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  • Articles  (384)
  • Annual Reviews  (384)
  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd
  • 2005-2009  (201)
  • 1980-1984  (183)
  • 1925-1929
  • 1920-1924
  • Ethnic Sciences  (384)
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  • Articles  (384)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Theoretical Issues in Contemporary Soviet Paleolithic Archaeology (1983)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 12 (1983), S. 403-428 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.an.12.100183.002155
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Schemata in Cognitive Anthropology (1983)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 12 (1983), S. 429-462 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.an.12.100183.002241
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Non-Western Medical Systems (1982)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 11 (1982), S. 315-348 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.an.11.100182.001531
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Anthropologists View American Culture (1983)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 12 (1983), S. 49-78 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.an.12.100183.000405
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Meaning-Text Models: A Recent Trend in Soviet Linguistics (1981)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 10 (1981), S. 27-62 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.an.10.100181.000331
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Endocrine-Environment Interaction in Human Variability (1981)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 10 (1981), S. 141-162 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.an.10.100181.001041
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sign Language in its Social Context (1981)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 10 (1981), S. 237-252 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.an.10.100181.001321
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Recent Ethnology of the Northwest Coast (1981)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 10 (1981), S. 361-392 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.an.10.100181.002045
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ethnographic Aspects of the World Capitalist System (1981)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 10 (1981), S. 393-423 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.an.10.100181.002141
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Anthropology of the Mediterranean Area (1982)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 11 (1982), S. 175-205 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.an.11.100182.001135
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Variation in Prehistoric Agricultural Systems of The New World (1983)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 12 (1983), S. 79-103 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.an.12.100183.000455
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Concepts of Time in Quaternary Prehistory (1983)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 12 (1983), S. 165-192 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.an.12.100183.001121
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Anthropology of Eastern Europe (1983)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 12 (1983), S. 377-402 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.an.12.100183.002113
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Philosophy of Science in Anthropology (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 13 (1984), S. 25-39 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.an.13.100184.000325
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Functional Theories of Grammar (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 13 (1984), S. 97-117 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.an.13.100184.000525
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Past, Present, and Future of Flintknapping: An Anthropological Perspective (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 13 (1984), S. 187-203 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.an.13.100184.001155
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Southwestern Archaeology (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 13 (1984), S. 301-332 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.an.13.100184.001505
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Death: A Cross-Cultural Perspective (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 13 (1984), S. 385-417 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.an.13.100184.002125
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Problem of Informant Accuracy: The Validity of Retrospective Data (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 13 (1984), S. 495-517 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.an.13.100184.002431
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
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    Time Allocation: A Tool For the Study of Cultural Behavior (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 13 (1984), S. 519-558 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.an.13.100184.002511
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Human Biological Adaptation to Arctic and Subarctic Zones (1980)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 9 (1980), S. 63-82 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.an.09.100180.000431
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Return Migration (1980)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 9 (1980), S. 135-159 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.an.09.100180.001031
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ecological Anthropology (1980)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 9 (1980), S. 235-273 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.an.09.100180.001315
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  • 24
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    Current Trends in Phonology: The Challenges of Validation and Heterogeneity (1980)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 9 (1980), S. 293-314 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.an.09.100180.001453
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sign Language Structure (1980)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 9 (1980), S. 365-390 
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    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.an.09.100180.002053
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  • 26
    Electronic Resource
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    Human Growth (1980)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 9 (1980), S. 275-292 
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    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.an.09.100180.001423
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  • 27
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    HUMAN RIGHTS, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCE, AND INFECTIOUS DISEASES AMONG SOUTH AMERICAN INDIGENOUS GROUPS * (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 34 (2005), S. 639-665 
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    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
    Notes: Despite the efforts of international health agencies to reduce global health inequalities, indigenous populations around the world remain largely unaffected by such initiatives. This chapter reviews the biomedical literature indexed by the PubMed database published between 1963 and 2003 on South American indigenous populations, a total of 1864 studies that include 63,563 study participants. Some language family groupings are better represented than are others, and lowland groups are better represented than are highland groups. Very few studies focus on major health threats (e.g., tuberculosis, influenza), public health interventions, or mestizo-indigenous epidemiological comparisons. The prevalence rates of three frequently studied infectionsĐ??parasitism, human T-cell lymphotropic viral infection (HTLV), and hepatitisĐ??are extraordinarily high, but these facts have been overlooked by national and international health agencies. This review underscores the urgent need for interventions based on known disease prevalence rates to reduce the burden of infectious diseases in indigenous communities.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.anthro.32.061002.093406
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  • 28
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    SURFACING THE BODY INTERIOR (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 34 (2005), S. 741-756 
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    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
    Notes: In the wake of critiques that have rendered problematic such familiar objects of study as culture and social structure, anthropologists seeking ways to engage ethnographically with the complexities of the contemporary world have fashioned new kinds of objects of study. These generally continue, however, to be framed as just thatĐ??as objects. Rather than pursue the "anthropology of" any particular object that preexists ethnography, anthropologists should find ways of bringing the openness and creativity of ethnographic work more boldly into the theoretical framing of what it is that they study. I propose here the notion of surfacing the body interior as one framing device that may help facilitate such ethnographic explorations into bodies, their interiors, and their surfaces as contingent configurations made and unmade through practices that are at once social, material, and representational.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.anthro.33.070203.144004
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  • 29
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    THE ANTHROPOLOGY OF THE BEGINNINGS AND ENDS OF LIFE (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 34 (2005), S. 317-341 
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    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
    Notes: This essay reviews recent anthropological attention to the "beginnings" and "endings" of life. A large literature since the 1990s highlights the analytic trends and innovations that characterize anthropological attention to the cultural production of persons, the naturalization of life, and the emergence of new life forms. Part I of this essay outlines the coming-into-being, completion and attenuation of personhood and how life and death are attributed, contested, and enacted. Dominant themes include how connections are forged or severed between the living and the dead and the socio-politics of dead, dying, and decaying bodies. The culture of medicine is examined for its role in organizing and naming life and death. Part II is organized by the turn to biopolitical analyses stimulated by the work of Foucault. It encompasses the ways in which the biosciences and biotechnologies, along with state practices, govern forms of living and dying and new forms of life such as the stem cell, embryo, comatose, and brain dead, and it emphasizes the production of value. Much of this scholarship is informed by concepts of liminality (a period and state of being between social statuses) and subjectification (in which notions of self, citizenship, life and its management are linked to the production of knowledge and political forms of regulation).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.anthro.34.081804.120452
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  • 30
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    THE CULTURAL POLITICS OF BODY SIZE (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 34 (2005), S. 13 
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    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
    Notes: Scholarly interest in body size has increased in concert with recent efforts to shape and assess bodies in particular ways within industrialized social contexts. Attending to both overt and covert references to Eurocentric body projects, this chapter reviews literature in anthropology, sociology, and cultural studies that addresses the cultural politics of body size in various parts of the world. It begins with a discussion of biocultural paradigms, which accept certain biomedical categories even when challenging or reconfiguring their hegemonic power. Next is a survey of works analyzing body size within "non-Western" groups as well as European and North American subgroups. These studies often employ culturally powerful "Western" constructs as foils, an approach that risks cultural othering. The analysis then turns to the extensive literature that unpacks dominant Euro-American body practices and discourses. Here, diverse perspectives on several key concerns in sociocultural anthropology are considered; concepts of culture and power, theories of the body and embodiment, and understandings of human agency vary in instructive ways. The chapter concludes with a review of scholarship on postcolonial processes and representations that incorporates a critical perspective on Eurocentric preoccupations with body size.
