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  • 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.05. Historical seismology  (30)
  • Earthquake ground motions
  • INGV  (29)
  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd  (1)
  • Annual Reviews
  • 2005-2009  (30)
  • 1980-1984
Collection
Keywords
Publisher
Years
Year
  • 1
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    MACROMAP: Una Utility per MAPINFO™ per la georeferenziazione di dati macrosismici e la loro rappresentazione cartografica (2008)
    INGV
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-01
    Description: Questo lavoro presenta una utility per il GIS MapInfo™ sviluppata per l'archiviazione ed elaborazione dei dati macrosismici dalla fase di georeferenziazione fino al plottaggio finale su mappa. L'identificazione della località associata con un'osservazione macrosismica è un'operazione che talvolta può causare errori ed in seguito problemi nell'analisi ed interpretazione dei dati. La routine MacroMap fornisce uno strumento che in modo semplice e veloce aiuti nell'identificazione della corretta località a cui attribuire l'informazione macrosismica durante lo studio di un terremoto. L'utility è strutturata per utilizzare il formato della directory geografica DIR04 e le procedure adottate nella compilazione del DataBase Macrosismico Italiano DBMI04. MacroMap è stata sperimentata "sul campo" durante alcune indagini macrosismiche e tiene conto dell'esperienza e dei suggerimenti degli operatori del Gruppo QUEST (QUick Earthquake Survey Team). I campi di utilizzo di MacroMap vanno dalla realizzazione speditiva di mappe e tabelle per la produzione di report macrosismici per la Protezione Civile, alla revisione di terremoti storici, grazie all'avanzato sistema di query disponibile per la selezione dei toponimi del database geografico.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1-21
    Description: 5.1. TTC - Banche dati e metodi macrosismici
    Description: N/A or not JCR
    Description: open
    Keywords: Osservazioni macrosismiche ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.05. Historical seismology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.06. Surveys, measurements, and monitoring ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.02. Seismological data
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 2
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    The 14 August 1708 Manosque, France earthquake: new constraintson the damage area from in-depth historical studies (2006)
    INGV
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-01-05
    Description: In this paper, we re-evaluate the damage area of the 14 August 1708 Manosque earthquake, Southeast France. It is the strongest event (Io = VIII MSK) of a seismic sequence that lasted from March to October 1708. We show that the spatial repartition of the damage that can be proposed based on the existing sources, is clearly biased by the abundant narrative information concerning Manosque. This sparseness in the information can be attributed to differences in communication routes or strategies between the different localities, and affects the global perception of the event, especially in the rural area. To tackle this bias, we propose to inventory the building repairs reported in non-narrative sources in order to capture the effects of the Manosque earthquake in the surrounding region. The debates and accounts (between mid-1708 and 1710) show that moderate to heavy repairs consistently affect localities in the epicentral area, covering a region of at least 12 km radius around Manosque. These building repairs, indirectly attesting to earthquake damage, provide valuable and complementary information, which resulted in a better knowledge of this event. In particular, we propose new intensity estimates (I 〉VI) at six localities.
    Description: Published
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: historical earthquakes ; non-narrativesources ; damage area ; building repairs ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.05. Historical seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 3
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    Damage scenario of the earthquake on 23 July 1930 in Melfi: the contribution of technical documentation (2006)
    INGV
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-18
    Description: As regards the 1930 Irpinia earthquake a detailed research both on the institutional response to the seismic event in Vulture area and reconstruction of the damage scenario for the town of Melfi has been performed. This study was carried out by an analysis of coeval dossiers drawn up by the Special Office of Civil Engineers, which was set up after the earthquake. The research brought to light the typologies and the modalities of the institutional actions taken during the post-seismic period. In general, these territorial interventions had a notable effect on urban systems, especially those involving both the partial shifting of urban areas and the construction of earthquake-proof buildings. The research also identified the damage pattern in Melfi by a deeper study on about 2400 archive files. A preliminary analysis of the damage pattern indicates probable seismic amplification phenomena due to the lithological and geomorphological features of the site. Moreover, the analysis of time-dependent activities of reconstruction has shown that almost all the buildings of the town (90%) were repaired or reconstructed within five years after the seismic disaster.
