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  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 30 (1991), S. 29-45 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Schlagwort(e): advanced glycosylation endproducts (AGE) ; ag(e)ing ; aminoguanidine ; ascorbate ; autoxidation ; biomarker ; browning reaction ; chemical modification of proteins ; diabetes ; glycation ; glycoxidation ; nonenzymatic glycosylation ; oxidation ; Maillard reaction ; Aminoguanidin ; Ascorbat ; Autooxidation ; Biomarker ; Bräunungsreaktion ; chemische Veränderung vonProteinen ; Diabetes ; Glycosylierung ; Glycoxidation ; nichtenzymatische ; Glycosylierung ; Oxidation ; Maillardreaktion
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft , Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Die Maillard- oder Bräunungsreaktion genannten Umsetzungen zwischen reduzierenden Zuckern und Eiweiß führen zur chemischen Zerstörung der Aminosäuren und zum Verlust der Proteinqualität während der Lebensmittelbearbeitung und -lagerung. Der vorliegende Beitrag zeigt Befunde auf, daß die Maillardreaktion auch im Gewebe des Menschen bei der Alterung von Proteinen mit langer biologischer Halbwertszeit auftritt. Die Konzentrationen an den sogenannten Amadori-Produkten, die im Initialstadium der Maillardreaktion aus Glucose und den Proteinen der Augenlinse oder dem Kollagen der Haut entstehen, erwiesen sich als relativ konstant, auch mit zunehmendem Alter. Die Produkte der Glycosylierung und nachfolgenden Oxidation der Proteine, auch Glycoxidationsprodukte genannt, häufen sich dagegen im Alter an, und zwar bei Diabetikern in vermehrtem Maße. Zu diesen Produkten gehören die Aminosäurenderivate N-(carboxymethyl)-lysin (CML), N-(carboxymethyl)-hydroxylysin (CMhL) sowie das fluoreszierende Quervernetzungsprodukt Pentosidin. Während diese Glycoxidationsprodukte in den Körpergeweben nur in Spuren vorkommen, gibt es deutliche Hinweise auf die Anwesenheit weiterer Bräunungsprodukte, deren Charakterisierung jedoch noch aussteht. Es werden Möglichkeiten zur „Entgiftung“ der reaktiven Zwischenprodukte aus der Maillardreaktion sowie zum Abbau extrem gebräunter Proteine diskutiert sowie neuere Möglichkeiten zur therapeutischen Modulierung fortgeschrittener Stadien der Maillardreaktion aufgezeigt.
    Notizen: Summary The Maillard or browning reaction between reducing sugars and protein contributes to the chemical deterioration and loss of nutritional value of proteins during food processing and storage. This article presents and discusses evidence that the Maillard reaction is also involved in the chemical aging of long-lived proteins in human tissues. While the concentration of the Amadori adduct of glucose to lens protein and skin collagen is relatively constant with age, products of sequential glycation and oxidation of protein, termed glycoxidation products, accumulate in these long-lived proteins with advancing age and at an accelerated rate in diabetes. Among these products are the chemically modified amino acids, Nɛ-(carboxymethyl)lysine (CML), Nɛ-(carboxymethyl)hydroxylysine (CMhL), and the fluorescent crosslink, pentosidine. While these glycoxidation products are present at only trace levels in tissue proteins, there is strong evidence for the presence of other browning products which remain to be characterized. Mechanisms for detoxifying reactive intermediates in the Maillard reaction and catabolism of extensively browned proteins are also discussed, along with recent approaches for therapeutic modulation of advanced stages of the Maillard reaction.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1572-8862
    Schlagwort(e): Palladium ; carbene ; oxidation ; phosphonate ; carboxylate
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Abstract Thermolysis of tetranuclear palladium clusters Pd4(μ-Q)4 Pd4(μ-Q)4(μ-O2CR)4 (Q=CPh2 or CO;R=Me, CMe3, Ph, CH2Cl or CF3) has been found to involve innersphere oxidation of carbene or carbonyl ligands during which an oxygen atom transfer occurs from the carboxylate group to the carbene or carbonyl ligand. The thermolysis of the carbonyl clusters gives rise to the products of CO2 insertion into the C–H bond of benzene or toluene used as solvents forming benzoic acid from benzene and a mixture of phenylacetic and toluic acids from toluene. The reaction of [Pd(OAc)2(PPh3)]2 with HCO2H includes the transfer of an O atom from formate ligand to the P atom and cleavage of the P-Ph bond accompanied by transfer of the Ph group from PPh3 ligand to the palladium atom. The structure of the complex formed, [Pd(μ-O2PPh2)(C6H5)(PPh3)]2, has been resolved by X-ray analysis.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of polymers and the environment 1 (1993), S. 275-279 
    ISSN: 1572-8900
    Schlagwort(e): Chemiluminescence ; oxidation ; stability ; acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) ; ABS/polycarbonate blend
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Energietechnik , Maschinenbau
    Notizen: Abstract The thermal oxidative stability of various ABS/PC compounds was studied by means of the chemiluminescence technique. Similarly to pure ABS, Irganox 1076 and Irganox MD 1024 perform as moderate antioxidants in ABS/PC and (ABS/PC + lubricant) blends. Neither Tinuvin 144, Irgaphos 168, nor their mixture affects the durability of the ABS/PC blend. At the same time, (Irgaphos 168 + Tinuvin 144) in combination with Irganoxes was found to provide a noticeable enhancement in durability to the (ABS/PC + lubricant) system. Titanium dioxide pigments by themselves have only a slight influence on the oxidative stability of the ABS/PC blend. Durability of the (ABS/PC + pigment) and (ABS/PC + lubricant) systems was found to be the same and the overall protective effect of Irganox 1076 was similar in both the (ABS/PC + lubricant) and the (ABS/PC + lubricant + pigment) systems. Certain modifiers significantly improve the durability of the ABS/PC compounds, although their function may differ in the systems with and without pigments.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1572-8900
    Schlagwort(e): Chemiluminescence ; oxidation ; stability ; acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS)
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Energietechnik , Maschinenbau
    Notizen: Abstract The influence of lubricants, UV stabilizers, antioxidants, and metal deactivators on the resistance of ABS to thermal oxidation was studied by means of the chemiluminescence technique. Neither of the additives seems to affect significantly the induction period of oxidation. At the same time, the influence of various additives on the oxidation rate constant is remarkably different: the introduction of lubricants and UV stabilizers increases its value, while antioxidants and metal deactivators have the opposite effect. For the particular systems studied durability is decreased in samples containing the lubricant and UV stabilizers and increased in samples stabilized with the antioxidant and metal deactivator.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 27 (1997), S. 1275-1282 
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Schlagwort(e): Carbon monoxide ; Pt-Ru/C catalyst ; Tafel slopes ; oxidation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Elektrotechnik, Elektronik, Nachrichtentechnik
    Notizen: Abstract CO electrooxidation on a Pt–Ru/C catalyst was investigated in sulphuric acid electrolyte. The physico-chemical properties of the Pt–Ru/C catalyst were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The influence of temperature, CO partial pressure and proton concentration on the electrochemical oxidation rate was investigated by steady-state galvanostatic polarization measurements. The apparent activation energy decreased from 70 to 30kJmol−1 as the overpotential increased from 0.5 to 0.9V vs NHE. The reaction order with respect to carbon monoxide increased, passing from 0.4 to 1, with the increase of the overpotential from 0.5 to 0.7V vs NHE; a reaction order close to −1 with respect to the protonic concentration was observed, irrespective of the potential. Tafel slopes of about 136mVdec−1 were determined for oxidation of CO and CO/N2 mixtures.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 28 (1998), S. 607-612 
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Schlagwort(e): SnO2 anodes ; doping ; high overvoltage anodes ; surface analysis ; oxidation ; water treatment
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Elektrotechnik, Elektronik, Nachrichtentechnik
    Notizen: Abstract Doped tin dioxide electrodes have been prepared by a standard spray pyrolysis technique. The electrochemical behaviour of these electrodes has been investigated by cyclic voltammetry in sulphuric acid using the Fe2+/Fe3+ redox couple system as test reaction. Oxygen evolution has been used to study the stability of doped SnO2 electrodes. The SnO2 electrodes doped with antimony and platinum exhibit the highest stability. XPS analysis shows that the oxidation state of Sn, Sb and Pt are +4, +3 and +2, respectively, the probable species being SnO2, Sb2O3 and PtO.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 7
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of inorganic and organometallic polymers and materials 1 (1991), S. 389-395 
    ISSN: 1572-8870
    Schlagwort(e): Poly(organophosphazenes) ; cyclophosphazenes ; Rose Bengal ; photosensitization ; singlet oxygen ; oxidation ; heterogeneous phase photosensitizer ; 1,3-diphenyl-isobenzofuran
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract In this paper we report the synthesis and the characterization of cyclo- and polyphosphazenes supporting Rose Bengal. These substrates are suitable for the photosensitized generation of singlet oxygen, both in homogeneous and in heterogeneous phase. The efficiency of1O2 production has been measured in homogeneous solution using, as photosensitizer, the cyclophosphazene-bound Rose Bengal and considering, as testing reaction, the oxidation of 1,3-diphenylisobenzofuran; it was found comparable to that of free Rose Bengal in the same experimental conditions.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Schlagwort(e): Solvolysis ; kinetics ; aqueous solvent mixtures ; Co(III) complexes
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The kinetics of the solvolysis of [Co(CN)5Cl]3− have been investigated in water +2-methoxyethanol and water + diethylene glycol mixtures. Although the addition of these linear hydrophilic cosolvent molecules to water produces curvature in the variation of log(rate constant) with the reciprocal of the dielectric constant, their effect on the enthalpy and entropy of activation is minimal, unlike the effect of hydrophobic cosolvents. The application of a Gibbs energy cycle to the solvolysis in water and in the mixtures using either solvent-sorting or TATB values for the Gibbs energy of transfer of the chloride ion between water and the mixture shows that the relative stability of the emergent solvated Co(III) ion in the transition state compared to that of Co(CN)5Cl3− in the initial state increases with increasing content of cosolvent in the mixture. By comparing the effects of other cosolvents on the solvolysis, this differential increase in the relative stabilities of the two species increases with the degree of hydrophobicity of the cosolvent.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 9
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 29 (1999), S. 191-200 
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Schlagwort(e): cyclic redox reaction ; dissolution ; kinetics ; manganese dioxide ; mechanism ; pyrite
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Elektrotechnik, Elektronik, Nachrichtentechnik
    Notizen: Abstract This paper describes a study of the kinetics and mechanism of MnO2 dissolution in H2SO4 in the presence of pyrite through leaching and electrochemical parameters. Manganese(iv) was found to dissolve mainly through reduction by the ferrous ion generated during oxidation of pyrite by the ferric ion. The oxidation which is slower and rate controlling may proceed through two different reactions, one producing S0 and the other SO42−. Manganese dissolution runs at the same rate as that of pyrite oxidation by maintaining ferrous ion concentration at a much lower level than that of ferric. Kinetic equations based on corrosion coupling principles are developed to explain the observed leaching behaviour.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 10
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 30 (2000), S. 727-731 
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Schlagwort(e): electrosynthesis ; oxidation ; lignin ; vanillin
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Elektrotechnik, Elektronik, Nachrichtentechnik
    Notizen: Abstract Electrochemical oxidative degradation of Kraft lignin was investigated in batch and flow cells on Pt, Au, Ni, Cu, DSA–O2 and PbO2 anodes. Production of vanillin was evaluated by means of formal kinetic analyses. Conversion and chemical yields were found to be dependent mainly on the applied current density, that is on the partial pressure of oxygen at the interface, while the nature of the electrode influenced the reaction rates.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 11
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 28 (1998), S. 69-72 
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Schlagwort(e): Co(III) complex ; crystal structure ; kinetics ; steric effects
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: Abstract The title compound crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pnma, with a = 7.9209(5), b = 9.818(1), c = 16.867(2) Å, and Z = 4. The structure was solved employing 1864 independent x-ray reflections with I〉2σ(I) by Patterson and difference Fourier techniques and refined by full-matrix least-squares to R = 0.036. The trans-[CO(NH3)4(NH2CH3)Cl](ClO4)2 molecule is on a crystallographic mirror plane. The cobalt ion is in an elongated octahedral coordination with four equatorial ammonia ligands [average Co–N distance equal to 1.966(2) Å], an axial methylamine [Co–N=1.965(3)Å], and an axial chlorine ion [Co–Cl=2.2771(9)Å]. Kinetic steric effects of the complex are interpreted in terms of structural results.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 12
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 28 (1998), S. 119-123 
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Schlagwort(e): Azetidine ; azetine ; ring opening ; oxidation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: Abstract 1-Acetyl-3-bromo-3-phenylazetidine (1), C11H12BrNO, has been synthesized and characterized by spectroscopic methods and single crystal X-ray analysis. It crystallizes in the space group P2 1/c with a = 8.633(1), b = 7.461(1), c = 17.204(1) Å, β = 98.403(7)°, V = 1096.2(2) Å3, Z = 4, D calc = 1.540 g cm−3. The azetidine ring is nearly planar since the four atoms are within ±0.039(5) Å of the mean square plane calculated for the heterocycle. The attempt to obtain a highly strained 2-azetine derivative from the above compound gave, surprisingly, 1-phenyl-2-(N-acetyl-N-formyl)-aminoethanone (2), C11H11NO3. This compound has been also characterized by spectroscopic methods and single crystal X-ray analysis. It crystallizes in the space group P212121, with a = 5.4719(3), b = 8.3205(6), c = 23.298(3) Å, V = 1060.7(2) Å3, Z = 4, D calc = 1.286 g cm−3. The aminoethanone residue is in a near planar conformation where the torsion angles are 7(2)° for N–C–C–=O and −173(2)° for N–C–C–C(Ph).
