ALBERT

All Library Books, journals and Electronic Records Telegrafenberg

X
feed icon rss

Your email was sent successfully. Check your inbox.

An error occurred while sending the email. Please try again.

Proceed reservation?

Export
Filter
  • Articles  (31)
  • air pollution  (26)
  • acidification
  • radiation processing
  • 2000-2004  (25)
  • 1990-1994  (6)
  • Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering  (31)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biotechniques for air pollution control (1993)
    Springer
    Biodegradation 4 (1993), S. 283-301 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9729
    Keywords: air pollution ; biofiltration ; bioremediation ; bioscrubbing ; off-gas treatment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This paper gives an overview of present biological techniques for the treatment of off-gases and the techniques that are being developed at the moment. The characteristics, advantages, disadvantages, costs and application area are discussed and compared. Biological off-gas treatment is based on the absorption of volatile contaminants in an aqueous phase or biofilm followed by oxidation by the action of microorganisms. Biofilters, bioscrubbers and biotrickling filters are used for elimination of odour and bioconvertable volatile organic and inorganic compounds and are enjoying increasing popularity. This popularity is a result of the low investment and operational costs involved compared to physico-chemical techniques and the elimination efficiencies that can be obtained. The operational envelop is still extending to higher concentrations and gas flow rates (exceeding 200,000 m3 h−1) and a broader spectrum of degradable compounds. Research and development on the use of membranes and the addition of activated carbon or a second liquid phase to the biological systems may lead to a more efficient elimination of hydrophobic compounds and buffering of fluctuating loads. Shorter adaptation periods can be obtained by inoculation with specialized microorganisms. Improved design and operation are made possible by the growing insights in the kinetics and microbiology and supported by the development of models describing biological off-gas treatment. In conclusion, biotechniques are efficient and cost effective in treating off-gases with concentrations of biodegradable contaminants up to 1–5 g/m3. They could play a justified and important role in air pollution control in the coming years.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00695975
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Air Pollution and Sick-leaves (2000)
    Springer
    Environmental and resource economics 16 (2000), S. 31-50 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1502
    Keywords: air pollution ; logit specification ; PM10 ; work loss days
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Economics
    Notes: Abstract During the last decade an increasing amount of studies have investigatedthe relationship between air pollution and human health effects. In thisstudy we investigate how these effects in turn induce reduced labourproductivity in terms of sick-leaves, which is an important factor inassessment of air pollution costs in urban areas. For this purpose weemploy a logit model along with data on sick-leaves from a large office inOslo and different air pollutants. Our results indicate that sick-leaves aresignificantly associated with particulate matter (PM10), while theassociations with SO2 and NO2, are more ambiguous. We also tryto estimate the induced social costs in terms of lost labour productivity andincreased governmental expenditures, although these estimates are moreuncertain.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008318004154
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hedonic models and air pollution: Twenty-five years and counting (1993)
    Springer
    Environmental and resource economics 3 (1993), S. 381-394 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1502
    Keywords: Hedonic models ; air pollution ; meta analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper reports a meta analysis of how effectively hedonic property models have detected the influence of air pollution on housing prices. Probit estimates are reported describing how data, model specification, and local property market conditions in cities represented in thirty-seven studies influence the ability of hedonic models to uncover negative, statistically significant relationships between housing prices and air pollution measures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00418818
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Emission trading in Europe with an exchange rate (1994)
    Springer
    Environmental and resource economics 4 (1994), S. 305-330 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1502
    Keywords: Emission trading ; air pollution ; economic instruments ; costs ; europe ; sulfur
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper explores the analytical and empirical properties of a new method for emission trading according to a fixed exchange rate. The exchange rate is based on the ratios of the marginal costs of abatement in the optimal solution in order to account for the impact of the location of emission sources on the deposition. It is shown that, generally, this system will not achieve the optimal solution and does not guarantee that environmental deposition constraints are not violated, although total abatement costs are always reduced. A routine was developed to mimic trading as a bilateral, sequential process, subject to an exchange rate. In the example used, results for SO2 emissions in Europe show that, starting from a uniform reduction, exchange-rate trading achieves higher cost savings than one-to-one trading, without achieving the cost minimum. Sulfur deposition targets are not violated since the initial emission allocation overfulfilled targets at many places. The results are sensitive to: pre-trade emission levels, the transaction costs, the availability of information on potential cost savings and assumptions made on the behavior of trading partners.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00692228
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Towards a sustainable and efficient use of manure in agriculture: The Dutch case (1991)
    Springer
    Environmental and resource economics 1 (1991), S. 313-332 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1502
