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  • American Institute of Physics  (108,201)
  • Wiley-Blackwell  (67,207)
  • Cambridge University Press
  • Copernicus
  • 2000-2004  (72,513)
  • 1985-1989  (101,301)
  • 1955-1959  (26,383)
Collection
Publisher
Years
Year
  • 101
    Unknown
    Cambridge ; New York : Cambridge University Press
    Keywords: Europe, History, 476-1492. ; Europe, Social conditions, To 1492. ; Aliens in literature. ; Civilización medieval, Humor. ; Civilization, Medieval, Humor. ; Classical wit and humor. ; Europa, Historia, 476-1492. ; Humorismo. ; Laughter in literature. ; Risa en la literatura.
    Notes: "Don't worry, I've got the key" / Guy Halsall -- Laughter and humour in the early Medieval Latin West / Danuta Shanzer -- Humour and the everyday in Byzantium / John Haldon -- The lexicon of abuse, drunkenness and political illegitimacy in the late Roman world / Mark Humphries -- Funny foreigners, laughing with the barbarians in Late Antiquity / Guy Halsall -- Liutprand of Cremona's sense of humour / Ross Balzaretti -- "He never even allowed his white teeth to be bared in laughter" : the politics of humour in the Carolingian Renaissance / Matthew Innes -- Alcuin's Disputatio Pippini and the early Medieval riddle tradition / Martha Bayless -- Laughter after Babel's fall : misunderstandling and miscommunication in the ninth-century West / Paul Kershaw
    Pages: xiv, 208 p.
    ISBN: 0-511-02045-7
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  • 102
    Unknown
    Cambridge, UK ; New York : Cambridge University Press
    Cambridge studies in international relations  
    Keywords: Constructivism (Philosophy) ; Constructivismo (Filosofía) ; International relations, Philosophy. ; Relaciones internacionales, Filosofía.
    Pages: xiv, 289 p.
    ISBN: 0-511-04258-2
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  • 103
    Unknown
    Cambridge ; New York : Cambridge University Press
    Cambridge companions to religion  
    Keywords: Jesus Christ. ; Jesus Christ, History of doctrines.
    Notes: Context, family and formation /Craig A. Evans --Jesus and his Judaism /Peter J. Tomson --Jesus and his God /Marianne Meye Thompson --Message and miracles /Graham Stanton --Friends and enemies /Bruce Chilton --Crucifixion /Joel B. Green --Resurrection /Markus Bockmuehl --Sources and methods /Christopher Tuckett --Quests for the historical Jesus /James Carleton Paget --The quest for the real Jesus /Francis Watson --Many gospels, one Jesus? /Stephen C. Barton --The Christ of the Old and New Testaments /R.W.L. Moberly --Jesus in Christian doctrine /Alan Torrance --A history of faith in Jesus /Rowan Williams --The global Jesus /Teresa Okure --Jerusalem after Jesus /David B. Burrell --The future of Jesus Christ /Richard Bauckham.
    Pages: xviii, 311 p.
    ISBN: 0-511-01986-6
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  • 104
    Unknown
    Cambridge [England] ; New York : Cambridge University Press
    Keywords: Great Britain, Ethnic relations, History, 17th century. ; Great Britain, Ethnic relations, History, 18th century. ; Celts, Great Britain, History. ; Constitutional history, Great Britain. ; Ethnic groups, Great Britain, History. ; Ethnicity, Great Britain, History. ; Group identity, Great Britain, History. ; Mythology, British. ; National characteristics, British, History. ; Nationalism, Great Britain, History.
    Pages: viii, 302 p.
    ISBN: 0-511-00140-1
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  • 105
    Unknown
    Cambridge ; New York : Cambridge University Press
    Structural analysis in the social sciences  
    Keywords: Action sociale. ; Capital social (Sociologie) ; Réseaux sociaux. ; Social action. ; Social capital (Sociology) ; Social networks.
    Pages: xiv, 278 p.
    ISBN: 0-511-01947-5
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  • 106
    Unknown
    Cambridge ; New York : Cambridge University Press
    Keywords: Biosensing Techniques. ; Biosensors. ; Chemoreceptors. ; Chemoreceptors.
    Pages: x, 211 p.
    ISBN: 0-511-00725-6
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  • 107
    Unknown
    Cambridge, UK ; New York, NY : Cambridge University Press
    Cambridge companions to literature  
    Keywords: Wollstonecraft, Mary,, 1759-1797, Criticism and interpretation. ; Wollstonecraft, Mary,, 1759-1797, Criticism and interpretation, Handbooks, manuals, etc. ; Wollstonecraft, Mary,, 1759-1797, Critique et interprétation. ; Feminism and literature, England, History, 18th century. ; Femmes et littérature, Angleterre, Histoire, 18e siècle. ; Littérature féministe, Angleterre, Histoire, 18e siècle. ; Women and literature, England, History, 18th century.
    Notes: Mary Wollstonecraft's letters /Janet Todd --Mary Wollstonecraft on education /Alan Richardson --Mary Wollstonecraft's Vindications and their political tradition /Chris Jones --Mary Wollstonecraft's French Revolution /Tom Furniss --Mary Wollstonecraft's literary reviews /Mitzi Myers --The religious foundations of Mary Wollstonecraft's feminism /Barbara Taylor --Mary Wollstonecraft and the literature of advice and instruction /Vivien Jones --Mary Wollstonecraft's Vindication of the Rights of Woman and the women writers of her day /Anne K. Mellor --Mary Wollstonecraft and the poets /Susan J. Wolfson --Mary Wollstonecraft's novels /Claudia L. Johnson --Letters written during a short residence in Sweden, Norway, and Denmark: travelling with Mary Wollstonecraft /Mary A. Favret --Mary Wollstonecraft and the sexuality of genius /Andrew Elfenbein /Mary Wollstonecraft's reception and legacies /Cora Kaplan.