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 13
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of inorganic and organometallic polymers and materials 1 (1991), S. 211-221 
    ISSN: 1572-8870
    Schlagwort(e): Polyorganosiloxane ; cobalt(II)phthalocyanine ; polymeric catalyst ; oxidation ; 3-methylindole ; polymer conformation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Two kinds of cobalt(II)phthalocyanines covalently bound to polyorganosiloxane (POS) were prepared to be applied as catalysts for the oxidation of 3-methylindole in organic solvents. The catalytic activity of the POS whose carboxyl residues were methyl-esterified was high compared with that of the POS which has carboxyl residues. The former polymeric atalyst exhibited higher catalytic activity than monomolecular phthalocyanine, indicating an appearance of effects of polymer chains. The factors which influence the catalytic oxidation, e.g., polymer conformations, basicity of solvents, and equilibrium involving phthalocyanine monomer and the dimer, are discussed. It has become apparent that polymer conformation influences catalytic activity and that the catalytic activity of the POS, whose main chains are mobile, is high.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 14
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of polymers and the environment 3 (1995), S. 199-203 
    ISSN: 1572-8900
    Schlagwort(e): Chemiluminescence ; oxidation ; stability ; acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Energietechnik , Maschinenbau
    Notizen: Abstract The thermal oxidative stability of various formulations based on emulsion-grade ABS was studied by the chemiluminescence technique. Emulsion products were found to be essentially less stable than ionic mass polymerization resins. Among the antioxidants studied, Santonox R is clearly more efficient than Irganox 1076 and Irganox 3114, and its superiority is reflected primarily in improved induction period values. The introduction of Tinuvin 770 and Tinuvin 328 UV stabilizers into emulsion resins does not change the durability of the products. In mixtures where both Irganox 1076 and UV stabilizers are present, a certain antagonistic effect was noted at high UV stabilizer concentrations.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 15
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of solution chemistry 19 (1990), S. 1073-1084 
    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Schlagwort(e): Solvolysis ; kinetics ; mixtures of water+cosolvent
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Rates of solvolysis of the complex cation [Co(4tBupy)4Cl2]+ have been determined in mixtures of water with the hydrophobic solvent, t-butyl alcohol. The solvent composition at which the extremum is found in the variation of the enthalpy ΔH* and the entropy ΔS* of activation correlates well with the extremum in the variation of the relative partial molar volume of t-butyl alcohol in the mixture and the straight line found for the variation of ΔH* with ΔS* is coincident with the same plot for water + 2-propanol mixtures. A free energy cycle is applied to the process initial state (C n+) going to the transition state [M(n+1)+...Cl−] in water and in the mixture using free energies of transfer of the individual ionic species, ΔG t o (i), from water into the mixture. Values for ΔG t o (i) are derived from the solvent sorting method and from the TATB/TPTB method: using data from either method, changes in solvent structure on going from water into the mixture are found to stabilize the cation in the transition state, M(n+1)+, more than in the initial state, C n+. This is compared with the application of the free energy cycle to the solvolysis of complexes [Co(Rpy)4Cl2]+ and [Coen2LCl]+ in mixtures of water with methanol, 2-propanol or t-butyl alcohol: the above conclusion regarding the relative stabilization of the cations holds for all these complexes in their solvolyses in water+alcohol mixtures using values of ΔG t o (Cl−) from either source.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 16
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of solution chemistry 2 (1973), S. 217-238 
    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Schlagwort(e): Cation ; energies ; H. S. Frank ; M. Eigen ; R. G. Wilkins ; kinetics ; ligand substitution ; mechanism ; mixed solvents ; nonaqueous ; solvation ; solvent ; solvent structure ; solvent exchange ; transition metal
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The role of the solvent in reactions involving ions is considered in relation to the structure of liquids. The rate constants and activation parameters for ligand substitutions at divalent transition metal cations in various solvents are compared with those for solvent exchanges. The differences are related to structural properties of the solvents, represented by their heats of evaporation and fluidities, and interpreted with the aid of a model developed from that of Frank and Wen. Water is not a typical solvent.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 17
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of solution chemistry 20 (1991), S. 1079-1092 
    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Schlagwort(e): Fe(II) ; oxidation ; H2O2 ; ionic strength ; NaCl ; NaClO4
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The oxidation of Fe(II) with H2O2 has been measured in NaCl and NaClO4 solutions as a function of pH, temperature T (K) and ionic strength (M, mol-L−1). The rate constants, k (M−1-sec−1), d[Fe(II)]/DT=-k[Fe(II)][2O2] at pH=6.5 have been fitted to equations of the form log k = log k0+ AI 1/2+BI+CI 1/2/T Where log k0=15.53-3425/T in water; A=−2.3, −1.35; B=0.334, 0.180; and C=391, 235, respectively, for NaCl (σ=0.09) and NaClO4 (σ =0.08). Measurements made in NaCl solutions with added anions yield rates in the order B(OH) 4 − 〉HCO 3 − 〉ClO 4 − 〉Cl−〉NO 3 − 〉SO 4 2− and are attributed to the relative strength of the interactions of Fe2+ or FeOH+ with these anions. The FeB(OH) 4 + species is more reactive while the FeCO 3 0 , FeCl+, FeNO 3 + and FeSO 4 0 species are less reactive than the FeOH+ ion pair. The general trend is similar to our earlier studies of the oxidation of Fe(II) with O2 except for B(OH) 4 − . The effect of pH on the logk was found to be a quadratic function of the concentration of H+ or OH− from pH=4 to 8. These results have been attributed to the different rate constants for Fe2+ (k0) and FeOH+ (k1) which are related to the measured k by, k=k0αFe + k1αFeOH, where αi is the molar fraction of species i. The rates increase due to the greater reactivity of FeOH+ compared to Fe2+. k0 is independent of composition and ionic strength but k1 is a function of ionic strength and composition due to the interactions of FeOH+ with various anions.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 18
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of solution chemistry 21 (1992), S. 1271-1287 
    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Schlagwort(e): Cu(II) ; kinetics ; reduction ; temperature dependence ; H2O2, NaCl, NaBr, NaClO4
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The rates of reduction of Cu(II) with H2O2 have been measured in NaCl and NaBr solutions and mixtures with NaClO4 as a function of pH (6 to 9), temperature (5 to 45°C) and ionic composition (0.1 to 6M). The effect of pH on the rates was found to be independent of temperature and ionic composition. The rates increased as a function of [H+] raised to the power of 1.3 to 1.6. Speciation calculations indicate that this pH dependence can be attributed to Cu(OH)2 being the reactive species. The rate constants in NaCl and NaBr and mixtures with NaClO4 were independent of ionic strength, but proportional to the halide concentration raised to the power of 2.0 (0.2 to 2.6M). These results can be attributed to Cu(OH)2Cl 2 2− being the reactive species to reduction with H2O2. The Cu(I) halide complexes formed from the reduction are not easily oxidized with O2 or H2O2. The faster rates in Br− solutions, which form stronger complexes with Cu+, support this contention. Measurements made in NaCl with added NaHCO3, NaB(OH)4 EDTA, NTA and glycine were also made. These measurements indicate that the CuL complexes (L=B(OH) 4 − , CO 3 2− , EDTA, NTA, and glycine) are not very reactive to reduction with H2O2. The addition of Mg2+ or Ca2+ caused the rates to increase due to the formation of MgL or CaL complexes and the resultant release of reactive Cu2+.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 19
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of solution chemistry 23 (1994), S. 483-500 
    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Schlagwort(e): Thermodynamics ; kinetics ; chemical relaxation ; temperature-jump ; amplitudes
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Amplitudes of chemical relaxation signals can provide useful information as to the thermodynamics of coupled chemical reactions. The temperature-jump technique has been used to investigate the thermodynamic behavior of the Nickel(II)-3,5-dinitrosalicylate system in buffer solution, where complex formation steps are coupled to proton transfer steps. The analysis of the relaxation curves is based on the transformation of a set of coupled elementary reactions into a set of uncoupled ‘normal reactions.’ By analogy with classical titrations, the experiments have been performed by changing the metal ion concentration at constant ligand concentration and pH. Each measured amplitude is associated in this way to a point of a ‘dynamic titration’ and a procedure is formulated by which the values of the equilibrium constants and enthalpies of the normal reactions are simultaneously obtained by simple linear plots. From the dependence of these parameters on suitable functions of the concentrations of the reactants the values of ΔG° and ΔH° of the individual steps are derived. It is shown that the addition of a buffer (instead of an indicator) influences the stoichiometric coefficients of the normal reaction in such a way that measurable amplitudes are produced in systems that, as the presently investigated, in unbuffered solution would remain insensitive to the external perturbation. The circumstances under which the dynamic method offers advantages over the classical techniques are discussed.
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  • 20
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Adsorption 1 (1995), S. 133-151 
    ISSN: 1572-8757
    Schlagwort(e): PSA process ; sensitivity ; equilibria ; kinetics ; heats
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Abstract Mathematical models for pressure swing adsorption (PSA) processes essentially require the simultaneous solutions of mass, heat and momentum balance equations for each step of the process using appropriate boundary conditions for the steps. The key model input variables needed for estimating the separation performance of the process are the multicomponent adsorption equilibria, kinetics and heats of adsorption for the system of interest. A very detailed model of an adiabatic Skarstrom PSA cycle for production of high purity methane from a ethylene-methane bulk mixture is developed to study the sensitivity of the process performance to the input variables. The adsorption equilibria are described by the heterogeneous Toth model which accounts for variations of isosteric heats of adsorption of the components with adsorbate loading. A linear driving force model is used to describe the kinetics. The study shows that small errors in the heats of adsorption of the components can severely alter the overall performance of the process (methane recovery and productivity). The adsorptive mass transfer coefficients of the components also must be known fairly accurately in order to obtain precise separation performance.
