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  • Electron microscopy  (378)
  • Scanning electron microscopy  (77)
  • Springer  (455)
  • Irkutsk : Ross. Akad. Nauk, Sibirskoe Otd., Inst. Zemnoj Kory
  • Krefeld : Geologischer Dienst Nordhein-Westfalen
  • Wiley
  • 2005-2009
  • 1975-1979  (455)
Collection
Keywords
Publisher
  • Springer  (455)
  • Irkutsk : Ross. Akad. Nauk, Sibirskoe Otd., Inst. Zemnoj Kory
  • Krefeld : Geologischer Dienst Nordhein-Westfalen
  • Wiley
  • Society for Neuroscience  (1)
Years
Year
  • 101
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sequential differentiation of intestinal endocrine cells in the fetal mouse (1978)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 192 (1978), S. 267-276 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Endocrine glands ; Mouse small intestine ; Mouse embryo ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The duodenum and ileum of 15 to 18-day old Swiss ICR mouse embryos were studied with the electron microscope to follow the differentiation of endocrine cells. Endocrine cells were classified on purely morphological characteristics. EC cells appeared at 16 days of gestation in both segments. At the same stage G cells were seen in the duodenum and K cells in the ileum. ECL, and S cells were identified in the duodenum at 17 days. Finally, D cells were seen at 18 days of gestation in the duodenum and ileum. With the electron microscope, endocrine cells were not identified in the small intestine of the mouse before the formation of villi.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00220744
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  • 102
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The myelination of the cerebellar cortex in the cat (1978)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 188 (1978), S. 509-520 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cerebellar cortex (Cat) ; Postnatal development ; Myelination of efferent and afferent fiber systems ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The myelination of the cerebellar cortex of the cat was investigated in 61 cats aged from 3 hrs post partum to two and a half years. The first myelinated fibers appear at the time of birth in the central medullary ray. Before the onset of myelination, all fibers reach a critical diameter of about 1 μm. About the 14th day of life the number of oligodendrocytes in the prospective white matter increases markedly. Thereafter, the oligodendrocytes invade the inner granular layer. It therefore seems that the myelination of the cerebellar cortex proceeds from the central medullary ray towards the granular layer. At the 60th day of postnatal life, most of the afferent and efferent fiber systems are myelinated. These findings are discussed in relation to the development of function and the maturation of the electrical activity of the cerebellar circuit.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00219788
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  • 103
    Electronic Resource
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    The interstitial cells in the renal medulla of rat, rabbit, and gerbil in different states of diuresis (1978)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 189 (1978), S. 1-18 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Kidney medulla ; Rat, rabbit, gerbil ; Interstitial cells ; Lipid droplets ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The inner zone of the renal medulla of rats, gerbils, and rabbits was investigated to determine whether or not there are any characteristic ultrastructural differences between the interstitial cells of these species. The effects on the interstitial cells of water deprivation and water loading were also investigated. In all three species, the Type 1 interstitial cells, the lipid containing cells, were abundant and their distribution and topographical relations as well as their general ultrastructure were similar. The previously reported significantly higher frequency in desert rats could not be confirmed. Although the lipid droplets of the interstitial cells were smaller in gerbils and rabbits when compared to rats, their fine structure was similar. Their electron dense outer zone was sometimes associated with a granular material and/or a lamellar material with a periodicity of about 40 Å resembling phospholipid “myelin figures”. Water-loaded rats showed a considerable increase in the number of lipid droplets when compared to dehydrated or untreated animals. In contrast, the interstitial cells of waterloaded gerbils and rabbits were depleted of lipid droplets.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00223117
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  • 104
    Electronic Resource
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    Chrysosphaerella (Pseudochrysosphaerella)solitaria, spec. nova (Chrysophyceae) (1978)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 129 (1978), S. 135-142 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Algae ; Chrysophyceae ; Chrysosphaerella solitaria ; Electron microscopy ; phytoplankton
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A new unicellular species of the genusChrysosphaerella (Chrysophyceae) was found in fresh-water ponds in Switzerland, Japan, and the U.S.A. It is described asC. solitaria. The genus is divided into two subgenera:Chrysosphaerella, comprising the colonial species, andPseudochrysosphaerella, the unicellular ones.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00988987
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  • 105
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fine structure and metabolic adaptation of red and white muscles in tuna (1978)
    Springer
    Environmental biology of fishes 3 (1978), S. 185-191 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: Euthynnus affinis ; Electron microscopy ; Kawakawa tuna ; Red fibres ; White fibres ; Muscle size ; Activity ; Thermogenesis ; Thermal inertia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Synopsis An electron microscopic study of the red and white muscle fibres in the trunk musculature of the Kawakawa tuna (Euthynnus affinis) was carried out with a view to correlating their structure with metabolic adaptation. The red fibres which are considerably smaller in diameter (34.58 μm ± 6.16 S.D.) are characterized by their high content of myoglobin, mitochondria, lipid droplets and glycogen granules. The white fibres which are relatively larger in diameter (66.03 μm ± 11.59 S.D.) are characterized by their lack of myoglobin, low mitochondria) density, high content of glycogen granules and the conspicuous absence of lipid droplets. The characteristics in fine structure of the two fibre types are discussed in the light of their metabolic adaptation, the red fibres as being adapted for long term cruising movement utilizing lipid as the main source of energy and the white fibres for short bursts of activity metabolizing glycogen as the chief fuel. The tuna, with the acquisition of the counter-current heat exchange system which provides for the retention of the heat generated from high substrate oxidation in the red muscle and an efficient respiratory system, it is postulated, is well adapted for high speed sustained swimming.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00691942
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  • 106
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    Electronic Resource
    Role of zinc and calcium in the formation and storage of insulin in the pancreatic β-cell (1978)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 188 (1978), S. 107-118 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pancreatic β-cells (mouse) ; Formation and storage of insulin ; Role of zinc and calcium ; Culture of islets ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. The effects of culture of isolated mouse islets of Langerhans for up to 9 days in media which had been depleted of zinc electrochemically or with the chelating agent Tris-(2-aminoethyl) amine, or of calcium, have been compared. 2. An 83% reduction of extracellular zinc concentration did not adversely affect proinsulin biosynthesis, conversion of proinsulin to insulin, or the ability of cells to store newly formed insulin in granules. When incubation media were depleted of both zinc and calcium the β-cells produced abnormally large electron-lucent granules, consistent with the failure of insulin to crystallise within the granule sac. 3. Very similar results, with formation of large electron lucent granules, were obtained after culture of islets in the absence of calcium but in the presence of normal concentrations of zinc. 4. It is suggested that zinc may play a less critical role in the biosynthesis of proinsulin and its conversion to insulin, while calcium may have a more important function in insulin storage, than has sometimes previously been supposed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00220518
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  • 107
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    Discocilia—A new type of kinocilia in the larvae of Lanice conchilega (Polychaeta, Terebellomorpha) (1978)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 187 (1978), S. 271-280 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Kinocilia ; Discocilia ; Lanice conchilega ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Ein modifizierter Typ von Kinocilien wurde bei der Aulophoralarve des sedentären Polychäten Lanice conchilega gefunden. Für ihn wird die Bezeichnung „Discocilium” vorgeschlagen. Der einzige strukturelle Unterschied zu konventionellen Kinocilien besteht in der Ausbildung eines Köpfchens. Dieses Köpfchen wird vom distalen Ende des Cilienschaftes gebildet, der zu einer Öse gebogen ist, die von der Cilienmembran überzogen wird. Drei Haupttypen von Discocilien können unterschieden werden: a, Cilien mit geradem Axonem, deren Köpfchen durch eine Anschwellung der Membran entstehen, b, Cilien mit Köpfchen mit seitlichem gebogenem Axonem, c, Cilien, in denen das Axonem eine geschlossene Öse bildet. Die Discocilien sind nach dem verbreiteten 9+2 Filamentmuster aufgebaut. Ihr Köpfchen enthält keine Sekrete, es erscheint elektronenoptisch leer. Aufgrund ihrer Anordnung können zwei Typen von Discocilien unterschieden werden, nämlich isolierte Büschel, besonders am Vorderende, und segmentai angeordnete Cilienreihen. Ein möglicher Bildungsmodus der Discocilien wird beschrieben.
    Notes: Summary A modified type of kinocilia has been found in the Aulophora-larva of the sedentarian polychaete Lanice conchilega. For this newly described cilium type the term “discocilium” is proposed. The only structural difference from usual locomotory cilia is the tip, which possesses a discoidal head. The head is formed from the terminal part of the cilium shaft, which is bent to give rise to a loop-like ring covered by the ciliary membrane. Three types of discocilia can be distinguished: a) discocilia having swollen, bulblike heads with a central straight axoneme; b) discocilia having heads with a curved lateral axoneme and c) discocilia in which the axoneme forms a loop. The internal structure shows the usual 9+2 arrangement of the filaments. The head shows no signs of secretion; it appears structureless in electron microscopical examination. There are two kinds of discocilia arrangements: 1) isolated bunches of cilia especially at the tentacles and in the frontal region, and 2) segmental dorsal rows of cilia. The possible formation of discocilia is described.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00224370
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  • 108
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    Penetration of spermatozoon into the ovum and transformation of the sperm nucleus into the male pronucleus in the domestic fowl, Gallus gallus (1978)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 190 (1978), S. 89-98 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Fertilization ; Membrane fusion ; Male pronucleus ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The apex of the sperm head which has undergone the acrosome reaction comes in contact with the plasma membrane of the ovum. After the entire surface of the inner acrosomal membrane has come into close contact with the plasma membrane of the ovum, the two membranes fuse to form a continuous membrane. All parts of the spermatozoon that are devoid of plasma membrane penetrate into the ooplasm. As the head of the spermatozoon moves deeper into the ooplasm, the chromatin begins to disperse, and the head of spermatozoon is transformed into a large spherical nucleus with low electron density. At a later stage of the transformation, many small vesicles appear around the nucleus and subsequently fuse to form two continuous membranes. These membranes represent the male pronuclear envelope. The condensation of the chromatin occurs in places in the nucleus, so that the male pronucleus is formed. During the course of the formation of the male pronucleus, the subacrosomal rod and tail become detached from the head and disintegrate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00210039
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  • 109
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    On the ampullary organs of the South-American paddle-fish Sorubim lima (Siluroidea, Pimelodidae) (1978)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 190 (1978), S. 357-369 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ampullary organs ; Siluroidea ; Sensory cells ; Synaptic junctions ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ampullary organs were found in the epidermis of the paddle-fish Sorubim lima; they are distributed all over the skin surface of the fish but are particularly densely grouped in the head region and on the dorsal surface of the paddle. Histological and electron microscopical observations show that their structure is similar to the type of cutaneous ampullary organs characteristic of other Siluroidea. Composed of a relatively large mucus-filled ampulla, the organ possesses a short and narrow canal which leads to the outer epidermal surface. The wall of the ampulla is formed of several layers of flat epidermal cells. In general four sensory cells, each one surrounded by supporting cells, compose the sensory epithelium at the bottom of the ampulla. The inner surface of the sensory cells in contact with the ampullary mucus bears only microvilli. The contact between the nerve endings and the sensory cells show the characteristic structure of an afferent neuro-sensory junction. Two ampullae are innervated in some cases by the same afferent nerve fibre.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00218181
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  • 110
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    The ultrastructure of the male and female prostate of Praomys (Mastomys) natalensis (1978)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 190 (1978), S. 539-552 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Prostate ; Praomys natalensis ; Castration ; Changes ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Male ventral and female prostates of Praomys (Mastomys) natalensis were examined with the electron microscope. The findings support and add to information obtained with the light microscope on tissues from normal, castrated and ovariectomised animals. Our results indicate that although the female prostate may be considered a homologue of the male ventral prostate anatomically and histologically, there are differences in sub-cellular morphology and hormone dependence. Cells of the intact ventral prostate of the male are characterised by prominent dilated Golgi vesicles and electron-dense “mature secretory granules” seen in the apical region of the cell. In the cells of the female prostate these features are absent. These morphological differences reflect the influence of hormones upon the cells, as shown by the reduction of the dilated Golgi vesicles in the castrated male and conversely, their occasional presence in the cells of the oestrous female. Comparison of castrated and ovariectomised animals shows that the male ventral prostate is much more dependent on androgens than the female is on ovarian hormones. There are several modes of secretion in the male ventral and the female prostate. These are by acellular and cellular blebbing, by a variety of secretory vesicles into the acinar lumina, and by a system of “double walled” vesicles not previously described.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00219563
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  • 111
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    On the chromaffin cells in dog adrenal medulla; with special reference to the small granule chromaffin cells (SGC cells) (1978)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 191 (1978), S. 1-14 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adrenal medulla ; Dog ; SGC cell ; Histochemistry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Small granule chromaffin cells (SGC cells) were identified in the adrenal medulla of adult dogs. They were small in size and usually showed a high nucleo-cytoplasmic ratio. Cytoplasmic projections were occasionally observed in some of these cells. They contained a variable number of small secretory granules with diameters ranging from 70 to 300 nm, but mostly from 100 to 200 nm. The densities of the secretory granules were variable, ranging from highly dense to less dense. These adrenal SGC cells were rich in free ribosomes and polysomes, but were relatively poor in other cell organelles. Chromaffin cells which were intermediate in their characteristics (IM cells) between the SGC cells and the typical A and N cells were also identified. These IM cells contained both highly electron dense and less dense granules in various proportions. The IM cells were classified into two subgroups, according to the proportions of adrenaline type granules and noradrenaline type granules. One group resembled A cells (IM-A cells) and the other resembled N cells (IM-N cells). Light microscopic histochemical studies of A cells stained with the ammoniacal silver solution demonstrated that they contained a small number of darkly stained granules. Electron microscopic cytochemistry revealed that the electron dense granules in the SGC cells, IM cells and A cells reacted positively with both the potassium dichromate solution at pH 4.1 and the ammoniacal silver solution.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00223211
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  • 112
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    The spermatozoon of Oikopleura dioica Fol (Larvacea, Tunicata) (1978)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 191 (1978), S. 27-37 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Spermatozoon ; Oikopleura dioica ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The spermatozoon of Oikopleura dioica is about 30 μm long, with a spherical head, about 1 μm wide, a 3 μm long and 1 μm wide midpiece, and a 25 μm long tail with a tapered end piece. The head contains a nucleus with the chromatin volume limited to about 0.1 μm3. A small acrosome is found in an anterior inpocketing, and a flagellar basal body in a posterior inpocketing of the nucleus. The midpiece contains a single mitochondrion with the flagellar axoneme embedded in a groove along its medial surface. The flagellar axoneme has the typical 9 + 2 substructure, and the basal body the typical 9+0 substructure. A second centriole and special anchoring fibres are absent.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00223213