    Pages: xxi, 284 p.
    ISBN: 0-511-06703-8
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  • 108
    Unknown
    Cambridge, U.K ; New York : Cambridge University Press
    Keywords: Logic. ; Reasoning.
    Notes: Introduction -- Fields of argument and modals -- Probability -- The layout of arguments -- Working logic and idealised logic -- The origins of epistemological theory -- Conclusion
    Pages: xiv, 247 p.
    Edition: Updated ed
    ISBN: 0-511-06271-0
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  • 109
    Unknown
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Cambridge companions  
    Keywords: Levinas, Emmanuel. ; Lévinas, Emmanuel.
    Notes: Introduction /Simon Critchley --Levinas and Judaism /Hilary Putnam --Levinas and the face of the other /Bernhard Waldenfels --Levinas's critique of Husserl /Rudolf Bernet --Levinas and the Talmud /Catherine Chalier --Levinas and language /John Llewelyn --Levinas, feminism and the feminine /Stella Sandford --Sincerity and the end of theodicy : three remarks on Levinas and Kant /Paul Davies --Language and alterity in the thought of Levinas /Edith Wyschogrod --Conepts of art and poetry in Emmanuel Levinas's writings /Gerald L. Bruns --What is the question to which 'substitution' is the answer? /Robert Bernasconi --Evil and the temptation of theodicy /Richard J. Bernstein.
    Pages: xxx, 292 p.
    ISBN: 0-511-02088-0
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  • 110
    Keywords: Capital social (Sociologie) ; Capital social (Sociología) ; Desarrollo económico y social. ; Desarrollo rural. ; Développement économique. ; Développement rural. ; Economic development. ; Pauvreté. ; Pobreza. ; Poverty. ; Rural development. ; Social capital (Sociology)
    Notes: Social capital and poverty: a microeconomic perspective / Paul Collier -- Social capital, growth, and poverty: a survey of cross-country evidence / Stephen Knack -- Mapping and measuring social capital through assessment of collective action to conserve and develop watersheds in Rajasthan, India / Anirudh Krishna and Norman Uphoff -- Social capital and the firm: evidence from agricultural traders in Madagascar / Marcel Fafchamps and Bart Minten -- How do participation and social capital affect community-based water projects? Evidence from Central Java, Indonesia / Jonathan Isham and Satu Kähkönen -- Does social capital increase participation in voluntary solid waste management? Evidence from Dhaka, Bangladesh / Sheoli Pargal, Daniel O. Gillian, and Mainul Huq -- The impact of development assistance on social capital: evidence from Kenya / Mary Kay Gugerty and Michael Kremer -- Induced social capital and federations of the rural poor in the Andes / Anthony J. Bebbington and Thomas F. Carroll -- Social capital and social cohesion: case studies from Cambodia and Rwanda / Nat J. Colletta and Michelle L. Cullen -- Ethnicity, capital formation, and conflict: evidence from Africa / Robert H. Bates and Irene Yackovlev -- Conclusion: measuring impact and drawing policy implications / Christiaan Grootaert and Thierry Van Bastelaer
    Pages: xxii, 360 p.
    ISBN: 0-511-06468-3
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  • 111
    Unknown
    Cambridge, U.K ; New York : Cambridge University Press
    Keywords: France, History, Revolution, 1789-1799. ; France, History, Revolution, 1789-1799, Causes. ; France, History, Revolution, 1789-1799, Historiography. ; World politics, To 1900.
    Notes: The ancien régime: challenges not met, a dilemma not overcome -- The descent into revolution: from August 1788 to October 1789 -- The first attempt to stabilize the revolution: from 1789-1791 -- The "Revolutionizing" of the revolution: from 1791-1794 -- The second attempt to stabilize the revolution: from 1794-1799 -- Conclusion: the Revolution in the French and global context
    Pages: viii, 292 p.
    ISBN: 0-511-04224-8
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  • 112
    Unknown
    Cambridge [England] ; New York : Cambridge University Press
    Keywords: English drama, Women authors, History and criticism. ; English drama, 17th century, History and criticism. ; English drama, Early modern and Elizabethan, 1500-1600, History and criticism. ; Race in literature. ; Renaissance, England. ; Women and literature, England, History, 16th century. ; Women and literature, England, History, 17th century. ; Women in literature.
    Pages: ix, 188 p.
    ISBN: 0-511-04214-0
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  • 113
    Unknown
    Cambridge, U.K ; New York : Cambridge University Press
    Keywords: Philosophie de l'esprit. ; Philosophy of mind.
    Notes: Introduction -- Minds, bodies and people -- Mental states -- Mental content -- Sensation and appearance -- Perception -- Thought and language -- Human rationality and artificial intelligence -- Action, intention and will -- Personal identity and self-knowledge
    Pages: xiii, 318 p.
    ISBN: 0-511-04054-7
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  • 114
    Unknown
    New York, NY, USA : Cambridge University Press
    Keywords: Social history, Medieval, 500-1500. ; Spiritual life, Christianity, History of doctrines, Middle Ages, 600-1500. ; Vie spirituelle, Christianisme, Histoire des doctrines, 600-1500 (Moyen Âge) ; Bible., N.T., Criticism, interpretation, etc., History, Middle Ages, 600-1500. ; Bible., N.T., Criticism, interpretation, etc, History, Middle Ages, 600-1500.
    Notes: The interpretation of Mary and Martha -- The ideal of the imitation of Christ -- The orders of society
    Pages: xix, 423 p.