    Keywords: Manure problem ; nutrient policy ; nutrient surplus ; regulatory levy ; sustainability ; agriculture ; intensive livestock sector ; acidification ; groundwater pollution ; eutrophication
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Rapid increases in livestock production in the Netherlands have changed manure from a valuable input into a mere waste product. This is especially true for the southern and eastern parts of the country, where specialized pig and poultry farms have concentrated on sandy soils. As these farms generally own very little land, they largely depend on imported feedstuffs. As a consequence, manure is applied to the land in such large quantities that serious environmental problems have resulted: (1) eutrophication of surface water by phosphate emissions; (2) pollution of groundwater by nitrate emissions; and (3) acidification by ammonia emissions. In the last few years the Dutch government has developed a manure policy to counteract these effects. Our analysis of that policy has revealed at least three fundamental defects, which render the manure policy ineffective and inefficient. In this paper proposals are made to remove the defects in current manure policy. Much attention is paid to the problem of designing a mixture of policy instruments which is both effective as well as efficient in limiting the environmental problems caused by manure. It is shown that the use of financial incentives in regulation can substantially improve the efficiency of the manure policy. Finally, the main economic consequences of the proposed policy are examined for the public sector as well as for the agricultural sector.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00367923
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transboundary air pollution and soil acidification: A dynamic analysis of an acid rain game between Finland and the USSR (1992)
    Springer
    Environmental and resource economics 2 (1992), S. 161-181 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1502
    Keywords: Pollution contron ; acidification ; acid rain game ; transboundary air pollution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Transboundary air pollution is analysed as a dynamic game between Finland and the nearby areas of the Soviet Union. Sulphur emissions are used as the environmental control variables and the acidities of the soils as the state variables. Acidification is consequently considered to be a stock pollutant having long-lasting harmful effects on the environment. The state dynamics consist of two relationships: first, of a sulphur transportation model between the regions and, second, of a model describing how the quality of the soil is affected by sulphur deposition. The countries are assumed to be interested in maximizing the net benefits from pollution control as measured by the impacts on the values of forest growth net of the abatement costs. Cooperative and noncooperative solutions of the game are compared to assess the benefits of bilateral cooperation. Using empirical estimates of abatement costs, acidification dynamics and impacts on forest growth it is shown that cooperation is beneficial to Finland but not to the Soviet Union. Consequently, Finland has to offer monetary compensation to induce her neighbor to invest in environmental protection.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00338241
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Air Pollution and ‘Dirty’ Industries: How and Why Does the Composition of Manufacturing Output Change with Economic Development? (2000)
    Springer
    Environmental and resource economics 17 (2000), S. 109-123 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1502
    Keywords: economic development ; industrial composition ; pollution havens ; air pollution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper examines the impact on air pollution ofchanges in the composition of manufacturing output indeveloped and developing countries. Pollutionemissions from manufacturing output are estimated ina manner which holds constant the effect of technologyand regulations allowing the impact of compositional changes alone on pollution to beestimated. The paper has three main findings; (1) theinverted-U estimated between per capita income and thepollution intensity of GDP arises due to both thecomposition of manufacturing becoming cleaner and theshare of manufacturing output in GDP falling.Compositional changes alone are not responsible forthe inverted-U between per capita income and percapita emissions; (2) changes to the composition ofmanufacturing output are consistent with the pollutionhaven hypothesis, however there is clear evidence thatrising per capita incomes are associated with afalling income elasticity of demand for `dirty'products. This fact may explain the compositionalchanges that occur with development; (3) in additionto the income elasticity effect, the analysis suggeststhat land prices and to a lesser extent the prices oflabour and capital, determine the proportion of dirtyindustry within a country's manufacturing sector.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008388221831
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Climate change, urban air problems and transport policy in the European Union (2000)
    Springer
    Integrated assessment 1 (2000), S. 145-156 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1545
    Keywords: transport ; air pollution ; greenhouse gasses ; externalities ; fuel efficiency of cars ; cost-effectiveness
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract This paper surveys some recent studies on conventional air pollution and climate change in the transport sector in Europe. Fuel efficiency standards, car emission standards and transport pricing instruments are analysed from an economic perspective taking into account environmental and economic efficiency objectives.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1019127731254
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Visual Assessment of Foliar Injury Induced by Ozone on Indicator Tobacco Plants: A Data Quality Evaluation (2000)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 62 (2000), S. 175-191 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: air pollution ; biomonitoring ; O3