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  • 21
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Adsorption 2 (1996), S. 265-277 
    ISSN: 1572-8757
    Schlagwort(e): frequency response ; diffusion cell ; kinetics ; diffusion ; heat effects
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Abstract This paper deals with frequency response (FR) analysis of a closed diffusion cell system with two resonators, that is both the LHS and RHS volumes are modulated. The analysis is made for a homogeneous particle described by a single effective diffusivity as well as a biporous pellet described by macropore and micropore diffusions. It is shown that if the perturbation of the volume of the reservoir #2 is lagged behind that of the reservoir #1 by 3π/2, the pressure response in reservoir #1 is significantly enhanced with larger amplitude as well as phase angle. When the perturbations of the two reservoirs are out of phase, the heat effect is reduced and can become insignificant when the two perturbations are completely out of phase (ψ = π). Under such a condition, the pressure difference between the two reservoirs could be doubled. In the case of biporous pellets, it is shown that the FR behaviours obtained for micropore diffusion control and macropore diffusion control are well distinguished. In the former case, the FR system reduces to a traditional batch adsorber one while in the latter case, the FR behaviour is the same as for a two resonator system with homogeneous particles. This difference can be used for the discrimination of micropore and macropore diffusion processes.
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  • 22
    ISSN: 1572-8757
    Schlagwort(e): porous carbons ; activation ; oxidation ; surface oxygen groups ; LTPD
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Abstract A styrene/divinylbenzene copolymer has been used as precursor for making porous carbons with bimodal pore size distributions (i.e., with both microporosity and mesoporosity). Pretreatment of the as-received copolymer by mild oxidation in air, significantly increased the carbon yield after carbonization. Reactivity studies of the polymer-based chars to CO2 clearly show the influences of some important factors such as carbonization temperature, heating rate, soak time on char reactivities. Bimodal porous carbons were prepared by carbonization of the preoxidized styrene/divinylbenzene copolymer in N2, followed by activation in CO2 at different temperatures to different levels of burnoff. The pore structures of the porous carbons produced have been characterized by various techniques such as gas adsorption and mercury porosimetry. The surfaces of the porous carbons produced, and a commercial carbon adsorbent, have been modified with HNO3 and H2O2 treatment at various conditions. Characterization of the surface oxygen functionality, both quantitatively and qualitatively, has been achieved using techniques such as Linear Temperature Programed Desorption (LTPD) and selective neutralization of bases.
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  • 23
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Adsorption 3 (1997), S. 267-275 
    ISSN: 1572-8757
    Schlagwort(e): characterisation ; equilibria ; kinetics ; micropore size distribution ; n-butane ; nutshell
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Abstract Adsorption equilibria and dynamics ofn-butane on two activated carbon samples prepared from the physical activation of nutshell are studied in this paper. The micropore size distribution (MPSD) is considered as the main source of solid heterogeneity. Lennard-Jones' potential theory and Dubinin's theory (TVFM) are used in the equilibria data to derive the MPSD, which is well fitted by a Gamma distribution function. The adsorption energy distribution derived from the MPSD is very asymmetric for both the samples studied, and this energy distribution used in the HMSD/HMSMD kinetics models for the study of adsorption dynamics ofn-butane.
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  • 24
    ISSN: 1572-8765
    Schlagwort(e): carbonado ; diamond ; oxidation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau
    Notizen: Abstract The oxidation of carbonado type synthesized polycrystalline diamonds produced from graphite together with catalytic Ni-Mo alloy doped with TiB2 and BNcub was investigated. It was found that the addition of these boron compounds increases the oxidation resistance of the carbonado type synthesized polycrystalline diamonds. The oxidation mechanism acting on the carbonado type synthesized polycrystalline diamonds and the role of boron compounds in increasing the resistance to the oxygen reaction are discussed.
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  • 25
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Schlagwort(e): Silica ; oxidation ; methane ; carbon monoxide ; carbon dioxide ; labelled reaction
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The oxidation of carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide is shown to be catalyzed at 850 K or above over almost all lattice oxygen atoms on the surface of silica prepared by the sol-gel method from ethyl orthosilicate under conditions which yield high selectivity to carbon dioxide in the oxidation of methane.
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  • 26
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Catalysis letters 16 (1992), S. 149-158 
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Schlagwort(e): Silver ; oxidation ; cyclohexenes ; branched chain olefins
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The oxidation of some cyclic and branched chain olefins over a silver catalyst effective for the conversion of ethylene to ethylene oxide has been investigated in a steady state flow system. The reaction of cyclohexene produces benzene and that of both 1-methylcyclohexene and 4-methylcyclohexene yields toluene. The selectivity to aromatics exceeds 20% for fractional conversions below 0.2, but it can be improved to almost 50% by inclusion of an optimum quantity of dichloroethane in the feed. Styrene is oxidised more slowly than the cyclohexenes and only carbon dioxide and water are produced. The oxidation of 3,3-dimethyl-1-butene and 3-methyl-1-butene occurs much faster than that of the cyclic molecules and some of the corresponding epoxides are produced. The selectivity with the dimethyl-butene is 9–13% for conversions to 0.2. The methylbutene requires a higher temperature for reaction and the epoxide yield is lower. Factors influencing reactivity and product distribution are discussed.
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  • 27
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    BioMetals 12 (1999), S. 1-10 
    ISSN: 1572-8773
    Schlagwort(e): acidophilic ; strain ; oxidation ; kinetics
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Recovery of metal values from sulfide ores by use of acidophilic microorganisms is gaining importance. A number of commercial/pilot plants are setup to find out the techno-economic feasibility of the overall process. The main drawback in the process is the slow kinetics of dissolution of metal values from the sulfide ores. To make the technology e attractive the kinetics should be improved considerably. There are various factors which determine the overall kinetics such as bacterial activity and concentration, iron and sulfur oxidation, oxygen consumption, reactor design and nature of ore. A brief review has been made dealing with the above parameters
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  • 28
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Catalysis letters 13 (1992), S. 9-19 
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Schlagwort(e): Vanadia ; titania ; silica ; Raman ; oxidation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract A series of V2O5/TiO2/SiO2 catalysts were structurally investigated byin situ Raman spectroscopy and chemically probed by methanol oxidation in order to determine the molecular structure-reactivity relationships of the V2O5/TiO2/SiO2 catalysts. Only surface TiO x species are present on the 3% TiO2/SiO2 catalysts, and the surface TiO x species as well as bulk TiO2 (anatase) particles coexist on the 40% TiO2/SiO2 catalyst. The deposition of 1–3% vanadium oxide onto 3% TiO2/SiO2 and 4% vanadium oxide onto 40% TiO2/SiO2 forms only a surface vanadium oxide phase.In situ Raman studies reveal that the surface vanadium oxide species preferentially exist on the titania sites of the TiO2/SiO2 system. The interaction between the surface vanadia and the surface titania overlayer on SiO2 increases the methanol oxidation reactivity by two orders of magnitude relative to V2O5/SiO2. In the presence of bulk TiO2 (anatase) particles on the SiO7 support, the reactivity of the surface vanadia further increases by an order magnitude relative to the catalysts containing only surface titania, and is close to that of surface vanadia on bulk TiO2. This suggests that the surface VO x -TiO2 (bulk) interactions results in a more active site than the surface VO x -TiO x -SiO2 interactions. In addition, the V2O5/TiO2/SiO2 catalysts exhibit high selectivity towards HCHO because redox sites are predominant on the surface of these catalysts with essentially no acid site present.
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  • 29
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Catalysis letters 13 (1992), S. 341-347 
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Schlagwort(e): Methane ; oxidation ; oxidative coupling ; hydroformylation ; propanal ; catalysis
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract High yield synthesis of propanal from methane and air can be obtained in a single pass at atmospheric pressure. Three catalytic processes are combined to give 13% yield of propanal based on total methane input. Ethene is made from the oxidative coupling reaction and carbon monoxide and hydrogen is generated from partial oxygenation of methane. These gases are combined and passed to a hydroformylation catalyst to give liquid propanal. The unreacted methane is inert in the hydroformylation stage, while oxygen deactivates the catalyst readily. The results imply that propanal can be obtained, in good yield, from methane and air provided that total oxygen conversion is achieved. The yield of propanal from the three combined processes can be substantially higher than that of ethene from the oxidative coupling reaction. Thus, higher yields of a condensible and oxygenated product are obtained.
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  • 30
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Schlagwort(e): Fischer-Tropsch synthesis ; reaction activation barrier ; carbon chain growth and termination ; kinetics
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract A method is established, by which the difference of the reaction activation barriers of carbon chain growth and termination in Fischer-Tropsch (FT) synthesis can be determined from experiments. A FT synthesis is carried out on Fe/Zn catalyst. We apply the method to analyze the experimental result and obtain the difference of reaction activation barriers of carbon chain growth and termination of α-olefins on the catalyst.
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  • 31
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Catalysis letters 37 (1996), S. 213-216 
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Schlagwort(e): titanium silicalites ; oxidation ; amines ; hydrogen peroxide
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Titanium silicalite molecular sieves, TS-1 and TS-2 having MFI and MEL structures, respectively, catalyze the oxidation of secondary amines to the corresponding hydroxylamines using hydrogen peroxide as the oxidant. Higher concentrations of H2O2 lead to further oxidation of hydroxylamine to nitrone. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy shows the formation of a titanium peroxo complex upon addition of hydrogen peroxide to the TS-1 catalyst. The titanium peroxo complex oxidizes the substrate and reforms to a titanyl group.
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  • 32
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Schlagwort(e): Methane ; formaldehyde ; oxidation ; vanadium oxide ; silica
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Methane oxidation to formaldehyde was studied over a vanadium oxide catalyst supported on silica at 630 °C using the technique known as temporal analysis of products with sequential pulsing of methane and oxygen. This work shows that methane interacts very weakly and oxygen very strongly with the catalyst surface and it is concluded that the initial activation of methane involves an adsorbed oxygen species. Methyl radicals formed in the first step subsequently extract lattice oxygen to yield formaldehyde.
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  • 33
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Catalysis letters 24 (1994), S. 79-83 
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Schlagwort(e): Metallonitroporphines ; oxidation ; isobutane ; propane
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Introducing nitro groups into themeso-positions of a metalloporphyrin converts a catalytically inactive complex into a highly active catalyst for the oxidation of alkanes with molecular oxygen. The degree of nitration correlates with both the Fe(III)/Fe(II) reduction potential and the catalytic activity.
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  • 34
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Schlagwort(e): oxidation ; cyclohexene ; polyoxometalate-intercalated hydrotalcite
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Cyclohexene was oxidized with molecular oxygen over transition-metal-substituted polyoxometalate-intercalated hydrotalcites to produce 2-cyclohexene-1-one and 2-cyclohexene-1-ol with high selectivity under mild reaction conditions.
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  • 35
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Schlagwort(e): palladium metal ; oxidation ; toxic organics
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract In water, metallic palladium was found to catalyze the deep oxidation of a wide variety of functional organics by dioxygen at 80–90°C in the presence of carbon monoxide. Several classes of organic compounds were examined: benzene, phenol and substituted phenols, aliphatic and aromatic halogenated compounds, organophosphorus, and organosulfur compounds. In every case, deep oxidation to carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and water occurred in high yields, resulting in up to several hundred turnovers over a 24 h period. Since the heterogeneous catalyst can be removed by simple filtration, simultaneous water purification and contaminant destruction becomes feasible. For those substrates that are insoluble in pure water, a mixture of water and perfluorobutyric acid was successfully employed as the solvent.
