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  • Articles  (16)
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  • 2000-2004  (16)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of paleolimnology 24 (2000), S. 15-28 
    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: Last Glacial Maximum ; Arctic ; paleoclimatology ; Holocene ; climate modeling ; hydrology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The Paleoclimates from Arctic Lakes and Estuaries (PALE) project has chosen to conduct high resolution data-model comparisons for the Arctic region at 21 and 10 (calendar) ka BP. The model simulations for 21, 10, and 0 ka BP were conducted with the GENESIS 2.0 GCM. The 10 ka BP simulation was coupled to the EVE vegetation model. The primary boundary conditions differing from present at 21 ka BP were the northern hemisphere ice sheets and lower CO2, and at 10 ka BP were the orbital insolation and smaller northern hemisphere ice sheets. The purpose of this article is to discuss the hydrological consequences of these simulations. At the Last Glacial Maximum (21 ka BP) the large ice sheets over North America and Eurasia and the lower CO2 levels produced a colder climate than present, with less precipitation throughout the Arctic, except where circulation was altered by the ice sheets. At 10 ka BP greater summer insolation resulted in a warmer and wetter Beringia, but conditions remained cold and dry in the north Atlantic sector, in the vicinity of the remnant ice sheets. Less winter insolation at 10 ka BP resulted in colder and drier conditions throughout the Arctic. Precipitation - evaporation generally correlated with precipitation except where changes in the surface type (ice sheets, vegetation at 10 ka BP, or sea level at 21 ka BP) caused large changes in the evaporation rate. The primary hydrological differences (from present) at 21 and 10 ka BP correlated with the temperature differences, which were a direct result of the large-scale boundary condition changes.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: Alaska ; hydrology ; evapotranspiration ; paleoprecipitation ; paleoclimates ; lakes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Hydrologic models are developed for two lakes in interior Alaska to determine quantitative estimates of precipitation over the past 12,500 yrs. Lake levels were reconstructed from core transects for these basins, which probably formed prior to the late Wisconsin. Lake sediment cores indicate that these lakes were shallow prior to 12,500 yr B.P. and increased in level with some fluctuation until they reached their modern levels 4,000-8,000 yr B.P. Evaporation (E), evapotranspiration (ET), and precipitation (P) were adjusted in a water-balance model to determine solutions that would maintain the lakes at reconstructed levels at key times in the past (12,500, 9,000 and 6,000 yr B.P.). Similar paleoclimatic solutions can be obtained for both basins for these times. Results indicate that P was 35-75% less than modern at 12,500 yr B.P., 25-45% less than modern at 9,000 yr B.P. and 10-20% less than modern at 6,000 yr B.P. Estimates for E and ET in the past were based on modern studies of vegetation types indicated by fossil pollen assemblages. Although interior Alaska is predominantly forested at the present, pollen analyses indicate tundra vegetation prior to about 12,000 yr B.P. The lakes show differing sensitivities to changing hydrologic parameters; sensitivity depends on the ratio of lake area (AL) to drainage basin (DA) size. This ratio also changed over time as lake level and lake area increased. Smaller AL to DA ratios make a lake more sensitive to ET, if all other factors are constant.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: paleohydrology ; lake level ; lake depth ; diatoms ; subarctic ; arctic ; hydrology ; lakes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Several recent studies have successfully applied diatom-based paleolimnological techniques to infer past hydrological changes in arctic and subarctic regions. For example, we summarize arctic studies that attempt to determine changes in peat water content, flood frequency, river discharge, effective moisture and ice cover in northern regions. Some of the investigations are still in preliminary stages, but represent innovative approaches to study arctic and subarctic paleohydrology. New data demonstrate that lake depth, which may be related to changing hydrological conditions, is a significant variable influencing the distributions of diatom taxa in lake surface sediment calibration sets from Wood Buffalo National Park (WBNP), on the border of Alberta and the Northwest Territories, Canada, and from Fennoscandia (mainly northwest Finland). Weighted averaging regression and calibration methods were used to develop quantitative inference models for lake depth using diatom assemblages preserved in surface sediments. The predictive abilities of the transfer functions were relatively high (for WBNP r2 = 0.70 and RMSE = 2.6 m, and for Fennoscandia r2 = 0.88 and RMSE = 1.8 m). However, evaluating the transfer functions using jack-knifing procedures indicated lower predictive abilities, possibly reflecting the relatively small sample size and/or short gradients used in these calibration sets. Such transfer functions can be used to track overall trends in lake levels, and provide an objective assessment as to directions of changing lake levels. Any interpretations of inferred lake levels, especially those related to climate change, must be made cautiously and must include some understanding of the local, present-day hydrological system.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: late-Holocene ; water chemistry ; bison ; aspen ; fire regime ; pollen ; mineralogy ; granulometry ; hydrology ; Great Plains