    ISBN: 0-585-03970-4
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  • 115
    Unknown
    Cambridge, UK ; New York, NY : Cambridge University Press
    Keywords: Public welfare, OECD countries. ; Public welfare, Scandinavia.
    Notes: International integration and the welfare state / Torben M. Andersen -- The changing age structure and the public sector / Thomas Lindh -- Emigration from the Scandinavian welfare states / Peder J. Pedersen, Marianne Røed and Lena Schröder -- Productivity and costs in public production of services / Jørn Rattsø -- Use of fees in the provision of public services in OECD countries / Carl Emmerson and Howard Reed -- Privitisation of social insurance with reference to Sweden / Lars Söderström and Klas Rikner -- Occupational welfare / Ann-Charlotte St°ahlberg -- Pathways to retirement and retirement incentives in Sweden / M°arten Palme and Ingemar Svensson -- Social insurance and redistribution / Pierre Pestieau -- Assessing the effect of introducing welfare accounts in Sweden / Stefan Fölster ... [et al.] -- Taxation in a global economy / Bernd Huber and Erik Norrman -- Taxation and education investment in the tertiary sector / Fredrik Andersson and Kai A. Konrad -- Debt strategies for Sweden and Europe / Martin Flodén -- Policy options for reforming the welfare state / Torben M. Andersen and Per Molander
    Pages: xi, 383 p.
    ISBN: 0-511-06484-5
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  • 116
    Unknown
    Camnbridge, UK ; New York : Cambridge University Press
    Cambridge studies in philosophy  
    Keywords: Language and languages, Philosophy. ; Semantics (Philosophy)
    Notes: Speaker meaning -- Expression -- Alternative analyses -- Communication -- Reference -- Languages -- Basic word meaning -- Conventions -- Compositional word meaning -- Living languages -- Thought -- Sentences, propositions, and thoughts -- The constituency thesis -- Ideas or concepts -- The possession of concepts -- The acquisition of concepts -- The association of ideas -- Objects, images, and conceptions -- The language of thought hypothesis -- Objections to ideational theories -- Priority objections -- Incompleteness objections
    Pages: xvii, 654 p.
    ISBN: 0-511-06566-3
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  • 117
    Unknown
    Cambridge, UK ; New York : Cambridge University Press
    Ideas in context  
    Keywords: English language, Early modern, 1500-1700, Rhetoric. ; English prose literature, Early modern, 1500-1700, History and criticism.
    Pages: xi, 326 p.
    ISBN: 0-511-04236-1
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  • 118
    Unknown
    Cambridge, U.K ; New York : Cambridge University Press
    Cambridge companions to religion  
    Keywords: Luther, Martin,, 1483-1546.
    Notes: Luther's life /Albrecht Beutel --Luther's Wittenberg /Helmar Junghans --Luther's writings /Timothy F. Lull --Luther as Bible translator /Eric W. Gritsch --Luther as an interpreter of holy scripture /Oswald Bayer --Luther's theology /Markus Wriedt --Luther's moral theology /Bernd Wannenwetsch --Luther as preacher of the word of God /Fred W. Meuser --Luther's spiritual journey /Jane E. Strohl --Luther's struggle with social-ethical issues /Carter Lindberg --Luther's political encounters /David M. Whitford. -- Luther's polemical controversies /Mark U. Edwards, Jr. --Luther's function in an age of confessionalization /Robert Kolb --The legacy of Martin Luther /Hans J. Hillerbrand --Approaching Luther /James Arne Nestingen --Luther and modern church history /James M. Kittelson --Luther's contemporary theological significance /Robert W. Jenson --Luther in the worldwide church today /Günther Gassmann.
    Pages: xviii, 320 p.
    ISBN: 0-511-07830-7
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  • 119
    Unknown
    Cambridge, U.K ; New York : Cambridge University Press
    Keywords: United States, Civilization, 1783-1865. ; United States, History, Revolution, 1775-1783, Literature and the revolution. ; United States, Intellectual life, 18th century. ; American literature, Revolution, 1775-1783, History and criticism. ; Democracy in literature. ; Monarchy in literature. ; Politics and literature, United States, History, 18th century. ; Revolutionary literature, American, History and criticism. ; Revolutions in literature.
    Notes: Monarchophobia: reading the mock executions of 1776 -- Crèvecoeur's revolutionary loyalism -- Citizen subjects: the memoirs of Stephen Burroughs and Benjamin Franklin -- An epistemology of the ballot box: Brockden Brown's secrets -- Luxury, effeminacy, corruption: Irving and the gender of democracy -- Afterword: the revolution's last word
    Pages: xii, 239 p.
    ISBN: 0-511-02055-4
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  • 120
    Unknown
    Cambridge, U.K ; New York : Cambridge University Press
    Key themes in ancient history  
    Keywords: Aliments, Approvisionnement, Grèce, Histoire. ; Aliments, Approvisionnement, Rome. ; Civilisation ancienne. ; Civilization, Classical. ; Food habits, Greece, History, To 1500. ; Food habits, Rome. ; Food supply, Greece, History, To 1500. ; Food supply, Rome. ; Habitudes alimentaires, Grèce, Histoire. ; Habitudes alimentaires, Rome.
    Pages: xiv, 175 p.
    ISBN: 0-511-06622-8
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  • 121
    Unknown
    Cambridge, U.K ; New York, NY : Cambridge University Press
    Keywords: American literature, Jewish authors, History and criticism. ; Jews in literature. ; Jews, United States, Intellectual life. ; Judaism and literature, United States. ; Judaism in literature.