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  • 113
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    Effects of systemic administration of 6-hydroxydopamine on the circumventricular organs in nonhuman primates (1978)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 191 (1978), S. 141-150 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Subfornical organ ; Third ventricle ; 6-Hydroxydopamine ; Electron microscopy ; Primate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OH-DA) has been shown to produces degenerative changes in noradrenergic nerve terminals and preterminals in the CNS following intracisternal, intraventricular, and stereotaxic injection into the brain parenchyma. Systemic injections of this drug are also known to result in degenerative changes in noradrenergic terminals in the peripheral nervous system and in the circumventricular organs (CVO; areas of the CNS which lie outside the blood brain barrier). In the present study eight adult female cynomolgus monkeys were employed. The four experimental animals were injected on two successive days with 150 and 200 mg/kg 6-OH-DA, respectively. The four controls received only the diluent consisting of 0.1% ascorbic acid in normal saline. Two animals from each of the experimental and control groups were sacrificed at 2 h and 24 h after the second injection. Degenerative changes in the SFO neurons were characterized by a generalized increase in electron density of cytoplasmic elements in axonal terminals and preterminals. Multilamellar bodies, and increases in the number of dense core vesicles, dense bodies and secondary lysosomes were also observed after treatment with 6-OH-DA. The neurons showed clumping of mitochondria, which also appeared to be undergoing degenerative changes. The vacuoles in some supraependymal cells were greatly dilated as was the Golgi apparatus in the ependymal cells. The ependymal cell layer appeared to be intact, but there were areas immediately deep to this cell layer that contained large extracellular spaces. This increase in extracellular space was also commonly observed surrounding the perivascular spaces. These phenomena greatly contribute to the “spongy” appearance that the SFO takes on after 6-OH-DA administration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00223222
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  • 114
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    The frontal ganglion of Periplaneta americana L. (insecta) (1978)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 191 (1978), S. 171-182 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Frontal ganglion ; Periplaneta ; Synaptic contacts ; Immunohistochemistry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The frontal ganglion, part of the stomatogastric nervous system, contains about 60 to 80 neurons, 25 to 30 μm in diameter. A well developed Golgi system, producing dense-core vesicles, lysosomes, multivesicular bodies and dense bodies are abundant. Glia elements are sparsely distributed. Many nerve fibres contain granules of different size and electron density. Five groups of fibres can be distinguished: Fibres with granules of about 200 nm (type A), fibres with granules of about 160 to 170 nm (type B), fibres with granules of about 80 to 100 nm (type C) and those with synaptic vesicles of 50 nm (type D) respectively. A fifth very small type contains neither vesicles nor granules. Special attention was paid to synaptic contacts. The divergent dyad seems to be the main type in the frontal ganglion. Frequently, neurosecretory endings are observed in presynaptic position. Immunocytochemical “staining” of neurosecretory material closely corresponds to the distribution of type A fibres, as observed electron microscopically. Immunoelectrophoresis of extracts from frontal ganglia with polyspecific anti-neurosecretion-serum reveals a single precipitation line, indicating that the immunocytochemical localization of neurosecretory material is due to reaction with a specific as well as a crossreagent antibody.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00223225
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  • 115
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    Effects of antimicrotubular agents on the fine structure of the Golgi complex in embryonic chick osteoblasts (1978)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 193 (1978), S. 247-257 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Osteoblasts (Chick embryo) ; Golgi complex ; Microtubules ; Colchicine ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Embryonic chick frontal bones were cultured in the presence of colchicine or vinblastine and subsequently examined by transmission electron microscopy. In control cultures the osteoblasts showed a large Golgi complex consisting of dictyosomes arranged in a well-defined juxtanuclear area. Microtubules were particularly numerous within this Golgi area although they could be observed throughout the cytoplasm. Colchicine and vinblastine caused the disappearance of cytoplasmic microtubules, while bundles of 10nm diameter filaments appeared more frequently. In addition, cell polarity was lost and the Golgi complex became disorganized, with the dictyosomes randomly dispersed in the cytoplasm and showing a decreased number of cisternae and an increased number of vacuoles, the latter generally lacking stainable material. Increased number of autophagosomes were also noted. These findings indicate that microtubules function in the organization of the Golgi complex in osteoblasts. In view of the well documented role of this organelle system in collagen secretion it is suggested that previously observed secretory disturbances produced by antimicrotubular drugs may be due to a defective transfer of material to the dictyosomes and/or a defect in the packaging and transport of such material away from them.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00209038
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  • 116
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    Ultrastructural and cytochemical studies on the cytodifferentiation of duodenal endocrine cells (1978)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 194 (1978), S. 79-102 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Duodenum ; Endocrine cells ; Differentiation ; Immunocytochemistry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The development and cytodifferentiation of endocrine cells that produce the gastrointestinal hormones gastrin, cholecystokinin and secretin have been studied by a combined fluorescence-cytochemical, immunocytochemical and ultrastructural approach. The results show that, during development, several ultrastructurally distinct cell types exhibit COOH-terminal gastrin and cholecystokinin immunoreactivity. Furthermore, some cells simultaneously contain both gastrin- and cholecystokinin-specific antigenic determinants. Studies on the time course of development of gastrin and cholecystokinin cells, together with the above-mentioned data, suggest that gastrin cells may be converted into cholecystokinin cells in development. During this period, gastrin, cholecystokinin and secretin cells store the biogenic monoamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine a feature not displayed by the adult counter-parts of these cells. In the adult duodenum, characteristic enterochromaffin (EC) cells store 5-hydroxytryptamin for which, evidence for a possible hormonal role has been presented. Taken together, our data indicate that the differentiation of duodenal endocrine cells occurs in distinct steps, each involving a restriction in the biosynthetic repertoire of the cell.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00209235
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  • 117
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    The ultrastructure of guinea pig heterophil granulocytes and the heterogeneity of the granules (1978)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 194 (1978), S. 183-205 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Bone marrow ; Heterophil granulocytes ; Granules ; Guineapig ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The development of the heterophil granulocytes in the bone marrow of the guinea pig is described. During the maturation of these cells, three types of granule are formed, not only the azurophil and specific granules already described in other mammals but also a third type of granule referred to here as the nucleated granule. During the process of maturation of the cells, these three types of granule are formed successively. On this basis, two steps can be distinguished in the promyelocyte phase in which primary (nucleated and azurophil) granules are formed, i.e. an early and a late stage, nucleated granules being formed in early and azurophil granules in late promyelocytes. Secondary (specific) granules occur first in myelocytes. In mature heterophils of the guinea pig the granule population is composed of about 85% secondary granules, about 10% azurophil granules, and about 5% nucleated granules. The changes in the granule population during the maturation process were quantified. The observations and calculations point to the occurrence of three mitoses: one in the early and one in the late promyelocyte and the third in the myelocyte.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00220388
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  • 118
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    Cytochalasin B-induced changes in concanavalin A-activated lymphocytes (1978)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 194 (1978), S. 279-285 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: 14C-thymidine incorporation ; Autoradiography ; Multinucleated blasts ; Electron microscopy ; Deformities of cellular membranes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Cytochalasin B (CB) administered simultaneously with a mitogenic dose of concanavalin A (Con A) interferes with the activation process. This interference involves structural alterations of cellular membrane which do not include a reduced Con A-binding capacity. This conclusion is supported by the observation of deformities in both nuclear and cytoplasmic membranes in Con A-activated lymphocytes subsequently treated with CB. The high incidence of membrane blebs and pseudomyelin bodies in the cytoplasm points to a general effect of CB on the structural organization of membrane which may secondarily interfere with some specific event such as generation or transfer of signals for activation or cytokinesis.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00220394
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  • 119
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    Surface changes during development and involution of the cement gland of Xenopus laevis (1978)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 194 (1978), S. 303-313 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cement gland ; Xenopus laevis ; Secretion ; Mucus ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The cement gland was studied from stage 17, when the anlage is established, to stage 49, shortly before its disappearance. At early stages, the apical membrane is covered by small microvilli that are more abundant than in the surrounding epiblast cells. Vesicular protrusions along the cell boundaries are also more numerous in the gland cells. When the gland reaches maturity, the apical membranes of gland cells differentiate into two regions. In the cranial, kidney-shaped region, the membranes are very narrow and protrude above the level of cell boundaries. Long and slender villi raise from the surface adjacent to cell boundaries. Apical surfaces in the caudal portion are larger and flattened. Cell boundaries are lined with shorter and thicker surface projections. At these stages, the bordering cells are covered with secretion vesicles. During involution the number of cells is progressively reduced. The area of the caudal portion increases relative to the area of the cranial portion. Apical surfaces become more flattened. Surface projections become much shorter and invade the whole of the apical surface. Bordering cells lose their secretion vesicles and their apical surface becomes ruffled with numerous short wrinkles. The significance of the apical structures and their evolution is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00220397
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    Presynaptic and postsynaptic organelles of synapses formed in cultures of previously dissociated mouse spinal cord (1978)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 194 (1978), S. 503-511 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cell cultures ; Electron microscopy ; Synaptic organelles ; Spinal cord (mouse)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary This study describes some of the ultrastructural features of presynaptic and postsynaptic organelles at synapses developed in cultures of previously dissociated mouse spinal cord cells. Particular attention was paid to the agranular reticulum which is well developed at many presynaptic and postsynaptic sites, either in the form of simple tubules or cisternae, or more complex networks and often closely associated with mitochondria. In addition, the disposition of microtubules at and close to synaptic specializations is described. These and other features of synaptic zones, such as granular vesicles in presynaptic sites, are discussed in relation to cultures developed on feeder layers and synapses in vivo, and in relations to possible degenerative and regenerative events in the cell cultures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00236169
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    Myosatellite cells associated with different muscle fibre types in the Atlantic hagfish (Myxine glutinosa, L.) (1978)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 195 (1978), S. 17-27 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Myosatellite cells ; Muscles ; Atlantic hagfish (Myxine glutinosa, L.) ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The incidence of myosatellite cells associated with “white” and “red” muscle fibres of the parietal muscle and “red” fibres of the craniovelar muscle was estimated by quantitative electron microscopy in the Atlantic hagfish (Myxine glutinosa, L.). Myosatellite cell nuclei constitute 3, 11 and 23 % of the total number of nuclei inside the basal lamina of the three types of muscle fibres, respectively. However, the total number of nuclei is highest in “white” fibres, most of the nuclei belonging to striated muscle cells. Myosatellite cell profiles in transverse sections constitute 23, 41 and 61 % of the number of muscle fibre profiles of the three types, respectively. The intervals between adjacent myosatellite cells are ∼ 135 μm in “white” fibres, ∼ 55 μm in “red” parietal fibres, and only ∼ 25 μm in craniovelar fibres. Since craniovelar fibres are also comparatively thin, myosatellite cells constitute a significant fraction of the volume inside the basal lamina in these fibres. The myosatellite cells are ∼ 30–50 μm long and up to 5 μm thick. Some myosatellite cells possess few organelles, whereas others appear to contain many free ribosomes, granular endoplasmic reticulum, prominent Golgi apparatus and lysosome-like bodies.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00233674
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    Ultrastructural localization of radiolabelled L-dopa in the endocrine hypothalamus of the rat (1978)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 195 (1978), S. 29-43 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Endocrine hypothalamus (rat) ; Arcuate nucleus ; L-dopa ; Autoradiography ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Light and electron microscopic autoradiography has been employed to define the neuroanatomical patterns of uptake and binding of radiolabelled L-dopa in the endocrine hypothalamus of the rat. A dorsomedial continuum of arcuate and periventricular neurons selectively sequester 3H L-dopa 20 min following its intraventricular infusion. By 40 and 60 min following the infusion labelling of neurons is minimal and supports the notion of rapid degradation. Other cell compartments such as tanycytes demonstrate uptake of 3H L-dopa. The ultrastructural localization and distribution of radiolabelled L-dopa (or its metabolites) in the rodent hypothalamus is discussed with respect to mechanisms and cell compartments involved in neuroendocrine regulatory processes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00233675
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    Scanning electron microscopy of the respiratory surfaces of Saccobranchus (=Heteropneustes) fossilis (Bloch) (1978)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 195 (1978), S. 99-109 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Gills ; Air-breathing organs ; Catfish, Saccobranchus fossilis ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The gill secondary lamellae are generally covered with epithelial cells whose outer surfaces form numerous microvilli. The surface of the primary lamellae is characterised by microridges. A particular type of surface sculpturing seems to be associated with given cell boundaries. Further evidence for the derivation of the air tube and fans which guard its entrance by modification of the basic gill structure has been obtained from both the gross surface architecture and microstructure of the individual cell surfaces. Secondary lamellae are represented by stubby projections which generally have a biserial arrangement. The outer surfaces of the epithelia overlying the capillaries of these respiratory islets are coated with microvilli as in the secondary lamellae. On the other hand, the relatively smooth-surfaced ‘lanes’ between groups of respiratory islets have a microridged surface similar to that of the primary gill lamellae. It is suggested that previous estimates of surface area, and consequently diffusing capacities of the air-breathing organ, have been low in view of the increased surface, due to both their gross and microstructure. Estimates for gill surface area may need very little correction as the spaces between the microvilli and microridges are probably filled with mucus under normal conditions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00233679
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    Ultrastructural evidence for adrenergic nerve degeneration in the guinea pig uterus during pregnancy (1978)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 195 (1978), S. 189-193 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Guinea pig uterus ; Myometrium, pregnancy ; Sympathetic nerves ; Electron microscopy ; Axon degeneration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the guinea pig myometrium, the adrenergic nerves selectively demonstrated at the ultrastructural level after treatment with 5-OH-DA, show varying degree of degeneration during pregnancy. The changes are more extensive in a late gestational stage (40–45 days) than in an early one (20–25 days), and are particularly evident in the uterus overlying the conceptus as compared to the regions between the fetuses. Scattered degenerative changes were also observed in myometrial specimens from virgin animals, but probably reflect the normal continuous turnover of axons.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00233686
