 161-172 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0662
    Keywords: OH radicals ; ozone ; rate coefficients ; allyl acetate ; isopropenyl acetate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Rate coefficients have been measured for the gas phasereactions of hydroxyl (OH) radicals and ozone with twounsaturated esters, allyl acetate(CH3C(O)OCH2CH=CH2) and isopropenylacetate (CH3C(O)OC(CH3)=CH2). The OHexperiments were carried out using the pulsed laserphotolysis – laser induced fluorescence technique overthe temperature range 243–372 K and the kinetic dataused to derive the following Arrhenius expressions (inunits of cm3 molecule-1 s-1): allylacetate, k 1 = (2.33 ± 0.27) ×10-12 exp[(732 ± 34)/T]; and isopropenyl acetate,k 2 = (4.52 ± 0.62) × 10-12exp[(809 ± 39)/T]. At 298 K, the rate coefficients obtained (inunits of 10-12 cm3 molecule-1 s-1)are: k 1 = (27.1 ± 3.0) and k 2= (69.6± 9.4). The relative rate technique has been usedto determine rate coefficients for the reaction ofozone with the acetates. Using methyl vinyl ketone asthe reference compound and a value of4.8 × 10-18 cm3 molecule-1s-1 asthe rate coefficient for its reaction with O3,the following rate coefficients were derived at 298 ± 4 K (in units of10-18 cm3molecule-1 s-1): allyl acetate, (2.4 ± 0.7) andisopropenyl acetate (0.7 ± 0.2). Theresults are discussed in terms of structure-activityrelationships and used to derive atmospheric lifetimesfor the acetates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006499008759
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Survival and Development of Tobacco Hornworm Larvae on Tobacco Plants Grown Under Elevated Levels of Ozone (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 26 (2000), S. 1-19 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Insecta ; tobacco hornworm ; Manduca sexta ; tobacco ; Nicotiana tabacum ; ozone ; weather fleck ; Lepidoptera ; Sphingidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Tobacco plants, Nicotiana tabacum were grown under different levels of ozone (O3) in open-top chambers. Ozone concentrations were established by charcoal filtration, which reduced O3 to approximately one-half ambient, or by the addition of O3 to unfiltered air to increase concentrations to approximately 1.4 or 1.7 times ambient O3. Survival of tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta, larvae was increased when second instars were fed tobacco leaves grown in chambers with elevated levels of O3. Second instars also gained significantly more weight when they were fed for one week on plants exposed to elevated levels of O3 than when they were fed plants grown in charcoal-filtered air. Ozone-treated tobacco plants had higher levels of total nitrogen (primarily reduced nitrogen) and soluble carbohydrates (sugars), and lower levels of leaf-surface components, starch, nicotine, and rutin. Increased survival and growth response of hornworm larvae to elevated O3 levels in these experiments suggests that similar responses could occur in the southeastern US tobacco production areas where O3 levels can be high enough to injure tobacco plants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005440025509
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Criteria for Evaluation of Smog Forecast Systems (2000)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 60 (2000), S. 1-14 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: air pollution modelling ; forecast ; model evaluation ; ozone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Forecasts of air quality provide information to the general public during periods with high levels of air pollution. Criteria for testing the validity and reliability of forecast systems are discussed. As the objectives of a forecast may widely differ (providing information to the public or triggering short-term emission reduction measures) there is not a single evaluation procedure. It is recommended to use a set of performance indicators. The strong year-to-year variability in occurrence of smog episodes makes it necessarily to use several years of data in the evaluation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006138226145
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Atmospheric Volatile Organic Compound Monitoring. Ozone Induced Artefact Formation (2000)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 65 (2000), S. 89-97 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) ; ozone ; artefact ; passive sampling ; active sampling ; scrubber ; formaldehyde ; acetaldehyde ; benzene ; toluene ; styrene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Assessment of population exposure to VOC in ambient atmospheres is receiving heightened interest as the adverse health effects of chronic exposure to certain of these compounds are identified. Active (pumped) and passive samplers are the most commonly used devices for this type of monitoring. It has been shown, however, that these devices, along with all other preconcentration techniques, are susceptible to ozone interference. It is demonstrated that this interference occurs even at low ozone concentrations and that it may result in the under-estimation of population exposure. A convenient and effective ozone scrubbing method is identified and successfully applied and validated for both active and passive samplers for a range of VOC.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006420412523
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of Ethylene diurea as a protective antiozonant on beans (Phaseolus vulgaris cv Lit) exposed to different tropospheric ozone doses in Catalonia (NE Spain) (2000)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 117 (2000), S. 263-271 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: AOT40 ; beans ; ethylene diurea (EDU) ; ozone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A study to evaluate the effects of ethylene diurea (EDU) as a protective antiozonant for beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) submitted to different ambient ozone concentrations was performed in three stations of the rural Network for Air Quality Monitoring (Catalonia, NE Spain). The highest ozone concentrations were accompanied by significant reductions in fruit yield, number of fruits and shoot biomass. These reductions were lower in plants treated with EDU. The results showed toxic ozone effects on sensitive species such as beans and a protective antiozonant effect of EDU. The intensity of the EDU protective effect differed among the different stations characterised by different meteorological conditions and O3 concentrations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005138120490
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of Environmental Stress on Forest Crown Condition in Europe. Part III: Estimation of Critical Deposition and Concentration Levels and Their Exceedances (2000)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 119 (2000), S. 363-386 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: acidity ; air pollution ; ammonia ; AOT40 ; critical levels ; critical loads ; N deposition ; nitrogen oxides ; ozone ; Simple Mass Balance model ; sulphur
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The stress by air pollution at the systematicPan-European 16 × 16 km2 forest (crown) condition monitoring network, is discussed by comparingsite-specific estimates of critical and presentconcentration and deposition levels for S and Ncompounds and ozone. Results indicate that theexceedance of critical levels, related to directabove-ground impacts, decrease going from O3 〉SO2 〉 N compounds. Critical N loads related toeffects on the forest understorey are exceeded atapproximately 25% of the plots, located mainly inWestern and Central Europe. Critical N loads relatedto effects on trees are hardly ever exceeded, but mostlikely, this is an under estimate. Critical aciddeposition levels are exceeded at approximately 30%of the plots with a low base saturation, where acidinputs may release toxic Al. This is especially thecase in Central and Eastern Europe, where presentloads are high and in boreal forest in SouthernScandinavia where critical loads are low. Although theuncertainties in the calculated exceedances is large,the spatial pattern, which is most important for acorrelative study, seems reliable, implying that thecritical load concept is suitable for regional risk assessments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005134310362
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