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  • 36
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Catalysis letters 34 (1995), S. 31-40 
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Schlagwort(e): palladium ; PdO ; alumina ; methane ; oxidation ; carbon ; XPS ; ellipsometry ; structure sensitivity
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Samples of palladium supported onγ-alumina and a palladium foil were used as catalysts for methane oxidation at 550° C. The samples were quenched quickly in the reaction chamber to room temperature in flowing Ar and then transferred in vacuo for XPS analysis. Structure sensitivity was manifest from an increase in PdO stability and a decrease in carbon deposition relative to Pd with increasing particle size. The results were compared with recent ellipsometric data.
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  • 37
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Catalysis letters 37 (1996), S. 167-172 
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Schlagwort(e): dissociation ; kinetics ; Co-Mo sulphide ; H2S
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract In this study, a high surface area 4Co∶6Mo∶100γ-Al2O3 sulphide prepared using precipitation from homogeneous solution (PFHS) has been used for the catalytic splitting of hydrogen sulphide into H2 and elemental sulphur. The activity of this new formulation was significantly better than previously reported recipes. Kinetic data collected over a wide range of H2S partial pressures between 883 and 983 K revealed that, although the decomposition followed a first-order law, a mechanism involving H2S adsorption on co-ordinative unsaturation sites of the Co-Mo sulphide catalyst gave a Langmuir-Hinshelwood rate expression that yielded satisfactory model parameters. In particular, the scission of the surface H-S bond appeared to be the rate determining step.
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  • 38
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Catalysis letters 52 (1998), S. 25-29 
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Schlagwort(e): metallosilicate ; mesoporous ; MCM-41 ; Mo-MCM-41 ; catalysis ; oxidation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Mo-incorporated MCM-41 has been prepared by direct hydrothermal synthesis. XRD and N2-adsorption measurements showed the characteristics of MCM-41. IR, FT-Raman and UV-VIS DR spectroscopic analyses gave the evidences for the incorporation of Mo in the framework of MCM-41. They are found to be stable and active for cyclohexanol and cyclohexane oxidation reactions with H2O2 as oxidant. Activity of this system has been compared with that of Ti-MCM-41 and molybdena impregnated on pure siliceous MCM-41.
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  • 39
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Schlagwort(e): propane ; oxidation ; calcium-based catalysts ; tetrachloromethane
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The oxidation of propane has been investigated in the presence and absence of tetrachloromethane (TCM) on calcium hydroxyapatite (CaHAp), Ca3(PO4)2, CaSO4 and CaO at 723 K. In the absence of TCM, the conversion of C3H8 on CaHAp was 7.7–9.2% during 6 h on-stream while that on Ca3(PO4)2, CaSO4 and CaO was 0.6, 0 and 0.2–0.4%, respectively. The principal products on all catalysts in the absence of TCM were CO and CO2 with small selectivities to C3H6 and C2H4 (both 5–6%) observed on CaHAp. Upon addition of TCM, the selectivity to C3H6 on all catalysts and the conversion of C3H8 on CaSO4 increased while, with increasing time-on-stream, the changes in the conversion and selectivity were dependent upon the nature of the catalysts. XPS and XRD analyses provide evidence for the presence of chlorine in the surface and/or bulk of three of the catalysts, suggesting that chlorinated species on the solids play a role in the selectivity enhancement, but the absence of chlorine from the sulphate demonstrates the dissimilarities of the catalysts in their abilities to sorb and decompose TCM.
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  • 40
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Catalysis letters 57 (1999), S. 161-165 
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Schlagwort(e): methane ; oxidation ; strontium hydroxyapatite ; lead hydroxyapatite ; tetrachloromethane
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The oxidation of methane has been investigated on lead hydroxyapatite (PbHAp), strontium hydroxyapatite (SrHAp) and their binary mixtures at 873 K. PbHAp showed no activity for the oxidation of methane, while SrHAp produced carbon monoxide selectively at 2–4% conversion. On binary mixtures of the hydroxyapatites the conversion of methane and the selectivity to C2 compounds reached values higher than those of the separate constituents of the mixture. With tetrachloromethane in the feed stream a similar synergistic effect was observed with conversions of methane and selectivities to CH3Cl higher on the binary mixtures than those on either SrHAp or PbHAp. The strontium-containing hydroxyapatite appears to play a crucial role in the activation of methane, while the presence of the lead-containing analogue is apparently required for the minimization of undesirable processes involving methyl radicals.
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  • 41
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Catalysis letters 9 (1991), S. 133-143 
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Schlagwort(e): Norbornene ; oxidation ; silver ; norbornene epoxide ; 3-cyclohexene-1-carboxyaldehyde
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The continuous oxidation of norbornene (C7H10) by molecular oxygen over a silver catalyst at 500–573 K has been investigated. In contrast to that observed during the temperature programmed reaction of norbornene and oxygen adsorbed on Ag(110) no norbornene epoxide is formed. Instead benzene is the sole partial oxidation product. A stable selectivity of 20 to 25% with fractional conversions up to 0.8 at 573 K could be obtained by inclusion of 15 to 30 ppm dichloroethane in the feed. Separate experiments withexo-norbornene epoxide showed that in the absence of oxygen it was almost completely isomerised to 3-cyclohexene-1-carboxyaldehyde with production of lesser amounts of norcamphor and norbornene. With oxygen present carbon dioxide and small amounts of benzene were also produced. It is concluded that norbornene epoxide cannot be a gas phase intermediate in the production of benzene from norbornene.
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  • 42
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cellulose 1 (1994), S. 26-56 
    ISSN: 1572-882X
    Schlagwort(e): low-temperature degradation ; kinetics ; mechanisms ; electrical insulation ; transformers
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Abstract A critical review is given of the degradation of cellulose in the low-temperature region (below about 300°C) of power transformer operation. The large number of kinetic studies, under a variety of environmental conditions from Kraft paper in insulating oil, to cotton and paper in oxygen, are considered in terms of a first-order polymer chain scission model. In many cases, the data are replotted to suit the model. A common activation energy of 111±6 kjmol−1 is calculated and it is shown that the pre-exponential factor, rather than the activation energy, is sensitive to the oxidizing nature of the environment and the susceptibility to degradation of the material. The chemical mechanisms of degradation are reviewed, and conclusions and recommendations are made regarding chemical condition monitoring and life prediction of electrical insulation.
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  • 43
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Adsorption 6 (2000), S. 137-147 
    ISSN: 1572-8757
    Schlagwort(e): adsorption ; kinetics ; linear driving force model ; process design
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Abstract The Linear Driving Force (LDF) model for gas adsorption kinetics is frequently and successfully used for analysis of adsorption column dynamic data and for adsorptive process designs because it is simple, analytic, and physically consistent. Yet, there is a substantial difference in the characteristics of isothermal batch uptake curves on adsorbent particles by the LDF and the more rigorous Fickian Diffusion (FD) model. It is demonstrated by using simple model systems that the characteristics of the adsorption kinetics at the single pore or the adsorbent particle level are lost in (a) evaluating overall uptake on a heterogeneous porous solid, (b) calculating breakthrough curves from a packed adsorbent column, and (c) establishing the efficiency of separation by an adsorptive process due to repeated averaging of the base kinetic property. That is why the LDF model works in practice.
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  • 44
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Catalysis letters 15 (1992), S. 401-404 
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Schlagwort(e): Acrylic acid ; oxidation ; mixed oxides ; acrolein
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Catalytic oxidation of acrolein to acrylic acid has been studied and the optimum composition of the multicomponent catalyst Mo a V b Cu c Fe d O x has been found. The reaction kinetics has been measured.
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  • 45
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Catalysis letters 37 (1996), S. 173-179 
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Schlagwort(e): ammonia synthesis ; iron catalysts ; potassium promotion ; kinetics
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Measurements were performed of reaction rate in the process of ammonia synthesis (T=370–470°C) on doubly promoted (DP) (Al2O3, CaO) and triply promoted (TP) (K2O, Al2O3, CaO) iron catalysts. The latter were obtained by impregnation of the reduced and subsequently passivated DP precursors with alcoholic solution of KOH. The studies were carried out under high total pressure (10 MPa) in a wide range of ammonia partial pressure in the gas phase: from 0.25 to about 7 bar. The results are shown to be authoritative for the so-called kinetic regime. The effect of the presence of K+ cations in the catalyst was the stronger, as the temperature of the reaction was the lower and, in particular, the ammonia pressure in the gas phase the higher. The obtained results are in good accordance with the results of Somorjai's studies on activity of iron single crystal surfaces both clean and covered with (K+O) adlayer.
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  • 46
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Catalysis letters 27 (1994), S. 79-90 
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Schlagwort(e): kinetics ; carbon ; oxygen ; recombination ; rhodium ; surface characterisation ; XPS ; AES
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Different mechanisms of atomic carbon and oxygen recombination on a rhodium surface are studied with Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The kinetics of adsorbed carbidic carbon oxidation (carbon coverageθ c ≈ 0.1–0.3 ML) by gas-phase oxygen that proceeds by a Langmuir-Hinshelwood reaction mechanism, provides the value of the activation energy for recombination (E rec ⇂t ≈ 170±20 kJ/mol).E rec ⇂t depends slightly on the carbon coverage. An Eley-Rideal type of reaction was observed for adsorbed oxygen and atomic gas-phase carbon recombination which occurs in a dynamic regime. The low value found for the activation energy (near zero) is consistent with the mechanism that this exothermic reaction is too fast for energy dissipation into the substrate; the energy is mainly transferred into translational, vibrational and rotational energy of CO.
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  • 47
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Schlagwort(e): coke ; zeolites ; catalyst regeneration ; oxidation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract SAPO-18, which has a microporous framework structure related to, but crystallographically distinct from, that of the solid acid catalyst SAPO-34, was synthesized hydrothermally from a silicoaluminophosphate gel containing N,N-diisopropylethylamine as a structuredirecting template. Although both materials have similar Si/(Si + Al + P) ratios, the content of Brønsted acid sites in SAPO-18 is considerably less than that in SAPO-34. As catalysts for methanol conversion to light olefins, SAPO-18 and SAPO-34 have closely similar initial activity and selectivity, but the lifetime of SAPO-18 is distinctly superior to that of SAPO-34.
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  • 48
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Schlagwort(e): fluorination ; alumina ; platinum catalysts ; oxidation ; oxidation of benzene
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Platinum supported on fluorinated alumina is more active for the total oxidation of benzene than is the catalyst with the same Pt loading supported on hydrophilic unfluorinated alumina. The Pt-F/alumina catalyst contains well-dispersed small Pt particles, in contrast to Pt/alumina. The high dispersion is a consequence of a strong metal-support interaction.
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  • 49
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Schlagwort(e): ammonia synthesis ; kinetics ; ruthenium catalysts ; promotional effect
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The kinetics of NH3 synthesis over carbon-based ruthenium catalysts promoted with barium or alkali was studied. Both the ammonia partial pressure dependencies of the reaction rates (T = 400°C, p = 63 bar, H2 : N2 = 3 : 1) and the pressure variations of the activity (T = 370°C, p= 4–63 bar, H2 : NN2 = 3 : 1) were found to be different for Ba and for the alkali (K, Cs). Ba–Ru/C proved to be more sensitive to the NH3 content and to the total pressure. The rate of synthesis over the alkali-promoted catalysts is, in turn, much stronger influenced by the ruthenium dispersion. TOFs of NH3 synthesis for the promoted samples at 370°C and 4 bar (Ba 0.085 1/s, Cs 0.05 1/s, K 0.035 1/s) are significantly higher than that for the Ru(0001) basal plane (0.0085 1/s results from the literature data at 370°C, 2 bar). The most active Ru/C samples (Ba or Cs) exceed significantly the fused iron catalyst, especially at high conversions.