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  • 31
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    THE ECOLOGIES OF HUMAN IMMUNE FUNCTION (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 34 (2005), S. 495-521 
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    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
    Notes: Immune function is notoriously complex, and current biomedical research elaborates this complexity by focusing on the cellular and molecular mechanisms that characterize immune defenses. However, the human immune system is a product of natural selection that develops and functions in whole organisms that are integral parts of their surrounding environments. A population-level, cross-cultural, adaptationist perspective is therefore a necessary complement to the micro levels of analysis currently favored by biomedical immunology. Prior field-based research on human immunity is reviewed to demonstrate the relevance of cultural ecological factors, with an emphasis on the ecologies of nutrition, infectious disease, reproduction, and psychosocial stress. Common themes and anthropological contributions are identified in an attempt to promote future research in human ecological immunology that integrates theory and method for a more contextualized understanding of this important physiological system.
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  • 32
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    EARLY MODERN HUMANS (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 34 (2005), S. 207 
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    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
    Notes: Perceptions of the emergence and spread of modern humans have changed recently through the reanalysis of fossils, an improved geochronological framework, and the discovery of a few specimens. Early modern humans in various portions of the Old World exhibit complex and varying mosaics of archaic, modern, and regional morphological characteristics. On the basis of this pattern, in conjunction with the emerging chronology of the earliest modern humans, the paleontological data indicate an assimilation model for modern human origins, in which the earliest modern humans emerged in eastern Africa, dispersed briefly into southwestern Asia, and then subsequently spread into the remainder of Africa and southern Asia, eventually into higher latitude Eurasia. The earliest modern humans outside of the core area of eastern Africa can be understood only if a variable degree of admixture with regional groups of late archaic humans occurred. Current and expected fossil and molecular data are unlikely to illuminate the degree of assimilation that took place in most regions of the Old World. However, the current chronological and phylogenetic framework provides the basis for ongoing investigation of the nature of this Late Pleistocene transitional period.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.anthro.34.030905.154913
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  • 33
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    INDIGENOUS MOVEMENTS IN LATIN AMERICA, 1992Đ??2004: Controversies, Ironies, New Directions (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 34 (2005), S. 549-573 
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    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
    Notes: This review examines literature on indigenous movements in Latin America from 1992 to 2004. It addresses ethnic identity and ethnic activism, in particular the reindianization processes occurring in indigenous communities throughout the region. We explore the impact that states and indigenous mobilizing efforts have had on each other, as well as the role of transnational nongovernmental organizations and para-statal organizations, neoliberalism more broadly, and armed conflict. Shifts in ethnoracial, political, and cultural indigenous discourses are examined, special attention being paid to new deployments of rhetorics concerned with political imaginaries, customary law, culture, and identity. Self-representational strategies will be numerous and dynamic, identities themselves multiple, fluid, and abundantly positional. The challenges these dynamics present for anthropological field research and ethnographic writing are discussed, as is the dialogue between scholars, indigenous and not, and activists, indigenous and not. Conclusions suggest potentially fruitful research directions for the future.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.anthro.34.081804.120529
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  • 34
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    Lineage Theory: A Critical Retrospect (1982)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 11 (1982), S. 71-95 
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    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.an.11.100182.000443
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  • 35
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    Anthropology of Knowledge (1982)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 11 (1982), S. 287-313 
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    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.an.11.100182.001443
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  • 36
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    The Stone Age Prehistory of Southern Africa (1983)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 12 (1983), S. 25-48 
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    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.an.12.100183.000325
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  • 37
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    Analysis of Style in Artifacts (1983)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 12 (1983), S. 125-142 
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    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.an.12.100183.001013
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    Contemporary Hunter-Gatherers: Current Theoretical Issues in Ecology and Social Organization (1983)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 12 (1983), S. 193-214 
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    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.an.12.100183.001205
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  • 39
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    Evolution of a Teacher (1983)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 12 (1983), S. 1-25 
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    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.an.12.100183.000245
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    Remote Sensing (1983)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 12 (1983), S. 105-124 
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    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.an.12.100183.000541
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    Current Directions in West African Prehistory (1983)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 12 (1983), S. 215-258 
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    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.an.12.100183.001243
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    A Survey of Afro-American English (1983)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 12 (1983), S. 335-354 
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    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.an.12.100183.002003
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    Biomedical Practice and Anthropological Theory: Frameworks and Directions (1983)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 12 (1983), S. 305-333 
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    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.an.12.100183.001513
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    Linguistics in Other Professions (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 13 (1984), S. 419-445 
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    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.an.13.100184.002223
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    Materialist Approaches in Prehistory (1981)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 10 (1981), S. 89-118 
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    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.an.10.100181.000513
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  • 46
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    Computer Simulation in Anthropology (1981)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 10 (1981), S. 193-207 
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    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.an.10.100181.001205
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  • 47
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    Anthropology of Fishing (1981)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 10 (1981), S. 275-316 
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    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.an.10.100181.001423
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  • 48
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    Professional Responsibility in Public Archaeology (1983)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 12 (1983), S. 143-164 
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    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.an.12.100183.001043