    Notes: Introduction:Jewish American literatures in the making /Hana Wirth-Nesher,Michael P. Kramer --Beginnings and ends: the origins of Jewish American literary history /Michael P. Kramer --Imagining Judaism in America /Susannah Heschel --Of crucibles and grandfathers: the East European immigrants /Priscilla Wald --Coney Island, USA: America in the Yiddish literary imagination /David G. Roskies --Hebrew literature in America /Alan Mintz --Traces of the past: multilingual Jewish American writing /Hana Wirth-Nesher --Accents of the future: Jewish American popular culture /Donald Weber --Jewish American poetry /Maeera Y. Shreiber --Jewish American writers on the left /Alan Wald --Jewish American Renaissance /Ruth R. Wisse --Holocaust and the Jewish American imagination /Emily Miller Budick --Jewish American women writers and the race question /Susan Gubar --On contemporary literary theory and Jewish American poetics /Shira Wolosky --Identity matters: contemporary Jewish American writing /Tresa Grauer.
    Pages: xvi, 296 p.
    ISBN: 0-511-06311-3
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  • 122
    Unknown
    Cambridge ; New York : Cambridge University Press
    Cambridge cultural social studies  
    Keywords: United States, Race relations. ; African American press. ; African Americans and mass media. ; African Americans in mass media. ; Mass media and race relations, United States. ; Mass media, Social aspects, United States.
    Notes: Race, media, and multiple publics -- Historicizing the public spheres: New York, Los Angeles, Chicago -- Watts uprisings of 1965 -- Rodney King beating -- Rodney King 1992
    Pages: xii, 189 p.
    ISBN: 0-511-01120-2
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  • 123
    Unknown
    Cambridge ; New York : Cambridge University Press
    Cambridge monographs on applied and computational mathematics  
    Keywords: Composite materials. ; Composites. ; Differential equations, Partial. ; Équations aux dérivées partielles. ; Homogenization (Differential equations) ; Homogénéisation (Équations différentielles)
    Pages: xxviii, 719 p.
    ISBN: 0-511-04092-X
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  • 124
    Unknown
    New York : Cambridge University Press
    Keywords: Australia, Emigration and immigration, Government policy. ; Ethnic groups, Government policy, Australia. ; Immigrants, Government policy, Australia. ; Pluralism (Social sciences), Australia.
    Pages: xi, 243 p.
    ISBN: 0-511-06220-6
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  • 125
    Unknown
    Cambridge, UK ; New York : Cambridge University Press
    Keywords: James, Henry,, 1843-1916, Criticism and interpretation. ; Imagination in literature. ; Pleasure in literature.
    Notes: Acknowledgements -- Introduction -- 'Just you wait!': reflections on the last chapters of The Portrait of a Lady -- As charming as a charming story': governesses in What Maisie Knew and 'The Turn of the Screw' -- 'The sacred terror': The Awkward Age and James's men of the world -- Blushing in the dark: language and sex in The Ambassadors -- Poor girls with their rent to pay: class in 'In the Cage'and The Wings of the Dove -- 'A house of quiet': privileges and pleasures in The Golden Bowl -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index
    Pages: viii, 205 p.
    ISBN: 0-511-01903-3
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  • 126
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    Cambridge, U.K ; New York : Cambridge University Press
    Political economy of institutions and decisions  
    Keywords: Economic and Monetary Union. ; Banks and banking, Central, Europe. ; Banks and banking, Central, United States. ; Federal Reserve banks. ; Monetary policy, Europe. ; Monetary policy, United States.
    Notes: A formal model of the appointment process -- Estimating monetary policy preferences -- Empirically testing the model's predictions -- Appointments to the European Central Bank -- The origins of the Federal Reserve appointment process -- Conclusions
    Pages: xiv, 160 p.
    ISBN: 0-511-06209-5
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  • 127
    ISSN: 1089-7666
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: PHF online publishes articles that emphasize understanding of the physics underlying modern technology. The subject coverage includes, but is not limited to, experimental or theoretical physics applied to all aspects of materials: for example, charge and mass transport, superconductivity magnetism; surfaces, interfaces, thin films, crystal lattice defects; electrical, optical, magnetic, and structural properties; processing; ion implantation. Materials covered include semiconductors, superconductors, metals and alloys, amorphous materials, and oxides.
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  • 128
    Electronic Resource
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Economics and philosophy 5 (1989), S. 79-90 
    ISSN: 0266-2671
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
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  • 129
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Economics and philosophy 5 (1989), S. 91-97 
    ISSN: 0266-2671
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    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
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  • 130
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Economics and philosophy 4 (1988), S. 243-266 
    ISSN: 0266-2671
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Notes: Recent years have seen the flowering of a new literature on the economic nature of firms marked by a concern with their internal organization and contractual characteristics. Related literatures on the principal-agent problem and the theory of financial markets have also contributed to a better understanding of firms as economic institutions. However, the place of the concept of the ownership of the firm is poorly developed in most of this literature, with many writers either ignoring the concept entirely or arguing that it is of no importance. The purpose of the present article is to point out that the concept of ownership of firms is crucial to an understanding of internal governance issues. Most economists implicitly presume that firms must be ownable and saleable if they are to be operated efficiently, and recently this viewpoint has been made more explicit by writers such as Jensen and Fama and Williamson. Their point of view is to some degree at odds with views of the firm as a coalition, which frequently appear in the same literature, and even more fundamentally in conflict with conceptions of the firm as an association or polity within which greater or lesser degrees of democracy in governance may be pursued. The first purpose of this article is to show that the incompletely articulated position of the leading authors on the economics of organization is that the firm is a commodity and must be so for purposes of efficiency.