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  • 50
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Catalysis letters 7 (1990), S. 241-251 
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Schlagwort(e): Fischer-Tropsch synthesis ; iron based catalysts ; Fe ; Co ; Ru catalysts ; fixed bed reactors ; fluidized bed reactors ; sulfur poisoning ; oxidation ; coke fouling
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Because of the decreased profitability of making synthetic fuels, Sasol intends expanding its production of the higher valued chemicals, in particular waxes and olefins. The advantages and disadvantages of using Fe, Co and Ru catalysts are discussed from the point of view of costs, availability, product selectivity, activity and sensitivity to poisons. The loss of activity and selectivity of iron based catalysts in both fixed and fluidized bed reactors is discussed. The main contributing factors are sulfur poisoning, oxidation and coke fouling. In fixed bed reactors sulfur poisoning and “coke” laydown deactivates the front end of the bed while hydrothermal sintering/oxidation deactivates the back end. In fluidized beds the deposition of large amounts of Boudouard carbon doesnot markedly lower the activity. The smaller catalyst particles end up consisting of small iron carbide entities embedded in a matrix of carbon. The larger catalyst particles consist of cores of inert magnetite surrounded by the carbide/carbon matrix. FT reactor development at Sasol is briefly reviewed.
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  • 51
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Catalysis surveys from Japan 3 (1999), S. 55-60 
    ISSN: 1572-8803
    Schlagwort(e): acetic acid ; oxidation ; Pd ; heteropoly acid ; ethylene
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract A new process for acetic acid production by direct oxidation of ethylene which was established and commercialized is described. The catalyst system consisting of Pd and heteropoly acid exhibits excellent activity and selectivity. The addition of Se or Te to the catalyst system is effective to suppress the formation of carbon dioxide. This new process is applicable to a plant of a wide range of size corresponding to the local demand. Because this new process produces little waste water, it is very friendly to the environment.
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  • 52
    ISSN: 1572-882X
    Schlagwort(e): accelerated tests ; aging tests ; cellulose degradation ; durability ; kinetics
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Abstract Accelerated aging tests are credible and useful to predict paper permanence only if such tests can be shown to correlate with natural aging. In the first part of this study, a kinetic model was developed based on the accelerated aging results. In this report, we have shown that this kinetic model can indeed predict the natural aging results of lignin-free sheets with a statistical confidence. This is the first quantitative comparison of accelerated aging with natural aging.
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  • 53
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Schlagwort(e): oxidation ; reduction of palladium catalysts ; chlorine effects
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Pd–chloride precursor salt was used to prepare Pd/Al2O3 catalysts. TPSR measurements showed three distinct reactions for the oxidation of propane on palladium surface under excess of hydrocarbon: complete oxidation, steam reforming and propane hydrogenolysis. Propane oxidation on palladium catalysts was related to the Pd2+ sites observed on Pd/Al2O3 through infrared of adsorbed carbon monoxide. In fresh catalysts reduced by H2, the IR spectra showed the linear and bridge adsorbed CO species on the Pd0 surface. After propane reaction, a new band at 2130 cm-1 related to CO adsorption on Pd2+ species was noted. Carbon monoxide species adsorbed on Pd0 were also observed in all samples after reaction. Our results suggest surface ratios of Pd0/PdO during the propane oxidation. On the other hand, time on stream conversions of the complete oxidation of propane were affected by either the water generated during the reaction or added as a reactant at 10 vol%. The water generated by the reaction helped to eliminate chlorine residues in the form of oxychloride species leading to an increasing of the activity. However, the presence of water into the reaction mixture caused a strong decreasing of the activity. The inhibition mechanism of propane oxidation in the presence of water consisted in the dissociative adsorption of water on palladium sites with the possible formation of palladium hydroxide (Pd–OH) at the surface, diminishing the number of active surface sites. Dynamic fluctuations into the reaction conditions supported the idea that a pseudo‐equilibrium adsorption–desorption of water was reached. After water removal or increasing in the reaction temperature the equilibrium was shifted to the direction of OH–Pd decomposition. This behavior suggests that the inhibitory effect of water is a reversible phenomenon, being a function of the amount of water and the reaction temperature.
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  • 54
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cellulose 5 (1998), S. 153-164 
    ISSN: 1572-882X
    Schlagwort(e): cellulose ; TEMPO ; polyglucuronic acid ; degree of polymerization ; oxidation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Abstract Various cellulose samples were oxidized by 2,2,6,6,-tetramethylpipelidine-1-oxyl radical (TEMPO)-NaBr-NaClO systems, and the effects of oxidation conditions on chemical structures and degrees of polymerization of the products obtained were studied. In the case of regenerated and mercerized celluloses, almost all C6 primary alcohol groups were selectively oxidized to carboxyl groups, and water-soluble polyglucuronic acid (cellouronic acid) sodium salts were obtained almost quantitatively; the degrees of polymerization were influenced greatly by the amount of TEMPO added, and the oxidation time and temperatures. Cellouronic acids prepared from mercerized linter and kraft pulps had size exclusion chromatograms with two separate peaks due to higher and lower molecular weight fractions. On the other hand, only small amounts of carboxyl groups were introduced into native cellulose samples. Since polyglucuronic acids prepared from cellulose by the TEMPO–NaBr– NaClO systems regularly consist of the glucuronic acid repeating unit, differing from the conventional water-soluble cellulose derivatives, they may open new fields of cellulose utilization.
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  • 55
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of solution chemistry 27 (1998), S. 1123-1138 
    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Schlagwort(e): Sol–gel processing ; hydrolysis ; condensation ; kinetics ; methoxydimethyloctylsilane ; copper nitrate hydrate ; phase diagram
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The reaction rate was determined for copper nitrate hydrate with methoxydimethyloctylsilane (MDOS) in methanol. The rate constants of hydrolysis and condensation were established by quantitative measurement of the product and Karl Fischer water determination. The reaction with the hydrated copper salt resulted in the phase separation of an insoluble product from the reaction mixture. The structure of the product was determined, by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry (FTIR) and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) to be a dimer of the MDOS. The results showed the alcohol, producing condensation reaction was negligible in the formation of the dimer. contrary to the case for the well-known reaction by trialkoxysilanes and tetraalkoxysilanes.
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  • 56
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Catalysis surveys from Japan 2 (1998), S. 121-132 
    ISSN: 1572-8803
    Schlagwort(e): zeolite ; metallosilicate ; atom-planting ; modification ; catalysis ; acidity ; shape-selective alkylation ; oxidation ; hydrogen peroxide
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Atom-planting, a useful method to prepare some metallosilicates having zeolitic structure, was proposed. By treatment of highly siliceous zeolite with metal chloride vapor at selected temperature, metal cation could be introduced into the defect sites (hydroxyl nests) of zeolite framework. By the atom-planting method, some metallosilicates which are difficult to be synthesized by hydrothermal synthesis could be prepared. The vapor phase shape-selective alkylation of ethylbenzene with ethanol, and the liquid phase selective oxidation with hydrogen peroxide on the metallosilicates prepared by atom-planting method were reviewed.
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  • 57
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cellulose 4 (1997), S. 1-5 
    ISSN: 1572-882X
    Schlagwort(e): paper ; degradation ; ageing ; kinetics ; modelling
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
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  • 58
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Schlagwort(e): methane ; oxidation ; aliphatic hydrocarbons ; zeolite ; recycle reactor
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Conversion of methane in high yields to C4+ nonaromatic hydrocarbons was demonstrated in a recycle system. The principal components of the recycle system included an oxidative coupling reactor with a Mn/Na2WO4/SiO2 catalyst at 800°C for conversion of methane to ethylene, and a reactor with an H-ZSM-5 zeolite at 275°C for subsequent conversion of ethylene to higher hydrocarbons. Total yields of C4+ products were in the range of 60–80%, and yields of C4+ nonaromatic hydrocarbons were in the range of 50–60%.
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  • 59
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cellulose 3 (1996), S. 243-267 
    ISSN: 1572-882X
    Schlagwort(e): aging tests ; cellulose degradation ; durability ; kinetics ; paper properties
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Abstract The validity of accelerated aging tests to predict and rank papers on their permanence has been under question, preventing the development of performance-based standards for permanent paper. We conducted a general kinetic analysis to investigate the aging process of paper. A general kinetic model is proposed to describe the depolymerization of cellulose. Experimentally it was shown that in the case of aging, cellulose degradation follows classic first-order kinetics as a special case of our general kinetic model. The Arrhenius equation was critically re-examined for the case of a multiple reaction system. It was shown analytically that the Arrhenius equation is still applicable when certain conditions are met. This was convincingly supported by experimental results. We also analysed the dependence of the degradation rate on the moisture content and hydrogen ion concentration. By conducting systematic experiments on these two factors, a general and quantitative relationship was established to explain the contribution of each factor and their interactions. Finally, based on this kinetic analysis, the effects of storage conditions on the life expectancy of paper were estimated.
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  • 60
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of solution chemistry 3 (1974), S. 881-887 
    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Schlagwort(e): Binary aqueous mixtures ; solubilities ; kinetics
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract A treatment which predicts the solubilities of gases in solvent mixtures is examined in the context of the analysis of kinetic data for reactions in aqueous mixtures. The treatment is qualitatively successful to some extent in resolving the effects of changes in the initial state of the reacting substrate in the activation parameters.
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  • 61
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of inorganic and organometallic polymers and materials 8 (1998), S. 111-117 
    ISSN: 1572-8870
    Schlagwort(e): Organosiloxane ; kinetics ; poly(phenylmethylsiloxane) ; catalyst ; anionic ; ring-opening
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract It is well known that the rate of polymerization for an anionic mechanism is dependent on the ability of the bulk material or solvent system to disassociate the ion pair at the propagating chain end. In the anionic ring-opening polymerization of cyclic organosiloxanes in particular, the larger and softer the counter ion, the more rapidly the reaction proceeds. A recently developed phosphazene initiator system provides a large, soft counter ion relative to other traditional initiators used for the polymerization of poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS). This novel initiator system was used in this investigation for the ring-opening polymerization of tetraphenyltetramethylcyclotetrasiloxane (P4) and the reaction kinetics under bulk and solution conditions were investigated. The new initiator system showed a dramatic increase in the rate of polymerization over the conventional potassium hydroxide-catalyzed system. Furthermore, this initiator was sufficiently reactive to be useful for the ring-opening polymerization of P4 at 293 K.
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  • 62
    ISSN: 1572-8900
    Schlagwort(e): Cellulose ; alkaline degradation ; peeling off ; degree of polymerization ; kinetics ; (gluco)isosaccharinic acid
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Energietechnik , Maschinenbau
    Notizen: Abstract The degradation of cellulosic materials, differing mainly in the degree of polymerization and the number of reducing end groups, was studied under the alkaline conditions similar to those existing in a cementitious repository for low- and intermediate-level radioactive waste (pH 13.3, T = 25°C). The kinetics of alkaline degradation (peeling-off reaction) were studied and the data analyzed by the model of Haas et al. [13]. The observed kinetic parameters for the propagation reaction and overall stopping reaction were compared with literature data. Although measured under different experimental conditions, literature data and data from this study show a consistent picture. Differences in the extent of degradation observed for the different cellulosic materials could be satisfactorily explained by differences in reducing end group content and, consequently, by differences in the degrees of polymerization. Besides the number of reducing end groups, the degree of amorphousness also plays an important role. The main degradation products formed under the experimental conditions used are α- and β-(gluco)isosaccharinic acid. This is in agreement with many other studies on alkaline degradation of cellulose. The two isomers are formed in roughly equal amounts.