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    Non-ependymal cilia in the habenulae and the interpeduncular nucleus of the frog tadpole (1978)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 195 (1978), S. 527-533 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ciliated neurons ; Habenula ; Interpeduncular nucleus ; Electron microscopy ; Rana esculenta, tadpole
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Cilia of the 9+2 pattern are found electron microscopically in nonependymal cells of the habenulae and the interpeduncular nucleus of the tadpole of Rana esculenta at an early stage of development (8 mm length, head to tip of tail). A comparison is made between these and the ependymal and sensory cilia in the same specimens. The cilia project into the neuropil emerging from a perikaryon rich in free ribosomes and displaying a prominent Golgi apparatus. These perikarya contain dense core vesicles. Synapses with vesicles of the clear spherical type have been observed along the ciliary shaft. On a purely morphologic basis the authors hypothesize that these cilia, at least in this early ontogenetic stage, may extend considerably the conducting surface of the cell and represent a sensory structure which could be stimulated by terminal processes belonging to distantly located cells. In addition, they could also be involved in the trophic exchange of material with the adjacent structures.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00233894
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    Phagocytosis of osteocytes by osteoclasts in femora of two week-old rabbits (1978)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 195 (1978), S. 557-564 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Osteoclasts ; Osteocytes ; Bone resorption ; Phagocytosis ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The osteoclast-osteocyte relationship at the endosteal surface of femora of two-week old rabbits was studied. Light microscopic observations suggest that during physiological resorption phagocytosis by osteoclasts of osteocytes takes place. Serial sections confirm that the cells are totally engulfed within the cytoplasm of the osteoclasts. Ultrastructural studies support these findings and indicate that the initial stage of phagocytosis of the osteocytes consists of the insinuation of an extension of the ruffled border into the osteocyte lacuna. These extensions are seen to make close contact with the osteocytes prior to their engulfment by the osteoclasts and their final digestion within phagosomes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00233897
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    The fine structural localization of acetylcholinesterase in the muscle spindle of the rat (1978)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 186 (1978), S. 39-52 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Muscle spindle ; Nerve endings ; Acetylcholinesterase ; Cytochemistry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Muscle spindles from lumbricalis muscles of the rat were incubated for acetylcholinesterase with a modified thiocholine-method of Lewis and Shute and examined by light and electron microscopy. All types of motor nerve ending showed heavy deposits of reaction product in the synaptic cleft. The underlying sarcoplasmic reticulum, transverse tubular system, and, when present, the envelope of sole plate nuclei were also stained. In the sensory region, the reaction was negative in the interface between the plasma membranes of the primary sensory terminal and muscle. One of two secondary sensory endings identified showed distinct reaction product in the cleft; the other secondary sensory ending showed no such reaction. Precipitates were present on the sarcolemma of the intrafusal muscle fibers in the polar and adjacent myotube regions, but not at the spindle equator. Extrafusal and intrafusal myelinated γ-nerve fibers and preterminal motor axons showed staining of the axolemma. Fibers with thick myelin sheaths and preterminal sensory axons were free of acetylcholinesterase activity, as were the unmyelinated nerve fibers.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00219653
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    The outer segments of photoreceptive pinealocytes in the pineal organ of the funa, Carassius gibelio langsdorfi (1978)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 186 (1978), S. 259-268 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pineal organ ; Carassius gibelio langsdorfi (Teleostei) ; Photoreceptive cell ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The form and size of the outer segments of photoreceptive pinealocytes in the pineal organ of the funa, Carassius gibelio langsdorfi, were observed with the scanning electron microscope. The height of the outer segments measures between 1 and 3 μm and the diameter varies widely from 1.5 to 8 μm. Various forms of outer segments, i.e. a slender type, a dome-like type, a cap-like type and a helical type, were demonstrated. The parallel-oriented filamentous processes of the inner segments have the same length as the outer segments and a diameter of approximately 100 nm; they are projections from the apical border of the inner segment and surround the cone-like outer segments. The processes make a right angle with the lamellar disks. The distance between two processes averages 100 nm. The lamellar disks of the outer segments are oriented at right angles to the modified cilium in the basal part, but the angle often changes in the peripheral part, where the lamellar disks are raised and become parallel to the cilium.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00225535
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    Ultrastructure of rat pituitary LH gonadotrophs in relation to serum and pituitary LH levels following repeated LH-RH stimulation (1978)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 190 (1978), S. 135-149 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Serum and pituitary LH ; Rat gonadotrophs ; LH-RH and Granule release, Synthesis and Degradation ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of single and repeated LH-RH injections at 120 min intervals on female rat LH gonadotrophs and on pituitary and serum LH levels were investigated using electronmicroscopy and radioimmunoassay. A temporary stimulation of granule release, of protein and new granule synthesis and of the accumulation of lysosomal structures was found in LH cells after the first LH-RH injection. The temporary stimulations were massively enhanced after the second injection. These consecutive yet in their time-sequence overlapping processes account for the initial depletion of secretory granule content (3–15 min after LH-RH injection), for the subsequent regranulation and accumulation of granules above control levels (60–120 min after injection) and also for the reduction in the number of granules to control levels (150 min after LH-RH injection and thereafter). Increased polymorphic lysosomal structures are believed to be responsible for this reduction of excess granules. The amount of assayable pituitary and serum LH generally corresponds with the morphological changes observed in LH-gonadotrophs, thus further substantiating the above observations. A schema which summarizes the observed morphological and hormonal changes in their time-sequence in response to LH-RH stimulation depicts the short-term regulation of secretory processes in female gonadotrophs.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00210043
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    Changes in the surface morphology of the rabbit endometrium related to the estrous and progestational stages of the reproductive cycle (1978)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 190 (1978), S. 207-222 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Endometrium ; Rabbit ; Reproductive cycle ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Changes occurring on the surface of the uterine luminal epithelium of the rabbit during the estrous and progestational stages of the reproductive cycle were examined by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The findings demonstrate that the uterine epithelium, or endometrium, contains two cell types: ciliated cells and nonciliated, microvillous cells. In estrous animals, ciliated cells, although not very numerous, were usually observed in small groups. However, at increasing intervals of time following mating, ciliated cells progressively disappeared from the endometrium until approximately eight to ten days post coitum, when they became scare. From several hours to four to five days following mating, extensive changes occurred on the surfaces of microvillous cells. When observed by TEM, these elements contained organelles typical of cells involved in the synthesis and secretion of glycoproteins. Furthermore, microvillous cells during this period displayed numerous apical protrusions of different sizes and shapes and containing material of varying electron density. Parallel SEM examinations of the same material confirmed the presence of these protrusions. Some of the protrusions appeared as spheroidal masses attached to the cytoplasm by means of a cytoplasmic strand. Other surface masses were clearly unattached to the cell surface and were distributed (1) on the surface of microvillous cells, (2) on the cilia of adjacent ciliated cells, and (3) on the surface of spermatozoa. Changes occurring on the luminal surface during the early postcoital period are interpreted as an expression of morphodynamic processes likely involving coupled secretion (exocytosis) and resorption (endocytosis) of luminal material. The observations presented here also demonstrate that between six and ten days post coitum, the rabbit endometrium contained increasing numbers of enlarged, nonciliated cells that probably arose by the fusion of smaller, microvillous elements.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00218170
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    Fine structure and composition of the submucous nerve plexus of the guinea-pig trachea (1978)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 190 (1978), S. 301-316 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Trachea (Guinea-Pig) ; Plexus submucosus ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of the nerves forming the submucous plexus of cervical and thoracic parts of the trachea was studied in the guinea-pig. Specimens were obtained from 6 animals perfused with warm fixative and from 6 animals in which pieces of trachea were incubated in buffer containing 5-hydroxydopamine before being immersed in cold fixative. Of the two types of axonal terminal identified in the nerves, one contained mainly large dense-cored vesicles, and the second contained numerous small vesicles. In specimens incubated in 5-hydroxydopamine, the small vesicles of the latter terminals exhibited the electron-dense cores which are characteristic of adrenergic axonal terminals. Counts made on perfused specimens showed that, in both the thoracic and cervical parts of the trachea, the density of adrenergic terminals was higher than that of terminals containing mainly large dense-cored vesicles. Overall terminal density was, however, higher in the thoracic than in the cervical part of the trachea, and estimates of nerve size showed that this was associated with the presence in the thoracic plexus of a substantially greater proportion of nerves with less than 6 axons. The possible function of the nerves in the control of the calibre of the submucous blood vessels was discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00218177
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    Gonadotropic cells in the Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar (1978)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 191 (1978), S. 187-203 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pituitary ; GTH-cells ; Teleost ; Immunofluorescence ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The gonadotropin-producing cells (GTH-cells) in the Atlantic salmon were studied light and electron microscopically before, during and after spawning, and after injections of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH). The double immunofluorescent technique was applied using rabbit anti-carp GTH as the first antibody. Numerous immunofluorescent cells were observed throughout the pars distalis, but very few in the pars intermedia. These cells are basophilic and PAS-positive, and ultrastructurally classified as globular gonadotropes. Only one gonadotropic cell type could be identified; its size, morphology and fine structure vary considerably. In the same specimen the GTH-cells can be predominantly globular or vesicular in appearance, depending on the reproductive phase of the fish. At spawning and after LH-RH injection, many GTH-cells reach a vacuolar stage; the content of the vacuoles is not immunofluorescent. Another cell type, which resembles GTH-cells in semithin sections, did not show gonadotropic properties; its nature and functional significance are unknown. In addition, the present study revealed an increase in the synthetic and exocytotic activity of prolactin cells after LH-RH injections. It is suggested that LH-RH mediates this effect via LH and eventually via estradiol.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00222419
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    Crystalloid structures within giant mitochondria of the prothoracic glands of Spodoptera littoralis (Bois) (Lepidoptera) (1978)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 191 (1978), S. 357-362 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Prothoracic glands ; Insects ; Electron microscopy ; Macromitochondria ; Crystalloid organization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The fine structure of the prothoracic glands of Spodoptera littoralis was investigated during the first half of the last larval instar. The secretory cells have two types of mitochondria, micromitochondria and macromitochondria. The micromitochondria have rounded to elongated profiles and sometimes branch. They contain lamellar, tubular and also tubulo-vesicular cristae. The macromitochondria appear generally rounded or oval and possess tubular cristae. Many regular parallel membranes appear within macromitochondria. Favorable sections show tubular structures packed in honeycomb fashion. The mitochondrial cristae are in connection with the tubular structures. Honeycomb and parallel membranes increase in number as the size of the macromitochondria increases.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00222430
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    Surface fine structure of the subfornical organ in the Japanese quail, Coturnix coturnix japonica (1978)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 191 (1978), S. 389-404 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Subfornical organ ; Japanese quail, Coturnix coturnix japonica ; Ultrastructure ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The surface ultrastructure of the subfornical organ (SFO) was investigated in the Japanese quail. The SFO consists of a body and a stalk. The body of the SFO can be divided into rostral and caudal parts. On the rostral part, each ependymal cell possesses a short central solitary cilium; clustered cilia are also occasionally seen. Microvilli are abundant. On the caudal part, cells with a solitary cilium are fewer in number, and clustered cilia are rarely found. Microvilli are not as abundant as on the rostral part. In addition, large bulbous protrusions, tufts of small protrusions, deep funnel-shaped hollows, small pinocytotic invaginations and possible cerebrospinal fluid-contacting axons are sporadically observed on the surface of various regions of the body. Each ependymal cell of the stalk has a wide apical surface. A central solitary cilium, microvilli and other structures are observed more rarely on the stalk than on the body, while clustered cilia are not seen on the stalk. These structures are compared with those of the mammalian SFO and further discussed in relation to the possible dipsogenic receptor function for angiotensin II.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00219804
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    Ultrastructure of venules in the cat brain (1978)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 192 (1978), S. 461-474 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cerebral vessels ; Venules ; Pericytes ; Electron microscopy ; Microvasculature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Intracerebral venules of the cat were examined to establish criteria for a distinct separation between the venous and arterial system, and to characterize, in greater detail, the mural construction of individual venules. The intracerebral venules were compared with those of other organs. Venules do not have a vascular wall composed clearly of endothelium, media, and adventitia, as is characteristic of arteries and arterioles. The venous endothelium has a similar structure to that of capillaries. The periendothelial cells of the venule differ in shape depending on the vascular diameter. The number of periendothelial cell processes in postcapillary venules increases progressively. Segments in which the basal lamina of the endothelium merges with that of the glia cover a smaller portion of the circumference than in venous capillary loops. In collecting venules, the endothelium is almost completely enveloped by periendothelial cells which have a larger number of filaments. There are no typical smooth muscle cells in the intracerebral venules. The perivascular space becomes wider in collecting venules, contains adventitial cells, phagocytes and a great number of collagen fibers.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00212326
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    Ultrastructure of the different zones of the tectorial membrane (1978)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 193 (1978), S. 11-23 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Tectorial membrane ; Organ of Corti ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The tectorial membrane (t.m.) of mammals, which lies over the organ of Corti, is made up of an agglomerate of protofibrils of varying degrees of hydration. Two types of protofibrils are clearly distinguishable in the mouse t.m. While type-A protofibrils are straight and unbranched (thickness: 110Å) demonstrating a periodic structure (period = 70Å), type-B protofibrils are branched and coiled (thickness: 150–200Å). These protofibrils could be systematically ordered according to the different t.m. zones. Type-A protofibrils predominate in the basal layer and in the entire middle zone, where they are interlaced with strongly hydrated type-B protofibrils. Weakly hydrated type-B protofibrils essentially make up the marginal zone (with the marginal net), the covering net, Hensen's stripe and the immediate contact layer with the limbus.