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  • 131
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Economics and philosophy 4 (1988), S. 291-291 
    ISSN: 0266-2671
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    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
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  • 132
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Economics and philosophy 4 (1988), S. 292-297 
    ISSN: 0266-2671
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    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
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  • 133
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Economics and philosophy 4 (1988), S. 298-308 
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    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
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  • 134
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    Economics and philosophy 4 (1988), S. 309-315 
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  • 135
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Economics and philosophy 4 (1988), S. 316-325 
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  • 136
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    Economics and philosophy 4 (1988), S. 326-332 
    ISSN: 0266-2671
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    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
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  • 137
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Economics and philosophy 4 (1988), S. 333-336 
    ISSN: 0266-2671
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    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
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  • 138
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Economics and philosophy 4 (1988), S. 170-172 
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    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
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  • 139
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    Economics and philosophy 4 (1988), S. 173-175 
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  • 140
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    Economics and philosophy 4 (1988), S. 177-183 
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  • 141
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Economics and philosophy 3 (1987), S. 1-2 
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  • 142
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    Economics and philosophy 4 (1988), S. 183-188 
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  • 143
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    Economics and philosophy 3 (1987), S. 1-10 
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  • 144
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    Economics and philosophy 3 (1987), S. 335-338 
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    Notes: Since Schweickart asserts that I have not addressed his main argument, let me consider briefly the four claims he advances at the beginning of his second reply.Regarding 1: To argue, as I have, that there would be a strong tendency for market socialism to degenerate into capitalism, it is necessary to spell out carefully what capitalism is. Following Marx, I defined capitalism as a system in which the workers do not control the means of production and the workers sell their labor power as a commodity. As G.A. Cohen has pointed out (Cohen, 1978, pp. 219–23), this definition can be given a rechtsfrei characterization in terms of effective powers over means of production and labor power. Actual legal arrangements are not the issue. In my original paper, I never said that the workers would sell the means of production. Thus 1 is irrelevant. The real questions are: (a) Who effectively controls the means of production? (b) Who effectively gets the profits? If the answer to both of these questions is, “Not the workers,” it follows that the workers are effectively proletarians and the system is a form of capitalism.
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    Economics and philosophy 3 (1987), S. 49-66 
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    Notes: I want in this paper to do two things. First, I want to respond to some studies that argue that people are often not rational: that people regularly and systematically depart from rationality. The conclusion itself does not worry me. I pressed for the same in a recent book (Schick, 1984). But the arguments seem to me wrong, and wrong in an interesting way. There may be something to be learned from seeing how and why they fail.
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    Economics and philosophy 3 (1987), S. 1-22 
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    Notes: In 1970 Amartya Sen exposed an apparent antinomy that has come to be known as the Paradox of the Paretian Libertarian (Sen, 1970b, pp. 152–57). Sen introduced his paradox by establishing a simple but startling theorem. Roughly put, what he proved was that if a mechanism for selecting social choice functions satisfies two standard adequacy conditions, there are possible situations in which it will violate either the very weak libertarian precept that every individual has at least some rights or the seemingly innocuous Paretian principle that an option should be judged unacceptable if there is an available alternative that everyone prefers to it. Many economists and philosophers have proposed solutions to Sen's problem, but there is no general consensus on what solution (if any) is correct. In the present paper I argue that Sen's original theorem fails to establish the existence of any conflict between libertarianism and Paretianism. Furthermore, I contend that Sen has misinterpreted certain other theorems which he has used to defend the existence of a paradoxical conflict between these two doctrines. In general, I try to show that whenever Sen posits a Paretian-libertarian conflict to explain an apparently troubling result in social choice theory, the difficulty can be better dealt with either by claiming that the theorem in question imposes overly strong background constraints on the form of social choice functions or by claiming that it relies on an unacceptable construal of individual rights.
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    Economics and philosophy 3 (1987), S. 127-130 
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    Notes: In their article, Geoffrey Brennan and Loren Lomasky (1985, p. 199) present an alternative to market theories of voting behavior. Contrary to market theories which view the voter as acting to maximize the expected self-interest, the alternative view sees voting as fundamentally an act of self-expression: “Voting, like speech, is an expressive activity providing an outlet for one's moral sentiments. We suggest that it is the expressive return to a vote that frequently determines the behavior of individuals in large-number electorates.”
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    Economics and philosophy 3 (1987), S. 67-95 
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    Notes: Is rhetoric just a new and trendy way to épater les bourgeois? Unfortunately, I think that the newfound interest of some economists in rhetoric, and particularly Donald McCloskey in his new book and subsequent responses to critics (McCloskey, 1985a, 1985b), gives that impression. After economists have worked so hard for the past five decades to learn their sums, differential calculus, real analysis, and topology, it is a fair bet that one could easily hector them about their woeful ignorance of the conjugation of Latin verbs or Aristotle's Six Elements of Tragedy. Moreover, it has certainly become an academic cliché that economists write as gracefully and felicitously as a hundred monkeys chained to broken typewriters. The fact that economists still trot out Keynes's prose in their defense is itself an index of the inarticulate desperation of an inarticulate profession.
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    Economics and philosophy 3 (1987), S. 139-142 
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    Notes: Rosenberg (1986) argues that economists have embraced the methodology of scientific research programs, and the writings of Imre Lakatos (1978), at the same time that philosophers have been abandoning that approach. According to Rosenberg, the methodology of scientific research programs (MSRP) appears to allow some work in economics, which is neither tested nor testable, to be “scientific” nonetheless. That is, MSRP justifies some current practices which look hard to justify on strict falsificationist, or dogmatic positivist, grounds.
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    Economics and philosophy 3 (1987), S. 131-138 
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    Notes: How may we best understand the motivational structure that stands behind individuals' acts of voting? In “The Impartial Spectator Goes to Washington” we suggested that expressive concerns swamp narrowly consequential motivations, in contradistinction to normal market transactions in which the priority is reversed. A striking consequence of this fact is that individuals will be led to vote for outcomes that they would reject were they in a position to act decisively. In this regard we found the moral psychology Adam Smith develops in The Theory of Moral Sentiments (TMS) (and, to a lesser extent, in The Wealth of Nations) remarkably fecund in suggesting alternatives to what we call the standard theory of electoral behavior.