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract This paper reports on a high-resolution, multi-proxy, late-Holocene study from a lake in the Aspen Parkland of southern Alberta, Canada. A sediment core spanning the last 4000+ yrs from Pine Lake was analyzed for charcoal, granulometry, grain roundness, tephra content, geochemistry, mineralogy and pollen. This multi-proxy record indicates: (1) increasing anoxia causing a shift in S deposition from gypsum to pyrite due to increasing moisture availability in the late Holocene; (2) a decrease in Mg flux into the lake due to the development of the aspen forest, which reduced water flow through the Mg-rich shallow sand aquifer; the aspen forest expansion was in turn induced by the extirpation of plains bison prior to settlement; and (3) a change in the upland fire regime from frequent low-biomass grass fires to less frequent but higher biomass under-story fires, also as a result of the expansion of the aspen forest. Not only are the different proxies sensitive to different rates and magnitudes of change, they also show different sensitivities to different types of hydrological change: the mineralogy and geochemistry are sensitive to changes in water level and redox potential, and to changes in the relative strengths of the aquifers feeding the lake, while the granulometry is sensitive to total hydrological balance. Thus, apparently contradictory proxy results should be viewed as complementary.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1573-8981
    Keywords: Gravity ; hydrology ; lysimeter ; GRACE ; aquifer ; groundwater ; storage
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Increased accuracy in measuring temporal variations in the Earth's gravity field allow inprinciple the use of gravity observations to deduce subsurface water-mass changes. This canbe with respect to a small area, or as a larger spatial average of water mass change usinggravity observations from low-altitude satellites, such as the forthcoming GRACE mission.At both scales, there is a need to validate gravity-based estimates against field recordings ofactual subsurface water-mass variations. In practice, this could prove difficult because thespatial integral of all water-storage change components can be subject to considerable fieldmeasurement error. An alternative approach to the validation process is proposed by whichsuitable geological formations are utilized as giant weighing devices to directly measure area-integratedwater-mass changes. The existence of such “natural geological weighing lysimeters”is demonstrated using observations from a replicated experimental site in New Zealand. Sitesof this type could be used to verify water-storage change estimates derived from sensitiveground surface gravity instrumentation. In addition, geological lysimeters could be used tomake local checks on the accuracy of any estimated regional water-mass time series, whichis proposed for satellite calibration. The land area “weighed” by a geological lysimeter increaseswith formation depth and it is speculated that recordings made at oil well depth may allowdirect monitoring of subsurface water mass changes at the regional scale.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1573-868X
    Keywords: Equatorial Pacific ; upwelling western boundary ; climatic variability ; hydrology ; plankton
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The longitude of the western limit of the equatorial Pacific upwelling is a key parameter for studies of carbon budget and pelagic fisheries variability. Although it is well defined at the surface on the equator by a salinity front and a sharp variation of the partial pressure of CO2, data from two equatorial cruises make it clear that this hydrological limit does not necessarily coincide with the boundary of the nitrate and chlorophyll enriched area. In January-February 1991 during a non-El Niño period, when trade winds and the South Equatorial current (SEC) were favorable to upwelling, the two limits were at the same longitude. Conversely, in September-October 1994 during El Niño conditions, when the equatorial upwelling had stopped, the nitrate and chlorophyll enriched zone was found a few degrees of longitude east of the hydrological boundary (5.5° at the surface and 2.5° for the 50 m upper layer), whereas no such offset was observed for zooplankton biomass. A simple model, based on the HNLC (High Nutrient - Low Chlorophyll) ecosystem functioning, was initialized with nitrate uptake measurements and estimates of upwelling break duration. The model results support the hypothesis that zonal separation of the limits arises from biological processes (i.e. nitrate uptake and phytoplankton grazing) achieved during that upwelling break.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1435-0157
    Keywords: Key words salinization ; geophysics ; groundwater hydraulics ; hydrochemistry ; Mali
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé En périmètres irrigués sous climat semi aride (delta intérieur du fleuve Niger, Mali), la dégradation des sols par alcalinisation/salinisation est abordée par l'analyse hydrodynamique et hydrogéochimique des eaux souterraines sous-jacentes. A partir d'informations recueillies à différentes échelles, nous proposons un mode de mise en place actuelle des salants en surface sur la base de trois concepts: (1) l'existence de salants anciens résultant de la création d'une vaste zone de sebkhra à l'Ouest du cours ancien du Niger (Fala de Molodo). Cette mise en place se serait faite progressivement au cours du basculement vers l'Est du bloc tectonique supportant le fleuve; (2) au cours de la remise en eau récente du Fala (1950), les processus d'irrigation à partir d'eau de surface très peu minéralisée, réintroduisent dans la nappe alluviale globalement peu perméable des sels provenant des mises en solution des salants anciens; (3) par phénomène d'évapotranspiration intense lié au climat actuel, ces sels se redéposent en surface. Dans un tel contexte, seul un drainage artificiel efficace des eaux souterraines de sub-surface (nappe alluviale) permettrait de soustraire le maximum de flux très minéralisé et, en conséquence, de limiter les dépôts salins actuels.