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  • 63
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Topics in catalysis 13 (2000), S. 243-248 
    ISSN: 1572-9028
    Schlagwort(e): oxidation ; oxyacetoxylation ; alloy ; palladium ; bismuth ; benzylacetate
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Benzylacetate synthesis from toluene, acetic acid and oxygen on Pd–Bi binary catalyst was studied in the liquid phase. By incorporation of Bi with Pd, both the activity and selectivity were improved. Especially better stability was obtained with the catalyst having Pd/Bi = 3. Deactivation of the catalyst was investigated in detail by XRD, XPS, TEM, elemental analysis, EPMA and so on. Comparing the used catalyst with the fresh one, it was indicated that the main cause of deactivation was the dissolution of Pd into the reaction mixture from the most outer surface of the catalyst. By adopting proper reaction conditions to prevent the Pd dissolution, the catalyst having Pd/Bi = 3 was suggested to be used as an industrial catalyst.
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  • 64
    ISSN: 1572-9028
    Schlagwort(e): nitric oxide ; ammonia ; oxidation ; X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy ; scanning tunnelling microscopy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The dissociative chemisorption of nitric oxide at Cu(110) has been shown to result in rapid ordering of oxygen adatoms as (2×1)O chains oriented along the 〈100〉 direction while the associated nitrogen adatoms are mainly disordered at 295 K. Surface diffusion of the N adatoms, following bond cleavage, is activated and ordering of the (2×3)N strings occurs on heating to 430 K. A number of distinct reaction pathways have been isolated during the oxidation of ammonia resulting in the formation of either chemisorbed imide or nitrogen adatoms. The latter depending on temperature, may exhibit a (2×3)N, a (3×3)N or both structures may exist simultaneously. The concentration of nitrogen in the complete (2×3)N structure has been determined to be 6.6×1014 cm-2, with only a 25% decrease in nitrogen concentration leading to the transformation to the (3×3)N structure. The oxygen atoms at a Cu(110)–O overlayer, and present at the ends of the (2×1) strings terminating in steps, show specific reactivity when exposed to ammonia at 375 K resulting in the “decoration” of the steps with imide species while the oxygens within the (2×1) strings remain unreactive.
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  • 65
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Topics in catalysis 5 (1998), S. 133-147 
    ISSN: 1572-9028
    Schlagwort(e): NMR ; catalysis ; high pressure ; dynamic equilibria ; magnetization transfer ; sapphire tube ; gas phase ; kinetics
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract High resolution NMR techniques are applicable to a variety of aspects of catalysis. Methods for studying homogeneously-catalyzed systems under high gas pressure are described along with approaches for obtaining mechanistic and dynamic information. Many of the same techniques may be applied to heterogeneous catalysis by following the reaction chemistry by gas phase NMR.
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  • 66
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Schlagwort(e): alkylbenzene ; toluene ; ethylbenzene ; xylene ; mesitylene ; p‐ethyltoluene ; cumene ; p‐cymene ; oxidation ; palladium ; 1,10‐phenanthroline
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Only the side‐chain oxidation of alkylbenzenes (R–C6H3–R′–R″ R=H, Me, Et, Pri R′=H, Me; and R″=H, Me) by oxygen (35–50 atm, 200)C° is promoted in the presence of [Pd(phen)(OAc)2].
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  • 67
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Catalysis surveys from Japan 2 (1998), S. 31-44 
    ISSN: 1572-8803
    Schlagwort(e): porous heteropoly compounds ; Pt-promoted heteropoly compounds ; shape selectivity ; water-tolerant catalyst ; hydrogenation ; oxidation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract This paper attempts to review recent works on catalysis of porous heteropoly compounds. The salts of heteropolyacids having Keggin structure with large cations like Cs+ are porous materials. For Cs hydrogen salts, the pore width can be controlled by the Cs content. Cs2.5H0.5PW12O40 has the largest amount of protons on the surface among the acidic Cs salts and possesses pores with bimodal distribution in the micro and meso region. Efficient performances were demonstrated for acid-catalyzed reactions such as skeletal isomerization of η-butane in solid-gas system, alkylation and acylation in solid-liquid system, and hydrolysis and hydration in solid-water system. A microporous salt, Cs2.2H0.8PW12O40, exhibited reactant shape selectivity towards direct decomposition of esters. Furthermore, an ultramicroporous bifunctional catalyst, Pt–Cs2.1H0.9PW12O40 of which the pore width is around 5 Å, exhibits reactant shape selectivity for hydrogenation of alkenes and oxidation of hydrocarbons, and product shape selectivity for skeletal isomerization of η-butane.
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  • 68
    ISSN: 1572-9028
    Schlagwort(e): nonlinear temperature behavior ; Eyring plot ; modified Eyring plot ; selectivity ; selection process ; enantioselectivity ; selection level ; isoinversion principle ; isoinversion temperature ; inversion temperature ; kinetics ; catalysis ; asymmetric hydrogenation ; dihydroxylation ; cocyclization
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The influence of the temperature on selectivity is described under special consideration of nonlinearities in the corresponding modified Eyring plots. Reasons for the experimentally well-known behavior are discussed. Furthermore, the conditions for nonlinear temperature behavior are quantified and a concept is described which allows the determination of the temperature dependence of a single reaction pathway in a selection process.
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  • 69
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Topics in catalysis 11-12 (2000), S. 359-367 
    ISSN: 1572-9028
    Schlagwort(e): zeozyme ; encapsulated complexes ; copper acetate ; copper dimers ; enzyme mimic ; EPR of copper ; tyrosinase ; oxidation ; oxygenase ; tyrosine oxidation ; phenol oxidation ; hydroxylation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The oxygenase mimicking activity of copper acetate dimers in the regioselective ortho-hydroxylation of L-tyrosine to L-dopa is enhanced on encapsulation in zeolite Y. The structure and magnetic properties of the catalytic active site were characterized by EPR spectroscopy. The spectra of this “zeozyme” reveal the presence of (1) copper acetate dimers in the supercages and (2) isolated Cu(II) ions in the sodalite cages of the zeolite. There are significant differences in the EPR spectra of the “neat” and encapsulated complexes: on encapsulation in zeolite, the Cu–Cu exchange coupling constant, −, increases to 310 from 259 cm−1 for the “neat” complex (i.e., by about 19.7%). Simultaneously the Cu–Cu separation in the dimer, estimated indirectly from the exchange coupling constant, shortens to 2.40 Å in the encapsulated state from 2.64 Å in the “neat” complex. There is, hence, a relatively greater overlap of the metal orbitals of the dimer copper atoms inside the restricted confines of the zeolite cages. The consequent, enhanced, trans axial lability of the phenolate and dioxygen ligands promotes the catalytic oxygenase activity of copper acetate dimers on encapsulation in zeolites. A causal relationship between changes in the structural features of an active site on encapsulation in the zeolite and the corresponding catalytic activity has, thus, been established.
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  • 70
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Topics in catalysis 1 (1994), S. 305-314 
    ISSN: 1572-9028
    Schlagwort(e): non-Langmuir ; kinetics ; non-linear dynamics ; oscillations ; chaos ; self-organization
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The kinetics of a catalytic reaction is frequently formulated in terms of simple concepts of the Langmuir type. Apart from limitations arising from the non-uniformity of the catalyst's surface and from the coverage dependence of the rate “constants”, several other complications may come into play. These may arise on the “quantum level” where energy flow between the various degrees of freedom may cause failure of simple transition state theory, as well as on the “continuum level” where formulation of rate equations in terms of coupled non-linear differential equations may give rise to a rich scenario of spatio-temporal self-organization, including kinetic oscillations, chaos, and formation of concentration patterns. Several of these phenomena are illustrated by selected examples.
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  • 71
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Topics in catalysis 11-12 (2000), S. 327-333 
    ISSN: 1572-9028
    Schlagwort(e): hydrodenitrogenation ; toluidine ; methylcyclohexylamine ; kinetics ; nickel-promoted molybdenum sulphide
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The hydrodenitrogenation (HDN) of o-toluidine and its reaction intermediates was studied over a NiMo/γ-Al2O3 catalyst. The kinetics of the HDN of methylcyclohexylamine and of the hydrogenation of cyclohexene were also studied. Hydrogenation of o-toluidine alone produces methylcyclohexene and methylcyclohexane. When a sufficient quantity of cyclohexene is added during the HDN of toluidine, methylcyclohexylamine, the first intermediate in the hydrogenation of toluidine, becomes detectable. Because of its strong adsorption constant and high rate constant for reacting further to methylcyclohexene and methylcyclohexane, methylcyclohexylamine is not observed in the HDN of toluidine. Adding cyclohexene decreases the adsorption of methylcyclohexylamine, thus enabling its detection. The rate and adsorption constants of methylcyclohexylamine and cyclohexene in the HDN of methylcyclohexylamine were calculated by fitting the kinetic data to a Langmuir–Hinshelwood equation. A two-site model was used to describe the surface reactions, with one site for the methylcyclohexylamine reactions and the other for the cyclohexene reaction.
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  • 72
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 49 (1993), S. 110-117 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Schlagwort(e): Polymerization ; sickle hemoglobin ; sickle cell disease ; kinetics ; thermodynamics ; polymer domains ; nucleation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract The polymerization of sickle hemoglobin occurs by the same mechanisms in solutions and in cells, and involves the formation of 14 stranded fibers from hemoglobin molecules which have assumed a deoxy quaternary structure. The fibers form via two types of highly concentration-dependent nucleation processes: homogeneous nucleation in solutions with hemoglobin activity above a critical activity, and heterogeneous nucleation in similarly supersaturated solutions which also contain hemoglobin polymers. The latter pathway is dominant, and creates polymer arrays called domains. The individual polymers bend, but also cross-link, and the resulting mass behaves as a solid. The concentration of polymerized hemoglobin increases exponentially unless clamped by rate limiting effects such as oxygen delivery.
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  • 73
    ISSN: 1572-8757
    Schlagwort(e): micropore size distribution ; activated carbon ; adsorption ; desorption ; equilibrium ; kinetics
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Abstract This paper deals with the prediction of adsorption equilibrium and kinetics of hydrocarbons onto activated carbon samples having different micropore size distribution (MPSD). The microporous structure of activated carbon is characterised by the distribution of slit-shaped micropores, which is assumed to be the sole source of surface heterogeneity. The interaction between adsorbate molecule and pore walls is described by the Lennard-Jones potential theory. Different adsorbates have access to different pore size range of activated carbon due to the size exclusion, a phenomenon could have a significant influence on both multicomponent equilibria and kinetics. Activated carbons with three different MPSDs are studied with ethane and propane as the two model adsorbates. The Heterogeneous Macropore Surface Diffusion model (HMSD) is employed to simulate adsorption kinetics. The simulation results show that the MPSD is an important factor affecting both the multicomponent equilibria and kinetics.
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  • 74
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Adsorption 6 (2000), S. 349-357 
    ISSN: 1572-8757
    Schlagwort(e): sulfadiazene ; adsorption ; kinetics
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Abstract To investigate the nature of interactive forces between sulfadiazene molecules and alumina surface the experiments were performed for the adsorption of sulfadiazene (SD) from its aqueous sulution onto the alumina surfaces at 25 ± 0.2°C and the influence of factors such as increasing concentration of SD (4.0–20.0 × 10−3 mol cm−3), the time required for adsorption equilibrium, pH (2.0–12.0) and temperature (5–45°C) of the adsorption medium, the presence of ions like Cl−, SO2− 4 and PO3− 4 (0.01–0.30 M) and organic solvents (5% v/v) were observed on the course of adsorption of SD. Various adsorption and kinetic parameters such as adsorption coefficient, the rate constants for adsorption and desorption were also evaluated. The results of the above cited studies facilitated to formulate the mechanisms of interaction between SD and alumina surfaces. From application view point the present work may be a potential tool for an effective chromatographic separation of sulfa drugs from industrial effluents.