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    The epidermis and sensory organs of Dugesia tigrina (Turbellaria: Tricladida) (1978)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 193 (1978), S. 35-40 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Planarian ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Epidermis ; Sense organs ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The epidermis of D. tigrina was examined using the scanning electron microscope. Both dorsal and ventral surfaces are extremely irregular in contour, as well as being permeated by large numbers of pores. Cilia are restricted to the ventral surface, the auricles and that part of the dorsum adjacent to the auricles. Club-shaped receptors, as well as cilia, were seen in the auricles. The epidermis anteriad to the eyespots is indistinguishable from that covering the remainder of the dorsal surface. Light rays could not enter the eyespot through this rough epidermal surface without becoming diffracted in an irregular fashion. It was therefore concluded that visual image perception is not a function of the planarian eyespot.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00221599
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    Mixed (chemical and electrical) synapses on frog spinal motoneurons (1978)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 193 (1978), S. 41-59 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Electrical synapse (frog) ; Electrotonic coupling ; Electron microscopy ; Freeze fracture ; Gap junction ; Mixed synapse ; Motoneuron
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Freeze-fracture replicas and ultrathin sections were used to characterize the gap junctions on the somata and large dendrites of frog motoneurons found earlier by Sonnhof et al. (1977). In freeze-fracture replicas one of the specific features of these relatively frequent gap junctions is the presence of circular regions of non-junctional membrane (“fenestrae”) within areas of typical gap junction appearance displaying P-face particles or E-face pits. Such “fenestrated” gap junctions are mostly associated with membrane specializations indicative of the active zone of a chemical synapse (including vesicle attachment sites in non anaesthetized animals) to constitute mixed synapses. These findings could be verified in ultrathin sections, which revealed that the vesicles of the chemical component of the mixed synapses were spherical and agranular. Our results suggest that the mixed synapses are predominantly axo-somatic and axo-dendritic. The existence of dendro-dendritic gap junctions in the ventral horn region as described by Sotelo and Taxi (1970) was verified in ultrathin sections; they were rare, solely electrotonic in character, and probably represent the morphological basis for the VR-EPSP (Katz and Miledi, 1963; Kubota and Brookhart, 1963), i.e. electrotonic coupling between motoneurons of different spinal segments (Washizu, 1960). Electrotonic coupling can also be demonstrated between motoneurons and afferent fibers of the dorsal root and the lateral column. Electrotonic potentials recorded within motoneurons during electrical stimulation of dorsal root or lateral column precede the chemical postsynaptic potentials; after Mn2+ blockade of chemical synaptic transmission, the electrotonic component persists. Some fibers of these afferent pathways are therefore assumed to act monosynaptically on the motoneuron via mixed axo-somatic and axo-dendritic synapses.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00221600
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    Apical protuberances of supporting cells in the regio olfactoria of the mole, Talpa europaea, Linnaeus, 1758 (Insectivora, Talpidae) (1978)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 193 (1978), S. 175-178 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Olfactory epithelium ; Supporting cells ; Protuberances ; Electron microscopy ; Insectivora ; Talpidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The regio olfactoria of the mole, Talpa europaea, was studied by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Peculiar structural differentiations, i.e. ovoid-shaped, balloon-like protuberances were found on the surface of the supporting cells. The apical portion of these protuberances contained finely dispersed granular material, whereas in their central part vesicular extensions of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum were observed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00221610
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    Bovine olfactory and nasal respiratory epithelium surfaces (1978)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 193 (1978), S. 503-524 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cryo-ultramicrotomy ; High-voltage electron microscopy ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Olfactory epithelium ; Respiratory epithelium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary High-voltage transmission electron microscopy and cryo-ultramicrotomy together with scanning electron microscopy and some conventional transmission electron microscopy of ultrathin sections have been applied to the mucous surfaces of bovine olfactory and respiratory epithelia. Distal segments of olfactory cilia tend to run in parallel and could be followed over distances up to about 30 μm using high-voltage electron microscopy. This technique and scanning electron microscopy showed that on average 12–13 of such cilia could be observed per nerve ending. After correction for obscured cilia this number becomes about 17. High-voltage micrographs and micrographs made from sections prepared with a cryo-ultramicrotome showed the presence of electron-lucent pockets inside the olfactory mucus. The latter technique also showed that the mucus itself is not fibrous, but rather a continuum varying in electron density. The mucus layer contains various granular structures. Ciliary and microvillar membranes appear thicker with cryo-ultramicrotomy than when the sections are prepared with conventional techniques. The cores of the axonemal microtubules in olfactory as well as in respiratory cilia are darkly stained with this technique. Vesicles present inside the nerve endings are also darkly stained. Dimensions and some other numerical values of interest in olfaction are presented.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00225347
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    Recent observations on the ultrastructure of human urothelium (1978)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 193 (1978), S. 543-560 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Human ; Urinary bladder epithelium ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary An electron microscopic study of normal bladder urothelium of elderly patients ranging in age from 61 to 82 years has shown the occurrence of unusually thin regions consisting of either one or two layers of undifferentiated cells interspersed between 3–4 cell layers thick regions. A morphometric study has confirmed the existence of a pattern of cytodifferentiation in cells of the thick region. The generally microvillous nature of the luminal surface is attributed to incompletely differentiated cells that have come to occupy the superficial layer. The lack of thickened and/or asymmetric membrane plaques in luminal plasma as well as the dearth of characteristic precursor vesicles in the cytoplasm are also explicable in terms of a failure of normal cell differentiation. It is suggested that the unusual features noted are consequences of tissue ageing rather than prognostic of cancer. There are indications that the aged urothelium may be prone to increased leakiness and the bladder tissues may therefore be at greater risk from urine-borne chemicals and carcinogens.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00225350
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  • 142
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    The effects of vinblastine on acinar cells of the exorbital lacrimal gland of the rat (1978)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 195 (1978), S. 227-237 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Vinblastine ; Lacrimal gland ; Electron microscopy ; Autophagy ; Secretion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of vinblastine treatment on acinar cells of the rat exorbital lacrimal gland were studied by electron microscopy. Experimental animals of both sexes were given single intraperitoneal injections of (1) vinblastine (4mg/kg body weight) at 1 to 24 h before sacrifice; (2) pilocarpine (20 mg/kg b.w.) for 1 h; or (3) vinblastine for l h followed by pilocarpine for 1 h. Vinblastine treatment caused a number of changes including autophagocytosis, formation of intracisternal granules, and alteration of secretory granules. These changes varied in extent and onset between male and female rats. In addition, the Golgi apparatus was reduced in size and dispersed throughout the cytoplasm. Mitotic figures were commonly observed. Moreover, vinblastine inhibited the pilocarpine-stimulated degranulation of the acinar cells. In view of the known anti-microtubular action of vinblastine, these results suggest that microtubules are involved in various aspects of the transport, packaging, and secretion of exportable proteins in the lacrimal gland. Additionally, autophagocytosis and alteration of secretory granules may partially result from the interaction of vinblastine with membranes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00236721
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    Ultrastructure of the age-involuted adult human thymus (1978)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 186 (1978), S. 507-525 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Human thymus ; Age involution ; Cellular composition of cortex, medulla and connective tissue ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Age involuted thymus tissue from a middle aged (33 years) and an old (63 years) man have been examined by electron microscopy and compared with thymus tissue from children. Biopsies had been taken during surgical correction of congenital heart defects. The fine structural architecture of cortex, medulla and connective tissue in the remaining lymphatic islands in the adult thymus investigated was not different to the thymus of children. We were surprised to find vigorous lymphocytopoiesis in the cortical regions and to recognize extended areas of medulla with a cellular composition which obviously provides the same microenvironment for T-cell maturation as the medulla of the non involuted thymus. Our findings are discussed in relation to the increasing arguments that the human thymus serves an immunological function throughout life.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00224939
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    Cellular organization of the embryonic lobster heart (1978)
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    Cell & tissue research 188 (1978), S. 171-187 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Embryonic heart ; Crustacea (Homarus americanus) ; Cardiac muscle ; Intercellular junctions ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The cellular organization of the embryonic heart of the lobster Homarus americanus was examined in 6-week and 6-month-old animals. The heart wall consists of an outer adventitial layer of fibroblast cells and an inner layer of transversely striated myocardial cells. Present in close association with the myocardium are cardiac neurons, hemocytes and so-called storage cells. Adjacent fibroblasts form fasciae adhaerentes and gap junctions. Adherent junctions also occur between fibroblasts and myocardial cells. Intercalated discs and differentiated membrane regions of close apposition (4 nm) occur between adjacent myocardial cells. The cardiac neurons form a ganglion that contains four small and five large somata. Regions of neuropil are present. Motor axons arising from the cardiac ganglion form neuromuscular synapses with the myocardial cells. The storage cells contain large inclusions and form gap junctions with the myocardial cells. They may supply nutritive material to the developing myocardium. The heart at 6 weeks is about 200 μm long and 160 μm wide. At 6 months, it is about 300 μm long and 250 μm wide. The myocardium at 6 weeks is one cell layer thick, and the cells are from 2–6 μm in maximum width. At 6 months the myocardium is 2–4 cells thick, and the cells are from 6–12 μm in width. Therefore, the myocardium grows by an increase in the number and size of the myocardial cells.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00222629
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    Role of carbohydrate-protein complexes in the organization of the microstructure of fibrous connective tissue (1978)
    Springer
    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 86 (1978), S. 1663-1665 
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    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: Scanning electron microscopy ; connective tissue ; collagen fiber ; protorysin ; trypsin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Samples of tendon and fascia, treated with enzymes possessing amylolytic and proteolytic activity (protorysin, trypsin) were investigated by scanning electron microscopy. Destruction of carbohydrate-protein complexes leads to disappearance of the characteristic morphological features of the collagen fibers. Construction of the collagen fiber was shown to be based on a network of thin anastomosing fibrils, forming a carcass connected with the carbohydrate-protein matrix. It is argued that the reticular structure is a general principle in the structural organization of fibrous connective tissues.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00801834
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    Sporulation and spore liberation in Aspergillus fumigatus (1977)
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    Mycopathologia 60 (1977), S. 175-177 
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    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: Aspergillus fumigatus ; Spore formation ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00448412
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    An ultrastructural survey of the genus Prototheca with special reference to plastids (1977)
    Springer
    Mycopathologia 61 (1977), S. 117-119 
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    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: Prototheca ; Colorless alga ; Plastids ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract An ultrastructural investigation of six different species of Prototheca showed that all of them contained starch grains enclosed in double-membrane-bounded structures recognized as plastids. It is concluded that these unicellular species of Prototheca must be considered as non-photosynthetic algae.