    Abstract: Resumen En perimetros irigados bajo un clima arida (delta interior del rio Niger, Mali), la degradacion de los suelos (alcalinisacion/salinisacion) es analizada con respecto a las aguas subterraneas. A partir de recoleccion de dadas en hidrodinamica, geofisica y hidroquimica, proponemonos un modo de formacion actuale de los salinos segun tres episodios sucesivos: (1) salinos antiguos que se deducen de la formacion de una Sebkhra, situada al Oeste del curso antiguo del rio (Fala de Molodo). Esta zona resulta de un volteado a hacia el Este del bloque tectonico del rio Niger; (2) la alimentacion del Fala (desde1950) con aguas superficiales jovenes poco mineralizadas introduce, en la capa aluviale de pequena permeabilidad, salinidad por disolucion de los salinos antiguos; (3) a causa de la evaporacion mucho fuerte atada al clima arida, salinos jovenes se desponen sobre el suelo. Solo un drainaje artificial eficaz de la capa aluvial puede sustraer una parte grande del flujo muy mineralizado, y asi limitar la alcalinisacion/salinisacion de los suelos.
    Notes: Abstract  The problem of soil degradation through alkalinization/salinization in an irrigated area with a semi-arid climate was examined in the inner delta of the Niger River, Mali, by the study of groundwater hydraulics and hydrochemistry in an area recharged by irrigation water. On the basis of data analysis on various scales, it is concluded that the current extent of the surface saline soils is due to a combination of three factors: (1) the existence of ancient saline soils (solonchaks) resulting from the creation of a broad sabkha west of the former course of the Niger River, now called the Fala of Molodo. These saline crusts were gradually deposited during the eastward tilting of the tectonic block that supports the Niger River; (2) the irrigation processes during the recent reflooding of the Fala of Molodo (river diversion in 1950). These used very poorly mineralized surface water but reintroduced into the alluvial groundwater system – generally of a low permeability (K=10–6 m s–1) – salts derived from the ancient solonchaks; and (3) the redeposition of the dissolved salts on the surface due to the intense evapotranspiration linked to the present Sahelian climate. In this context, only efficient artificial draining of subsurface alluvial groundwater can eliminate most of the highly mineralized flow and thus reduce the current saline deposits.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1573-515X
    Keywords: Bouteloua eriopoda ; Chihuahuan Desert ; desertification ; hydrology ; Larrea tridentata ; nitrogen ; nutrient budgets ; phosphorus ; runoff
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Losses of dissolved nutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Na,Cl, and SO4) in runoff were measured on grasslandand shrubland plots in the Chihuahuan desert ofsouthern New Mexico. Runoff began at a lowerthreshold of rainfall in shrublands than ingrasslands, and the runoff coefficient averaged 18.6%in shrubland plots over a 7-year period. In contrast,grassland plots lost 5.0 to 6.3% of incidentprecipitation in runoff during a 5.5-year period. Nutrient losses from shrubland plots were greater thanfrom grassland plots, with nitrogen losses averaging0.33 kg ha−1 yr−1 vs0.15 kg ha−1 yr−1, respectively, during a 3-year period. Thegreater nutrient losses in shrublands were due tohigher runoff, rather than higher nutrientconcentrations in runoff. In spite of these nutrientlosses in runoff, all plots showed net accumulationsof most elements due to inputs from atmosphericdeposition. Therefore, loss of soil nutrients byhillslope runoff cannot, by itself, account for thedepletion of soil fertility associated withdesertification in the Chihuahuan desert.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1573-515X
    Keywords: Adirondack Mountains ; total organic nitrogen ; hydrology ; nitrogen retention ; nitrogen saturation ; watershed
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Nitrogen (N) dynamics were evaluated from 1 June 1995 through 31 May 1996 within the Arbutus Lake watershed in the Adirondack Mountains of New York State, USA. At the Arbutus Lake outlet dissolved organic nitrogen (DON), NO3 - and NH4 + contributed 61%, 33%, and 6% respectively, to the total dissolved nitrogen (TDN) flux (259 mol ha-1 yr-1). At the lake inlet DON, NO3 -, and NH4 - constituted 36%, 61%, and 3% respectively, of TDN flux (349 mol ha-1 yr-1). Differences between the factors that control DON, NO3 +, and NH4 + stream water concentrations were evaluated using two methods for estimating annual N flux at the lake inlet. Using biweekly sampling NO3 - and NH4 + flux was 10 and 4 mol ha-1 yr-1 respectively, less than flux estimates using biweekly plus storm and snowmelt sampling. DON flux was 18 mol ha-1 yr-1 greater using only biweekly sampling. These differences are probably not of ecological significance relative to the total flux of N from the watershed (349 mol ha-1 yr-1). Dissolved organic N concentrations were positively related to discharge during both the dormant (R2 = 0.31; P 〈 0.01) and growing season (R2 = 0.09; P 〈 0.01). There was no significant relationship between NO3 - concentration and discharge during the dormant season, but a significant negative relationship was found during the growing season (R2 = 0.29; P 〈 0.01). Biotic controls in the growing season appeared to have had a larger impact on stream water NO3 - concentrations than on DON concentrations. Arbutus Lake had a major impact on stream water N concentrations of the four landscape positions sampled, suggesting the need to quantify within lake processes to interpret N solute losses and patterns in watershed-lake systems.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1435-0157