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A group of 50 inexperienced scorers were asked to estimate –using standard reference photos – foliar injury induced by the gas pollutant ozone on the supersensitive indicator planttobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) cv. Bel-W3. Theaverage accuracy level was 56.1% (95.9% when theclasses nearest to the reality were also consideredcorrect) and the average repeatability was 65.4%. Theextreme classes were easily scored. Central classesproved to be more difficult to be evaluated: this maydepend on the fact that two leaves may have similaractual total injured area, but substantially differentnumbers and spatial distribution of the lesions. Insome cases we observed a prevalence of overestimationerrors in the high classes and underestimation in thelow classes: this is in contradiction with theWeber-Fechner law. It is noteworthy the very shorttime required by operators to score, regardless of the results.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006262603497
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Monitoring Air Quality in Mountains: Designing an Effective Network (2000)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 64 (2000), S. 81-91 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: air pollution ; air quality ; monitoring network ; mountainous regions ; multi-scale assessment ; spatial and temporal scales ; tropospheric ozone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A quantitatively robust yet parsimonious air-quality monitoring network in mountainous regions requires special attention to relevant spatial and temporal scales of measurement and inference. The design of monitoring networks should focus on the objectives required by public agencies, namely: 1) determine if some threshold has been exceeded (e.g., for regulatory purposes), and 2) identify spatial patterns and temporal trends (e.g., to protect natural resources). A short-term, multi-scale assessment to quantify spatial variability in air quality is a valuable asset in designing a network, in conjunction with an evaluation of existing data and simulation-model output. A recent assessment in Washington state (USA) quantified spatial variability in tropospheric ozone distribution ranging from a single watershed to the western third of the state. Spatial and temporal coherence in ozone exposure modified by predictable elevational relationships (∼ 1.3 ppbv ozone per 100 m elevation gain) extends from urban areas to the crest of the Cascade Range. This suggests that a sparse network of permanent analyzers is sufficient at all spatial scales, with the option of periodic intensive measurements to validate network design. It is imperative that agencies cooperate in the design of monitoring networks in mountainous regions to optimize data collection and financial efficiencies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006498704222
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Air Quality in Norwich, UK Multi-Scale Modelling to Assess the Significance of City, County and Regional Pollution Sources (2000)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 65 (2000), S. 425-433 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: PM10 ; urban air quality ; background ; NAME ; ADMS ; long range transport ; air pollution ; particulates ; nitrogen dioxide ; sulphur dioxide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Norwich is the eastern most city in the United Kingdom. Despite a population of only 100,000 and very little local industry, studies have shown that the city experiences levels of nitrogen dioxide, ozone, particulates and sulphur dioxide exceeding the UK Air Quality Standards. Because of Norwich's situation within a large, predominantly rural area a large non-resident workforce is one factor that contributes to large, often very congested traffic flows. The city's location close to the European mainland also exposes it to polluted airmasses transported from the continent, especially in the case of particulates and ozone. In order to assess the relative contributions of local and regional sources, data from rural and urban monitoring sites are to be used in conjunction with ADMS-Urban and the UK Meteorological Office's NAME model.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006477112407
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Application of CFD Methods for Modelling in Air Pollution Problems: Possibilities and Gaps (2000)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 65 (2000), S. 181-189 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: air pollution ; Computer Fluid Dynamics (CFD) methods ; environment modelling ; atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) ; turbulence ; stable-stratified atmosphere ; complex terrain
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Different urban air pollution problems deal with complex structure of air flows and turbulence. For such problems the Computer Fluid Dynamics (CFD) methods become widely used. However, this approach despite a number of advantages has some problems. Experience of use of CFD tools for development of models and suggestions of their applications for a local scale air pollution over a complex terrain and stable stratification are discussed in this paper, including: • Topography and complex geometry: choose of the co-ordinate system and computer grid; • Turbulence closure for air pollution modelling: modified k-ε model for stable stratified ABL; • Boundary conditions for vertical profiles of velocity for stable-stratified atmosphere; • Effects of the radiation and thermal budget of inclined surfaces to dispersion of pollutants; • Artificial sources of air dynamics and circulation. Some examples of CFD applications for air pollution modelling for a flat terrain, mountainous area, mining open cast and indoor ventilation are discussed. Modified k-ε model for stably-stratified ABL is suggested. Due to the isotropic character of the k-ε model a combination of it in vertical with the sub-grid turbulence closure in horizontal can be more suitable for ABL. An effective scheme of boundary conditions for velocity profiles, based on the developed similarity theory for stable-stratified ABL, is suggested. Alongside with the common studies of atmospheric dispersion, the CFD methods have also demonstrated a good potential for studying anthropogenic and artificial-ventilation sources of air dynamic and circulation in local-scale processes of air pollution.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006442514766