    Description: Published
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: historical seismology ; damage scenario ; 1930 Irpinia earthquake ; seismic amplification ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.05. Historical seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 4
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    DBMI04, il database delle osservazioni macrosismiche dei terremoti italiani utilizzate per la compilazione del catalogo parametrico CPTI04 (2007)
    INGV
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-01
    Description: This paper describes the main features of the Macroseismic Database of Italy 2004, which for the first time put together in a critical way the macroseismic data used for the compilation of the CPTI04 (2004) parametric earthquake catalogue. Data come from varied main datasets: i) DOM4.1 (Monachesi e Stucchi, 1997); ii) CFTI version 2 (Boschi et al., 1997) and, for the time-window 1980-2002, CFTI version 3 (Boschi et al., 2000); iii) Bollettino Macrosismico ING (BMING); iv) Catalogo Macrosismico dei Terremoti Etnei, Azzaro et al. (2000; 2002). In addition, data from recent historical and field investigation were also used. DBMI04 contains 58146 macroseismic observations related to 1041 earthquakes and 14161 localities, 12943 of which in Italy. The input data used for the compilation of DBMI04 were not homogeneous with respect to the use of the intensity scale and, mainly, to geographical reference. One of the main task was the organisation of a reliable geographical reference, based on the previous ENEL-ISTAT catalogue of the Italian localities (ENEL, 1978), which was updated by means of new data. Another task consisted in correcting some mistakes performed when associating the placenames quoted by the historical sources and the geographical reference. Some problems were solved using ad hoc conventions for dealing with observations not expressed in terms of macroseismic intensity. This paper presents the adopted solutions and the results, together with the web-interface through which the database is made available to the public (http://emidius.mi.ingv.it/DBMI04/).
    Description: Published
    Description: 1-39
    Description: 5.1. TTC - Banche dati e metodi macrosismici
    Description: N/A or not JCR
    Description: open
    Keywords: database ; macrosismico ; terremoti ; storici ; intensità ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.05. Historical seismology
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  • 5
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    Evidence of historical seismicity and volcanism in the Armenian Highland (from Armenian and other sources) (2006)
    INGV
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-25
    Description: This work presents a summary on the development of studies of historical earthquakes in Armenia and adjacent parts of Turkey and Iran. Since ancient times, this region has been an arena where active geodynamic and seismic history intermingled with no less active and dynamic evolution of human cultures and societies. A long-term historical record in this region beginning as early as the 8th century B.C. provides abundant evidence that can make an inestimable contribution to studies of historical seismicity and volcanism in the area. We discuss the main research methodology and sources used, and dwell on the principal catalogues of historical earthquakes compiled to date.
    Description: Published
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: historical seismicity ; volcanism ; catalogue ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.05. Historical seismology
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  • 6
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    Evidence of seismic deformation of the paved floor of the decumanus at Tindari (NE, Sicily) (2008)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Most of the ancient town of Tindari (NE, Sicily) was settled on a plateau the most surficial layer of which was made of unconsolidated material. Ongoing excavations at the archaeological site at Tindari uncovered a large portion of the decumanus which suffered deformations preliminarily assigned to coseismic effects. An analysis of the local dynamic response through the simulation of strong seismic shaking to the bedrock and modelling of spectral ratios of the bedrock-soft soil was carried out to verify the susceptibility of superficial terrains of the promontory to coseismic deformations. To perform this simulation the finite element method (FEM) was used. Four accelerometric recordings of three earthquakes of medium-high magnitude, recorded on rocky sites, were chosen to simulate the seismic shaking, using a constitutive law for the materials composing the promontory layers both of linear-elastic type and of elastoplastic type. The analysis of the linear-elastic field allowed the definition of the frequencies for which the spectral ratios of the accelerations recorded the highest amplifications; in particular the frequency range 31.5–37.2 Hz can be combined with deformation of the paved floor of the decumanus. The analysis in the elastoplastic field highlighted the zones of promontory more susceptible to suffer plasticization process. The results show that the topmost layer of the decumanus is the most susceptible to suffer plasticization. Therefore, the performed analysis lends greater support to the hypothesis that the deformations were produced by seismic shaking.
    Description: Published
    Description: 213-222
    Description: 3.10. Sismologia storica e archeosismologia
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Fourier analysis ; Elasticity and anelasticity ; Earthquake ground motions ; Site effects ; Computational seismology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.05. Historical seismology
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  • 7
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    Fenomeni associati al terremoto della Calabria dell’8 settembre 1905 (2008)
    INGV