    Keywords: hydrochemistry ; thermal conditions ; ¶stable isotopes ; Spain ; carbon dioxide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les eaux thermales à teneurs élevées en CO2 des Cordillères Bétiques ont étéétudiées, spécialement en ce qui concerne les aspects géologiques et hydrogéologiques, leurs caractéristiques physiques et chimiques, et leurs teneurs en 13C. La zone d'étude est située à 60 km environ au nord-est de la ville d'Almería, au sud-est de l'Espagne. Les eaux thermominérales sont nombreuses et sont en relation avec les anomalies géothermales régionales. L'eau souterraine a une température comprise entre 20–41°C, une concentration élevée en bicarbonates (entre 183 et 1824 mg/L), et PCO2élevée (〈1.1 bars). Les variations spaciales de CO2 sont en rapport avec la proximité des systèmes de failles de Carboneras, Palomares et Guadalentin, et peuvent être la manifestation en surface d'une zone d'amincissement cortical. Les données de δ 13C indiquent un apport probable d'origine profonde de CO2, éventuellement du manteau et/ou des roches carbonatées présentes dans le substratum métamorphique. Les concentrations élevées en CO2 dans l'eau souterraine posent des problèmes dans les forages et dans l'utilisation de l'eau. Le caractère hydrothermal de cette région serait en rapport avec son activité néotectonique.
    Abstract: Resumen Las aguas termales con elevados contenidos en CO2 de las Cordilleras Béticas han sido estudiadas en relación con los aspectos geológicos e hidrogeológicos, sus características físicas y químicas, y sus contenidos en 13C. El área de estudio se encuentra aproximadamente a 60 km al noreste de la ciudad de Almería, en el sureste de España. Las aguas termominerales son numerosas y están relacionadas con anomalías geotermales regionales. El agua subterránea tiene una temperatura comprendida entre 20–41°C, alta concentración de bicarbonatos (entre 183–1824 mg/L) y elevada PCO2 (〈1.1 bares). Las variaciones espaciales de CO2 están relacionadas con la proximidad de los sistemas de fallas de Carboneras, Palomares y Guadalentín, y puede ser la manifestación en superficie de una zona de adelgazamiento cortical. Los datos de δ 13C indican un posible aporte de origen profundo de CO2, posiblemente del manto y/o de las rocas carbonatadas presentes en el sustrato metamórfico. Las elevadas concentraciones de CO2 en el agua subterránea origina problemas en los sondeos y en el uso del agua. El carácter hidrotermal de este área estaría relacionado con su actividad neotectónica.
    Notes: Abstract The CO2-rich thermal groundwater in the Betic Cordilleras in Spain has been studied with regard to the geological and hydrogeological setting, physical and chemical characteristics, and 13C-isotope content. The study area is about 60 km northeast of Almería city, in southeastern Spain. The thermomineral waters are plentiful and are related to regional geothermal anomalies. Temperatures of 20 −41°C, high bicarbonate concentrations (183–1824 mg/L), and high amounts of PCO2 (〈1.1 bar) characterize the groundwater. CO2 spatial variations are related to proximity to the Carboneras, Palomares, and Guadalentín fault systems, which may be the surface representation of the zone of crustal thinning and magmatism. δ 13C values probably indicate a deep source for the CO2, either the mantle or perhaps carbonate rocks in the metamorphic substratum. The high amount of CO2 in the groundwater causes problems in wells and severely restricts water usage. The hydrothermal features of this area are probably related to neotectonic activity.
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  • 11
    ISSN: 1435-0157
    Keywords: Key words microbiology ; thermal conditions ; hydrothermal fluids ; hydrochemistry ; USA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La région géothermale du massif de Tortugas fait partie du système hydrothermal plus vaste du rift du Rio Grande (sud du Nouveau Mexique, États-Unis). Les caractéristiques chimiques et microbiologiques des eaux thermales échantillonnées indiquent qu'elles proviennent d'une zone de mélange entre une eau profonde anérobie et une eau météorique d'un système aquifère alluvial voisin, non thermal. Une analyse des acides gras phospholipidiques des microorganismes (PLFA) indique que la biomasse et la diversité dans l'aquifère thermal sont très pauvres, alors que l'eau thermale en surface est diversifiée et que les bactéries présentent une phase de croissance rapide. Une analyse de l'ADN dans l'eau thermale a permis l'identification d'une bactérie vraie et de deux Archaea (archéobactérie); la bactérie vraie et l'un des Archaea étaient jusqu'à présent inconnus. L'Archaea qui a pu être rapproché d'une espèce connue est une méthanobactérie halophile extrême. La présence de l'Archaea halophile et de l'autre espèce d'Archaea conforte l'hypothèse que la région géothermale du massif de Tortugas est la zone de décharge de circulations souterraines profondes à l'intérieur d'un système aquifère régional dans le socle.