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Draft of the New German Guideline VDI 3782/8 to Model Automobile Exhaust Dispersion (2000)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 65 (2000), S. 381-387 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: air pollution ; model ; guideline ; automobile ; concentrations ; MLuS ; STREET ; PROKAS ; MISKAM ; AIR-EIA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The draft of the German guideline to calculate automobile exhaust dispersion is explained. It contains a two-stage-system: For first quick estimates the guideline contains the simple models MLuS and STREET. In case these models are not applicable or their results shows concentration levels close to the air quality standards, the more complex models PROKAS_V and MISKAM are recommended. PROKAS_V is a Gaussian plume model, MISKAM is a 3-dimensional microscale non hydrostatic flow model for built-up areas with an Eulerian dispersion model. The guideline comprises cases in rural areas without or with few adjacent buildings as well as urban areas with buildings near the roads. The contribution gives information about the models, typical results and some of the problems showing up presently.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006464825611
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Characterisation of Particulate Matter Sampled during a Study of Children's Personal Exposure to Airborne Particulate Matter in a UK Urban Environment (2000)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 65 (2000), S. 69-77 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: air pollution ; personal exposure monitoring ; children ; particulate matter ; seasons ; Scanning Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The personal exposure of children aged 9 – 11 years to particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) was carried out between January and September 1997 in the London Borough of Barnet. Personal sampling along with home, garden and classroom microenvironmental monitoring was completed for all ten children. Each child was monitored for five days during winter, spring and summer. All children completed daily time activity diaries to provide information on any potential activities that could influence their exposure to particulate matter. Each evening a household activity questionnaire was also completed by the parents. Personal Environmental Monitors were used to sample personal exposure to PM10 and PM2.5. Harvard Impactors were used for the microenvironmental sampling of both size fractions. The children's mean personal exposure concentrations for PM10 during winter, spring and summer were 72, 54 and 35 µg/m3 respectively and for PM2.5 22, 17 and 18 µg/m3 respectively. In order to determine the potential sources of particulate matter, analysis of the Teflon filters has been undertaken. The physical characteristics of the particles have been identified using Scanning Electron Microscopy. The relationships between personal exposure concentrations and the different microenvironments will be discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006447807980
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Estimating the background air concentration excluding the contribution of an individual source (2000)
    Springer
    Environmental modeling and assessment 5 (2000), S. 119-124 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2967
    Keywords: background air concentration ; point source ; diagnostic model ; air pollution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents two simple methods for the estimation of the instantaneous background air pollution level in a study area around an emitting point source. The methods allow estimation of concentrations non-inclusive of the contribution of the local emitting source. Hourly records of several monitoring stations located around the point source and results of the diagnostic Lagrangian particle dispersion model LADISMO are used in the calculations. A hypothetical case study is used to demonstrate the application of the two methods.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1019057527154
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Air pollution effects on hospital admissions: a statistical analysis of parallel time series (1994)
    Springer
    Environmental and ecological statistics 1 (1994), S. 325-332 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3009
    Keywords: Administrative health records ; air pollution ; estimating equations ; hospital admissions ; longitudinal count data ; overdispersion ; ozone ; serial correlation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A statistical model for longitudinal count data is used to examine the potential adverse health effects of ambient air pollution. Daily respiratory admissions to 164 acute care hospitals in Ontario are obtained for the period 1983 to 1988. Estimates of ozone levels in the vicinity of each hospital are determined from air pollution monitoring stations maintained by the Ontario Ministry of the Environment. Generalized estimating equation methods are used to make inferences about the regression and overdispersion parameters. The admission data display little evidence of serial correlation and extra Poisson variation. However, admission rates vary considerably among hospitals. This latter source of variation needs to be taken into account in examining the effects of air pollution on respiratory health status.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00469429
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Terrestrial ecosystem sensitivity to acid deposition in South China (2000)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 118 (2000), S. 231-244 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: acidification ; air pollution ; critical loads ; ecological factors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Ecosystem sensitivity to acid deposition can be a basis for thederivation of cost-effective strategies to sulfur and nitrogenpollutant control, consequently is widely concerned around theworld. In the article, the relative sensitivity of terrestrialecosystem to acid deposition in South China is assessed andmapped using a new sensitivity classification system suitable tosubtropical ecosystem. The result shows that the distribution ofecosystem sensitivity to acid deposition in South China isalmost zonal, on the whole, sensitivity increases from the northand west to the south and east. The most sensitive areas are thenorthwest and southeast of Zhejiang province, the central partof Fujian province, and the northeast of Guangdong province andGuangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, which are all in the old acidsoil areas with high precipitation and coniferous forests. Theresulting distribution of sensitive regions is different othermaps, including the sensitivity map which is implemented in theRAINS-Asia model.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005139719658