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: RIASSUNTO Il terremoto dell’8 settembre 1905 in Calabria è considerato uno degli eventi più forti della storia sismica italiana, ma paradossalmente, pur essendo abbastanza recente, anche uno dei terremoti la cui conoscenza è più lacunosa. Localizzazione, magnitudo e geometria della sorgente sono ancora sostanzialmente parametri poco vincolati. Il terremoto produsse una grande quantità di effetti ambientali, sui terreni e sulle acque, ed effetti “anomali” percepiti dalla gente, come rombi e fenomeni luminosi. Scopo del presente lavoro è di presentare in un unico repertorio la raccolta di tali osservazioni per fornire un quadro degli effetti associati all’evento. La raccolta è avvenuta selezionando le testimonianze contenute nelle fonti, preferibilmente coeve, che trattano del terremoto del 1905, catalogandole per tipologia e descrivendole. Il database finale è relativo ad osservazioni di effetti associati al terremoto in 122 località. Gli effetti geologici e quelli idrologici sono stati usati per calcolare empiricamente dei valori di magnitudo. Per ognuno dei fenomeni osservati abbiamo anche riassunto lo stato delle conoscenze nella letteratura scientifica, antica e contemporanea. ABSTRACT The September 8, 1905 Calabria (Southern Italy) earthquake belongs to a peculiar family of highly destructive seismic events, mostly occurred at the dawning of the instrumental seismology, for which location, geometry and size of the source are still substantially unconstrained. For instance, during the century-long period elapsed since the earthquake, previous Authors calculated magnitudes between M≤6.2 and M=7.9. In this paper we collected a remarkable dataset of environmental effects produced by the earthquake (more than 220 deeply reviewed observations at 122 different localities) retrieved in the coeval sources. Our data include ground effects (landslides, rock falls and lateral spreads), hydrological changes (streamflow variations, liquefaction, rise of water temperature and turbidity), earthquake lights, earthquake sounds. Finally, we define the magnitude of the event using some empirical relation between seismic parameters and distribution of ground effects and hydrological changes.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1-19
    Description: 3.10. Sismologia storica e archeosismologia
    Description: N/A or not JCR
    Description: open
    Keywords: calabria 1905 ; effetti ambientali ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.05. Historical seismology
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  • 8
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    Terremoti "dispersi" al confine tra Marche, Umbria e Lazio nel 1941-1943 (2008)
    INGV
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Durante la seconda guerra mondiale un tratto della catena appenninica al confine tra Marche, Umbria e Lazio fu interessato da alcuni terremoti moderatamente dannosi, di cui non si trova quasi traccia nei cataloghi parametrici correnti. Il terremoto del 19 dicembre 1941, ben attestato da fonti storiche, non è stato mai registrato da alcun catalogo sismico. Quelli del 16 e 29 gennaio 1943 figuravano nei cataloghi parametrici di prima generazione [Carrozzo et al., 1973; Postpischl, 1985] ma sono scomparsi da quelli più recenti, compilati col metodo del declustering [Camassi e Stucchi, 1998; Gruppo di Lavoro CPTI, 1999-2004]. Il terremoto del 25 marzo 1943 figura nei cataloghi più recenti ma con parametri derivati da una base di dati macrosismici molto ristretta. Durante una ricerca (in corso) sul terremoto di Offida-Castignano del 3 ottobre 1943 sono stati raccolti dati storici che hanno permesso di ricostruire il campo macrosismico di questi terremoti “dispersi”, assegnare le intensità mediante la scala EMS98 e produrre le rispettive stringhe parametriche di sintesi. Questa esperienza ci ricorda che quella dell’incompletezza dei cataloghi sismici è una questione che non riguarda solo i secoli più remoti ma, a volte, anche periodi molto recenti.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1-23
    Description: 3.10. Sismologia storica e archeosismologia
    Description: N/A or not JCR
    Description: open
    Keywords: terremoti sconosciuti, cataloghi, seconda guerra mondiale ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.05. Historical seismology
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  • 9
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    The historical earthquakes of Syria: an analysis of large and moderate earthquakes from 1365 B.C. to 1900 A.D. (2006)
    INGV
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-11-04
    Description: The historical sources of large and moderate earthquakes, earthquake catalogues and monographs exist in many depositories in Syria and European centers. They have been studied, and the detailed review and analysis resulted in a catalogue with 181 historical earthquakes from 1365 B.C. to 1900 A.D. Numerous original documents in Arabic, Latin, Byzantine and Assyrian allowed us to identify seismic events not mentioned in previous works. In particular, detailed descriptions of damage in Arabic sources provided quantitative information necessary to re-evaluate past seismic events. These large earthquakes (I0〉VIII) caused considerable damage in cities, towns and villages located along the northern section of the Dead Sea fault system. Fewer large events also occurred along the Palmyra, Ar-Rassafeh and the Euphrates faults in Eastern Syria. Descriptions in original sources document foreshocks, aftershocks, fault ruptures, liquefaction, landslides, tsunamis, fires and other damages. We present here an updated historical catalogue of 181 historical earthquakes distributed in 4 categories regarding the originality and other considerations, we also present a table of the parametric catalogue of 36 historical earthquakes (table I) and a table of the complete list of all historical earthquakes (181 events) with the affected locality names and parameters of information quality and completeness (table II) using methods already applied in other regions (Italy, England, Iran, Russia) with a completeness test using EMS-92. This test suggests that the catalogue is relatively complete for magnitudes 〉6.5. This catalogue may contribute to a comprehensive and unified parametric earthquake catalogue and to a realistic assessment of seismic hazards in Syria and surrounding regions.