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    Economics and philosophy 2 (1986), S. 282-291 
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    Economics and philosophy 2 (1986), S. 185-195 
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    Notes: Popper's well-known demarcation criterion has often been understood to distinguish statements of empirical science according to their logical form. Implicit in this interpretation of Popper's philosophy is the belief that when the universe of discourse of the empirical scientist is infinite, empirical universal sentences are falsifiable but not verifiable, whereas the converse holds for existential sentences. A remarkable elaboration of this belief is to be found in Watkins's early work (1957, 1958) on the statements he calls “all-and-some,” such as: “For every metal there is a melting point.” All-and-some statements (hereafter AS) are both universally and existentially quantified in that order. Watkins argued that AS should be regarded as both nonfalsifiable and nonverifiable, for they partake in the logical fate of both universal and existential statements. This claim is subject to the proviso that the bound variables are “uncircumscribed” (in Watkins's words); i.e., that the universe of discourse is infinite.
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    Economics and philosophy 2 (1986), S. 293-293 
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    Economics and philosophy 2 (1986), S. 225-244 
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    Notes: Perhaps the most salient feature of Rawls's theory of justice (Rawls, 1971) which at once attracts supporters and repels critics is its apparent egalitarian conclusion as to how economic goods are to be distributed. Indeed, many of Rawls's sympathizers may find this result intuitively appealing, and regard it as Rawls's enduring contribution to the topic of economic justice, despite technical deficiencies in Rawls's contractarian, decision-theoretic argument for it (see, e.g., Nagel, 1973, p. 234) which occupy the bulk of the critical literature. Rawls himself, having proposed a “coherence” theory of justification in metaethics, must regard the claim that his distributive criterion “is a strongly egalitarian conception” (Rawls, 1971, p. 76) as independently a part of the overarching moral argument. The alleged egalitarian impact of Rawls's theory is crucial again in normative ethics where Rawls is thought to have developed a major counter-theory to utilitarianism (cf. Braybrooke, 1975, p. 304), one of the most popular criticisms of which has been its alleged inadequacy in handling questions of distributive justice. Utilitarians can argue, however, as Brandt recently has, that the diminishing marginal utility of money, along with ignorance of income-welfare curves, would require a utility-maximizing distribution to be substantially egalitarian (Brandt, 1979, pp. 311f., 315f.; cf. Brandt, 1983, p. 102f.). The challenge is therefore for Rawls to show that his theory yields an ethically preferable degree of equality.
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    Economics and philosophy 2 (1986), S. 1-2 
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    Economics and philosophy 1 (1985), S. 83-99 
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    Notes: Discussions of Karl Popper's falsificationist philosophy of science appear regularly in the recent literature on economic methodology. In this literature, there seem to be two fundamental points of agreement about Popper. First, most economists take Popper's falsificationist method of bold conjecture and severe test to be the correct characterization of scientific conduct in the physical sciences. Second, most economists admit that economic theory fails miserably when judged by these same falsificationist standards. As Latsis (1976, p. 8) states, “the development of economic analysis would look a dismal affair through falsificationist spectacles.”
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    Economics and philosophy 1 (1985), S. 101-108 
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    Notes: F. A. Hayek is uniquely responsible for his fellow economists grasping the importance of the decentralization of knowledge: as Hayek shows in his pathbreaking “The Use of Knowledge in Society,” knowledge nowhere exists as a coherent whole and to pretend otherwise is a most serious error. Hayek also shares responsibility for the popularity of a strong form of the methodological individualist research program which asserts that since collectives as such have no impact on the choices of individuals, investigators ought to purge any reliance on collectives from our analysis.
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    Economics and philosophy 1 (1985), S. 127-127 
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    Econometric theory 3 (1987), S. 467-469 
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    Econometric theory 3 (1987), S. 1-1 
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    Econometric theory 3 (1987), S. 223-246 
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    Notes: In this paper we develop full information methods for estimating the parameters of a system of simultaneous equations with error component structure and establish relationships between the various structural estimators.
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    Econometric theory 3 (1987), S. 299-304 
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    Notes: We derive exact finite-sample expressions for the biases and risks of several common pretest estimators of the scale parameter in the linear regression model. These estimators are associated with least squares, maximum likelihood and minimum mean squared error component estimators. Of these three criteria, the last is found to be superior (in terms of risk under quadratic loss) when pretesting in typical situations.
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    Econometric theory 3 (1987), S. 69-97 
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    Notes: This paper addresses two related issues in the literature of non-nested hypotheses testing. Firstly, by means of a measure of “closeness” of probability density functions, it shows how any two hypotheses can be placed into the nested and the non-nested categories with the latter category being subdivided further into “globally” and “partially” non-nested hypotheses. Secondly, by emphasizing the distinction between a “local null” and a “local alternative,” the paper shows that only in the case of partially non-nested hypotheses is it possible to specify local alternatives. In this case the paper derives the asymptotic distribution of the Cox test statistic under local alternatives and shows that it is distributed as a normal variate with a mean which is directly related to the measure of “closeness” of the alternative to the null hypothesis.