    Abstract: Resumen El área geotérmica de Montaña Tortugas forma parte del sistema hidrotermal de la Dorsal del Río Grande, al Sur de Nuevo México (EEUU). Los parámetros químicos y microbiológicos indican que el agua muestreada procede de una mezcla de agua profunda en condiciones anaerobias con agua meteórica de un sistema acuífero aluvial adyacente, no termal. Mediante análisis con el método del ácido graso fosfolípido microbiano (PLFA) se ha deducido que tanto la cantidad de biomasa como la diversidad del flujo subterráneo hidrotermal son escasas, mientras que el agua superficial hidrotermal presenta una diversidad mayor y las bacterias se hallan en fase de crecimiento rápido. Por medio de un análisis del ácido nucleico (ADN) del agua hidrotermal se pudo identificar una eubacteria y dos Archaea (arqueobacterias). Únicamente una de estas dos últimas ha podido ser relacionada con una especie conocida; se trata de una microbacteria metanogénica, halófíla extrema. La presencia de las dos especies de Archaea sustenta la hipótesis de que el área geotérmica de Montaña Tortugas es la zona de descarga de las aguas subterráneas de un sistema regional profundo en roca.
    Notes: Abstract The Tortugas Mountain Geothermal Area is part of the larger hydrothermal system of the Rio Grande Rift, southern New Mexico, USA. Chemical and microbial parameters indicate that the sampled hydrothermal water derives from a mixture zone of deep, anaerobic water with meteoric water from an adjacent alluvial, non-thermal groundwater flow system. A microbial phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis indicates that biomass and diversity of hydrothermal groundwater are very low, whereas hydrothermal surface water is diverse and bacteria are in a rapid growth phase. A nucleic acid (DNA) analysis of the hydrothermal groundwater resulted in the identification of one eubacterium and two Archaea (archaebacteria); the eubacterium and one Archaea were previously unknown. The one Archaea that could be related to a known species is an extreme halophilic methanomicrobacterium. The presence of the halophilic Archaea and the other Archaea species supports the hypothesis of the Tortugas Mountain Geothermal Area being the discharge area of deep circulating groundwater within a bedrock-hosted regional groundwater flow system.
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  • 12
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    Springer
    Hydrogeology journal 8 (2000), S. 447-450 
    ISSN: 1435-0157
    Keywords: Keywords comment ; conceptual model ; confining units ; hydrochemistry ; USA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
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  • 13
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    Hydrogeology journal 8 (2000), S. 47-62 
    ISSN: 1435-0157
    Keywords: microbial processes ; USA ; scale effects ; hydrochemistry ; biodegradation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Dans l'aquifère libre pollué du fluvio-glaciaire près de Bemidji (Minnesota, États-Unis), la chimie des carbonates est influencée d'abord à l'échelle macroscopique. Sous des conditions oxiques, la respiration d'hétérotrophes indigènes aérobies produit du dioxyde de carbone en excès, qui provoque la dissolution de la calcite et de la dolomite. Les micro-organismes aérobies ne colonisent pas la surface de la dolomite et sont peu présentes sur la calcite. Dans les eaux souterraines anoxiques, la croissance de la calcite forme sur la calcite non colonisée des plans de clivages, probablement dus à la consommation d'acidité par des bactéries simulant la réduction du fer. Comme la concentration d'oxygène moléculaire augmente en aval de la pollution pétrolière, les organismes aérobies dominent à nouveau et les hydrocarbures résiduels et le fer ferreux sont oxydés, ce qui provoque la dissolution des minéraux carbonatés et la précipitation du fer à l'échelle macroscopique. Les feldspaths au contraire sont altérés uniquement à l'échelle microscopique à proximité des micro-organismes fixés, principalement dans la partie anoxique du panache. Les organismes indigènes colonisent de préférence les feldspaths qui contiennent des traces de phosphore sous forme d'inclusions d'apatite, apparemment à cause de la faible concentration en P des eaux souterraines. Ces feldspaths s'altèrent rapidement, tandis que les feldspaths voisins sans traces de P ne sont ni colonisés, ni altérés. La dissolution des feldspaths s'accompagne de la précipitation de minéraux secondaires, quelquefois sur la paroi cellulaire elle-même de ces bactéries. Ces observations suggèrent un système de faible lien biogéochimique dans lequel les processus microbiens contrôlent la diagenèse minérale à plusieurs échelles d’interaction, de même que la minéralogie et la chimie minérale influencent l’écologie microbienne. Seule l’interaction à l’échelle macroscopique est cependant observable par les méthodes géochimiques classiques; l’obtention d’informations sur les interactions à l’échelle microscopique exige des analyses microscopiques des micro-organismes sur les surfaces des minéraux et des réactions diagénétiques localement intenses qui en résultent.