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  • 75
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Schlagwort(e): Propane ; butane ; alkane ; oxidation ; dehydrogenation ; vanadates ; cation reduction potential ; oxide structure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The oxidative dehydrogenation of butane over a series of orthovanadates of cations of different reduction potentials showed a correlation that the selectivity for dehydrogenation decreased with increasing ease of reduction of the cation. The highest selectivity was observed on Mg orthovanadate. Mg pyrovanadate was nonselective for butane oxidation, but was as selective as Mg orthovanadate in propane oxidation. These results were interpreted by the different structures of the two Mg vanadates.
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  • 76
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Catalysis letters 16 (1992), S. 217-221 
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Schlagwort(e): Methane ; ethane ; methanol ; ethanol ; ozone ; oxygen atom ; oxidation ; sensitization
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The reaction of O2, O3, and CH4 or C2H6 of 7.76, 0.24 and 92% of the hydrocarbon respectively (residence time of 8.8 min) at 1 atm, and 400 °C for CH4 and 300 °C for C2H6 gave CO, CO2, H2O, CH2O and CH3OH from CH4 and in addition CH4, C2H4, CH3CHO and C2H5OH from C2H6. No reaction occurred when O3 was absent indicating that the partial oxidation was sensitized (initiated) by the oxygen atoms formed by the decomposition of ozone.
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  • 77
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Schlagwort(e): propane ; oxidation ; platinum ; palladium ; sulfur dioxide ; alumina ; zirconia ; activity ; acidity ; kinetics
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Earlier studies have shown that sulfur dioxide and metal-support interaction can strongly influence propane oxidation over platinum. In particular, oxidation activity is enhanced when platinum is supported on sulfated γ-alumina or zirconia compared to γ-alumina. Therefore, it is of interest to compare the performance of palladium under the same experimental conditions. Four model catalysts were examined: Pt/γ-alumina, Pt/zirconia, Pd/γ-alumina and Pd/zirconia. The metal loading was kept at or below 0.05 wt% to emphasize changes in activity attributable to metal-support interaction. Reaction rates were measured with and without sulfur dioxide. Surface sulfation was analyzed by measuring acid strength and evaluating spectra obtained by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. In contrast to platinum, sulfation does not promote propane oxidation on Pd/γ-alumina, and Pd/zirconia is less active than Pd/γ-alumina.
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  • 78
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Catalysis letters 30 (1994), S. 269-277 
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Schlagwort(e): aqueous ethanol ; multiple steady-state ; oxidation ; platinum
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The selective oxidation of aqueous ethanol by dioxygen over a platinum on carbon catalyst was investigated in a three-phase continuously stirred tank reactor at a total pressure of 600 kPa, a temperature of 323 K, a pH of 8.4, and a catalyst concentration of 2.3 kg m−3. Multiple steady-states were obtained by systematic changes in the start-up procedure and variation of the feed concentration of ethanol and partial oxygen pressure in the reactor. The ethanol feed concentration was varied from 100 to 2500 mol m−3 and the partial oxygen pressure from 8 to 120 kPa. On the time scale of the experiments, i.e. 21 ks, two steady-states of the net disappearance rate of ethanol are observed in the ethanol feed concentration range from 500 to 2500 mol m−3 at a partial oxygen pressure of 58 kPa and in the range of partial pressure of oxygen from 8 to 120 kPa at an ethanol feed concentration of 500 mol m−3. Three steady-states are observed in the feed ethanol concentration range from 200 to 400 mol m−3 and a partial oxygen pressure of 58 kPa.
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  • 79
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Schlagwort(e): TiO2 ; heterogeneous photocatalysis ; oxidation ; substituted toluenes ; zeolites
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Photocatalytic oxidation of substituted toluenes was investigated on irradiated TiO2 and TiO2 combined with HY15 and HY20 zeolites. In all cases the oxidation occurred in the first step exclusively on either one substituent or the other, but never on both simultaneously. In the presence of a zeolite, photooxidation conversion was higher than that obtained without zeolite.
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  • 80
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Schlagwort(e): Fischer-Tropsch synthesis ; cobalt catalysts ; deactivation ; oxidation ; reduction ; promoters ; rhenium
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The influence of water on alumina-supported cobalt catalysts has been studied. The deactivation of supported Co catalysts was studied in a fixed-bed reactor using synthesis gas feeds containing different concentrations of water vapour. Supporting model studies were carried out using H2O/H2 feeds in conjunction with XPS and gravimetry. Rapid deactivation occurs on Re-promoted CO/Al2O3 catalysts when H2/CO/H2O feeds are used, whereas unpromoted CO/Al2O3 shows more stable activity. The results from the gravimetric studies suggest that only a small fraction of the bulk cobalt metal initially present reoxidizes to cobalt oxide during reaction. However, the XPS results indicate significant reoxidation of surface cobalt atoms or highly dispersed cobalt phases, which is likely to be the cause of the observed deactivation. Rhenium is shown to have a marked effect on the extent of reoxidation of alumina-supported cobalt catalysts.
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  • 81
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Schlagwort(e): perovskite ; La1−xSrxFeO3−δ ; dehydrogenation ; oxidation ; ethane
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Catalysts of the composition La1−xSrxFeO3−δ, 0⩽x ⩽1, have been tested for the oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane in the temperature range 300–800°C. The catalyst is active above 400°C, giving a maximum yield of 37% ethylene at 650°C. Above 650°C, synthesis gas was formed together with methane, suggesting that the reforming reaction and thermal cracking of ethane took place. The catalytic data are compared to conductivity measurements on the same material, and a good correlation between the activity and p-type conductivity has been found. In the phase diagram for the system LaFeO3-SrFeO3−δ, a phase separation to two types of (La, Sr)FeO3−δ perovskites was observed in the La/Sr binary composition in the temperature range below 800°C. The phase separation can elucidate the dependency of the catalytic activity on its p-type conductivity.
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  • 82
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
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    Catalysis letters 39 (1996), S. 205-208 
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Schlagwort(e): oxidation ; hydroxyapatite ; carbon monoxide ; inhibition ; tetrachloromethane
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The introduction of tetrachloromethane (TCM) into the feedstream of CO and O2 inhibits the formation of CO2 on hydroxyapatite. TCM interacts with the surface of hydroxyapatite to form its chlorinated analogue, chlorapatite, which suppresses the oxidation of CO to CO2. Thus, in the oxidative coupling of methane the beneficial effects of the addition of TCM to the feedstream result, at least in part, from the suppression of the further oxidation of CO.
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  • 83
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Schlagwort(e): Cl-modified Ag(111) ; oxidation ; phonons ; ethylene adsorption
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Oxidation of Cl-modified Ag(111) under UHV conditions was investigated using AES, ISS and HREELS. The results showed that Cl-modified Ag(111) can be easily oxidized at 550 K by 1 × 10−6 mbar oxygen which was also heated to 550 K. With HREELS two fundamental vibrations at 600 and 1000 cm−1 were detected for silver oxide and the multiple losses and combination excitations as well. Ethylene adsorption on the oxide was analyzed by HREELS. Surface hydroxyl species was formed at 230 K and stable to above 300 K, which is attributed to silver oxide. Ethylidyne was suggested to form concurrently with hydroxyl species.
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  • 84
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
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    Catalysis letters 28 (1994), S. 53-59 
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Schlagwort(e): coke ; zeolites ; catalyst regeneration ; oxidation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The same effect of temperature on the production of CO, CO2 and H2O was found during oxidative treatment of HY zeolites either impregnated with pyrene or coked. Therefore, pyrene oxidation can be used to specify the mechanism of coke oxidation. Three types of reactions can be distinguished: (a) condensation of polyaromatic molecules, (b) oxidation of polyaromatics into aldehydes, ketones, acids and anhydrides and (c) decarbonylation or decarboxylation of oxygenated compounds, all these reactions involving protonic sites.
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  • 85
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
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    Catalysis letters 55 (1998), S. 141-145 
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Schlagwort(e): platinum ; EXAFS ; catalysis ; catalyst deactivation ; oxidation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract With a new set‐up for in situ EXAFS spectroscopy the state of a carbon‐supported platinum catalyst during aqueous alcohol oxidation has been observed. The catalyst deactivation during platinum‐catalysed cyclohexanol oxidation is caused by platinum surface oxide formation. The detected Pt–O co‐ordination at 2.10 Å during exposure to nitrogen‐saturated cyclohexanol solution is different from what is observed for the pure oxidised platinum surface (2.06 Å).
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  • 86
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Schlagwort(e): catalysis ; combustion ; oxidation ; formic acid ; STM ; molecular beams ; surface diffusion ; surface reactivity ; active sites ; reconstruction
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Using a combination of STM and molecular beam reactor data we summarise some important features of a model reaction (formic acid oxidation on Cu(110)) which is of general significance to surface reactivity and to catalysis. Three such features are highlighted here. The first concerns the role of weakly held species (possibly physisorbed) in surface reactions. These species, although of very short lifetime on the surface, can, nevertheless, diffuse over long distances to “find” a sparse distribution of active sites. Thus a very low coverage of oxygen on the surface of Cu(110) increases the sticking probability of all the formic acid molecules which strike the surface to high value (0.82), even though the clean surface is relatively unreactive. The important concept here is the “diffusion circle” or “collection zone” which represents the area of surface visited by the molecule in its short sojourn in the weakly held state. The second theme concerns the concept of the “flexible surface”. We show that the involvement of surface atoms in reactions directs the structure and reactivity for a particular reaction. For formic acid oxidation the liberation of Cu atoms during the removal of oxygen as water leads to gross restructuring of the surface and can lead to “compression” of one reactant (the oxygen in this case) into a lower area, higher local coverage, unreactive state (the c(6×2) oxygen structure). Thirdly, and finally, it is proposed that, for many surface reactions, the surface acts in an analogous way to a solvent, supporting a “dissolved” (highly mobile and fluxional) phase of intermediates at low coverage, which crystallise out above a critical coverage (the 2D “solubility limit”).
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  • 87
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
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    Catalysis letters 57 (1999), S. 109-113 
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Schlagwort(e): superacid ; zirconia ; molybdenum oxide ; methane ; oxidation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract A series of zirconia-supported molybdenum oxide catalysts with different molybdenum loadings prepared using conditions reported to generate “superacidity” have been evaluated for their performance as catalysts for methane oxidation. A marked dependence of Mo content on activity has been observed, with the most active material being that with intermediate molybdenum content. 5 wt% MoO3/ZrO2 compares favourably with ZrxCe1-xO2 for methane combustion. The presence of MoO3 is observed to stabilise the tetragonal polymorph of ZrO2 and, as Mo content is increased, dispersed MoO3 crystallites are formed as evidenced by Raman spectroscopy. Temperature-programmed reduction studies evidence differences in the reduction behaviour of the materials as a function of loading. The results indicate that molybdenum oxide supported on monoclinic zirconia gives rise to the most active catalyst. It is tentatively suggested that the formation of a MoO3 monolayer during reaction may be of importance.