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    SEM analysis of amphibian mesodermal migration (1977)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 181 (1977), S. 31-40 
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    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Cell migration ; Mesoderm ; Gastrulation ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary At the end of gastrulation, the lateral mesoderm of amphibian embryos migrates ventrally between the ectoderm and the endoderm. The present study is an examination of the morphology of the leading cells of the mesodermal sheet and of the substratum over which they move (the inner surface of the ectoderm). The cells of the leading edge of the mesoderm are generally round, with very short and narrow flattened projections in the forward direction. These projections do not have a “ruffled” morphology, regardless of whether fixation is carried out before or after the ectoderm and mesoderm are dissected away from the endoderm. The inner surface of the ectoderm is covered with fine (450–500A) filamentous extracellular material and the ectoderm cells sometimes extend cytoplasmic processes (approx. 0.1 μ wide) onto the leading surface of the mesoderm or onto adjacent ectoderm cells. These studies indicate that the morphology of cell migration in amphibians is closer to that seen inFundulus than to that characteristic of chick or mammalian cells.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00857266
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    The ultrastructure of the extracellular phase of bone as observed in frozen thin sections (1977)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 23 (1977), S. 215-223 
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    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Amorphous mineral ; Bone ; Electron microscopy ; Ultracryotomy ; Ultramicro-incineration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary The fine structure of the extracellular phase of avian medullary bone and embryonic chick femur was examined in thin sections prepared by ultracryotomy and ultramicroincineration. Since contact with solutions was completely avoided, little or no loss or dislocation of mineral constituents could occur. Amorphous bone mineral (ABM) was present in two forms: as 15–30 nm spheres and as a structure-free haze. Removal of all organic material by low temperature ashing left the ABM intact. Crystals were usually associated with the ABM. In newly ossifying regions clusters or nodules of randomly oriented crystals and ABM appeared to coalesce when they reached approximately 1 μm in diameter. In highly calcified regions crystals appeared to be oriented along collagen fibers. ABM did not appear to be associated with collagen. Unmineralized collagen was visible in osteoid after staining with dry OsO4 vapor and it appeared to be diverted around nodules. Structures which resembled matrix vesicles were present. Selected area electron diffraction patterns indicated the presence of hydroxyapatite.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02012788
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    Ultrastructural study of amelogenesis imperfecta (1977)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 24 (1977), S. 191-197 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Amelogenesis imperfecta ; Hypocalcification ; Hypoplasia ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary An ultrastructural study of teeth with amelogenesis imperfecta revelaed various aspects of microcavities in the enamel surface, which ranged from isolated imprints of ameloblasts corresponding to the mildest lesions at the end of amelogenesis, to pits caused by the death of 20 to 30 ameloblasts at the beginning of amelogenesis. Abnormalities in the shape of the prisms can be observed. Further, crystals are distributed randomly within a prism or at the junction of 2 contiguous prisms while intercrystalline spaces are widened, indicating in various places the lack of a preferred orientation of the crystals. In amelogenesis imperfecta, two different crystalline periods are found: 1 of about 250 Å, the other of about 500 Å and over. The fact that amorphous areas are found among the crystals of enamel may be related to different stages of crystallization. However, it was not possible to find any lattice defect.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02223315
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    Further observations on the fine structure of cellular cementum from deciduous teeth of pigs (1977)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 24 (1977), S. 239-242 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Cementum ; Lysis ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Examination of microradiographs from the deciduous teeth of pigs revealed large lacunae or radiolucent zones close to the cemento-dentinal junction. Electron microscopic studies of the ground sections showed areas or irregularly shaped zones devoid of mineral and filled with collagen fibers. In the wide unmineralized zones, spherical clusters of crystallites were noted. Several cementum lacunae bordered by a broad rim of unmineralized collagen fibers were noted and some lacunae also contained zones of a moderately electron dense material. This material did not yield a diffraction pattern, while the mineralized part of the cementum gave the diffraction pattern typical of hydroxyapatite.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02223322
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    Localization of α-galactomannan on the surface of Schizosaccharomyces pombe cells by scanning electron microscopy (1977)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 112 (1977), S. 123-126 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Bandeiraea simplicifolia ; Schizosaccharomyces pombe ; Colloidal gold ; Cytochemistry ; α-Galactomannan-lectin ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Galactomannan was localized by scanning and transmission electron microscopy on the cells and cell walls of Schizosaccharomyces pombe. The markers were prepared from colloidal gold granules labelled with an α-galactopyranosyl-binding lectin isolated from the seeds of Bandeiraea simplicifolia. Part or all of this α-galactomannan was present in the outer layer of the cell wall and was uniformly distributed even on the fission scars.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00429323
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    Dorsal-ventral differentiation in Simonsiella and other aspects of its morphology and ultrastructure (1977)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 113 (1977), S. 197-204 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Gliding bacterium ; Simonsiella ; Oral cavity ; Electron microscopy ; Morphology ; Dorsal-ventral differentiation ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The morphology and ultrastructure of the aerobic, Gram-negative multicellular-filamentous bacteria of the genus Simonsiella were investigated by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The flat, ribbon-shaped, multicellular filaments show dorsal-ventral differentiation with respect to their orientations to solid substrata. The dorsal surface, orientated away from the substrate, is convex and possesses an unstructured capsule. The ventral surface, on which the organisms adhere and glide, is concave and has an extracellular layer with fibrils extending at right angles from the cell wall. The cytoplasm in the ventral region contains a proliferation of intracytoplasmic membranes and few ribosomes in comparison to the cytoplasm in other parts of the cell. Centripetal cell wall formation is asymmetrical and commences preferentially in the ventral region. Quantitative differences in morphology and cytology exist among selected Simonsiella strains. Functional aspects of this dorsalventral differentiation are discussed with respect to the colonization and adherence of Simonsiella to mucosal squamous epithelial cells in its ecological habitat, the oral cavities of warm-blooded vertebrates.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00492025
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    Electron microscopic investigation of the hydrogen-oxidizing acetate-forming anaerobic bacterium Acetobacterium woodii (1977)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 115 (1977), S. 207-213 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Acetobacterium woodii ; Hydrogen-oxidizing acetate-forming anaerobe ; Fine structure ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Acetobacterium woodii is a Gram-positive anaerobic nonsporeforming bacterium able to grow on H2 and CO2 as sole sources of energy. The product of fermentation is acetic acid. Fine structural analysis showed rod-shaped flagellated cells, and coccoid cells without flagella arranged predominantly in pairs and chains. The cell wall was found to be composed of three layers. The cell surface exhibited a periodic array of particles consisting of subunits. The cytoplasmic membrane showed particles either either in random distribution or in a hexagonal pattern. Intracytoplasmic membranes were rarely observed, whereas inclusion bodies of varying shapes, predominantly in an uncommon disc-shape, could frequently be observed. Their content was dissolved in ultrathin sections indicating hydrophobic nature.
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    Isolation and partial characterization of normal and defective bacteriophages of gram-negative hydrogen bacteria (1977)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 115 (1977), S. 237-247 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Defective lysogeny ; Alcaligenes eutrophus ; Simultaneous isolation technique ; Temperate bacteriophages ; Pseudomonas pseudoflava ; Biological characterization ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Widespread defective lysogeny was detected in Alcaligenes eutrophus by electron microscopic analysis of cultures. Mitomycin C treatment of the cultures resulted in the production of defective (inco-) particles. Polysheaths were produced both with and without induction. With the simultaneous isolation technique six phages were isolated for hydrogen-oxidizing strains of the new species Pseudomonas pseudoflava. The phages were able to replicate under autotrophic conditions and were found to have a very restricted host range. Electron microscopic analysis allowed classification into two structural groups. Group I contained phages with contractile tails; group II contained phages with flexible, noncontractile tails. All but one (gb) of the new phages were shown to be temperate by isolation of lysogens and induction with mitomycin C.
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    The mitochondrial complex in cryptophyceae (1977)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 112 (1977), S. 207-218 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Cryptophyceae ; Algae ; Hemiselmis rufescens ; Chroomonas ; Cryptomonas ; Mitochondrial complex ; Cristae ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The unitary nature of the mitochondrion and the characteristic flattened finger-like morphology of the cristae were demonstrated in the Cryptophyceae. Hemiselmis rufescens contained an unbranched vermi-form mitochondrion in contrast to the variously branched complex, comprising an interconnected peripheral and central reticulum, in Chroomonas sp. and strains of Cryptomonas. The systematic value of the shape and distribution of the mitochondria in the examined genera was suggested.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00429337
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    Effect of carbon dioxide on pigment and membrane content in Synechococcus lividus (1977)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 115 (1977), S. 185-198 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Synechococcus lividus ; Cyanobacteria ; Carbon dioxide ; Electron microscopy ; Bleaching-regreening
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of carbon dioxide on pigment and membrane content in Synechococcus lividus was studied by depriving cells of CO2 and examining cell populations biochemically and by electron microscopy. After 120 h of CO2 deprivation, S. lividus lost all detectable chlorophyll a and C-phycocyanin. Such bleached cultures were “mustard yellow”, the result of approximately 1.8 times more carotenoid per cell than green control cultures. Although cells from beached cultures appeared morphologically identical to control green cells when examined by light microscopy, electron microscopic examination revealed them to be devoid of detectable thylakoid membrane. Thylakoid membrane could not be recovered by physical isolation or revealed by freeze etching of bleached S. lividus. In addition, inclusion bodies characteristically found in S. lividus were also absent. Reintroduction of CO2 into bleached cultures resulted in a rapid resynthesis of both chlorophyll a and C-phycocyanin. Electron microscopic examination of these regreening cultures revealed that thylakoid membrane was also rapidly resynthesized. Growth of regreened cultures did not occur until there was the synthesis of a full complement of chlorophyll a, C-phycocyanin, and thylakoid membrane. A time course study of the cytological events occurring during bleaching and regreening is presented.
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    Fine structure of the ordinary lateral line organ (1977)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 176 (1977), S. 23-36 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Lateral line organ ; Shark (Mustelus manazo) ; Neuromasts ; Cell types ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The lateral line organ of the spotted shark is characterized by its semi-cylindrical shape. Each organ (neuromast) is so closely apposed to the next that the individual neuromasts are almost continuous. The neuromast is composed of receptor cells, supporting cells and mantle cells. The receptor cells bear one kinocilium and up to 40 stereocilia. Bi-directional arrangement of the receptor cells as occurs in teleosts was demonstrated. Afferent and efferent nerve endings were found at the base of the receptor cells. The supporting cells extend from the basal lamina to the free surface. Long microvilli and a cilium-like “ciliary rod” project from the top of each supporting cell. The cell contains relatively few elements of the Golgi apparatus and little rough endoplasmic reticulum, but mitochondria and filaments are abundant. The mantle cell limits the lateral margin of the neuromast. It is distinguished from the supporting cell because of its long crescent-shaped nucleus and scarce, short microvilli. Myelinated nerve fibres are found in the subepithelial connective tissue but not in the epithelium. The fine structure of the shark lateral line organ suggests that this organ is in an intermediated step of evolution between that of lamprey and teleost.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00220341
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    Effect of dietary cholesterol on the pattern of osmium deposition in the symbiote-containing cells of the pea aphid (1977)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 176 (1977), S. 191-203 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: OsO4 ; Cholesterol ; Symbiotes ; Aphids ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Pea aphids left for 48 h in unbuffered osmium tetroxide show heavy staining of many organelles in the symbiote-containing cells (mycetocytes and sheath), embryos and oenocytes very similar to that characteristic of mammalian sterol-synthesizing cells. However, the staining of the pea-aphid cells is, to a large extent, dependent on the presence of cholesterol benzoate, or free cholesterol, in the aphid's diet. In aphids cultured in vitro with 3H mevalonate in the presence of added cholesterol, the incorporation of label into the cholesterol and lanosterol fractions is significantly reduced. If the dietary cholesterol effects a similar inhibition in vivo, the cholesterol-dependent osmium staining could be due to precursors(s) of cholesterol accumulating in the intracellular sites described. There is also osmium staining of large (normally electron-transparent) vacuoles in mycetocytes, gut and fat body, irrespective of dietary cholesterol.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00229462
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    The ultrastructure and ultracytochemistry of the basement membrane of the Galleria mellonella fat body (1977)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 176 (1977), S. 417-429 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Fat body ; Galleria mellonella ; Basement membrane ; Ruthenium red staining ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The fat body lobes of Galleria mellonella are surrounded by basement membrane — a fine granular layer of connective tissue. This membrane has an affinity for ruthenium red. The results obtained after treatment of the fat body with neuraminidase, hyaluronidase, phospholipase C and proteolytic enzymes suggest that glycoproteins and phospholipoproteins are constituents of this basement membrane. The basement membrane also has the ability to bind concanavalin A-peroxidase, which is associated with the presence of mannoside residues.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00221798
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    Protamine induced intracellular uptake of horseradish peroxidase and vacuolation in mouse skeletal muscle in vitro (1977)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 176 (1977), S. 463-473 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Skeletal muscle ; Protamine ; Endocytosis ; Autophagic vacuolation ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The uptake in vitro of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in mouse skeletal muscle was examined by electron microscopy and chemical determination. In muscles exposed to an HRP solution for 60 min at +37°C, HRP infiltrated the basal lamina of muscle fibres and caused an intense labelling of their sarcolemma. In addition HRP was found within the transverse tubules. Exposure to HRP for 30 min at +37°C followed by HRP together with a polycationic protein (protamine) for 30 min at +37°C caused an intracellular vesicular uptake of HRP. Intracellular HRP was found in numerous vesicles, membrane limited bodies and vacuoles. Protamine also induced focal autophagic vacuolation with progressive muscle fibre degeneration. An intracellular HRP uptake or muscle cell vacuolation could not be detected in the absence of protamine or when the incubation temperature was + 4°C. Chemical determination of HRP uptake was in general agreement with the morphological results. The uptake of HRP in the presence of protamine was stimulated at +31°C and blocked at +4°C. The results suggest that in skeletal muscle in vitro intracellular uptake of macromolecules occurs by endocytosis.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00231402
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    Scanning electron microscopy of dissociated pancreatic acinar cell surfaces (1977)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 176 (1977), S. 493-504 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pancreas ; Acinar cells ; Cell surface ; Dissociation ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pancreatic acinar cell surfaces have been studied by SEM with a dissection technique and correlated with results obtained by TEM. The SEM results demonstrate characteristic arrangement of microplicae which in some areas are densely packed. In many areas, the microplicae are distributed in such a manner that they create zones with typical geometrical shapes and show a relatively smooth surface. These smooth areas may coincide, as indicated by correlated TEM results, with the limits of intimate contact between adjacent acinar cells which, in turn, represent part of the junctional complex. Another aspect revealed by these SEM preparations concerns the presence of groups of densely packed microplicae, arranged in regular rows and distributed along some grooves and/or infoldings of the cellular surface. On the basis of SEM and TEM information, it is likely that these structures correspond to intercellular (and possibly, in some cases, intracellular) canaliculi which topographically form a kind of extensive microlabyrinthine arrangement running along all the cell sides. One final point revealed by fractured samples concerns the finding of spherical zymogen droplets within the vesicles of the Golgi complex. Because in many scanning images these vesicles appear connected by small openings, it is suggested that they may represent a system of intercommunicating chambers (vacuoles) through which the zymogen droplets can be continuously accumulated and discharged into the acinar lumen.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00231404