    Abstract: El acuífero libre, de origen glacio-fluvial, y localizado cerca de Bemidji, Minnesota, EEUU, es un ejemplo de acuífero contaminado donde la química del carbono está influida principalmente por procesos macroescalares. En condiciones óxicas, la respiración de los organismos aerobios heterótrofos produce un exceso de CO2 que da lugar a la disolución de calcita y dolomita. Los microorganismos anaerobios no aparecen en las dolomitas y apenas en las calcitas. En las aguas subterráneas anóxicas se forman recrecimientos de calcita en zonas de fracturación preferente no colonizadas previamente. Estos recrecimientos posiblemente se deban al consumo de la acidez por bacterias ferro-reductoras. Como la concentración de oxígeno crece hacia aguas abajo del penacho de petróleo, los microorganismos aerobios vuelven a dominar, oxidando los hidrocarburos residuales y el Fe(II), produciendo disolución de carbonatos y precipitación de hierro. Por el contrario, los feldespatos se meteorizan sólo al nivel de microescala, principalmente en la región anóxica del penacho. Los organismos colonizan y meteorizan de modo preferente aquellos feldespatos en los que aparecen trazas de fósforo en forma de inclusiones de apatita, aparentemente como consecuencia de las bajas concentraciones de fósforo en las aguas subterráneas. Los feldespatos sin fósforo no son colonizados ni meteorizados. La disolución de los feldespatos está acompañada por la precipitación de minerales secundarios, algunas veces en la propia pared celular de la bacteria. En resumen existe un sistema biogeoquímico estrechamente ligado, donde los procesos microbianos controlan la diagénesis mineral a diversas escalas, y donde la mineralogía y la geoquímica influencian la ecología microbiana. Sin embargo, sólo las interacciones macroescalares son observables con métodos estándar, mientras que las microescalares requieren el uso de microscopio para examinar la presencia de microorganismos en las superficies y las reacciones diagenéticas.
    Notes: macroscale processes that perturb general groundwater chemistry and therefore mineral–water equilibria; and microscale interactions, where attached organisms locally perturb mineral–water equilibria, potentially releasing limiting trace nutrients from the dissolving mineral. In the contaminated unconfined glacio-fluvial aquifer near Bemidji, Minnesota, USA, carbonate chemistry is influenced primarily at the macroscale. Under oxic conditions, respiration by native aerobic heterotrophs produces excess carbon dioxide that promotes calcite and dolomite dissolution. Aerobic microorganisms do not colonize dolomite surfaces and few occur on calcite. Within the anoxic groundwater, calcite overgrowths form on uncolonized calcite cleavage surfaces, possibly due to the consumption of acidity by dissimilatory iron-reducing bacteria. As molecular oxygen concentration increases downgradient of the oil pool, aerobes again dominate and residual hydrocarbons and ferrous iron are oxidized, resulting in macroscale carbonate-mineral dissolution and iron precipitation. Feldspars, in contrast, weather exclusively at the microscale near attached microorganisms, principally in the anoxic region of the plume. Native organisms preferentially colonize feldspars that contain trace phosphorus as apatite inclusions, apparently as a consequence of the low P concentration in the groundwater. These feldspars weather rapidly, whereas nearby feldspars without trace P are uncolonized and unweathered. Feldspar dissolution is accompanied by the precipitation of secondary minerals, sometimes on the bacterial cell wall itself. These observations suggest a tightly linked biogeochemical system whereby microbial processes control mineral diagenesis at many scales of interaction, and the mineralogy and mineral chemistry influence microbial ecology. Only the macroscale interaction, however, is easily observable by standard geochemical methods, and documentation of the microscale interactions requires microscopic examination of microorganisms on mineral surfaces and the locally intense diagenetic reactions that result.