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    Econometric theory 3 (1987), S. 159-159 
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    Econometric theory 3 (1987), S. 159-160 
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    Econometric theory 3 (1987), S. 162-162 
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    Econometric theory 3 (1987), S. 208-222 
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    Notes: Many observed macrovariables are simple aggregates over a large number of microunits. It is pointed out that the generating process of the macrovariables is largely determined by the common factors in the generating mechanisms of the microvariables, even though these factors may be very unimportant at the microlevel. It follows that macrorelationships are simpler than the complete microrelationships, but that empirical investigations of microrelationships may not catch those components, containing common factors, which will determine the macrorelationship. It is also shown that an aggregate expectation or forecast is simply the common factor component of the individual agents expectations.
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    Econometric theory 3 (1987), S. 247-271 
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    Notes: A Taylor series approach is used to derive approximations to the approximate slope of LR, W, and LM test statistics. These can be useful when the approximate slopes themselves are complicated. The results are applied to the test of linear coefficient restrictions in the linear model with a nonscalar covariance matrix. They can be used to find cases where the Wald test may badly over-reject in this model. The results shed some new light on the over-rejection that has been noted in the special cases of AR(1) disturbances and the SURE model.
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    Econometric theory 3 (1987), S. 359-370 
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    Notes: We compare the distributional properties of the four predictors commonly used in practice. They are based on the maximum likelihood, two types of the least squared, and the Yule-Walker estimators. The asymptotic expansions of the distribution, bias, and mean-squared error for the four predictors are derived up to O(T−1), where T is the sample size. Examining the formulas of the asymptotic expansions, we find that except for the Yule-Walker type predictor, the other three predictors have the same distributional properties up to O(T−1).
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    Econometric theory 3 (1987), S. 461-463 
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    Econometric theory 3 (1987), S. 464-466 
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    Econometric theory 3 (1987), S. 169-169 
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    Econometric theory 3 (1987), S. 297-298 
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    Notes: In this paper we identify a restriction on the finite-sample application of Magdalinos's asymptotic expansions for the t statistic based on the k-class instrumental variable estimator.
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    Econometric theory 3 (1987), S. 305-306 
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    Econometric theory 3 (1987), S. 306-306 
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    Econometric theory 3 (1987), S. 1-44 
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    Notes: In an hypothesis testing problem involving nuisance parameters for which boundedly complete sufficient statistics exist under the null hypothesis, the class of all similar regions for the problem is characterized by the conditional distribution of the data given these sufficient statistics. If there exists a one-to-one transformation y → (t, u) of the data, y, to the sufficient statistic, t, and a second vector of statistics, u, that is independent of t under the null hypothesis, then the statistic u itself characterizes the class of similar regions. This paper applies this idea to five testing problems of interest in econometrics. In each case we obtain the density of the relevant statistic under the null hypothesis, when it is free of nuisance parameters, and under the alternative. Using the density under the alternative, we discuss the power properties of the class of similar tests for each problem. Other applications are also suggested.
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    Econometric theory 3 (1987), S. 143-149 
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    Notes: This article deals with the derivation of the exact discrete model that corresponds to a closed linear first-order continuous-time system with mixed stock and flow data. This exact discrete model is (under appropriate additional conditions) a stationary autoregressive moving average time series model and may allow one to obtain asymptotically efficient estimators of the parameters describing the continuous-time system.
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    Econometric theory 3 (1987), S. 160-161 
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    Modern Asian studies 23 (1989), S. 797-813 
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    Notes: The subject of this paper is the fate of progressive taxation in South Asia. This is a subject about which Kingsley Martin himself would have had mixed feelings. On the one hand, he strongly advocated a redistributive fiscal strategy. On the other hand, he was never at all comfortable examining the kind of economic analysis with which it is usually justified. Somewhat unfairly, he distrusted all orthodox economists on moral grounds (Martin, 1966: 34). Moreover, his prolonged encounter with the unorthodox economics of Maynard Keynes was equally unsatisfactory as an educational experience. Lord Boothby summed up Martin's efforts to learn the technicalities of economics from Keynes as follows: ‘Kingsley simply never understood economics and yet he was always trying to understand. “Explain it to me, then” he would say, but his attention soon wandered’ (Rolph, 1973: 195).
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    Modern Asian studies 23 (1989), S. 1-2 
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    Modern Asian studies 23 (1989), S. 459-492 
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    Notes: Recently, we have come to see that the perceptions which we had of the decay and destruction of India in the eighteenth century were more than anything else a product of British writing which sought consciously or unconsciously to magnify and color the changes which took place in the eighteenth century to enhance the magnitude of their own ‘achievements’ from then onwards. ‘achievements’ from then onwards. Secondly, we have come to see the interaction of British desires for political security on the one hand and a steady income from land and other taxes as producing a situation first of depression in the first half of the nineteenth century and later of gradual underdevelopment at the end of the nineteenth and the beginning of the twentieth. It is therefore possible now to understand the unwillingness of the British administration in India to engage in any large-scale developmental activity which would upset the political balance which the British had established early in their relationship with landed and mercantile groups in the area. In this essay, I should like to address the connection between British support for landed groups in the agrarian area outside of Madras on the one hand and the colonial ‘discovery’ and reinforcement of traditions on the other, to understand both the nature of colonial control strategies and the genesis of Indian revivalism.