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    Electron dense plaques (calcium binding sites) in the plasma membrane of the endocrine cells in rodent pancreatic islets and parathyroid glands (1977)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 177 (1977), S. 81-85 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Electron dense plaques ; Pancreatic islets ; Parathyroids ; Electron microscopy ; Calcium binding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Small electron dense plaques (EDP) were found in the plasma membrane of pancreatic islet A-, B- and D-cells and parathyroid chief cells of mice and gerbils. The identification of the EDP was facilitated by the use of special fixation techniques. The EDP may represent sites of calcium binding in the cell membranes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00221120
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    Microtubules and extracellular microtubule-like structures in the retina of the rainbow trout (1977)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 177 (1977), S. 127-140 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Microtubules ; Retina ; Electron microscopy ; Rainbow trout
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the retina of the rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri, Richardson) two types of microtubular structures are demonstrated. Besides the normal type of microtubules (about 200 Å in diameter), occurring in all cell types of the retina, a second type is described which is termed microtubule-like structure (MLS) because of its extracellular localization. These MLS have a diameter of about 250 Å under the same preparative conditions in which the normal microtubules appear 180–200 Å thick. The interspace between the tubules is smaller than between the microtubules. Specific MLS to membrane associations exist, which are analyzed by serial sectioning and tilting procedures. It is suggested that the MLS have their origin at small membranous extrusions of the plasmalemma. These extrusions could contain nucleation sites for the MLS-formation within the extracellular space. It remains unknown which cell type produces the MLS proteins and which factors are responsible for the aggregation of the subunits to intact MLS.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00221124
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    Actin-like filaments in the myoid cell of the testis (1977)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 177 (1977), S. 221-226 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Actin-like filaments ; Myoid cell ; Testis ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Microfilaments in the myoid cells of the peritubular tissue in the mouse, swine and human testis bind heavy meromyosin (HMM) and form arrowhead complexes. The periodicity of the arrowhead complexes is about 35 nm. Individual filaments show arrowheads that point in the same direction. Opposing polarity of the HMM-bound filaments is also observed. The microfilaments do not bind HMM in the presence of 10 mM ATP. After treatment with the contraction medium of Hoffmann-Berling, the filaments appear to be undulated. These observations indicate that the microfilaments in the myoid cell are actin-like in nature. A small number of thicker filaments (about 10 nm in diameter) which do not bind HMM is also observed in the cell. Microfibrils which have been reported around the human myoid cell are also found in the swine.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00221083
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    The third ventricle of monkeys (1977)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 177 (1977), S. 307-316 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Third ventricle ; Mature monkeys ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Ependyma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Surface features of the ependymal lining of the third ventricle in mature male and female monkeys have been investigated with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Broad aspects of third ventricular morphology from three species of monkey are similar regardless of sex. The lateral walls are heavily ciliated whereas the ventral floor and most ventral parts of the lateral walls are not. Clumps of cilia on the lateral walls are so dense that underlying surface details are usually obscured. There is a transition zone between the ciliated lateral wall and nonciliated ventral floor. The floor and lower part of the lateral walls of the third ventricle exhibit a characteristic polygonal pattern upon which surface specializations such as microvilli, blebs and polymorphous membrane protrusions are superimposed. Ependyma of the choroid plexus of the third ventricle also display membrane specializations. Supraependymal cells are more visible in nonciliated regions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00220306
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    A catecholaminergic neuron connecting the first two optic neuropiles (Lamina ganglionaris and Medulla externa) of the crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus (1977)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 182 (1977), S. 287-297 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Optic neuropile ; Crustacea ; Catecholamine ; Fluorescence histochemistry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The crustacean optic neuropiles, the lamina ganglionaris and especially the medulla externa, show a specific pattern of green fluorescence with the fluorescence histochemical method of Falck-Hillarp. Normally, only the terminals and the cell bodies fluoresce, but in reserpine-treated animals exogenous catecholamines are taken up by the whole adrenergic neuron and are thus visualized as a whole. Incubating crayfish optic neuropiles in dopamine or α-methylnoradrenaline after reserpine treatment demonstrated a tangential neuron connecting the lamina and the medulla externa. The morphology of this tangential neuron differs from the two types of tangential neurons, Tan1 and Tan2, previously characterized with Golgi techniques. The catecholaminergic neuron thus constitutes a third tangential neuron type.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00219765
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    Microtubules in myelinated and unmyelinated axons of rat sciatic nerve (1977)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 182 (1977), S. 401-407 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Microtubules ; Sciatic nerve (rat) ; Tannic acid ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Tannic acid in glutaraldehyde was used to stain microtubules in myelinated and unmyelinated axons of rat sciatic nerve. In the majority of areas the tannic acid failed to penetrate the unmyelinated axons whilst penetrating neighbouring myelinated axons, suggesting a difference in the ability of the two types of nerves to exclude tannic acid. Where tannic acid had penetrated the unmyelinated axons the 13 protofilament substructure and size of the microtubules appeared identical to those seen in the myelinated axons.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00219774
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    Tyrosinase positive oculocutaneous albinism in the goldfish, Carassius auratus L., an ultrastructural and biochemical study of the eye (1977)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 182 (1977), S. 409-419 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Albinism ; Pigment epithelium ; Tyrosinase ; Electron microscopy ; Carassius auratus L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ultrastructural studies, and cytochemical and biochemical determinations of tyrosinase activity were conducted on the pigment epithelium of albino and xanthic goldfish eyes. In eyes of xanthic goldfish, two types of melanosomes are present, spherical and elongated. Melanized melanosomes are absent in the eyes of the albino goldfish, but elongated lamellar premelanosomes are observed. Internal vesicles are present in both melanosome types in the pigment epithelium of the xanthic goldfish but are absent in premelanosomes of the albino. There are also differences in the distribution of lipid droplets, smooth endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complexes with the latter two being more abundant in the albino. Tyrosinase was not identified cytochemically; however, the enzyme was demonstrated biochemically in the pigment epithelia of both albino and xanthic goldfish. The enzyme is associated with the particulate and soluble fractions of both types of eyes. Particulate albino tyrosinase may be solubilized by triton X-100 treatment. Tyrosinase inhibitors are present in the particulate fractions of both albino and xanthic goldfish eyes. Thus, in the goldfish, ocular albinism appears to be a multiple defect at the molecular and ultrastructural levels.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00219775
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    Neuronal and glial differentiation in reaggregation cultures (1977)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 176 (1977), S. 407-416 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Chick embryo ; Electron microscopy ; Glial differentiation ; Neuron differentiation ; Reaggregation cultures
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Dissociation and reaggregation cultures from different portions of the chick embryo neural tube were made, and the resulting aggregates were fixed for electron microscopy after 1, 5, 8, 14, 16 and 22 days in vitro. All cultures (pure aggregates of telencephalon, optic lobe or neural retina, and combined aggregates made from mixtures of optic lobe plus neural retina or optic lobe plus telencephalon) show a common timing of neuronal and glial morphological differentiation. During the first week in vitro, some cells developed neuronal characteristics in the absence of morphological evidence of glial differentiation. Numerous axonic processes usually formed fascicles with all the fibers running parallel to each other. Axonic growth cones were abundant and a few immature synapses were also present. The second week in culture was characterized by the disappearance of growth cones and the increase in number and morphological maturation of synapses. Morphologically detectable glial differentiation began by the end of this week, and during the third week almost every neuronal element, including the axonic fascicles, became associated with glial cells showing astrocytic features.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00221797
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    Ultrastructural and carbohydrate histochemical studies on the differentiation and renewal of mucous cells in the rat gastric fundus (1977)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 176 (1977), S. 445-462 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Gastric mucous cells ; Differentiation ; 3H-thymidine incorporation ; Histochemistry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Gastric surface mucous cells (SMC), mucous neck cells (MNC) and their undifferentiated and immature precursors were studied by light and electron microscopic histochemistry. The secretory granules of SMC were smaller, more electron dense and more reactive to PAS and its analogues than those of MNC. Alcian blue demonstrated that the mucus of SMC was acidic and that of MNC was neutral. The periodic acid —thiocarbohydrazide —silver proteinate method revealed the presence of carbohydrates in the Golgi apparatus, condensing vacuoles, secretory granules, apical vesicles and tubules and cell coat. Maturation of SMC during their migration towards the free surface was reflected by an increase in size and number of secretory granules, an increase of RER and microfilaments, and a decrease of microvilli and apical vesicles and tubules. The secretory granules of older SMC were less acidic and possessed a proteinaceous core. Most MNC were fully differentiated, but some immature MNC containing only a few granules were found. Furthermore, undifferentiated cells and intermediates between SMC and MNC were also observed. The presence of both transitional and intermediate forms indicates that both SMC and MNC arise from the same population of undifferentiated cells. Incorporation of 3H-thymidine revealed that undifferentiated cells, isthmic SMC, MNC and intermediate cells are proliferative. No proliferative activity was found in foveolar SMC, parietal, chief, fibrillovesicular or endocrine cells.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00231401
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    Three-dimensional development of luminal projections and junctional complexes in the developing central nervous system blood vessels of the rat (1977)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 175 (1977), S. 541-549 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Blood vessels ; High voltage electron microscopy ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The luminal surface features and Junctional complexes from developing blood vessels in the rat central nervous system have been studied by high-voltage electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Developing blood vessels exhibit three types of luminal projections; marginal folds or ridges at Junctional complexes, ridges not at Junctional complexes and microvilli. Both types of ridges are associated with troughs or depressions in the luminal surface of the endothelial cell. Those ridges not associated with Junctional complexes take part in the production of enclosed tunnels in the endothelial cell cytoplasm. Fusion of the external leaflets of Junctional complexes between adjacent endothelial cells occurred, initially, near the luminal surface of the blood vessel with other small fusion sites forming in the direction of the basal lamina secondarily. Further fusion activity to produce the zonula occludens type junction appeared to spread outwards from the smaller fusion sites.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00222417
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    Regeneration of soleus muscles of rat autografted in toto as studied by electron microscopy (1977)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 177 (1977), S. 159-180 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Muscle transplantation ; Rat ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Rat soleus muscles were autografted from right to left legs, and regeneration following necrosis of all original myofibres was studied after 7 to 250 days. The best regenerates were from grafts replacing all calf muscles and sutured to the tendon stumps. After 30 days the size of such regenerates was equal to those from minced gastrocnemius muscles: the cross sectional area of muscle tissue was 30% (1.7 mm2) and the number of fibres was 180% (4500) of normal soleus muscles; the fibre diameters were 10 to 40 μm. To increase the number of myoblasts before grafting some muscles were injured by Ringer solution of 70° C and transplanted after 2 days. Nevertheless, this did not influence regeneration. After 7 days clusters of myotubes occurred in the periphery of the muscle. These myotubes originated from myoblasts growing like endothelial cells on the inner face of the persisting basal lamina tubes of necrotic fibres. After 30 days the muscles were vascularized. Fibres formed in a common basal lamina detached and so looked “split”. Satellite cells of new fibres came from undifferentiated cells associated with myotubes, i.e. from myoblasts. After 30 days and more regenerates contained three sorts of fibres. 1. Thin (5 to 20 μm) fibres resembling fetal muscle fibres. They were most prominent after 30 days, and probably not yet innervated. 2. Thin (10 μm) degenerating fibres as in long-time denervated muscles. 3. Thick (more than 30 μm) mature looking fibres which were innervated and revealed end-plates. Half of the grafts studied after 30 and 60 days contained unmyelinated and myelinated axons which had grown along strands of surviving Schwann cells. After 250 days, only two muscles were studied which both lacked innervation. Almost all regenerates contained muscle spindles, which, however, were not innervated. Within the persisting spindle capsules new muscle fibres had been formed from satellite cells of the former intrafusal fibres.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00221079
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    Growth characteristics of postnatal rat adrenal medulla in culture (1977)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 177 (1977), S. 247-268 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adrenal medulla ; In vitro ; Phase contrast microscopy ; Catecholamine histochemistry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Explants and enzyme-dispersed cells of adrenal medulla from 10–12 day old rats were studied in culture for up to 3 weeks. Adrenomedullary chromaffin cells, nerve cells and satellite cells were clearly discernible. The nerve cells were few in number and did not show catecholaminespecific fluorescence. Chromaffin cells stored catecholamines, as judged by the Falck and Hillarp method, in varying amounts decreasing with age of the cultures and the distance from the explants. Exocytosis profiles observed with the electron microscope suggested that cultured chromaffin cells also released catecholamines. Moreover, the cells formed processes and frequently migrated into the outgrowth. After 6 days in culture, the great majority of chromaffin cells stored noradrenaline as revealed by electron microscopy with few adrenaline-storing cells being visible. Granular vesicles (∼ 80–240 nm in diameter) with cores of different electron densities were occasionally present in the same cell suggesting the occurrence of mixtures of primary and secondary amines. Apart from “chromaffin” granules, small clear and densecored vesicles (∼ 40–60 nm) were found both in the somata and cell processes. Chromaffin cells and their processes were often closely apposed and occasionally formed specialized attachment zones. As a whole, chromaffin cells in culture resembled small granule-containing cells in sympathetic ganglia. 0.5 mM dbcAMP prevented dedifferentiation of chromaffin cells as judged by the lack of processes, the size and amount of “chromaffin” granules and the high number of adrenaline-storing cells present after 6 days in culture. NGF caused a striking increase in the number of axons growing out from expiants.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00221086
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    Studies on the juxtaglomerular apparatus (1977)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 177 (1977), S. 291-305 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Juxtaglomerular apparatus ; Tupaia ; Gap junctions ; Renin ; Freeze-fracturing ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The vascular pole of the juxtaglomerular apparatus in Tupaia belangeri was studied with special reference to the intercellular contacts of the periendothelial cells and the endothelium of the vas afferens. The periendothelial cells of the vascular pole of the glomerulum are connected by numerous gap junctions; and the granulated epithelial cells are suggested to form a functional unit. Probably there is a continuity of this system troughout the entire vascular pole including (1) all granulated cells, (2) all lacis cells, (3) the mesangium cells and (4) the adjacent smooth muscle cells of the vas afferens and vas efferens. Analysis of the endothelial junctions shows a zonular arrangement of tight junctions indicating a rather tight blood-tissue barrier next to the glomerular vascular pole. The ultrastructure of the different cell types of the vas afferens is also described, emphasizing the granulated epithelial cells and their innervation.