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  • 49
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    Human Heat Tolerance: An Anthropological Perspective (1983)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 12 (1983), S. 259-284 
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    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.an.12.100183.001355
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    Adaptation to High Altitude (1983)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 12 (1983), S. 285-304 
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    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.an.12.100183.001441
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    A Decade of Morphology and Word Formation (1983)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 12 (1983), S. 355-375 
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    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.an.12.100183.002035
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    Anthropological Perspectives on Diet (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 13 (1984), S. 205-249 
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    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.an.13.100184.001225
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    Nomadic Pastoralism (1980)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 9 (1980), S. 15-61 
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    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.an.09.100180.000311
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    Sampling in Archaeology: A Critique (1980)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 9 (1980), S. 217-234 
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    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.an.09.100180.001245
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    Northern Athapaskan Ethnology in the 1970 (1980)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 9 (1980), S. 83-100 
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    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.an.09.100180.000503
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    "The Best Is Yet To Be": Toward An Anthropology of Age (1980)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 9 (1980), S. 339-364 
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    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.an.09.100180.002011
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    Historical Perspectives on Scandinavian Peasantries (1980)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 9 (1980), S. 187-215 
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    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.an.09.100180.001155
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    Play in Species Adaptation (1980)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 9 (1980), S. 471-495 
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    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.an.09.100180.002351
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    Adaptive Strategies in Peasant Agricultural Production (1980)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 9 (1980), S. 545-573 
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    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.an.09.100180.002553
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    PIERRE BOURDIEU AND THE PRACTICES OF LANGUAGE (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 34 (2005), S. 67-83 
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    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
    Notes: This paper synthesizes research on linguistic practice and critically examines the legacy of Pierre Bourdieu from the perspective of linguistic anthropology. Bourdieu wrote widely about language and linguistics, but his most far reaching engagement with the topic is in his use of linguistic reasoning to elaborate broader sociological concepts including habitus, field, standardization, legitimacy, censorship, and symbolic power. The paper examines and relates habitus and field in detail, tracing the former to the work of Erwin Panofsky and the latter to structuralist discourse semantics. The principles of relative autonomy, boundedness, homology, and embedding apply to fields and their linkage to habitus. Authority, censorship, and euphemism are traced to the field, and symbolic power is related to misrecognition. And last, this chapter relates recent work in linguistic anthropology to practice and indicates lines for future research.
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    WILL INDIGENOUS LANGUAGES SURVIVE? (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 34 (2005), S. 293-315 
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    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
    Notes: Much attention has been focused on the survival of Indigenous languages in recent years. Many, particularly anthropologists and linguists, anticipate the demise of the majority of Indigenous languages within this century and have called on the need to arrest the loss of languages. Opinions vary concerning the loss of language; some regard it as a hopeless cause, and others see language revitalization as a major responsibility of linguistics and kindred disciplines. To that end, this review explores efforts in language revitalization and documentation and the engagement with Indigenous peoples. It remains unclear why some attempts at language revitalization succeed, whereas others fail. What is clear is that the process is profoundly political.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.anthro.34.081804.120629
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    COMPARISONS: Possible and Impossible (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 34 (2005), S. 1-11 
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    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
    Notes: In the twentieth century, many anthropological comparisons were mounted on the base of the synchronic societal ethnographies being produced at the time. That work produced a valuable inventory of the range of variations and differences. Now, following quite a different track, and defining the task anew, a remarkable number of ethnographies consist of observations of processes of change as they go along. The considerable obstacles to comparing such temporally oriented, processual case histories distinguishes them from earlier studies of tradition and custom. In this review, five abbreviated case histories of ongoing development projects illustrate the difference of approach. The process by which plans to control particular aspects of a social field are designed, implemented, altered, and diverted are the object of these ethnographic studies. The cultures of control employed by the planners are noted, but the dynamic of the societal context into which projects are introduced is shown to be equally important to the outcome. No less than a redefinition of the anthropological field of observation is involved in this approach.
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    INTELLECTUALS AND NATIONALISM: Anthropological Engagements (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 34 (2005), S. 105-120 
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    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
    Notes: To what extent are intellectuals artisans of nationalism? In this chapter we review past and present anthropological research that has helped to reveal the agency of intellectuals in the projects and operations of states and nations. If the intellectual has long been defined in the Marxian-Gramscian tradition as a social actor with a special praxical investment in ways and forms of knowing, then what we discuss as "intellectualism," the social formation of knowledge, should be understood as a central dimension of the (re)production of nations and nationalism both inside and outside of states. We suggest that further drawing anthropological attention to intellectuals and their knowledge practices (ranging from the poetic-literary to the technical-administrative) will help the anthropology of nations and nationalism to (a) locate the role of human agency in the creation, circulation, and contestation of national culture, (b) capture the intellectual work involved in nationalism and bureaucracy in its full diversity, and (c) imagine a new series of ethnographic access points among educated professionals for the study of nationalism in action.
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    NEW DIRECTIONS IN PIDGIN AND CREOLE STUDIES (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 34 (2005), S. 33-42 
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    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
    Notes: This chapter introduces the reader to the areas of previous investigation in creole studies, while outlining new directions the field is taking. The first section shows that, although the chief areas of interest have essentially remained the same for the past few decades, methodologies have changed toward a more comprehensive multilayered approach aimed at a better understanding of how individual creole languages emerge, evolve and function. The second section focuses particularly on cognitive processes involved in creole formation, such as restructuring, relexification, reanalysis, and dialectal leveling. In the third and last section, I critically evaluate the current state of affairs and point out potential obstacles and promising interdisciplinary trends.