    Description: Published
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: historical earthquakes ; historical sources ; seismic hazards ; Dead Sea fault system ; Eastern Mediterranean ; Lebanon ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.05. Historical seismology ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.02. Seismological data
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  • 10
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    Strong earthquakes included «by chance» in Italian catalogues: single cases or a hint of more? (2006)
    INGV
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-11-04
    Description: In principle, a few of the strong earthquakes (I0 〉= 8/9, M 〉= 5.8) that affected Italy in the past may still be missing from parametric catalogues or be listed there as lesser events, their actual strength unrealized. This seems a reasonable enough inference, given that some strong earthquakes were listed by catalogues quite by chance, from information drawn, mainly or even solely, from a single source. Had this source been destroyed before catalogue compilers were able to consider it, or had they for any reason overlooked it, the earthquake it recorded could also have been missed or underestimated. This paper examines the two most peculiar Italian cases of «single- source earthquakes» (1561 «Vallo di Diano?»; 1639 «Amatrice?»). Is all relevant information on each event really tied up in a single source? And if so, why? Finally, are these cases unique or do they share any common features that could, by occurring elsewhere, act as markers for situations where forgotten earthquakes could still lurk undetected?
    Description: Published
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: historical seismology ; earthquake catalogue completeness ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.05. Historical seismology
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  • 11
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    Australia: historical earthquake studies (2006)
    INGV
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-11-04
    Description: Historical studies of earthquakes in Australia using information dating back to 1788 have been comprehensive, if not exhaustive. Newspapers have been the main source of historical earthquake studies. A brief review is given here with an introduction to the pre-European aboriginal dreamtime information. Some of the anecdotal information of the last two centuries has been compiled as isoseismal maps. Relationships between isoseismal radii and magnitude have been established using post-instrumental data allowing magnitudes to be assigned to the pre-instrumental data, which can then be incorporated into the national earthquake database. The studies have contributed to hazard analyses for the building codes and stimulated research into microzonation and paleo-seismology.
    Description: Published
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: historical earthquakes ; Australia ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.05. Historical seismology
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  • 12
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    Assessing the completeness of Italian historical earthquake data (2006)
    INGV
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-11-04
    Description: The assessment of the completeness of historical earthquake data (such as, for instance, parametric earthquake catalogues) has usually been approached in seismology - and mainly in Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Assessment(PSHA) - by means of statistical procedures. Such procedures look «inside» the data set under investigation and compare it to seismicity models, which often require more or less explicitly that seismicity is stationary. They usually end up determining times (Ti), from which on the data set is considered as complete above a given magnitude (Mi); the part of the data set before Ti is considered as incomplete and, for that reason, not suitable for statistical analysis. As a consequence, significant portions of historical data sets are not used for PSHA. Dealing with historical data sets - which are incomplete by nature, although this does not mean that they are of low value - it seems more appropriate to estimate «how much incomplete» the data sets can be and to use them together with such estimates. In other words, it seems more appropriate to assess the completeness looking «outside » the data sets; that is, investigating the way historical records have been produced, preserved and retrieved. This paper presents the results of investigation carried out in Italy, according to historical methods. First, the completeness of eighteen site seismic histories has been investigated; then, from those results, the completeness of areal portions of the catalogue has been assessed and compared with similar results obtained by statistical methods. Finally, the impact of these results on PSHA is described.
    Description: Published
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: completeness ; historical earthquakes ; seismic hazard ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.05. Historical seismology
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  • 13
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    Status of historical seismology in Japan (2006)
    INGV
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    Publication Date: 2019-11-04
    Description: Japan's combination of high seismicity and a long history has produced copious written records of historical earthquakes. Systematic collection and investigation of such historical documents began late in the 19th century. Now, almost all of Japan's known historical materials on earthquakes have been transcribed into 25 printed volumes. The collections include records of about 400 destructive earthquakes from A.D. 599 to 1872. Epicentral coordinates and magnitudes have been estimated for about half these events and details of earthquake and tsunami disasters have been summarized in catalogues. The space-time pattern of great Tokai and Nankai earthquakes is a good example of revealed earthquake history. The existing collections of historical sources, however, contain low-quality records that produce errors and fictitious (fake) earthquakes, and are difficult of full utilization because of volumes. Moreover, there are peculiar problems to Japan's historical times such as calendar and time of day. Systematic ways of estimating seismic intensities, epicenters, focal depths and magnitudes have not yet been established. Therefore, historical earthquake catalogues are yet incomplete. Constructing a reliable database of the whole historical documents in collaboration with historians to give wide-ranging researchers easy and full utilization of old earthquake records is urgent task. Revision of earthquake catalogues and construction of a seismic intensity database with international standard are also necessary.