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    On the ultrastructure of polypeptide hormone-producing cells in the gut of the ascidian, Ciona intestinalis L. and the Bivalve, Mytilus edulis L. (1977)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 177 (1977), S. 407-413 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Gut epithelium ; Ciona intestinalis, Mytilus edulis ; Endocrinecells ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ultrastructural evidence has been found for the presence of polypeptide hormone-producing cells in the gut of Ciona intestinalis L. and Mytilus edulis L. which do not appear to have been described before. Due to their localization and ultrastructural characteristics, it is suggested that the cells in Mytilus edulis probably produce an insulin-like substance and that some of these cells in Ciona intestinalis may produce 5-HT (5-Hydroxytryptamine). In each species only one granulated cell type can be observed. The granules, which are electron dense and membrane bound, also show a halo. The average diameter of the granules is 100–200 nm for Ciona and 200–400 nm for Mytilus.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00220314
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    Fine structure of the sensilla of Peripatopsis moseleyi (Onychophora) (1977)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 177 (1977), S. 539-553 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Sensory receptors ; Peripatopsis ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Three types of sensilla occurring on the lips and on the antennae of Peripatopsis moseleyi have been investigated by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. On the lips sensory spines can be found which contain numerous cilia originating from bipolar receptor cells. They reach the tip of the spine where the cuticle is modified. The perikarya of the sensory cells, a large supporting cell with a complicated surface and a second type of receptor, form a bud-like structure and are surrounded by a layer of collagen fibrils. The second receptor cell bears apical stereocilia as well as a kinocilium which are directed towards the centre of the animal — thus the cell appears to be turned upside down. The sensilla of the antennae are 1) sensory bristles containing two or three kinds of receptor cells, one of which bears an apical cilium and one kind of supportive cell and 2) sensory bulbs located within furrows consisting of receptor cells with branched cilia and two kinds of supportive cells which are covered by a modified thin cuticle. According to the electron microscopical findings the sensory spines on the lips are presumably chemoreceptors. The sensory bristles on the antennae can be regarded as mechanoreceptors and the sensory bulbs as chemoreceptors.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00220613
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    The morphology of the oval nuclei of neonatal Torpedo marmorata (1977)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 178 (1977), S. 155-167 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Electromotor system ; Oval nucleus ; Synapses, junctions ; Electron microscopy ; Torpedo marmorata
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The morphology of the oval nucleus of neonatal Torpedo marmorata is described at the light and electron microscopic level of examination. The nucleus is unique relative to other central electromotor centers of electric fish so far described being bilaterally symmetrical, composed of two nerve cell types, and possessing no gap junctions between neurons and their processes. This particular structural plan presents difficulties in accounting for presumed synchronous discharge since it has been strongly argued that electrotonic coupling by means of gap junctions is the primary process by which synchronization is accomplished. Close membrane apposition and dendritic bundling, common features within the nucleus, are discussed as possible alternative structural correlates.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00219043
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    The rat epithalamus (1977)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 182 (1977), S. 1-16 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Epithalamus (Rat) ; Supraependymal nerves ; Electron microscopy ; Circumventricular organs ; Medial habenular nucleus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Transmission and scanning electron microscopy of the rat epithalamus shows a regional variation in the distribution of Supraependymal nerves (SN) which correlates well with Supraependymal yellow fluorescence reported by Richards et al. (1974). The medial habenular nucleus, the intercommissural and suprahabenular recesses, the habenular commissure and the fibrae periventriculares thalami have the greatest density of SN/100 μm of ependymal surface. The floor of the suprahabenular and intercommissural recesses is covered by non-ciliated ependyma. The significance of these findings is discussed with respect to (1) a direct functional relationship of SN with ependyma, and (2) a possible participation of the non-ciliated ependyma of the suprahabenular and intercommissural recesses in secretory activity whereby the CSF serves as a vehicle for neuroendocrine communication.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00222050
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    Electron microscopic observations on the elimination of the oocyte through the peritoneal epithelium in the neonatal mouse ovary (1977)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 182 (1977), S. 73-79 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ovary ; Oocyte elimination ; Peritoneal epithelium ; Primordial follicle ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Numerous ovarian oocytes of primordial follicles are lost postnatally by their elimination into the peritoneal cavity during days 1–6 in young mice. It is rarely found in animals over 2 weeks old. This phenomenon has been investigated by light and EM techniques. Oocytes that become extruded from the ovary this way appear to pass between the cells of the covering epithelium. The ultrastructural changes that take place during this process are described.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00222055
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  • 181
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    Photoreceptor-like outer segments in the pineal organ of the lovebird, Uroloncha domestica (Aves: Passeriformes) (1977)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 182 (1977), S. 139-143 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pineal organ ; Uroloncha domestica (Aves, Passeriformes) ; Photoreceptor-like cells ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the pineal organ of the lovebird, Uroloncha domestica, bulbous, cup-shaped and elongated outer segments of photoreceptor-like pinealocytes are demonstrated by scanning electron microscopy. These scarce outer segments, 4–11 μm in length, extend into the pineal lumen. The present structural observations speak in favor of photosensitive pinealocytes in the pineal organ of Uroloncha domestica. The relation of the photoreceptor-like pinealocytes to acetylcholinesterase-positive nerve cells and a nervous connection between the pineal and the brain indicate that the pineal organ of this passeriform species may be the site of neuroendocrine and photoreceptive functions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00222062
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  • 182
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    The effect of fixation conditions on the ultrastructural appearance of gastrin cell granules in the rat gastric pyloric antrum (1977)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 176 (1977), S. 251-263 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Gastrin cells ; Electron microscopy ; Fixation ; Granule maturation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructural appearance of gastrin cell (G cell) granules was studied after different fixation procedures. When the pH of prefixation was varied there was greater preservation of the electron density of granule cores after acidic (pH 5.0 and 6.0) than after neutral or alkaline (pH 7.0 and 8.0) prefixation. Increasing duration of prefixation at pH 7.3 resulted in progressive loss of electron density of the granule core with swelling and occasional rupture of the limiting membrane. In tissues where most granules had been rendered electron lucent by fixation, those granules remaining dense cored were preferentially located close to the Golgi zone. These findings indicate that the electron density of G cell granules is profoundly affected by conditions of fixation, and that immature granules are more resistant to loss of core density than mature granules. They also suggest that the gastrin granule in vivo, like other polypeptide granules, may have a “solid”, osmotically inactive core.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00229466
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  • 183
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    Ruthenium red staining of the neural lamella of the brain of Galleria mellonella (1977)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 176 (1977), S. 275-284 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neural lamella (wax moth) ; Ruthenium red ; Enzyme digestion ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The outer surface of the neural lamella, the connective tissue ensheathing the brain, shows the ability to bind ruthenium red in the wax moth larva. Ruthenium red-positive material is sensitive to neuraminidase, hyaluronidase and to some extent to phospholipase C, what suggests that the negative charge on the external surface of the neural lamella depends on the presence of the anionic groups of sialic and hyaluronic acids and phospholipids.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00229468
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  • 184
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    Variable patterns of actin filaments in mammalian skeletal muscle (1977)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 185 (1977), S. 285-288 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Striated muscle (mammalian) ; Myofilaments ; Actin filaments ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructural organization of myofilaments in skeletal muscle was studied in four mammalian species (mouse, rat, hamster, goat). In all these species, myofibrils showing irregularly distributed arrays of a variable number of actin filaments (from 6 to 11) were observed. The proportion of such myofibrils and the predominant patterns of actin filaments varied from one species to another. These results are in agreement with those previously reported for human skeletal muscle.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00220672
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  • 185
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    The effects of aging on satellite cells in skeletal muscles of mice and rats (1977)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 185 (1977), S. 399-408 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Skeletal muscle ; Satellite cells ; Aging ; Regeneration ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Myosatellite cells were examined and quantified at the fine structural level of resolution during aging of skeletal muscles in mice and rats. Satellite cells in the soleus and gastrocnemius muscles of animals between eight and 30 months of age appeared, according to morphological criteria, metabolically less active than those examined in immature muscles. In the soleus muscle of the mouse, satellite cells decreased in number from 4.6% at eight months of age to 2.4% at 30 months. This decrease appeared to be due to the passage of some satellite cells into the interstitial space as a result of the formation of external lamina material around the entire satellite cell surface.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00220299
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  • 186
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    “Sunbursts” and “christiesomes”: Cellular fragments in normal cow and goat milk (1977)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 185 (1977), S. 535-545 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Milk (goat, cow) ; Cell fragments ; Origin ; Triglyceride synthesizing capacity ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Goats' milk includes numerous cell fragments (“christiesomes”) which originate from the mammary secretory cells, contain well preserved endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria and lipid droplets, and are responsible for the considerable triglyceride synthesising capacity of fresh goat milk. Cows' milk shows a few such particles only after repeated oxytocin-aided milkings. Cows' milk does contain quite different particles which have a dense content with a few small vesicles and numerous microvillus-like protrusions on one side (“sunbursts”). These have not been found in goats milk. Cytoplasmic particles similar to sunbursts have been found on the surface of the mammary secretory epithelium. It is suggested that they are residues of dead cells.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00220657
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  • 187
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    Stereological and biochemical analysis of prolactin and growth hormone secreting rat pituitary cells in culture (1977)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 184 (1977), S. 169-178 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pituitary cell cultures (rat) ; Prolactin ; Electron microscopy ; Stereology ; Non-parametric statistics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The secretion of prolactin is increased by treatment of prolactin producing rat pituitary cells with the hypothalamic tripeptide thyroliberin. To investigate the underlying mechanisms we used three closely related rat pituitary tumor cell strains (GH12C1, GH3 and GH4C1), which synthesize and spontaneously secrete prolactin and/or growth hormone. Growth hormone and prolactin released into the culture medium over a period of 24 h were measured by radioimmunoassay. Initial rates of synthesis were measured by immunoprecipitation of intracellular growth hormone and prolactin after incubation of cell cultures with 3H-leucine. The observed increase in prolactin synthesis and release was correlated with morphological effects of thyroliberin treatment. The volume density of Golgi complexes and the volume and surface densities of rough endoplasmic reticulum were compared in untreated cells and thyroliberin treated cells. As normal distribution could not be assumed, the non-parametric rank test of Wilcoxon was used whereby the densities calculated for each cell section were ranked. Alle three morphological parameters increased after thyroliberin treatment in cells secreting prolactin only (GH4C1), implying that the increase of prolactin secretion, at lest in part, is due to increased prolactin synthesis.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00223066
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  • 188
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    A possible role for placental lysosomes in the formation of villous syncytiotrophoblast (1977)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 178 (1977), S. 411-419 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Human placenta ; Lysosomes ; Differentiation of cytotrophoblast ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary An ultrastructural and ultrahistochemical study of first trimester human placentae confirms previous reports that the cytotrophoblastic cells show a spectrum of differentiation, that dissolution of the limiting membrane of the cytotrophoblastic cells occurs and that fragments of free membrane can be found in the syncytiotrophoblast. There is an aggregation of primary lysosomes in the region of approximation of the cytotrophoblast to the syncytiotrophoblast, free lysosomal enzymes are found in the space between the two trophoblastic components, secondary lysosomes have been noted in the vicinity of fragmenting cytotrophoblastic cell membrane and the incorporation of a segment of free membrane into a vesicular structure has been noted. It is suggested that placental lysosomes mediate the dissolution of the cytotrophoblastic cell membranes that is a necessary prerequisite for their full differentiation into syncytiotrophoblast and it is further suggested that one of the principal roles of placental lysosomes is in the structural refashioning of the organ that occurs during the first trimester.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00218704
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  • 189
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    Postnatal development of the suprachiasmatic hypothalamic nucleus of the rat (1977)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 178 (1977), S. 463-475 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hypothalamus (Rat) ; Visual pathways ; Synapses ; Electron microscopy ; Circadian rhythms
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Light and electron microscopy of newborn, four day, one, two, three and five week old rats revealed principally a progressive increase in the diversity and number of synaptic contacts in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). The major increase in synaptic diversity occurred between four days and one week of age. Correlation between this finding and the adult synaptic morphology of SCN (Güldner, 1976) on the one hand, and the ontogeny of circadian rhythms on the other were made. This suggested that the retinal afferents arriving on day four form asymmetrical contacts with dendrites. While increase in synaptic number was progressive, it was most marked between three and five weeks of age. By five weeks, most features of the adult SCN were present. No significant morphological effects were evident as a result of neonatal retinal lesions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00219568