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    Economics and philosophy 5 (1989), S. 1-11 
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    Economics and philosophy 5 (1989), S. 121-166 
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    Notes: John Stuart Mill provides a classic defense of individual and group rights to liberty with respect to purely private or self-regarding matters:The only part of the conduct of any one, for which he is amenable to society, is that which concerns others. In the part which merely concerns himself ... directly, and in the first instance, ... his independence is, of right, absolute.... From this liberty of each individual, follows the liberty, within the same limits, of combination among individuals; freedom to unite, for any purpose not involving harm to others: the persons combining being supposed to be of full age, and not forced or deceived. (1859, pp. 224–26)
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    Economics and philosophy 5 (1989), S. 167-188 
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    Notes: Economic approaches to both social evaluation and decision-making are typically Paretian or utilitarian in nature and so display commitments to both welfarism and consequentialism. The contrast between the economic approach and any rights-based social philosophy has spawned a large literature that may be divided into two branches. The first is concerned with the compatibility of rights and utilitarianism (or Pare-tianism) seen as independent moral forces (e.g., the debate on the possibility of a Paretian liberal). This branch of the literature may be characterized as an example of the broader debate between the teleological and deontological approaches. The second is concerned with the possibility that substantial rights may be grounded in utilitarianism (or Pare-tianism) with the moral force of rights being derived from more basic commitments to welfarism and consequentialism. This branch of the literature may be characterized as an exploration of the flexibility of the teleological approach, and, in particular, its ability to give rise to views more normally associated with the deontological approach. This essay is concerned with the second branch of the literature.
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    Economics and philosophy 5 (1989), S. 209-234 
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    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Notes: In a recent article in this journal, D. Wade Hands (1987) reviewed Charles Taylor's two-volume work, Philosophical Papers (1985). Hands predicts that Taylor's work will have no impact on the philosophy of economics. This may indeed turn out to be the case; but if so, it will only be because the profession is not listening. Of course, it is typical of the profession to be more interested in exporting its product than in learning from other disciplines. This is exemplified in Hands's use of the term “philosophy of economics” – philosophy is the handmaiden of the highly successful enterprise of economics. But this journal is called Economics and Philosophy, which means that a conversation requiring an openness and attentiveness is called for between economics and philosophy.
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    Economics and philosophy 5 (1989), S. 189-208 
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    Notes: One of the fundamental components of the concept of economic rationality is that preference orderings are “complete,” i.e., that all alternative actions an economic agent can take are comparable (Arrow, 1951; De-breu, 1959). The idea that all actions can be ranked may be called the single utility assumption. The attractiveness of this assumption is considerable. It would be hard to fathom what choice among alternatives means if the available alternatives cannot be ranked by the chooser in some way. In addition, the efficiency criterion makes sense only if one can infer that an individual's choice reflects the best, in expected welfare terms, among all choices that individual could have made (Sen, 1982a). The possibility that a rearrangement of resources could make someone “better off” without making others “worse off” can be understood only if the post-rearrangement world is comparable with the pre-rearrange-ment world.
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    Economics and philosophy 5 (1989), S. 235-253 
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    Notes: Parfit's requirements for an ideal Theory X cannot be fully met since the Mere Addition Principle and Non-Antiegalitarianism imply the Repugnant Conclusion: Theory X does not exist. However, since the Repugnant Conclusion is really compelling, the Impersonal Total Principle should be adopted for impartial comparisons concerning future generations. Nevertheless, where our own interests are affected, we may yet choose to be partial, trading off our concern for future (or others') goodness with our self-interests. Theory X' (maximization of number-dampened total utility) meets all Parfit's requirements except the Mere Addition Principle in less compelling cases.
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    Economics and philosophy 5 (1989), S. 1-4 
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    Economics and philosophy 5 (1989), S. 1-2 
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  • 194
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    Economics and philosophy 5 (1989), S. 255-261 
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    Economics and philosophy 5 (1989), S. 1-6 
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    Economics and philosophy 5 (1989), S. 7-18 
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    Notes: Should social preferences conform to the principles of rationality we normally expect of individuals? Should they, for instance, conform to the consistency axioms of expected utility theory? This article considers one fragment of this question.
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    Economics and philosophy 5 (1989), S. 19-32 
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    Notes: A recent paper by David Levy (1987) focuses on “utility enhancing consumption constraints.” Levy concludes by noting that his analysis stays within standard utility maximizing theory, in contrast to my analysis of rule-governed behavior (Heiner, 1983, 1985a, 1985b, 1986, 1988a, 1988b, 1988c) which allows imperfect decisions that don't always maximize utility. I wish to show how our two theories can be integrated, thereby representing complementary, rather than conflicting, explanations. In the process, I argue that imperfect decisions are an essential factor in the stability of any rule that constrains freedom of choice. I also briefly discuss certain intrinsic problems with achieving “self-stabilizing” rules applied to moral teachings.
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    Economics and philosophy 5 (1989), S. 47-54 
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    Notes: Basic liberty, according to Rawls's first principle of justice, is not to be sacrificed for other values such as wealth. And, according to his second principle of justice, the material well-being of the worst-off members of society is not to be sacrificed to benefit better-off members of society. These trade-offs would be unjust, according to Rawls, no matter how small the sacrifice or how large the offsetting benefit. A decision-maker conforming to Rawls's theory, who is unwilling to sacrifice some values in favor of others, has lexical preferences. Lexical preferences, however, are not encountered in studies of consumer demand for market goods. Since goods trade off within the range of choices studied in demand theory, it seems to economists that political values ought to trade off as well.
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    Economics and philosophy 5 (1989), S. 33-46 
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    Notes: The social discount rate – the rate at which future benefit flows from government investment are discounted to present value – has been a frequent subject of technical debate among professional economists. From a broader perspective, however, the selection of an appropriate rate enjoins consideration of questions that define the very contours of our public philosophy. It carries implicit assumptions about the nature of citizenship, the relation between public and private spheres, and, most singularly, the status of a political society as it is located in time. A key determinant of intertemporal economic allocation, the social discount rate provides a unique registry of a polity's historical consciousness and perceptions of its intergenerational obligations. Yet the highly technical nature of the debate over the discount rate has proven inhospitable to scholars otherwise inclined to investigate its ethical dimensions. Some, notably A. K. Sen, have begun to address these philosophical issues, though much territory remains to be explored.
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    Economics and philosophy 5 (1989), S. 69-78 
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