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of Environmental Stress on Forest Crown Condition in Europe. Part IV: Statistical Analysis of Relationships (2000)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 119 (2000), S. 387-420 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: acid deposition ; air pollution ; correlative study ; critical load ; defoliation ; Fagus sylvatica ; forest vitality ; meteorological stress ; Picea abies ; Pinus sylvestris ; Quercus ilex ; Quercus petraea ; Quercus robur
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Site-specific estimates for various environmentalstress factors were related with measured crowncondition data at a systematic 16 ×: 16 km2 gridover Europe, according to previously statedhypotheses, using a multiple regression approach,including interactions, and lagged effects of stressfactors. Methodological differences among countriesaccounted for 〉30% of the variation in defoliation.Nevertheless, crown condition was found to varynaturally with tree age, altitude, drought stress and,most likely, also pathogenic fungi and insects.Significant impacts of air pollution (specificallyozone but also NOx, SOx and acid deposition)were found at regional levels in parts of centralEurope, particularly for deciduous species. Impactsseemed less significant for conifers, especially forspruce, but this might be affected by confoundingeffects or strong correlations between (a harsh)climate and (low) atmospheric deposition in the areawhere spruce predominates. National studies indicatethat ozone and acid deposition can have a significanteffect on the defoliation of spruce as well. Weconclude that while forest condition varies naturally,continued emissions will contribute further to forestdecline in the long term.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005157208701
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of environmental stress on forest crown condition in Europe. Part I: Hypotheses and approach to the study (2000)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 119 (2000), S. 317-333 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: acid deposition ; acidification ; air pollution ; critical load ; defoliation ; drought ; meteorological stress ; N deposition ; nitrogen oxides ; ozone ; sulphur
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract This paper is the first in a series of four,describing the hypothesis and approach of acorrelative study between observed data on crowncondition in Europe, monitored since 1986 at asystematic 16 × 16 km grid, and site-specificestimations of various natural and anthropogenicstress factors. The study was based on the hypothesisthat forests respond to various natural andanthropogenic stress factors, whose contributiondepend on the geographic region considered. In view ofthis hypothesis, major stand and site characteristics,chemical soil composition, meteorological stressfactors (temperature and drought stress indices) andair pollution stress (concentrations and/ordepositions of SOx, NOy, NHx andO3) were included as predictor variables. Theresponse variables considered were actual defoliationand changes/trends in defoliation for five major treespecies. The spatial distribution of the averagedefoliation during the period 1986–1995 shows highdefoliation in Central Europe and in parts ofScandinavia and of Southern Europe. There are,however, sharp changes at country borders, which aredue to methodological differences between countries.The spatial distribution of the calculated trends showa distinct cluster of large deterioration in parts ofCentral and Eastern Europe and in Spain and a ratherscattered pattern of positive and negative trends for most of Europe, indicating that other factors than airpollution only have a strong impact on defoliation.The limitations of the study are discussed in view ofthe quality of the considered response and predictor variables.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005157509454
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Acidification of Solid and Solution Phases at Greater Depths (〉 150 cm) at Solling Spruce Site (2000)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 120 (2000), S. 89-105 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: acidification ; cation exchange ; denitrification ; element fluxes ; lysimetry ; proton buffering ; silicateweathering ; Solling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The acidification of the soil and percolation water at soildepths from 150 to 500 cm was studied at the Solling spruce sitefrom 1991 to 1996. NH4Cl exchangeable cations of the fineearth and bedrock fractions were obtained from different depthsand the soil solution composition was monitored at 150, 200,300, 400 and 500 cm depths using seven suction lysimeters at each depth.In the seepage water collected from 150 and 200 cm depth, pHvalues decreased in the period 1991 to 1996, but no significantchanges were observed in solutions collected below 200 cm depth.Element budgets of Al and Mb (Na, K, Mg, Ca) cationsindicated that buffering by exchange of Al with Mb cationsoccurred mainly in surface 200 cm soil depth. High variabilities in concentrations of SO4 (at 150 cm) andMa (Al, Mn, H, Fe) cations (at 300 and 500 cm) wereobserved. High variabilities in Ma cations could beassigned to one of the lysimeters at each depththat extracted low pH solutions. The amount of exchangeablecations in the fine earth and the bedrock fractions indicatedthat the acidification front (exchangeable Mb cations 〈 80equivalent percent) had occurred to soil depth of more than 360cm, but the extent of acidification that might have occurred inthe preindustrial period is not known. In both fine earth andbedrock fractions, depthwise changes of exchangeable Ma andMb cations were quite similar, suggesting that rockfractions have contributed to proton buffering not only bysilicate weathering but also by cation exchange.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005281126507