    Description: Published
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: historical seismology ; historicaldocuments ; earthquake catalogue ; database ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.05. Historical seismology
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  • 14
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    Detection of Kuril subduction-zoneearthquakes from remote historic recordsin Honshu, Japan, between 1656 and 1867 (2006)
    INGV
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-11-04
    Description: Earthquakes before A.D. 1800 along the Southern Kuril trench, although before the start of written history on nearby islands, probably account for some of the earthquakes noted by local records in Honshu, hundreds of kilometers to the southwest. Earthquake historians have identified about 4800 felt earthquakes in Edo (present Tokyo) and about 3000 felt reports in selected local government records in Tohoku, northern Honshu, for the years A.D. 1656-1867. On the average, 19 earthquakes per year were felt in Edo. Of the Tohoku records, 361 (an average nearly 2 per year) were felt at multiple Tohoku locations; 95 of these (0.4 per year) were also felt in Edo. Since 1926, Tokyo has had a yearly average of 15 felt earthquakes with seismic intensity 2 or more on the Japan Meteorological Agency scale (corresponding to III or more on Modified Mercalli scale). For Tohoku the average annual frequency is about 4. Among them, an average of 0.6 events per year also reached intensity 2 in Tokyo. About one quarter of these events occurred in the southern Kuril trench. If the seismicity is temporally constant, about 80 of the earthquakes recorded in 1656-1867 probably had a Kuril origin.
    Description: Published
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: historical earthquakes ; seismic intensity ; seismicity ; Kuril subduction zone ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.05. Historical seismology
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  • 15
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    California earthquake history (2006)
    INGV
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    Publication Date: 2019-11-04
    Description: This paper presents an overview of the advancement in our knowledge of California's earthquake history since ~ 1800, and especially during the last 30 years. We first review the basic statewide research on earthquake occurrences that was published from 1928 through 2002, to show how the current catalogs and their levels of completeness have evolved with time. Then we review some of the significant new results in specific regions of California, and some of what remains to be done. Since 1850, 167 potentially damaging earthquakes of M ~ 6 or larger have been identified in California and its border regions, indicating an average rate of 1.1 such events per year. Table I lists the earthquakes of M ~ 6 to 6.5 that were also destructive since 1812 in California and its border regions, indicating an average rate of one such event every ~ 5 years. Many of these occurred before 1932 when epicenters and magnitudes started to be determined routinely using seismographs in California. The number of these early earthquakes is probably incomplete in sparsely populated remote parts of California before ~ 1870. For example, 6 of the 7 pre-1873 events in table I are of M = 7, suggesting that other earthquakes of M 6.5 to 6.9 occurred but were not properly identified, or were not destructive. The epicenters and magnitudes (M) of the pre-instrumental earthquakes were determined from isoseismal maps that were based on the Modified Mercalli Intensity of shaking (MMI) at the communities that reported feeling the earthquakes. The epicenters were estimated to be in the regions of most intense shaking, and values of M were estimated from the extent of the areas shaken at various MMI levels. MMI VII or greater shaking is the threshold of damage to weak buildings. Certain areas in the regions of Los Angeles, San Francisco, and Eureka were each shaken repeatedly at MMI VII or greater at least six times since ~ 1812, as depicted by Toppozada and Branum (2002, fig. 19).
    Description: Published
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: historical earthquakes ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.05. Historical seismology ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.02. Seismological data
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  • 16
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    19th century earthquakes in Mexico: three cases, three comparative studies (2006)
    INGV
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-11-04
    Description: This paper is a comparative study of the three strongest 19th century earthquakes in Mexico and their effects and impact mainly in Mexico City. The research is based on historical sources and previous investigations already published for two of the seismic events (8 March 1800 and 19 June 1858), with newly retrieved and analysed data for the 7 April 1845 earthquake. Primary and secondary sources include reports on damage to city buildings, streets and neighbourhoods and allowed a detailed analysis of the national and local effects, impacts and responses to each of the three earthquakes, whose comparison allows a better understanding of specific aspects related to the investigation of historical earthquakes in Mexico.
    Description: Published
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: earthquakes ; Mexico City ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.05. Historical seismology
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    Implications of some early Jewish sources for estimates of earthquake hazardin the Holy Land (2006)
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    Publication Date: 2019-11-04
    Description: For the past two millennia the Holy Land was under the yoke of successive invaders and oppressors, not a fertile ground for growth of historiographic traditions. Consequently, earthquake cataloguers had to rely largely on chronicles and texts written at distant administrative and cultural centers of the day, where earthquake destruction suffered by a culturally and economically depressed province may have been overshadowed by damage in more important parts of the empire. On this assumption, and aided by an implicit notion that the lands bounded by the Dead Sea Rift and Anatolian Fault systems are seismically contiguous, early cataloguers often extended the impact of earthquakes documented in nearby East Mediterranean countries to the Holy Land. Once published, such reports of supposed destructive intensities in Israel were used by Judaic scholars and archaeologists to date poorly defined, often metaphoric, literary seismic echoes, and to justify assigning seismic origin to equivocal signs of damage, asymmetry, or abandonment at archaeological sites of corresponding age. The spread of damage and intensity portraits are therefore enhanced and distorted, and so is their application in palaeoseismic analysis. Four test cases are presented, illustrating the use and misuse of local Judaic sources in identifying destructive intensities supposedly generated in the Holy Land by earthquakes of 92 B.C., 64 B.C. and 31 B.C., and in postulating a regional seismic catastrophe in 749 A.D..