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  • 88
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
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    Catalysis letters 6 (1990), S. 181-186 
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Schlagwort(e): Metals for catalysis “syngas” ; oxidation ; nickel ; platinum group metals
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Partial oxidation of methane to synthesis gas has been carried out over a number of transition metal catalysts under a range of conditions. It is found that the metals Ni, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ir and Pt, either supported on alumina or present in mixed metal oxide precursors, will bring the system to equilibrium. The yield of CO and H2 improves with increasing temperature in the range 650–1050 K, and decreases with increasing pressure between 1 and 20 atm. An excellent yield (∼92%) is obtained with a 4∶2∶1 N2∶CH4∶O2 ratio at 1050 K and atmospheric pressure, with a space velocity of 4×104 hour−1.
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  • 89
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Catalysis letters 60 (1999), S. 51-57 
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Schlagwort(e): furfural hydrogenation ; Cu/carbon catalysts ; kinetics
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Furfural hydrogenation over copper dispersed on three forms of carbon – activated carbon, diamond and graphitized fibers – were studied. Only hydrogenation of the C=O bond to form either furfuryl alcohol or 2‐methyl furan occurred at temperatures from 473 to 573 K. Reduction at 573 K gave the most active catalysts, all three catalysts had activation energies of 16 kcal/mol, and turnover frequencies were 0.018–0.032 s-1 based on the number of Cu0 + Cu+ sites, which were counted by N2O adsorption at 363 K and CO adsorption at 300 K, respectively. The Cu/activated carbon catalyst showed no deactivation during 10 h on stream, in contrast to the other two catalysts. A simple Langmuir–Hinshelwood model invoking two types of sites was able to fit all kinetic data quite satisfactorily, thus it was consistent with the presence of both Cu0 and Cu+ sites.
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  • 90
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Catalysis letters 60 (1999), S. 167-171 
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Schlagwort(e): ammonia decomposition ; iron catalyst ; kinetics
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The decomposition of ammonia is a reaction associated with the process of the nitriding of metals. The kinetics of the ammonia decomposition on iron catalysts has been studied using a differential reactor with internal mixing. The balance between the inlet and outlet ammonia quantity has been used to determine the degree of conversion. The rate of ammonia decomposition could be described by the following expression: r = k0 exp (Ea/RT)pNH3. The activation energy of the ammonia decomposition process has been found for samples with potassium as E a= 96 kJ/mol, for samples without potassium as E a= 87 kJ/mol.
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  • 91
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Catalysis letters 64 (2000), S. 113-118 
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Schlagwort(e): X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) ; scanning electron microscopy (SEM) ; silver ; oxidation ; surface chemical reaction ; NO ; NO x
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The behavior of a AgNO3/Ag2O/Ag “sandwich” upon heating in vacuum was studied by in situ X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and ex situ scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The AgNO3/Ag2O/Ag “sandwich” was prepared by exposure of a silver foil to a NO : O2 mixture. The upper layer of the “sandwich” consists of AgNO3 crystals of a mean size between 0.1 and 0.4 μm. Heating at 550 K in vacuum results in melting of the AgNO3 crystals. A liquid film of AgNO3, readily wetting the silver, covers the surface. Cooling below the melting point of AgNO3 leads to the agglomeration of silver nitrate to long islands with a size reaching a few tens of micrometers (μm). The possible effects of AgNO3 liquid‐phase formation on surface processes are discussed.
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  • 92
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Schlagwort(e): chlorinated hydrocarbons ; chromia ; titania ; alumina ; CVOCs ; oxidation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The oxidation of perchloroethylene (PCE) was investigated over chromium oxide catalysts supported on TiO2, Al2O3, SiO2, SiO2–Al2O3 and activated carbon. The phase of chromium oxide on the catalyst surface is critical for the oxidation of PCE. The catalytic activity of PCE removal enhances as the formation of Cr(VI) species on the catalyst surface increases. The surface area and the type of the catalyst supports were also essential for high performance in the PCE oxidation. In addition, the structure of Cr(VI) on the catalyst surface also plays an important role for the decomposition of PCE. The polymerized Cr(VI) mainly formed by the interaction of metals with the support is the active reaction site for the present reaction system. CrOx/TiO2 reveals the strongest PCE removal activity among the catalysts examined in the present study.
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  • 93
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
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    Catalysis letters 64 (2000), S. 65-75 
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Schlagwort(e): NO reduction ; CH3OH ; La2O3 ; methyl nitrite ; kinetics
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Nitric oxide (NO) reduction by methanol was studied over La2O3 in the presence and absence of oxygen. In the absence of O2, CH3OH reduced NO to both N2O and N2, with selectivity to dinitrogen formation decreasing from around 85% at 623 K to 50–70% at 723 K. With 1% O2 in the feed, rates were 4–8 times higher, but the selectivity to N2 dropped from 50% at 623 K to 10% at 723 K. The specific activities with La2O3 for this reaction were higher than those for other reductants; for example, at 773 K with hydrogen a specific activity of 35 μmol NO/s m2 was obtained whereas that for methanol was 600 μmol NO/s m2. The Arrhenius plots were linear under differential reaction conditions, and the apparent activation energy was consistently near 14 kcal/mol with CH3OH. Linear partial pressure dependencies based on a power rate law were obtained and showed a near‐zero order in CH3OH and a near‐first order in H2. In the absence of O2, a Langmuir–Hinshelwood type model assuming a surface reaction between adsorbed CH3OH and adsorbed NO as the slow step satisfactorily fitted the data, and the model invoking two types of sites provided the best fit and gave thermodynamically consistent rate constants. In the presence of O2 a homogeneous gas‐phase reaction between O2, NO, and CH3OH occurred to yield methyl nitrite. This reaction converted more than 30% of the methanol at 300 K and continued to occur up to temperatures where methanol was fully oxidized. Quantitative kinetic studies of the heterogeneous reaction with O2 present were significantly complicated by this homogeneous reaction.
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  • 94
    ISSN: 1572-8757
    Schlagwort(e): kinetics ; isotope-exchange ; nitrogen ; adsorption ; methane ; zeolite ; equilibria
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Abstract The Isotope Exchange Technique (IET) was used to simultaneously measure pure and binary gas adsorption equilibria and kinetics (self-diffusivities) of CH4 and N2 on pelletized 4A zeolite. The experiment was carried out isothermally without disturbing the adsorbed phase. CH4 was selectively adsorbed over N2 by the zeolite because of its higher polarizability. The multi-site Langmuir model described the pure gas and binary adsorption equilibria fairly well at three different temperatures. The selectivity of adsorption of CH4 over N2 increased with increasing pressure at constant gas phase composition and temperature. This curious behavior was caused by the differences in the sizes of the adsorbates. The diffusion of CH4 and N2 into the zeolite was an activated process and the Fickian diffusion model described the uptake of both pure gases and their mixtures. The self-diffusivity of N2 was an order of magnitude larger than that for CH4. The pure gas self-diffusivities for both components were constants over a large range of surface coverages (0 〈 θ 〈 0.5). The self-diffusivities of CH4 and N2 from their binary mixtures were not affected by the presence of each other, compared to their pure gas self-diffusivities at identical surface coverages.
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  • 95
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
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    Catalysis letters 11 (1991), S. 183-190 
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Schlagwort(e): Three-way catalysts ; sulphur dioxide ; poisoning ; promotion ; oxidation ; steam reforming
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Over current Pt-Rh/CeO2-Al2O3 catalysts, the conversion of alkanes occurs by two principal mechanisms: direct oxidation (HC + O2) and steam reforming (HC+H2O). Sulphur dioxide can influence both these mechanisms. Direct oxidation, which predominates when the exhaust-gas is fuel-lean, ispromoted by the adsorption of SOx species by the support. Under fuel-rich atmospheres, the presence of SO2 severelyinhibits steam reforming. The poisoning is associated with the formation of S2− on the platinum and of SO 4 2− on the support, but there is no indication of S-species being retained by the rhodium. It is proposed that each of the two mechanisms is sensitive to a different type of interaction at the metal-support interface. Direct oxidation is enhanced by the transfer of electrons from the precious metal to the support; steam reforming occurs at interfacial sites, which can be blocked by adsorbed SOx species.
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  • 96
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
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    BioMetals 10 (1997), S. 23-26 
    ISSN: 1572-8773
    Schlagwort(e): aromatic donor molecules ; horseradish peroxidase ; kinetics ; lactoperoxidase
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Based on kinetic evidence, it has been shown for the first time that the mode of binding of aromatic donor molecules is similar in horseradish peroxidase and lactoperoxidase; also that the nature of the heme plays an important role in the reaction with hydrogen peroxide, and has no effect on the reaction of the intermediate compound II with aromatic substrates.
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  • 97
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
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    Catalysis letters 31 (1995), S. 431-438 
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Schlagwort(e): partial hydrogenation of benzene ; production of cyclohexene ; kinetics ; reaction mechanism ; ruthenium catalyst
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract A method has been developed for direct measurement of reaction rates in a continuously operated slurry (CST-) reactor. In contrast to the usual procedure in a two-liquid-phase system the reactor contains only one liquid phase, an aqueous zinc chloride solution in which a ruthenium lanthanoxide catalyst is suspended. The selectivity of benzene hydrogenation with respect to cyclohexene is higher when the new one-liquid-phase procedure is applied. With decreasing degree of benzene conversion the selectivity with respect to cyclohexene approaches 100%. The conclusion is that cyclohexane is formed only by consecutive hydrogenation of cyclohexene.
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  • 98
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
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    Catalysis letters 37 (1996), S. 79-87 
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Schlagwort(e): methanol ; oxidation ; copper ; electron spectroscopy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The role of preadsorbed oxygen present at Cu(111), Cu(110) and polycrystalline surfaces in the oxidation of methanol has been investigated by X-ray and electron energy loss spectroscopies. In addition to the well established formation of methoxy species and its subsequent decomposition and desorption as formaldehyde, a second reaction pathway to surface formate is present. The latter is temperature dependent being undetectable at 260 K at a polycrystalline surface but occurs at a significant rate at 295 K and above. The limitations of experimental data for methanol oxidation by temperature programmed desorption and molecular beam techniques are discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 99
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Catalysis letters 37 (1996), S. 181-185 
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Schlagwort(e): synergistic effect ; carbon monoxide ; oxidation ; mixed oxides ; iron oxide ; tin oxide ; manganese oxide
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Based on the comparative evaluation of the catalytic activity of Fe2O3, Mn2O3 and SnO2 and their mixed oxides (Fe2O3+SnO2) and (Mn2O3+SnO2), it is shown that the system (Mn2O3+SnO2) shows strong synergistic effects during CO oxidation reaction. Such effects are not observed for the analogous system (Fe2O3+SnO2). Based on the calcination and reduction behaviour of these two mixed oxide systems and the redox potentials of the involved cations, the possible reasons for the observance of synergistic effects for the (Mn2O3+SnO2) system are discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 100
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Catalysis letters 39 (1996), S. 67-71 
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Schlagwort(e): non-uniform surface ; kinetics ; ethanol ; oxidation ; molybdenum oxide
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Temkin's theory of rates of catalytic reactions on non-uniform surfaces is extended to the MoO3-catalyzed oxidation of ethanol to acetaldehyde. Two types of sites are assumed to be present, an oxygen atom site that can be modeled with uniform properties and a metal atom site characterized by non-uniform properties both for ethanol chemisorption to an ethoxide intermediate and the conversion of this intermediate to acetaldehyde. The rate-limiting step is the cleavage of a C-H bond in the absorbed ethoxide intermediate. Non-uniform surface kinetics leads to a kinetic rate expression of the form $$v = kP_{C_2 H_5 OH}^{1 - m} P_{O_2 }^{(1 - m)/4} P_{H_2 O}^{ - (1 - m)/2} $$ . Such a rate expression, withm=0.14, is shown to provide a good fit to kinetic data for the selective oxidation of ethanol on a silica supported molybdenum oxide catalyst.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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