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  • 190
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    Electron microscopic study on the early histogenesis of thymus in the toad, Xenopus laevis (1977)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 179 (1977), S. 87-96 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Thymus ; Histogenesis ; Electron microscopy ; Xenopus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Sequential electron microscopic observations of thymic histogenesis in the toad, Xenopus laevis, reveal that the thymus arises as epithelial buddings of the visceral pouches at Nieuwkoop-Faber stage 40, and acquires its basic histological features at stages 48–49. In the rudiments and the surrounding mesenchyme at stages 43–45, there are non-epithelial cells with pseudopodia, abundant ribosomes, and marginated heterochromatin. These cells, possible precursor cells of thymic lymphocytes, are frequently observed to attach and pass through the basal lamina which coats the thymic rudiment. The proliferation and differentiation of large lymphocytes are evident at stage 47. During stages 48–49 the small lymphocytes, lymphoid cortex and epithelial medulla including the thymic cysts, differentiate, and vascularization occurs. The results provide an ultrastructural basis for recent experimental evidence that the thymus exerts its essential function at stages 47–48. The possibility of non-epithelial derivation of thymic lymphocytes is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00278464
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  • 191
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    The surface fine structure of the ependymal lining of the lateral ventricle in rats with hereditary hydrocephalus (1977)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 179 (1977), S. 121-129 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Lateral ventricle, rat ; Hydrocephalus ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ependyma of the lateral ventricle of rats with hereditary hydrocephalus was studied using scanning electron microscopy. Normal rats from the same litters were used as control animals. The surface morphology of the lateral ventricle of normal rats corresponded to results reported by other authors. The most prominent changes in the surface morphology of the ependyma of the hydrocephalic rats were seen in the cilia. They were shortened, fewer in number and clumped or matted. The surface of the ependymal cells was flattened and contained small, irregular projections. The number of large supraependymal cells, regarded as neurons, appeared to have diminished in the hydrocephalic rats. The number of supraependymal macrophages was greatly increased in these rats, suggesting the existence of an ependymitis.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00278467
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  • 192
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    Fine structure of rabbit ear chondrocytes in vitro and after autotransplantation (1977)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 180 (1977), S. 341-356 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ear chondrocytes (rabbit) ; Cell culture ; Transplantation ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Chondrocytes were isolated enzymatically from rabbit ear cartilage, grown in vitro or as autotransplants for 1, 2 or 5 weeks and then examined by transmission electron microscopy. A confluent monolayer formed rapidly in vitro and the cells later grew in multiple overlapping layers, producing thick sheets of cartilaginous tissue. The cells retained a normal structure throughout the period of observation and, like the chondrocytes in intact cartilage, showed numerous microfilaments, an extensive granular endoplasmic reticulum and a prominent Golgi complex. Large amounts of intercellular matrix were laid down in vitro consisting of thin collagen fibrils, small rounded or polygonal granules believed to represent proteoglycans and patches and fibres of elastin. Chondrocytes in intramuscular autotransplants reconstituted an elastic cartilage. The exogenous origin of the cells in the transplants was verified by labeling of the lysosomes by exposure of the cells to colloidal thorium dioxide particles prior to injection. Structurally, the cells and the matrix of the transplants conformed to the above description. Accumulations of elastin-like material were sometimes observed in the Golgi vacuoles of the cells. Extracellularly, such conglomerates aggregated in connection with bundles of microfibrils, building up mature elastic fibres with a dense amorphous structure. The culture and transplant systems characterized here provide suitable experimental models for studies on development, growth and aging of elastic cartilage, including various aspects of the formation and turnover of elastic fibres and other macromolecular matrix components.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00227600
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  • 193
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    Electron microscopic immunocytochemical demonstration of separate mesotocinergic and vasotocinergic nerve fibres in the pars intermedia of the amphibian hypophysis (1977)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 178 (1977), S. 175-181 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pars intermedia of hypophysis ; Rana temporaria ; Mesotocinergic and vasotocinergic fibres ; Immunocytochemistry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary With the use of the unlabeled antibody peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) method at the electron microscopic level, it has been shown that the pars intermedia of the hypophysis of Rana temporaria contains a diffuse intercellular network of separate mesotocinergic and vasotocinergic nerve fibres.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00219045
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  • 194
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    Ciliary function of the frog oro-pharyngeal epithelium (1977)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 178 (1977), S. 267-278 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ciliated epithelium, frog ; Cilia ; Coordination ; Mucous transport ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The palate epithelium of the frog was examined by scanning electron microscopy, light microscopy and high speed cine micrography. The cilia remain stationary for much of the time in the end-of-effective stroke position. Each beat cycle begins with a forwardly-directed recovery stroke lasting about 60 ms, followed by an effective stroke towards the oesophagus lasting about 12 ms. Activity can often be correlated with the presence of mucus, which is carried as strands on the tips of the ciliary effective strokes whilst the recovery strokes move beneath the mucus. Coordination of ciliary activity was very variable; local antiplectic metachrony of the recovery strokes could almost always be seen, and on very active epithelia effective strokes were associated with approximately diaplectic waves (either to left or right), but any particular pattern of coordinated activity was transient and quickly transformed to another pattern. Beating and coordination of these short cilia were compared with those of cilia propelling water.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00219053
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  • 195
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    Surface morphology of taste buds in catfish barbels (1977)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 178 (1977), S. 375-384 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Taste buds ; Fishes ; Neuroepithelium ; Microvilli ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary External taste buds abound on barbels of the adult catfish Corydoras arcuatus. When examined by scanning electron microscopy, they are visualized as a series of punctate, conical elevations projecting from the general surface epithelium. All taste buds were found to be of one type. Both their external and internal surface features could be clearly elucidated on intact barbels and in barbels fractured transversely at various positions along their length. An extensive nerve terminal network penetrates the base of each taste bud. Two populations of elongated cells bearing prominent microvilli project through the central pore at the tip of each bud. One set of microvilli is thicker, longer and more club-shaped than its counterpart. While both are randomly distributed within each central pore, the small, short microvilli appear to outnumber the larger ones. A third population of cells, devoid of any apical microvilli, was also seen in some of the taste buds examined internally. These cells do not project to the external surface and are interpreted as “basal” cells described in previous light and transmission electron microscope studies of taste buds in other vertebrate species. The functional significance of some of these morphological findings is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00218701
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    Vascularization of the pars distalis of the hypophysis in the toad, Bufo bufo (L.) (Amphibia, Anura) (1977)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 179 (1977), S. 1-10 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hypophysis, pars distalis ; Bufo bufo (L.) ; Vascularization ; Corrosion casts ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The vascularization of the pars distalis of the hypophysis of the toad, Bufo bufo (L.), was studied by the traditional method of injecting a mixture of India-ink and gelatine into the circulatory system of the head via the arteria carotis communis. Further, methyl-methacrylate corrosion casts of the brains were made; the hypothalamo-adenohypophysial region of these corrosion casts was studied with the scanning electron microscope. The results showed that the portal vessels which arise from the median eminence do not supply distinct areas in the pars distalis as is supposed by the point-to-point-hypothesis. The portal vessels enter the ventro-median region of the pars distalis and branch off into a three-dimensional network of the secondary capillary plexus of the pars distalis. The plexus is made up mostly by four- to six-sided meshes. This angioarchitecture guarantees an optimal supply of the glandular cells of the pars distalis with nutritional factors and releasing hormones, on the one hand, and facilitates the removal of the hormones which are released by these cells, on the other hand. The venous drainage of the pars distalis is exerted mainly by two large veins, which bilaterally leave the dorso-lateral region (venous pole) of the pars distalis and by a few small veins, which drain into the wide, sinus-like vessel, which curves around the dorso-caudal region of the pars distalis and joins bilaterally the vena hypophysea transversa.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00278459
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    Electron microscopic studies on the development of the chorion of the viviparous teleost Dermogenys pusillus (Hemirhamphidae) (1977)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 179 (1977), S. 255-270 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Chorion formation ; Viviparity ; Dermogenys pusillus ; Teleosts ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Eight stages in the oogenesis of Dermogenys pusillus were selected in order to demonstrate the formation of the egg membrane. In young oocytes (stages 1 and 2) the contact between oocyte and follicular cells is rather close. During stage 3 microvilli arise from the oocyte, and the follicular cells protrude lobopodia-like cell processes. When the microvilli have become arranged more regularly, the homogeneous material of the zona radiata externa is deposited between them (stage 4). During the subsequent stage (5) the inhomogeneous zona radiata interna appears. It attains its greatest thickness and its characteristic fine structure during stage 6. It then consists of cross-banded fibrillae and lamellae. Later on (stage 7) the egg membrane flattens, and finally it is a compact chorion consisting perhaps of very fine fibrils. Because of this development and of its complex fine structure the egg membrane of Dermogenys like that of Zoarces resembles that of oviparous teleosts but remains considerably thinner. The eight stages of oogenesis in Dermogenys are compared with those described by Arndt (1956) in several limnetic teleosts.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00219800
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    Changes in the morphology of ribosomes in uterine epithelial cells under various hormonal conditions (1977)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 179 (1977), S. 517-530 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ribosomes ; Uterine epithelium ; Estradiol ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructural morphology of “free” cytoplasmic ribosomes of rat uterine epithelial cells was studied during diestrus, estrus, after ovariectomy, and after estradiol-17β administration to rats that were ovariectomized 1 to 25 weeks before hormone treatment. A change in size and contrast of ribosomes was observed concomitant with a transition from pre-existing monosomes to polysomes depending on the dose of estradiol and its route of application. In 3 weeks ovariectomized rats these changes in ribosomal granules take place at approximately the same time (30–45 min) when synthesis of “induced protein” was described biochemically. The morphological events after estradiol administration are discussed with respect to a primary site of estrogen action.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00219853
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  • 199
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    Electron microscopic study on the innervation of the pancreas of the domestic fowl (1977)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 180 (1977), S. 453-465 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pancreas ; Fowl ; Innervation ; Synaptic vesicles ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The innervation of the pancreas of the domestic fowl was studied electron microscopically. The extrapancreatic nerve is composed mostly of unmyelinated nerve fibers with a smaller component of myelinated nerve fibers. The latter are not found in the parenchyma. The pancreas contains ganglion cells in the interlobular connective tissue. The unmyelinated nerve fibers branch off along blood vessels. Their synaptic terminals contact with the exocrine and endocrine tissues. The synaptic terminals can be divided into four types based on a combination of three kinds of synaptic vesicles. Type I synaptic terminals contain only small clear vesicles about 600 Å in diameter. Type II terminals are characterized by small clear and large dense core vesicles 1,000 Å in diameter. Type III terminals contain small clear vesicles and small dense core vesicles 500 Å in diameter. Type IV terminals are characterized by small and large dense core vesicles. The exocrine tissue receives a richer nervous supply than the endocrine tissue. Type II and IV terminals are distributed in the acinus, and they contact A and D cells of the islets. B cells and pancreatic ducts are supplied mainly by Type II terminals, the blood vessels by Type IV terminals.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00220168
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  • 200
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    Neuritic growth cone and ependymal gap junctions in the feline subfornical organ during early development (1977)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 181 (1977), S. 27-36 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Central nervous system (Subfornical organ) ; Gap junctions ; Neuritic growth cones ; Ependyma ; Electron microscopy ; Freezeetching
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Intercellular contacts in the subfornical organ (SFO) of kittens 3, 16, and 29 days old were studied in thin sections and by the freeze-etch method. Gap junctions appeared between growing nerve processes and target cells. The junctions were interspersed between immature synapses lacking mitochondria as well as full preand postsynaptic membrane specializations. Gap junctions were seen on filopodia as well as on more mature processes. The morphology of these junctions was typical of those described earlier but they were of small size (0.2–0.3 μm). Gap junctions of peculiar form were also seen between ependymal elements in the SFO at 16 days. These were of large size (0.5–0.8 μm) and were often of segmented character. This segmentation consisted of bands 3–4 particles in width with a center-to-center spacing of 90 nm with particle free corridors between corresponding to the width of about two rows of particles. The margin of the group might be circumscribed by a row of particles. Although gap junctions of large size were seen between ependymal cells in thin section, features corresponding to the particle free corridors have not been observed to date.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00222772
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