    Description: Published
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: historical seismology ; paleoseismology ; Dead Sea Rift ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.05. Historical seismology
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    The 12th century seismic paroxysmin the Middle East: a historical perspective (2006)
    INGV
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    Publication Date: 2019-11-04
    Description: The Dead Sea Fault and its junction with the southern segment of the East Anatolian fault zone, despite their high tectonic activity have been relatively quiescent in the last two centuries. Historical evidence, however, shows that in the 12th century these faults ruptured producing the large earthquakes of 1114, 1138, 1157 and 1170. This paroxysm occurred during one of the best-documented periods for which we have both Occidental and Arab chronicles, and shows that the activity of the 20th century, which is low, is definitely not a reliable guide to the activity over a longer period. The article is written for this Workshop Proceedings with the archaeoseismologist, and in particular with the seismophile historian in mind. It aims primarily at putting on record what is known about the seismicity of the region in the 12th century, describe the problems associated with the interpretation of macroseismic data, their limitations and misuse, and assess their completeness, rather than answer in detail questions regarding the tectonics and seismic hazard of the region, which will be dealt with elsewhere on a regional basis.
    Description: Published
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: Middle East ; 12th century ; historical earthquakes ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.05. Historical seismology
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    Early seismicity of the Scottish Borders Region (2006)
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    Publication Date: 2019-11-04
    Description: This paper considers the seismicity of Southern Scotland and Northern England up to the year 1750. This area was formerly a border area between two states that eventually became politically united. Much of the area is uplands, and the seismicity is moderate to low. This makes for some problems in studying historical seismicity, yet the area provides a number of case studies of general interest in the field of historical seismology, including a rare case of being able to track down a «missing» earthquake.
    Description: Published
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: historical earthquakes ; British seismicity ; border seismicity ; England ; Scotland ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.05. Historical seismology
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    The CERESIS earthquake catalogue and database of the Andean Region: background, characteristics and examples of use (2006)
    INGV
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-11-04
    Description: The history of earthquakes in South America starts with the coming of the Spanish and Portuguese «conquistadores» at the beginning of the 16th century. Their chronicles, and those of local historians, are the only source of earthquake information for the following 400 years. The creation of the Regional Centre for Seismology for South America (CERESIS) was a major factor for homogenous regional progress, in that CERESIS promoted the implementation of the first unified earthquake catalogue and database for the whole Andean Region. This paper reviews basic information about the intensity database and the focal parameter catalogues proposed by CERESIS in 1985. Further macroseismic data available from the CERESIS database (earthquakes with I0 = 8) are used to obtain preliminary results for the earthquake source parameters of selected South American historical events. The case of the Great Earthquake of the Venezuelan Andes, 29 April 1894, is presented in some detail.
    Description: Published
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: historical seismicity ; CERESIS database ; South America ; intensity data points ; earthquakesource parameters ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.05. Historical seismology
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    A short introduction to historical earthquakes in Libya (2006)
    INGV
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    Publication Date: 2019-11-04
    Description: As a result of the relative motion of the African and European plates, Libya, located at the north central margin of the African continent, has experienced a considerable intraplate tectonism, particularly in its northern coastal regions. If the seismic activity of the last fifty years, at most, is known from instrumental recording, macroseismic effects of those earthquakes which affected Libya in the past centuries are still imperfectly known. To try and partly overcome this lack of information, in this contribution we present a short introduction to historical earthquakes in Libya, focusing on the period up to 1935. According to the studies published in the last twenty years, the earliest records of earthquakes in Libya are documented in the Roman period (3rd and 4th century A.D.). There is a gap in information along the Middle and Modern Ages, while the 19th and early 20th century evidence is concentrated on effects in Tripoli, in the western part of nowadays Libya. The Hun Graben area (western part of the Gulf of Sirt) has been identified as the location of many earthquakes affecting Libya, and it is in this area that the 19 April 1935 earthquake (Mw = 7.1) struck, followed by many aftershocks. Further investigations are needed, and some hints are here given at historical sources potentially reporting on earthquake effects in Libya. Their investigation could result in the needed improvement to lay the foundations of a database and a catalogue of the historical seismicity of Libya.
    Description: Published
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: historical seismicity ; Libya ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.05. Historical seismology ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.02. Seismological data
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    Procedures and toolsused in the investigationof New Zealand's historical earthquakes (2006)
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    Publication Date: 2019-11-04
    Description: New Zealands tectonic setting, astride an obliquely convergent tectonic boundary, means that it has experienced many large earthquakes in its 200-year written historical records. The task of identifying and studying the largest early instrumental and pre-instrumental earthquakes, as well as identifying the smaller events, is being actively pursued in order to reduce gaps in knowledge and to ensure as complete and comprehensive a catalogue as is possible. The task of quantifying historical earthquake locations and magnitudes is made difficult by several factors. These include the range of possible earthquake focal depths, and the sparse, temporally- and spatially-variable historical population distribution which affects the availability of felt intensity information, and hence, the completeness levels of the catalogue. This paper overviews the procedures and tools used in the analysis, parameterisation, and recording of historical New Zealand earthquakes, with examples from recently studied historical events. In particular, the 1855 M 8+ Wairarapa earthquake is discussed, as well as its importance for the eminent 19th century British geologist, Sir Charles Lyell, and for future global understanding of the connection between large earthquakes and sudden uplift, tilting and faulting on a regional scale.