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    THE EFFECT OF MARKET ECONOMIES ON THE WELL-BEING OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLES AND ON THEIR USE OF RENEWABLE NATURAL RESOURCES (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 34 (2005), S. 121-138 
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    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
    Notes: Assessing the effects of markets on the well-being of indigenous peoples and their conservation of natural resources matters to identify public policies to improve well-being and enhance conservation and to test hypotheses about sociocultural change. We review studies about how market economies affect the subsistence, health, nutritional status, social capital, and traditional ecological knowledge of indigenous peoples and their use of renewable natural resources. Market exposure produces mixed effects on well-being and conservation. Unclear effects arise from the small sample size of observations; reliance on cross-sectional data or short panels; lack of agreement on the measure of key variables, such as integration to the market or folk knowledge, or whether to rely on perceived or objective indicators of health; and endogeneity biases. Rigorous empirical studies linking market economies with the well-being of indigenous peoples or their use of renewable natural resources have yet to take off.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.anthro.34.081804.120412
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    IMMIGRANT RACIALIZATION AND THE NEW SAVAGE SLOT: Race, Migration, and Immigration in the New Europe (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 34 (2005), S. 363-384 
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    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
    Notes: This review explores contemporary processes through which immigrants are categorized into shifting racial landscapes in the new Europe. Tracing the racial genealogy of the immigrant through European and Europeanist migration studies, the successive construction of overlapping tropes of the nomad, the laborer, the uprooted victim, the hybrid cosmopolite, and the (Muslim) transmigrant are examined. This history points to the perduring problematization of the immigrant as the object of national integration. If migration studies have effectively tended to racialize migrants into a new savage slot, recent ethnographies of the immigrant experience in Europe point to ways in which immigrant and diasporic groups cross racial frontiers and enact solidarity across class and cultural lines.
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    HUMAN RIGHTS, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCE, AND INFECTIOUS DISEASES AMONG SOUTH AMERICAN INDIGENOUS GROUPS * (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 34 (2005), S. 639-665 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
    Notes: Despite the efforts of international health agencies to reduce global health inequalities, indigenous populations around the world remain largely unaffected by such initiatives. This chapter reviews the biomedical literature indexed by the PubMed database published between 1963 and 2003 on South American indigenous populations, a total of 1864 studies that include 63,563 study participants. Some language family groupings are better represented than are others, and lowland groups are better represented than are highland groups. Very few studies focus on major health threats (e.g., tuberculosis, influenza), public health interventions, or mestizo-indigenous epidemiological comparisons. The prevalence rates of three frequently studied infectionsĐ??parasitism, human T-cell lymphotropic viral infection (HTLV), and hepatitisĐ??are extraordinarily high, but these facts have been overlooked by national and international health agencies. This review underscores the urgent need for interventions based on known disease prevalence rates to reduce the burden of infectious diseases in indigenous communities.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.anthro.32.061002.093406
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    PIERRE BOURDIEU AND THE PRACTICES OF LANGUAGE (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 34 (2005), S. 67-83 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
    Notes: This paper synthesizes research on linguistic practice and critically examines the legacy of Pierre Bourdieu from the perspective of linguistic anthropology. Bourdieu wrote widely about language and linguistics, but his most far reaching engagement with the topic is in his use of linguistic reasoning to elaborate broader sociological concepts including habitus, field, standardization, legitimacy, censorship, and symbolic power. The paper examines and relates habitus and field in detail, tracing the former to the work of Erwin Panofsky and the latter to structuralist discourse semantics. The principles of relative autonomy, boundedness, homology, and embedding apply to fields and their linkage to habitus. Authority, censorship, and euphemism are traced to the field, and symbolic power is related to misrecognition. And last, this chapter relates recent work in linguistic anthropology to practice and indicates lines for future research.
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    WILL INDIGENOUS LANGUAGES SURVIVE? (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 34 (2005), S. 293-315 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
    Notes: Much attention has been focused on the survival of Indigenous languages in recent years. Many, particularly anthropologists and linguists, anticipate the demise of the majority of Indigenous languages within this century and have called on the need to arrest the loss of languages. Opinions vary concerning the loss of language; some regard it as a hopeless cause, and others see language revitalization as a major responsibility of linguistics and kindred disciplines. To that end, this review explores efforts in language revitalization and documentation and the engagement with Indigenous peoples. It remains unclear why some attempts at language revitalization succeed, whereas others fail. What is clear is that the process is profoundly political.
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    ENHANCEMENT TECHNOLOGIES AND THE BODY (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 34 (2005), S. 695-716 
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    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
    Notes: The technological ability to alter biology, along with the social conditions and cultural expectations that enable such transformations, is spawning a variety of techniques that augment bodily forms and functions. These techniques, collectively known as enhancement technologies, aim to improve human characteristics, including appearance and mental or physical functioning, often beyond what is 'normal' or necessary for life and well-being. Humans have always modified their bodies. What distinguishes these techniques is that bodies and selves become the objects of improvement work, unlike previous efforts in modernity to achieve progress through social and political institutions. There are profound effects on sociality and subjectivity. This chapter reviews analytical approaches through which researchers have attempted to illuminate the practices, moral and economic reasoning, cultural assumptions and institutional contexts constituting enhancements, framing the discussion by examining the concept of the normal body. Examples from cosmetic, neurological and genetic enhancements will illustrate.
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    TOO MUCH FOR TOO FEW: Problems of Indigenous Land Rights in Latin America (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 34 (2005), S. 85-104 
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    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
    Notes: In a number of countries in Latin America, recent changes in the constitutional and legislative environment under which indigenous people hold or claim land and natural resource rights have triggered a number of processes and projects to demarcate, legalize, or otherwise consolidate indigenous lands. This review begins with a look at Nicaragua and goes on to examine five of the South American processes, allegedly with the most favorable legal and policy environments, and concludes that they suffer from common problems related to (a) the amount of land and resources being claimed by relatively small numbers of people, (b) the contestation of the claims by non-indigenous sectors, and (c) the nature of indigenous organizations and the NGOs that support them. The confrontation between policy and reality yields some lessons for the future.