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1435-0157
    Keywords: arsenic ; contamination ; sedimentary rocks ; hydrochemistry ; USA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé De fortes concentrations en arsenic, jusqu'à 12000 μg/L, ont été mesurées dans l'eau souterraine d'un aquifère gréseux captif, dans l'est du Wisconsin. La principale source d'arsenic est un horizon à cimentation secondaire (SCH) comportant des sulfures, dont l'épaisseur, la morphologie et les concentrations en arsenic sont variables. L'arsenic est présent dans la pyrite et dans la marcassite, de même que dans des oxy-hydroxydes de fer, mais non pas dans une phase séparée d'arsénopyrite. Les signatures isotopiques du soufre presque identiques dans la pyrite et dans les sulfates dissous et la corrélation entre les concentrations en sulfates, en fer et en arsenic dissous laissent penser que l'oxydation des sulfures est le processus dominant contrôlant la libération de l'arsenic dans les eaux souterraines. Cependant, les oxy-hydroxydes contenant de l'arsenic sont susceptibles d'être une autre source d'arsenic si des conditions réductrices apparaissent ou s'ils sont transportés dans l'aquifère sous forme de colloïdes. L'analyse des données provenant de puits montre que l'intersection entre le SCH et les niveaux statiques des puits domestiques est fortement corrélée à de fortes concentrations en arsenic dans les eaux souterraines. Des données de terrain et de laboratoire conduisent à penser que la contamination en arsenic la plus forte est causée par l'interaction localisée aux forages entre l'air, l'eau et les sulfures. Bien que la contamination en arsenic soit causée par l'oxydation de sulfures présents naturellement, elle est influencée par les fluctuations du niveau piézométrique causées par les pompages du captage municipal ou par les variations climatiques, ce qui peut conduire au déplacement des zones géographiques où se produisent les contaminations.
    Abstract: Resumen Se han medido concentraciones de arsénico muy altas (de hasta 12000 μg/L) en las aguas subterráneas de un acuífero confinado, en areniscas, localizado en la parte oriental de Wisconsin (EEUU). La fuente principal de arsénico es un horizonte de cementación secundaria (SCH) con un alto contenido en sulfuros, y con una gran variabilidad en espesor, morfología y concentraciones de As. El arsénico aparece en piritas y marcasitas, además de en oxihidróxidos de hierro, pero no como una fase independiente de arsenopiritas. El hecho que la marca isotópica de piritas y sulfatos disueltos sea muy similar, y que exista una gran correlación entre las concentraciones de sulfato disuelto, hierro y arsénico sugiere que la oxidación de sulfuros es el proceso que controla la aportación de arsénico al agua subterránea. Sin embargo, los oxihidróxidos con alto contenido en arsénico podrían suponer otra fuente de arsénico si se llegaran a desarrollar condiciones reductoras o si se transportaran como coloides por el acuífero. De los datos procedentes de pozos, se ve una fuerte correlación entre la presencia de altas concentraciones de As en el agua y que el nivel freático intersecte el SCH. Los datos de campo y de laboratorio indican que los puntos con mayor contaminación de arsénico son debidos a interacciones de carácter local y en los propios pozos entre aire, agua y sulfuros. Aunque la contaminación por As está causada por la oxidación de sulfuros presentes de manera natural, también está muy influenciada por las fluctuaciones en los niveles freáticos causadas por bombeos o cambios climáticos.
    Notes: Abstract High arsenic concentrations (up to 12,000 μg/L) have been measured in groundwater from a confined sandstone aquifer in eastern Wisconsin. The main arsenic source is a sulfide-bearing secondary cement horizon (SCH) that has variable thickness, morphology, and arsenic concentrations. Arsenic occurs in pyrite and marcasite as well as in iron oxyhydroxides but not as a separate arsenopyrite phase. Nearly identical sulfur isotopic signatures in pyrite and dissolved sulfate and the correlation between dissolved sulfate, iron, and arsenic concentrations suggest that sulfide oxidation is the dominant process controlling arsenic release to groundwater. However, arsenic-bearing oxyhydroxides can potentially provide another arsenic source if reducing conditions develop or if they are transported as colloids in the aquifer. Analysis of well data indicates that the intersection of the SCH with static water levels measured in residential wells is strongly correlated with high concentrations of arsenic in groundwater. Field and laboratory data suggest that the most severe arsenic contamination is caused by localized borehole interactions of air, water, and sulfides. Although arsenic contamination is caused by oxidation of naturally occurring sulfides, it is influenced by water-level fluctuations caused by municipal well pumping or climate changes, which can shift geographic areas in which contamination occurs.