    Description: Published
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: seismicity ; historicalearthquake ; earthquake catalogue ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.05. Historical seismology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.10. Instruments and techniques
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    State-of-the-art of historical earthquake research in Fennoscandia and the Baltic Republics (2006)
    INGV
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-11-14
    Description: We review historical earthquake research in Northern Europe. 'Historical' is defined as being identical with seismic events occurring in the pre-instrumental and early instrumental periods between 1073 and the mid-1960s. The first seismographs in this region were installed in Uppsala, Sweden and Bergen, Norway in 1904-1905, but these mechanical pendulum instruments were broad band and amplification factors were modest at around 500. Until the 1960s few modern short period electromagnetic seismographs were deployed. Scientific earthquake studies in this region began during the first decades of the 1800s, while the systematic use of macroseismic questionnaires commenced at the end of that century. Basic research efforts have vigorously been pursued from the 1970s onwards because of the mandatory seismic risk studies for commissioning nuclear power plants in Sweden, Finland, NW Russia, Kola and installations of huge oil platforms in the North Sea. The most comprehensive earthquake database currently available for Northern Europe is the FENCAT catalogue covering about six centuries and representing the accumulation of work conducted by many scientists during the last 200 years. This catalogue is given in parametric form, while original macroseismic observations and intensity maps for the largest earthquakes can be found in various national publications, often in local languages. No database giving intensity data points exists in computerized form for the region. The FENCAT catalogue still contains some spurious events of various kinds but more serious are some recent claims that some of the presumed largest historical earthquakes have been assigned too large magnitude values, which would have implications for earthquake hazard levels implemented in national building codes. We discuss future cooperative measures such as establishing macroseismic data archives as a means for promoting further research on historical earthquakes in Northern Europe.
    Description: Published
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: historical earthquakes ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.05. Historical seismology
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    History of earthquake studies in Russia (2006)
    INGV
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    Publication Date: 2019-11-04
    Description: To evaluate the completeness of modern knowledge on historical seismicity it is necessary to know the general geopolitical and socio-cultural background in the country. It determines the possibility to record the evidence of an earthquake and conserve the record in original form for a long time-period. The potential duration of historical earthquake study in Russia is assessed based on these considerations. Certain stages of earthquake study in Russia have been detected. Specific problems of seismicity studies of low active areas are discussed as an example of Russian platform. The value of each (even moderate magnitude) event becomes crucial for seismic hazard assessment in such territories. A correct identification of event nature (tectonic earthquake or exogenous phenomena - landslides, karsts, etc.) is practically impossible without using primary sources with detailed descriptions. Occurrence of modern earthquakes can be used to assess the accuracy of historical seismicity knowledge.
    Description: Published
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: earthquakes ; historical seismicity ; evaluation of completeness and accuracy of knowledgeon seismicity ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.05. Historical seismology
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    Earthquakes in India and the Himalaya: tectonics, geodesy and history (2006)
    INGV
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    Publication Date: 2019-11-04
    Description: The record of earthquakes in India is patchy prior to 1800 and its improvement is much impeded by its dispersal in a dozen local languages, and several colonial archives. Although geological studies will necessarily complement the historical record, only two earthquakes of the dozens of known historical events have resulted in surface ruptures, and it is likely that geological data in the form of liquefaction features will be needed to extend the historical record beyond the most recent few centuries. Damage from large Himalayan earthquakes recorded in Tibet and in Northern India suggests that earthquakes may attain M = 8.2. Seismic gaps along two-thirds of the Himalaya that have developed in the past five centuries, when combined with geodetic convergence rates of approximately 1.8 m/cy, suggests that one or more M = 8 earthquakes may be overdue. The mechanisms of recent earthquakes in Peninsular India are consistent with stresses induced in the Indian plate flexed by its collision with Tibet. A region of abnormally high seismicity in western India appears to be caused by local convergence across the Rann of Kachchh and possibly other rift zones of India. Since the plate itself deforms little, this deformation may be related to incipient plate fragmentation in Sindh or over a larger region of NW India.
    Description: Published
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: earthquakes ; history ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.05. Historical seismology
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    State-of-the-art of historical earthquake investigation in Bulgaria (2006)
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    Publication Date: 2019-11-04
    Description: This paper deals with non-instrumental seismology development in Bulgaria (the central-eastern part of the Balkan peninsula). The first steps and products of this scientific branch are discussed because they have traced the road of present-day historical seismology in this country. The sources of information on long-term seismicity are critically reviewed. Some recent studies, which contribute to an improvement of the supporting data sets, are also discussed. A special emphasis is laid on the rules adopted to solve different cases as well as on the aspects, by which our understanding of the seismogenesis throughout the present-day Bulgarian lands has been enhanced.