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    AUTOCHTHONY: Local or Global? New Modes in the Struggle over Citizenship and Belonging in Africa and Europe (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 34 (2005), S. 385-407 
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    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
    Notes: The past 15 years have brought an upsurge of "autochthony." It has become an incendiary political slogan in many parts of the African continent as an unexpected corollary of democratization and the new style of development policies ("by-passing the state" and decentralization). The main agenda of the new autochthony movements is the exclusion of supposed "strangers" and the unmasking of "fake" autochthons, who are often citizens of the same nation-state. However, Africa is no exception in this respect. Intensified processes of globalization worldwide seem to go together with a true "conjuncture of belonging" (T.M. Li 2000 ) and increasingly violent attempts to exclude "allochthons." This article compares studies of the upsurge of autochthony in Africa with interpretations of the rallying power of a similar discourse in Western Europe. How can the same discourse appear "natural" in such disparate circumstances? Recent studies highlight the extreme malleability of the apparently self-evident claims of autochthony. These discourses promise the certainty of belonging, but in practice, they raise basic uncertainties because autochthony is subject to constant redefinition against new "others" and at ever-closer range.
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    COMPARISONS: Possible and Impossible (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 34 (2005), S. 1-11 
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    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
    Notes: In the twentieth century, many anthropological comparisons were mounted on the base of the synchronic societal ethnographies being produced at the time. That work produced a valuable inventory of the range of variations and differences. Now, following quite a different track, and defining the task anew, a remarkable number of ethnographies consist of observations of processes of change as they go along. The considerable obstacles to comparing such temporally oriented, processual case histories distinguishes them from earlier studies of tradition and custom. In this review, five abbreviated case histories of ongoing development projects illustrate the difference of approach. The process by which plans to control particular aspects of a social field are designed, implemented, altered, and diverted are the object of these ethnographic studies. The cultures of control employed by the planners are noted, but the dynamic of the societal context into which projects are introduced is shown to be equally important to the outcome. No less than a redefinition of the anthropological field of observation is involved in this approach.
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    SURFACING THE BODY INTERIOR (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 34 (2005), S. 741-756 
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    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
    Notes: In the wake of critiques that have rendered problematic such familiar objects of study as culture and social structure, anthropologists seeking ways to engage ethnographically with the complexities of the contemporary world have fashioned new kinds of objects of study. These generally continue, however, to be framed as just thatĐ??as objects. Rather than pursue the "anthropology of" any particular object that preexists ethnography, anthropologists should find ways of bringing the openness and creativity of ethnographic work more boldly into the theoretical framing of what it is that they study. I propose here the notion of surfacing the body interior as one framing device that may help facilitate such ethnographic explorations into bodies, their interiors, and their surfaces as contingent configurations made and unmade through practices that are at once social, material, and representational.
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    THE ANTHROPOLOGY OF THE BEGINNINGS AND ENDS OF LIFE (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 34 (2005), S. 317-341 
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    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
    Notes: This essay reviews recent anthropological attention to the "beginnings" and "endings" of life. A large literature since the 1990s highlights the analytic trends and innovations that characterize anthropological attention to the cultural production of persons, the naturalization of life, and the emergence of new life forms. Part I of this essay outlines the coming-into-being, completion and attenuation of personhood and how life and death are attributed, contested, and enacted. Dominant themes include how connections are forged or severed between the living and the dead and the socio-politics of dead, dying, and decaying bodies. The culture of medicine is examined for its role in organizing and naming life and death. Part II is organized by the turn to biopolitical analyses stimulated by the work of Foucault. It encompasses the ways in which the biosciences and biotechnologies, along with state practices, govern forms of living and dying and new forms of life such as the stem cell, embryo, comatose, and brain dead, and it emphasizes the production of value. Much of this scholarship is informed by concepts of liminality (a period and state of being between social statuses) and subjectification (in which notions of self, citizenship, life and its management are linked to the production of knowledge and political forms of regulation).
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    RACE AND ETHNICITY IN PUBLIC HEALTH RESEARCH: Models to Explain Health Disparities (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 34 (2005), S. 231-252 
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    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
    Notes: The description and explanation of racial and ethnic health disparities are major initiatives of the public health research establishment. Black Americans suffer on nearly every measure of health in relation to white Americans. Five theoretical models have been proposed to explain these disparities: a racial-genetic model, a health-behavior model, a socioeconomic status model, a psychosocial stress model, and a structural-constructivist model. We selectively review literature on health disparities, emphasizing research on low birth weight and high blood pressure. The psychosocial stress model and the structural-constructivist model offer greatest promise to explain disparities. In future research, theoretical elaboration and operational specificity are needed to distinguish among three distinct factors: (a) genetic variants contributing to disease risk; (b) ethnoracial or folk racial categories masquerading as biology; and (c) ethnic group membership. Such elaboration is necessary to move beyond the conflation of these three distinct constructs that characterizes much of current research.
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    INTELLECTUALS AND NATIONALISM: Anthropological Engagements (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 34 (2005), S. 105-120 
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    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
    Notes: To what extent are intellectuals artisans of nationalism? In this chapter we review past and present anthropological research that has helped to reveal the agency of intellectuals in the projects and operations of states and nations. If the intellectual has long been defined in the Marxian-Gramscian tradition as a social actor with a special praxical investment in ways and forms of knowing, then what we discuss as "intellectualism," the social formation of knowledge, should be understood as a central dimension of the (re)production of nations and nationalism both inside and outside of states. We suggest that further drawing anthropological attention to intellectuals and their knowledge practices (ranging from the poetic-literary to the technical-administrative) will help the anthropology of nations and nationalism to (a) locate the role of human agency in the creation, circulation, and contestation of national culture, (b) capture the intellectual work involved in nationalism and bureaucracy in its full diversity, and (c) imagine a new series of ethnographic access points among educated professionals for the study of nationalism in action.