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Measurements and Modelling of Air Pollution in a Street Canyon in Helsinki (2000)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 65 (2000), S. 371-379 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: air pollution ; dispersion ; street canyon ; OSPM ; nitrogen oxides ; model validation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A measuring campaign was conducted in the street canyon 'Runeberg street' in Helsinki in 1997. Hourly concentrations of carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOX), nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and ozone (O3) were measured at the street and roof levels, and the relevant hourly meteorological parameters were measured at the roof level. The hourly street level measurements and on-site electronic traffic counts were conducted during the whole year 1997, and roof level measurements were conducted during approximately two months, from 3 March to 30 April in 1997. The Operational Street Pollution Model (OSPM) was used to calculate the street concentrations and the results were compared with the measurements. The overall agreement between measured and predicted concentrations was good for CO and NOx, but the model slightly overestimated the measured concentrations of NO2. The database, which contains all measured and predicted data, is available for a further testing of other street canyon dispersion models.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006412808773
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Atmospheric Pollution in a Tropical Rain Forest: Effects of Deposition Upon Biosphere and Hydrosphere II. Fluxes of Chemicals and Element Budgets (2000)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 121 (2000), S. 79-92 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: acidification ; air pollution ; atmospheric deposition ; Brazil ; Cubatão ; element fluxes ; element budgets ; Serra do Mar ; tropical rain forest
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Three rain forest ecosystems in the Serra do Mar, theatlantic coastal mountain range of Brazil, have beeninvestigated in the frame of an interdisciplinaryGerman-Brazilian research project on dispersion,transformation and deposition of air pollutants in andaround the industrial area of Cubatão. Part I ofthis paper gives a description of the overall goals ofthe project, the area of investigation, and thematerials and methods used. It reports on the resultsof the field measurements conducted from 1991 to 1995,covering concentrations of chemicals in precipitation,soil water, surface water and litter fluxes. In thepresent paper, part II, the element fluxes arepresented with calculated concentrations in thetransport media (precipitation, seepage water,litterfall) and their respective flow rates. Elementbudgets for the ecosystem and for the soil compartmentare interpreted with respect to turnover of chemicals,including nutrients, in forest vegetation, and toprocesses of soil acidification.The forests under investigation are characterized bya very high input from the atmosphere. Between 100 and200 kg S ha-1 are annually carried into soil byprecipitation in the form of sulfate, 20 to 70 kg ofnitrogen mainly in the form of ammonium, 3 to 24 kg offluoride. Input of ammonium and organic bound nitrogenis followed by nitrification in the top soil. At themost polluted site, nitrate output with seepageamounts to 300 kg N ha-1 yr-1, sulfate output tomore than 400 kg S. Soil acidification associated withturnover of sulfur and nitrogen is followed by therelease of aluminum from soil minerals, and leachingof ionic forms of Al (up to 280 kg Al ha-1annually). Transfer of aluminum ions to groundwaterand surface water can have serious ecologicaleffects. Alkalinity is consumed, and the water issubject to acidification.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005201732427
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of environmental stress on forest crown condition in Europe. Part II: Estimation of stress induced by meteorology and air pollutants (2000)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 119 (2000), S. 335-362 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: acidity ; air pollution ; ammonia ; atmospheric deposition ; base cations ; deposition model ; drought ; nitrogen oxides ; ozone ; sulphur ; temperature stress ; water balance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract In order to assess the relationship betweenenvironmental stress and crown condition of foresttrees monitored since 1986 in Europe, estimates ofstress factors, including temperature stress, droughtstress and air pollution stress, were derived with thebest data, methods and models currently available.This paper presents information on the methods used toderive such stress factors, and on the overall ranges,the temporal trends, the spatial distribution and thereliability of the calculated stress factors. Thetemperature stress indices did not show much temporalvariation between 1985 to 1995. As expected spatialpatterns were north-south orientated, going fromcolder northern regions to warmer southern regions.The calculated relative transpiration showed a morecomplex pattern, coinciding to a large extend withpatterns of rainfall and temperature. Potential aciddeposition decreased between 1986 and 1992, butremained fairly constant after 1992. The strongdecrease was mainly the result of the decrease inSOx deposition, and to a small decrease inNOy deposition. Highest levels of the S and Ndeposition were calculated in Central and WesternEurope. Base cation deposition was largest in coastalareas and in southern Europe. This is mainly due tosoil dust, Sahara dust and sea salt. Base cationdeposition can compensate almost entirely for thepotential inputs in the south of Europe, whereas incentral Europe it equalled about 25% of thepotential acid input. A comparison between sitespecific modelled deposition and deposition derivedfrom throughfall data showed that the total aciddeposition is usually overestimated by the model,whereas the total nitrogen deposition isunderestimated, especially at plots with high nitrogenloads. There is, however, a significant correlationbetween measured and modelled data for all S and Ndeposition, thus allowing their use in a statistical analyses.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005182226292