    Description: Published
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: macroseismology ; bulletins and catalogues ; supporting data set ; site seismic histories ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.05. Historical seismology ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.02. Seismological data
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    A survey of the past earthquakesin the Eastern Adriatic (14th to early 19th century) (2006)
    INGV
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    Publication Date: 2019-11-04
    Description: Focusing on the Eastern Adriatic region, from Zadar in the north to Corfu in the south, the background information supporting our knowledge of the seismicity in the time-span 14th to early 19th century is discussed from the point of view of the historical earthquake records. The late 19th century seismological compilations turn out to be those responsible for the uneven spatial and temporal distribution of seismicity suggested by current parametric earthquake catalogues. This awareness asked for a comprehensive reappraisal of the reliability and completeness of the available historical earthquake records. This task was addressed by retrieving in the original version the information already known, by putting the records in the historical context in which they were produced, and finally by sampling historical sources so far not considered. Selected case histories have been presented in some detail also. This material altogether has shown that i) current parameterisation of past earthquakes in the Eastern Adriatic should be reconsidered in the light of a critically revised interpretation of the available records; ii) collecting new evidence in sources and repositories, not fully exploited so far, is needed. This should aim mostly at overcoming another limitation affecting the evaluation of full sets of earthquake parameters, that is the few observations available for each earthquake. In this perspective, an optimistic assessment of the potential documentation on this area is proposed.
    Description: Published
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: historical earthquakes ; Eastern Adriatic ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.05. Historical seismology
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    Catalogues of historical earthquakes in Italy (2006)
    INGV
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    Publication Date: 2019-11-04
    Description: A complete survey of historical earthquake investigation in Italy cannot be compressed into a few pages, since it would entail making a summary of widely different phases of research (performed by past scholars and by contemporary scientists and historians) and taking into account the widely different historical contexts, methodological assumptions and critical awareness of each of them. This short note only purposes to chart the main stages of the progress made by Italian historical seismology, from the late 17th century compilation by Bonito(1691) up to the latest parametric catalogue (Working Group CPTI, 1999).
    Description: Published
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: historical seismology ; earthquake catalogue ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.05. Historical seismology
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    The 346 A.D. earthquake( Central-Southern Italy): an archaeoseismological approach (2006)
    INGV
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    Publication Date: 2019-11-04
    Description: The 346 A.D. earthquake is known through sparse historical sources. It is mentioned by Hyeronimus as felt in Rome and responsible for damage in the ancient Campania Province. Four epigraphs report the earthquake as the cause for the restorations of buildings at Aesernia-Isernia, Allifae-Alife, Telesia-Telese and Saepinum-Sepino. On this basis, an area possibly struck by the earthquake was already defined in the literature. Another seventeen epigraphs mentioning restoration or re-building of edifices in localities of central-southern Italy (without explicitly referring to the earthquake as the cause of the damage) are possibly related to the earthquake effects. We tried to enhance our knowledge on the 346 earthquake through archaeoseismological analyses. The investigation has benefited from specific fieldwork during archaeological excavations and a critical review of the available archaeological literature. However, a correct archaeoseismological interpretation is hindered by the occurrence of two earthquakes (346 and 375 A.D.) in a short time span and in adjacent areas (whose effects may be archaeo-chronologically undistinguishable) and the not always univocal evidence of the seismic origin of the detected collapses or restoration of structures. For this reason we propose a representation of the 346 A.D. effects through two extreme pictures: 1) the localities for which conclusive data on the earthquake effects are available and 2) the data of point 1 plus the localities for which archaeoseismological data consistent with the earthquake are available. The latter view defines an area of possible damage related to the 346 event larger than that previously known. In particular, the earthquake damage may result from a seismic sequence similar to that, which struck a part of the central and the southern Apennines in 1456, or from an event comparable to that which occurred in 1805, responsible for widespread damage in the northern sector of the southern Apennines.
    Description: Published
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: archaeoseismology ; 346 A.D. earthquake ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.05. Historical seismology ; 05. General::05.09. Miscellaneous::05.09.99. General or miscellaneous
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    An outline of earthquake catalogues, databases and studies of historical seismicity in the Iberian Peninsula (2006)
    INGV
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    Publication Date: 2021-11-29
    Description: The general purpose of the present paper is to summarize the state-of-the-art of historical earthquake knowledge and research in the Iberian Peninsula, giving an account of the main references, the historical developments and the present situation of earthquake catalogues. The most representative historical works for compiling earthquake data (catalogues) up to 1985 are referred together with those of more recent investigations carried out in Spain and Portugal for the period 1985-2003. Existing databases on historical seismicity are presented, mentioning the most important achievements in relation to quality of information.
    Description: Published
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: historical seismicity ; catalogues ; macroseismic data ; earthquake database ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.05. Historical seismology
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