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    THE CULTURAL POLITICS OF BODY SIZE (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 34 (2005), S. 13 
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    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
    Notes: Scholarly interest in body size has increased in concert with recent efforts to shape and assess bodies in particular ways within industrialized social contexts. Attending to both overt and covert references to Eurocentric body projects, this chapter reviews literature in anthropology, sociology, and cultural studies that addresses the cultural politics of body size in various parts of the world. It begins with a discussion of biocultural paradigms, which accept certain biomedical categories even when challenging or reconfiguring their hegemonic power. Next is a survey of works analyzing body size within "non-Western" groups as well as European and North American subgroups. These studies often employ culturally powerful "Western" constructs as foils, an approach that risks cultural othering. The analysis then turns to the extensive literature that unpacks dominant Euro-American body practices and discourses. Here, diverse perspectives on several key concerns in sociocultural anthropology are considered; concepts of culture and power, theories of the body and embodiment, and understandings of human agency vary in instructive ways. The chapter concludes with a review of scholarship on postcolonial processes and representations that incorporates a critical perspective on Eurocentric preoccupations with body size.
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    THE EFFECT OF MARKET ECONOMIES ON THE WELL-BEING OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLES AND ON THEIR USE OF RENEWABLE NATURAL RESOURCES (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 34 (2005), S. 121-138 
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    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
    Notes: Assessing the effects of markets on the well-being of indigenous peoples and their conservation of natural resources matters to identify public policies to improve well-being and enhance conservation and to test hypotheses about sociocultural change. We review studies about how market economies affect the subsistence, health, nutritional status, social capital, and traditional ecological knowledge of indigenous peoples and their use of renewable natural resources. Market exposure produces mixed effects on well-being and conservation. Unclear effects arise from the small sample size of observations; reliance on cross-sectional data or short panels; lack of agreement on the measure of key variables, such as integration to the market or folk knowledge, or whether to rely on perceived or objective indicators of health; and endogeneity biases. Rigorous empirical studies linking market economies with the well-being of indigenous peoples or their use of renewable natural resources have yet to take off.
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    NEW DIRECTIONS IN PIDGIN AND CREOLE STUDIES (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 34 (2005), S. 33-42 
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    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
    Notes: This chapter introduces the reader to the areas of previous investigation in creole studies, while outlining new directions the field is taking. The first section shows that, although the chief areas of interest have essentially remained the same for the past few decades, methodologies have changed toward a more comprehensive multilayered approach aimed at a better understanding of how individual creole languages emerge, evolve and function. The second section focuses particularly on cognitive processes involved in creole formation, such as restructuring, relexification, reanalysis, and dialectal leveling. In the third and last section, I critically evaluate the current state of affairs and point out potential obstacles and promising interdisciplinary trends.
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    THE ECOLOGIES OF HUMAN IMMUNE FUNCTION (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 34 (2005), S. 495-521 
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    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
    Notes: Immune function is notoriously complex, and current biomedical research elaborates this complexity by focusing on the cellular and molecular mechanisms that characterize immune defenses. However, the human immune system is a product of natural selection that develops and functions in whole organisms that are integral parts of their surrounding environments. A population-level, cross-cultural, adaptationist perspective is therefore a necessary complement to the micro levels of analysis currently favored by biomedical immunology. Prior field-based research on human immunity is reviewed to demonstrate the relevance of cultural ecological factors, with an emphasis on the ecologies of nutrition, infectious disease, reproduction, and psychosocial stress. Common themes and anthropological contributions are identified in an attempt to promote future research in human ecological immunology that integrates theory and method for a more contextualized understanding of this important physiological system.
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    THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF BLACK AMERICANS IN RECENT TIMES * (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 34 (2005), S. 575-598 
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    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
    Notes: A review of work on African Americans through archaeology takes place under diasporic studies and relies on literature that defines the North American black experience. The focus is on the establishment of freedom by the founding of maroon communities and independent settlements of free people, as well as on the use and interpretation of African diasporic history and theory, particularly by archaeologists using knowledge of the diaspora to effect modern political change.
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    CASTE AND POLITICS: Identity Over System (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 34 (2005), S. 409-427 
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    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
    Notes: To integrate conceptually the relationship between caste and politics, one must appreciate that the pure ritual hierarchy operates only when backed by wealth and power. In fact, there are multiple hierarchies in the caste order because each caste overvalues itself in relation to others. This can be gauged from their origin tales, which, without exception, claim an exalted past regardless of the actual status a caste occupies on the ground. With the breakdown of the closed village economy and the rise of democratic politics, the competitive element embedded in caste has come to the fore. This has resulted in the collapse of the caste system but also in the rise of caste identities.
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    ARCHAEOLOGY, ECOLOGICAL HISTORY, AND CONSERVATION (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 34 (2005), S. 43-65 
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    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
    Notes: Ecologists have increasingly turned to history, including human history, to explain and manage modern ecosystems and landscapes. The imprint of past land use can persist even in seemingly pristine areas. Archaeology provides a long-term perspective on human actions and their environmental consequences that can contribute to conservation and restoration efforts. Case studies illustrate examples of the human history of seemingly pristine landscapes, forest loss and recovery, and the creation or maintenance of places that today are valued habitats. Finally, as archaeologists become more involved in research directed at contemporary environmental issues, they need to consider the potential uses and abuses of their findings in management and policy debates.
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    EARLY MODERN HUMANS (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 34 (2005), S. 207 
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    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
    Notes: Perceptions of the emergence and spread of modern humans have changed recently through the reanalysis of fossils, an improved geochronological framework, and the discovery of a few specimens. Early modern humans in various portions of the Old World exhibit complex and varying mosaics of archaic, modern, and regional morphological characteristics. On the basis of this pattern, in conjunction with the emerging chronology of the earliest modern humans, the paleontological data indicate an assimilation model for modern human origins, in which the earliest modern humans emerged in eastern Africa, dispersed briefly into southwestern Asia, and then subsequently spread into the remainder of Africa and southern Asia, eventually into higher latitude Eurasia. The earliest modern humans outside of the core area of eastern Africa can be understood only if a variable degree of admixture with regional groups of late archaic humans occurred. Current and expected fossil and molecular data are unlikely to illuminate the degree of assimilation that took place in most regions of the Old World. However, the current chronological and phylogenetic framework provides the basis for ongoing investigation of the nature of this Late Pleistocene transitional period.