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Contribution of Municipal Waste Incineration to Trace Metal Deposition on the Vicinity (2000)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 119 (2000), S. 295-316 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: air pollution ; atmosphere deposition ; fly ash ; heavy metals ; incineration ; major and trace elements
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Because municipal solid waste incineration is onepotential source of air pollution, the incinerationindustry has provoked great public concern, especiallyfor areas within 10–20 km of an incinerator. However,little work has been done to evaluate whetheran incinerator significantly contributes pollutants to nearbyareas. Rain and snow samples were collected at eightlocations distributed in a semi-circular patternradiating out in the prevailing wind direction fromthe Claremont incinerator, New Hampshire, U.S.A. Sodium, Mg, K, Ca, Fe, Al, B, Sr, Ba, Pb, Cr, Cd, V, Ni, Mn, As,Co, Cu, and Zn were analyzed in the solutions of rain and snowand in particulate fractions of rain samples. Principal component analysis was used toidentify the most important sources of atmosphericdeposition in an attempt to identify the contributionof heavy metal deposition due to the incinerator. Analyses show that the predominant sources of metaldeposition are very different for fall and winter. The most important source of metals for the rainsamples collected in fall 1996 is soil dust, but forthe snow samples collected in the winter 1997 isprobably coalfired fly ash. The Claremont incineratorcontributes less than 20% of the total variance of theelemental concentrations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005211320637
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Atmospheric Pollution in a Tropical Rain Forest: Effects of Deposition Upon Biosphere and Hydrosphere I. Concentrations of Chemicals (2000)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 121 (2000), S. 59-78 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: acidification ; air pollution ; Brazil ; Cubatão ; precipitation ; Serra do Mar ; tropical rain forest
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The effects of atmospheric deposition upon elementcycling and turnover in three rain forest ecosystems ofthe Serra do Mar, a mountain range along the atlanticcoast of Brazil, have been investigated as part of aninterdisciplinary German-Brazilian research project ondispersion, transformation and deposition of airpollutants in the vicinity the industrial complex ofCubatão, State of São Paulo. The projectincluded on-site measurements from 1991 to 1995, fieldexperiments and mathematical modelling with the goalof providing damage evaluation and risk assessment,and elucidating damage mechanisms with respect tosoils and vegetation. The role of the `Soil Module'sub-project reported here was to assess atmosphericdeposition and fluxes with precipitation and soilwater, and to investigate possible soil changesinduced by atmospheric deposition as well asbiological effects of pollutants via the soil path.Part I of this paper deals with concentrations ofchemicals in precipitation, soil water, surface waterand in litter. Part II will cover fluxes of chemicalsand element budgets.Three sites were chosen which differed significantlywith respect to pollution impact. Annual averages ofionic concentrations in precipitation found in openfield and below the tree canopy amounted to 5 and10 mg L-1, respectively, for sulfate-S, 0.4 and0.7 mg L-1 for nitrate, 0.65 and 1.1 mg L-1 for fluoride,1.8 and 2.6 mg L-1 for ammonium-N, 0.76 and 2.3 mg L-1for Mg, and 3.5 and 7.5 mg L-1 for Ca at the mostpolluted site. The relatively `clean' reference siteattained 1/3 to 1/9 of these averages, thus clearlyreflecting the difference in air pollution load.Chemical composition in the liquid phase is completelychanged when precipitation infiltrates the soilprofile. Nitrate concentration increases by the factor5 to 20. A clear increase is also found for sulfateand chloride. Concentration changes during ecosystempassage of seepage are interpreted in relation tochemical reactions taking place in differentcompartments. They are characterized by an almostcomplete retention of ammonium and some retention ofsulfate in the upper soil layers, and at the mostpolluted site by mobilization of Al from soil mineralsand very high leaching of nitrate as a consequence ofnitirification of organic matter.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005249615589
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 26
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Regional Patterns of Streamwater Acidity and Catchment Afforestation in Galloway, SW Scotland (2000)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 120 (2000), S. 47-70 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: acidification ; afforestation ; catchments ; geology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract This paper investigates the regional relationships between highflow water chemistry and conifer forest cover in 95 streamsspread over an area of approximately 2000 km2 in Galloway,south-west Scotland, paying particular attention to the use ofdetailed catchment area data. Catchment forest data areextracted from a 30 m resolution tree height map derived fromsatellite imagery; geology data from a digital geology map; andaltitude and slope data from a 50 m resolution Digital TerrainModel (DTM). The results show that over the entire region pHlevels are lower with increasing catchment afforestation whilstaluminium concentrations are higher. Concentrations of sulphate arealso higher with increasing afforestation, which suggests thatconifers play a primary role in increasing the acidity levels ofstreams by exacerbating aerial acid deposition in the entireregion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005257410074
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 27
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Spatial and Temporal Ozone Pattern Concentrations in a NW Region of Spain (2000)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 117 (2000), S. 289-303 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: air pollution ; air quality ; ozonemonitoring ; ozone trends ; photochemical oxidant
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Measurements of ozone were carried out at two different sites in the area surrounding a thermal power plant located in the Northwest of Spain during 1993–1995. The concentration of O3 in the ambient air varied from 6 to 257 μg m-3 exhibiting a wide temporal, seasonal and spatial variation. On a few occasions 1-hr ozone concentration was more than 180 μg m-3, which represents the maximum 1-hr limit of ozone in ambient air as prescribed by the European Commission.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005125910361
