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  • 42.75
  • Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
  • 1975-1979  (6)
  • 1
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    The chemical activities of the Viking biology experiments and the arguments for the presence of superoxides, peroxides, gamma-Fe2O3 and carbon suboxide polymer in the Martian soil (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The evolution of N2, Ar, O2, and CO2 from Martian soil as a function of humidity in the Gas Exchange Experiment are correlated with the mean level of water vapor in the Martian atmosphere. All but O2 are associated with desorption. The evolution of oxygen is consistent with the presence of alkaline earth and alkali metal superoxides; and their peroxides and the gamma-Fe2O3 in the soil can account for the generation of radioactive gas in the Labeled Release Experiment. The slower evolution of CO2 from both the Gas Exchange Experiment and the Labeled Release Experiment are associated with the direct oxidation of organics by gamma-Fe2O3. The Pyrolytic Release Experiment's second peak may be carbon suboxide as demonstrated by laboratory experiments. A necessary condition is that the polymer exists in the Martian soil. We ascribe the activity of the surface samples to the reaction of Martian particulates with an anhydrous CO2 atmosphere activated by uv and ionizing radiations. The surface particles are ultimately altered by exposure to small but significant amounts of water at the sites. From the working model, we have predicted the peculiar nature of the chemical entities and demonstrated that the model is justified by laboratory data. The final confirmation of this model will entail a return to Mars, but the nature and implications of this chemistry for the Martian surface is predicted to reveal even more about Mars with further simulations in the laboratory.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: Life sciences and space research (ISSN 0075-9422); Volume 16; 3-8
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 2
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    Lander Locations, Mars Physical Ephemeris, and Solar System Parameters: Determination from Viking Lander Tracking Data (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-11-16
    Description: Radio tracking data from the Viking landers have been analyzed to determine the parameters of the Mars physical ephemeris, the radii of Mars at the landing sites, and the lander locations. The orientation of the Mars rotation axis, referred to the 1950.0 earth mean equator, equinox, and epoch, was determined to be 317.340+/-0.003 degrees right ascension and 52.710+/-0.002degrees declination. The planet's rotation period was determined to be 24 h, 37 min, 22.663+/-0.002 s. Analyses indicate that the determination of the motions of the Mars rotation axis will require additional tracking data. The Mars radii at the sites of landers 1 and 2 are 3389.38+/-0.06 km and 3381.91+/-0.08 km, respectively. The areocentric location of lander 1 is 22.272+/-0.002 degrees N, 47.94+/-0.2 degrees W. The lander 2 location is 47.670+/-0.002 degrees N, 225.71+/-0.2 degrees W. The areocentric right ascensions of the landers are determined to be 277.314+/-0.002 degrees for lander 1 and 99.546+/-0.002degrees for lander 2 at 0000 hours, January 1, 1977 (Julian date 2443144.57). Possible determinations of relativity parameters, solar oblateness, asteroid mass, and variations of the universal gravitational constant, from their effects on the planetary motions, will require the additional tracking data of the Viking extended mission.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; Volume 82; No. 28; 4297-4303
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 3
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    Viking Orbiter Photometric Observations of the Mars Phase Function July Through November 1976 (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-11-16
    Description: Over 7200 Viking Orbiter pictures have provided phase function information over a large range in viewing geometry. Comparison with the earlier Mariner 9 data reveals possibly significant changes. A two-component limb darkening characterization is shown to fit the data better at large phase angles than the traditional Minnaert or Lommel-Seeliger approach. The phase integral is 15% larger than the Mariner 9 observations owing in part to data obtained at larger phase angles revealing apparent condensate phenomena.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; Volume 82; No. 28; 4161-4165
    Format: text
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  • 4
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    No Organic Compounds on Mars? Understanding the Structure of Spiral Galaxies (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: A prime goal of the Viking missions to Mars is to search for life on that planet. Each of the two landers incorporate three specific life-detection experiments, and all have operated successfully. However, as any newspaper reader knows, the results are ambiguous, in that some experiments suggest a highly active martian biology while others appear to indicate that the samples are sterile. It would be premature to conclude from the results of the biological experiments that martian life forms have definitely been detected. In addition, the picture is clouded by unexpected results from another Viking experiment, which is designed to detect organic and inorganic chemical compounds in the martian soil. In Science for 1 October 1976, K. Biemann of MIT and ten of his colleagues report the first results from the Viking 1 Gas-Chromatograph/Mass Spectrometer (GCMS) experiment.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: MERCURY; 6; 2; 18-20
    Format: text
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  • 5
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    The Effect of a Planetary Surface Penetrator on the Soil Column Surrounding the Impacting Body (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A prototype penetrator instrument was impacted into a dry lake bed. Laboratory studies of the soil surrounding the penetrator revealed that the soil was contaminated by paint and metal from the penetrator's casing. Paint pigment rich in titanium and sulfur was found in the adjacent soil. The highly mobile paint pigment migrated onto viewing ports in the penetrator's exterior. Bulk analysis of the soil adjacent to the impactor showed a significant increase in both elements, as well as the presence of metal chips from the casing and nose cone. It is recommended that great care be taken in the use of coating materials and the metal alloys selected for the penetrator's exterior, or the accuracy of any experiment requiring an uncontaminated in situ sample may be adversely affected.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: NASA-TM-X-62428 , A-6036
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 6
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    ASTP Visual Observation Debriefing (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: This document is the transcription of the post-flight experiments debriefing conducted by the ASTP (Apollo Soyuz Test Project) crew at the Lunar Science Institute on August 12, 1975. The companion document to this transcription is the Experiments Debriefing. Where possible, questioners have been identified by their last names. However, the attendees and questioners are too numerous to identify or list here. The astronaut participants are as follows: Thomas P. Stafford, Commander; Vance D. Brand, Command Module Pilot; Donald K. Slayton, Docking Module Pilot.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: JSC-09920
    Format: application/pdf
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