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    AREAL LINGUISTICS AND MAINLAND SOUTHEAST ASIA (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 34 (2005), S. 181-206 
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    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
    Notes: Mainland Southeast Asia provides a dramatic demonstration of the areal phenomenon in linguistics: When languages are spoken historically in the same location they often show significant parallels in the organization of a wide range of structural domains, whether the languages descend from the same historical source. The effects of areal diffusion raise fundamental questions for the traditional essentialist vision of languages as entities with offspring that diverge, with shared innovations marking divergent branches and internal processes of evolution accounting for diversity among modern languages. Recent theoretical and empirical research on linguistic diversity, language change, and social diffusion of innovation argues for a unit-based approach to language change and relatedness, where the units of analysis are individual speakers and individual linguistic items. This review begins with discussion of the language situation in Mainland Southeast Asia, where the language "genealogies" have been dramatically permeated by socio-historical contact, then explores theoretical and methodological implications for research on language both generally and in its areal context.
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    LOOTING AND THE WORLD'S ARCHAEOLOGICAL HERITAGE: The Inadequate Response (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 34 (2005), S. 343-361 
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    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
    Notes: The world's archaeological heritage is under serious threat from illegal and destructive excavations that aim to recover antiquities for sale on the international market. These antiquities are sold without provenance, so that their true nature is hard to discern, and many are ultimately acquired by major museums in Europe and North America. The adoption in 1970 by UNESCO of the Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property created a new ethical environment in which museums and their representative associations adopted policies that were designed to guard against the acquisition of "unprovenanced," and therefore most probably looted, antiquities. Unfortunately, over the past decade, U.S. museum associations have been advocating a more relaxed disposition, and the broader archaeological and anthropological communities are in significant measure responsible since they have met this unwelcome development largely in silence.
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    RECENT ETHNOGRAPHIC RESEARCH ON NORTH AMERICAN INDIGENOUS PEOPLES (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 34 (2005), S. 253-268 
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    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
    Notes: This review article addresses the following question: Given the transformed social, political, and intellectual conditions for ethnographic research among indigenous peoples in North America, what forms has such research come to take at the turn of the twenty-first century? The review considers significant trends and innovations in research sites and topics, research methodologies, theoretical orientations, and forms of representation. It also assesses the distinctive strengths and limitations posed by ethnographic research for scholars engaging with significant dimensions of contemporary indigenous life, including struggles for rights, resources, recognition, and language vitality in both the national and international arenas; the repatriation and sovereignty movements; the development of tribal casinos, tourist complexes, cultural centers, and media outlets; continued social and economic marginalization of many indigenous peoples; and challenges posed by neoliberalism and globalization to tribal governments and economies.
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    INDIGENOUS MOVEMENTS IN LATIN AMERICA, 1992Đ??2004: Controversies, Ironies, New Directions (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 34 (2005), S. 549-573 
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    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
    Notes: This review examines literature on indigenous movements in Latin America from 1992 to 2004. It addresses ethnic identity and ethnic activism, in particular the reindianization processes occurring in indigenous communities throughout the region. We explore the impact that states and indigenous mobilizing efforts have had on each other, as well as the role of transnational nongovernmental organizations and para-statal organizations, neoliberalism more broadly, and armed conflict. Shifts in ethnoracial, political, and cultural indigenous discourses are examined, special attention being paid to new deployments of rhetorics concerned with political imaginaries, customary law, culture, and identity. Self-representational strategies will be numerous and dynamic, identities themselves multiple, fluid, and abundantly positional. The challenges these dynamics present for anthropological field research and ethnographic writing are discussed, as is the dialogue between scholars, indigenous and not, and activists, indigenous and not. Conclusions suggest potentially fruitful research directions for the future.
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    COMMUNICABILITY, RACIAL DISCOURSE, AND DISEASE (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 34 (2005), S. 269-291 
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    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
    Notes: This review proposes a model for analyzing the power of ideologies of communication in producing subjectivities, organizing them hierarchically, and recruiting people to occupy them. By way of illustration, it compares this productive capacity, which is herein termed communicability, with schemes of racialization and medicalization. The argument draws on critical discourse analysis, conversational analysis, post-Habermasian research on publics, Bakhtin, Bourdieu, Foucault, and work on language ideologies to synthesize a framework for studying spheres of communicability. The concept is then used in exploring how constructions of race and health intersect in some of the most powerful spheres of communicabilityĐ??those associated with colonial medicine, HIV/AIDS, severe accute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Alzheimer's, genetics, clinical trials, "race-based medicine," organ transplant, and biostatistics. The review attempts to connect linguistic anthropology and discourse analysis more productively to medical anthropology, the history of medicine and public health, medical sociology, public health, genetics, and science studies.
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    AN EXCESS OF DESCRIPTION: Ethnography, Race, and Visual Technologies (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 34 (2005), S. 159-179 
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    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
    Notes: This essay provides an overview of recent anthropological work on the relationship between racial thought and the visual technologies of photography and film. I argue that anthropologists have moved away from a concern with representation per se in favor of the more complex discursive and political landscapes opened up by the concepts of media and the archive. My review of this work focuses on the affective register of suspicion that has surrounded both visual methods and the idea of race in anthropology. Whereas this suspicion has led some to dismiss visual technologies as inherently racializing or objectifying, I argue that it is possible to reclaim suspicion as a productive site for rethinking the particular forms of presence, uncertainty, and contingency that characterize both ethnographic and visual accounts of the world. I begin by discussing recent work on the photographic archive, early fieldwork photography, and the subsequent move in the 1960s and 1970s from still photography to film and video within the emergent subfield of visual anthropology. Finally, I consider how more recent work on the problem of race in favor of descriptive accounts of mediascapes.