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 28
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Lead Accumulation in Quercus Nigra and Q. Velutina near Smelting Facilities in Alabama, U.S.A. (2000)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 118 (2000), S. 1-11 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: air pollution ; atmospheric deposition ; dendrochemistry ; lead ; tree rings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Lead is very toxic and if ingested cancause severe health problems to both animals andhumans. To determine if lead accumulation in treescould provide a direct pathway to enter the foodchain, oaks (Q. nigra or Q. velutina)growing near two lead smelting facilities in Alabama,U.S.A., were analyzed for lead in acorns, leaves and treecores. A relatively pristine site was used as acontrol. Lead was not detected in acorns collected atany site, and was only found in tree cores from thesites near smelters. Significant increases in treecore lead from 1975–1995 were detected at the activesmelter site. Results were different from the inactivesmelter site; lead increased in tree cores until thesmelter ceased operation, then decreased afterclosing. Soil lead decreased linearly with distancefrom both smelters. In addition, a significantpositive relationship was observed between leaf andsoil lead at the site with the active smelter, andmay be the result of both translocation via treeroots, and foliar absorption of deposited lead ionsinto the leaf structure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005138313978
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 29
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weathering Processes in a Lignite Mine Spoil Treated with a CaCo3-Rich Waste Slurry under Two Moisture Programmes (2000)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 119 (2000), S. 59-74 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: acidification ; chemical weathering ; liming ; mine spoil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Chemical processes affecting the acidity of asulphide-rich lignite mine spoil treated with high orlow doses of a CaCO3-rich industrial waste slurrywere studied in the laboratory under two moistureprogrammes (cycles of alternate waterlogging anddrying, and percolation) so as to determine the slurrydose neutralizing spoil acidity and the possibledetrimental effects of high doses. The most importantacidity-reducing process was the dissolution ofapplied calcium carbonate, and CaCO3 consumptionwas greater under percolation conditions than underwaterlogging and drying conditions. The most importantacidity-increasing process was the oxidation ofsulphides, which was again more intense underpercolation. Under waterlogging and drying conditions,the formation of hydroxysulphates may also havecontributed to acidification.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005187317167
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 30
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of Environmental Stress on Forest Crown Condition in Europe. Part III: Estimation of Critical Deposition and Concentration Levels and Their Exceedances (2000)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 119 (2000), S. 363-386 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: acidity ; air pollution ; ammonia ; AOT40 ; critical levels ; critical loads ; N deposition ; nitrogen oxides ; ozone ; Simple Mass Balance model ; sulphur
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The stress by air pollution at the systematicPan-European 16 × 16 km2 forest (crown) condition monitoring network, is discussed by comparingsite-specific estimates of critical and presentconcentration and deposition levels for S and Ncompounds and ozone. Results indicate that theexceedance of critical levels, related to directabove-ground impacts, decrease going from O3 〉SO2 〉 N compounds. Critical N loads related toeffects on the forest understorey are exceeded atapproximately 25% of the plots, located mainly inWestern and Central Europe. Critical N loads relatedto effects on trees are hardly ever exceeded, but mostlikely, this is an under estimate. Critical aciddeposition levels are exceeded at approximately 30%of the plots with a low base saturation, where acidinputs may release toxic Al. This is especially thecase in Central and Eastern Europe, where presentloads are high and in boreal forest in SouthernScandinavia where critical loads are low. Although theuncertainties in the calculated exceedances is large,the spatial pattern, which is most important for acorrelative study, seems reliable, implying that thecritical load concept is suitable for regional risk assessments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005134310362
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 31
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On the Use of Exchange Rates as Trading Rules in a Bilateral System of Transferable Discharge Permits (2000)
    Springer
    Environmental and resource economics 15 (2000), S. 379-395 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1502
    Keywords: air pollution ; cost-effectiveness ; economic instruments ; emission trading ; exchange rates ; trading rules ; transferable discharge permits
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Economics
    Notes: Abstract The use of a system of transferable discharge permitsto control the harmful effects of non-uniformly mixedpollutants requires the application of trading rulesin order to prevent permit trading among sources fromviolating environmental standards. The elements andproperties of bilateral trading rules can be analyzedmore easily once formulated as exchange rates, whichwould convert, in a cost-effective way, the emissionright potentially given up by the seller into an offsetting emission right acquired by the buyer. Inthis article, a new expression for such exchange ratesis proposed and then analyzed to infer someunexplored properties of the system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008372531567
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
Close ⊗
This website uses cookies and the analysis tool Matomo. More information can be found here...