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  • 15
    ISSN: 1435-0157
    Keywords: salinization ; hydrochemistry ; evaporites ; contamination ; Morocco
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'étude de la variation spatio-temporelle des paramètres hydrochimiques du bassin de l'oued Issen, a révélé son étroite relation avec la variation des cycles hydroclimatologiques. Les fortes concentrations sont enregistrées principalement en périodes de crues pendant lesquelles s'opère d'une part, le lessivage des affleurements du bassin par un réseau hydrographique assez dense et d'autre part un arrêt des lâchés d'eau du barrage principal Abdelmoumen. Cette variation dépend aussi de la prédominance des affluents entre les deux rives de l'oued; leurs apports respectifs étant hydrochimiquement très différenciés: (1) les affluents de la rive droite qui lessivent essentiellement les terrains évaporitiques du Trias supérieur et du Lias supérieur riches en gypse et en halite, font augmenter la minéralisation des eaux de l'oued Issen en direction du barrage Abdelmoumen; (2) la bonne qualité de l'eau observée au niveau du bassin amont est conditionnée par l'importante dilution obtenue à partir des affluents de la rive gauche, qui lessivent essentiellement les terrains paléozoïques; (3) dans la partie médiane du bassin, l'augmentation de la minéralisation de l'oued devient excessive surtout entre les deux barrages (Abdelmoumen et Dkhila). La contribution en NaCl de la source salée Tirkou, située en aval du premier barrage, se fait sentir essentiellement en période de crue pendant laquelle s'opère un arrêt de lâchés d'eau douce vers le deuxième barrage. Par ailleurs, l'héritage de l'histoire géologique du bassin, induit l'existence de zones à forte salinité observées particulièrement au sud-ouest (horizon de Boulebaz) du bassin. La présence des sources très salées contrôlées par les accidents affectant le réseau hydrographique, se repercute de façon négative sur la qualité des eaux de l'Issen et par conséquent sur les eaux de la nappe phréatique libre du Souss.
    Abstract: Resumen El estudio de las variaciones espaciales y temporales de algunas propiedades hidroquímicas en la cuenca del Guad de Issen, Marruecos, ha puesto de manifiesto la gran relación entre las aguas, las características litológicas y geológicas de la zona y las variaciones climáticas. Se llegan a medir concentraciones altas de cloruro sódico durante los periodos de avenidas, cuando la cuenca es lavada por toda una serie de arroyos que forman una densa red de drenaje. Las variaciones hidroquímicas dependen de la contribución relativa de los arroyos tributarios a ambos lados del guad, que presentan composiciones muy diferentes: (1) los tributarios de la zona Norte, que lavan preferentemente terrenos evaporíticos del Triásico Superior y el Lias Superior y que son ricos en yeso y halita, hacen aumentar el grado de mineralización de las aguas del Guad de Issen que fluyen hacia la Presa de Abdelmoumen; (2) la baja salinidad de las aguas que se observa en la zona más alta de la cuenca se debe al lavado de un macizo paleozoico; (3) en la zona intermedia, se produce un aumento progresivo de la mineralización de las aguas del guad entre las presas de Abdelmoumen y Dkhila (situada inmediatamente aguas abajo), debido a la pobre dilución de las aguas por los escasos arroyos tributarios situados al sur. Además, durante los periodos de inundación se cierra el flujo normal de salida desde la primera presa, de modo que la contribución principal de NaCl al guad procede del manantial de Tirkou, de muy alta salinidad, y que está situado aguas abajo de la primera presa. Las características geológicas de la cuenca han influenciado el desarrollo de zonas de alta salinidad, particularmente al sudoeste, cerca de la confluencia entre los guades Boulebaz e Issen. La descarga de manantiales con aguas muy salinas, que degradan de modo importante la calidad del Guad Issen, está controlada por fallas. Estas aguas posteriormente recargan un acuífero libre, que fluye hacia la llanura del Guad Souss.
    Notes: Abstract The study of spatial and temporal variations of some hydrochemical properties in the Oued Issen watershed, Morocco, has revealed their close relation to the area's lithologic and geologic characteristics and to variations in hydroclimatological cycles. High concentrations of sodium chloride are measured during flood periods, when the outcrops of the basin are leached by streams draining the rather dense hydrographic network. These variations depend also on the relative abundance of tributaries on both sides of the Oued, their respective contributions being hydrochemically very different: (1) northern-side tributaries, which mainly leach evaporitic terranes dating from the Late Triassic and Late Liassic periods and which are rich in gypsum and halite, increase the mineralization of the Oued Issen waters flowing toward the Abdelmoumen Dam; (2) the low salinity of water observed in the upstream portion of the watershed is due to dilution by waters from the southern-side tributaries, which are derived from snowmelt and the leaching of the high Paleozoic massif; (3) in the middle part of the basin, the increase in mineralization of the Oued Issen becomes substantial between the Abdelmoumen Dam and the Dkhila Dam, the next dam downstream, due to the absence of dilution by waters from the southern-side tributaries, which are sparse in this part of the basin. In addition, during flood periods, the outflow from the first dam is stopped. Thus, the main contribution of NaCl to the Oued is from the very salty Tirkou spring, which is situated downstream from the first dam. The geological characteristics of the basin have induced the development of high-salinity zones, which are particularly evident in the southwestern part of the basin in the vicinity of the confluence of the Oued Boulebaz with the Oued Issen. The discharge of very salty springs is controlled by faults that offset the formations that underlie the hydrographic network and degrade the quality of the Oued Issen. This water later recharges the unconfined aquifer along the Oued where it flows on the Oued Souss Plain.
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  • 16
    ISSN: 1435-0157
    Keywords: Keywords reply ; conceptual model ; confining units ; hydrochemistry ; USA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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