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    MAPPING INDIGENOUS LANDS (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 34 (2005), S. 619-638 
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    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
    Notes: The mapping of indigenous lands to secure tenure, manage natural resources, and strengthen cultures is a recent phenomenon, having begun in Canada and Alaska in the 1960s and in other regions during the last decade and a half. A variety of methodologies have made their appearance, ranging from highly participatory approaches involving village sketch maps to more technical efforts with geographic information systems (GIS) and remote sensing. In general, indigenous mapping has shown itself to be a powerful tool and it has spread rapidly throughout the world. The distribution of mapping projects is uneven, as opportunities are scarce in many parts of the world. This review covers the genesis and evolution of indigenous mapping, the different methodologies and their objectives, the development of indigenous atlases and guidebooks for mapping indigenous lands, and the often uneasy mix of participatory community approaches with technology. This last topic is at the center of considerable discussion as spatial technologies are becoming more available and are increasingly used in rural areas. The growth of GIS laboratories among tribes in the United States and Canada, who frequently have both financial and technical support, is in sharp contrast to groups in the SouthĐ??primarily Africa, Asia, and Latin AmericaĐ??where resources are in short supply and permanent GIS facilities are rare.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.anthro.34.081804.120429
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    INTERROGATING RACISM: Toward an Antiracist Anthropology (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 34 (2005), S. 667-693 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
    Notes: Over the past several decades, global manifestations of racism have undergone significant transformations. The anticolonial struggle, the civil rights movement, and the antiapartheid offensive have challenged the former established racial regimes. But the consolidation of global capitalism has also created new forms of racialization. A variety of antiracist strategies and interventions have emerged to confront new racisms. Analyses of racism have sought to interrogate its history and contemporary manifestations, how it is maintained and reproduced, and to predict its future. Anthropologists and other social scientists are challenged to develop theoretical perspectives and methodological approaches to advance our understanding of these new manifestations of race and racism.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.anthro.32.061002.093435
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    METABOLIC ADAPTATION IN INDIGENOUS SIBERIAN POPULATIONS (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 34 (2005), S. 451-471 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
    Notes: Previous research has suggested that arctic populations have elevated metabolic rates in response to their cold, marginal climate. Recent studies of indigenous Siberian groups have confirmed these earlier findings and have shed light on the mechanisms through which northern populations adapt to their environments. Indigenous Siberians show significant elevations in basal metabolic rate compared with reference values. Total energy expenditure is variable across Siberian groups and is correlated with levels of acculturation. Siberian populations appear to have adapted to cold stress through both short-term acclimatization and genetic adaptations, with thyroid hormones playing an important role in shaping metabolic responses. Elevated metabolic rates also have important consequences for health and may contribute to the low serum lipid levels observed in Siberian groups. Further research is needed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of metabolic adaptation and their implications for ongoing health changes among indigenous Siberians.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.anthro.34.081804.120558
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    LINGUISTIC, CULTURAL, AND BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 34 (2005), S. 599-617 
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    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
    Notes: Over the past decade, the field of biocultural diversity has arisen as an area of transdisciplinary research concerned with investigating the links between the world's linguistic, cultural, and biological diversity as manifestations of the diversity of life. The impetus for the emergence of this field came from the observation that all three diversities are under threat by some of the same forces and from the perception that loss of diversity at all levels spells dramatic consequences for humanity and the earth. Accordingly, the field of biocultural diversity has developed with both a theoretical and a practical side, the latter focusing on on-the-ground work and policy, as well as with an ethics and human rights component. This review provides some background on the historical antecedents and beginnings of this field and on its philosophical and ethical underpinnings, and then surveys the key literature on biocultural diversity, concentrating on three main aspects: global and regional studies on the links between linguistic, cultural, and biological diversity; the measurement and assessment of biocultural diversity; and the protection and maintenance of biocultural diversity. The review concludes with some considerations about future prospects for this emerging field.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.anthro.34.081804.120437
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    THE EVOLUTION OF HUMAN PHYSICAL ATTRACTIVENESS (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 34 (2005), S. 523-548 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
    Notes: Everywhere the issue has been examined, people make discriminations about others' physical attractiveness. Can human standards of physical attractiveness be understood through the lens of evolutionary biology? In the past decade, this question has guided much theoretical and empirical work. In this paper, we (a) outline the basic adaptationist approach that has guided the bulk of this work, (b) describe evolutionary models of signaling that have been applied to understand human physical attractiveness, and (c) discuss and evaluate specific lines of empirical research attempting to address the selective history of human standards of physical attractiveness. We also discuss ways evolutionary scientists have attempted to understand variability in standards of attractiveness across cultures as well as the ways current literature speaks to body modification in modern Western cultures. Though much work has been done, many fundamental questions remain unanswered.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.anthro.33.070203.143733
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    ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE BODY (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 34 (2005), S. 139-158 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
    Notes: Under the influence of phenomenological approaches, a semiotic perspective on the body is being replaced in archaeology by analysis of the production and experience of lived bodies in the past through the juxtaposition of traces of body practices, idealized representations, and evidence of the effects of habitual gestures, postures, and consumption practices on the corporal body. On the basis of a shared assumption that social understandings of the body were created and reproduced through associations with material culture, archaeology of the body has proceeded from two theoretical positions: the body as the scene of display and the body as artifact. Today, the body as a site of lived experience, a social body, and site of embodied agency, is replacing prior static conceptions of an archaeology of the body as a public, legible surface.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.anthro.33.070203.143729
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    SOCIAL AND CULTURAL POLICIES TOWARD INDIGENOUS PEOPLES: Perspectives from Latin America * (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 34 (2005), S. 717-739 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
    Notes: Throughout the twentieth century, social and cultural policies toward indigenous peoples in Latin America have been closely related to indigenismo, an ideological movement that denounced the exploitation of aboriginal groups and strove for the cultural unity and the extension of citizenship through social integration and "acculturation." This review traces the colonial and nineteenth-century roots of indigenismo and places it in the context of the populist tendencies in most Latin American states from the 1920s to the 1970s, which favored economic protectionism and used agrarian reform and the provision of services as tools for governance and legitimacy. Also examined is the role of anthropological research in its relation to state hegemony as well as the denunciation of indigenista policies by ethnic intellectuals and organizations. In recent decades, the dismantling of populist policies has given rise to a new official "neoliberal" discourse that extols multiculturalism. However, the widespread demand for multicultural policies is also seen as the outcome of the fight by militant indigenous organizations for a new type of citizenship.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.anthro.34.081804.120343
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    INDIGENOUS MOVEMENTS IN AUSTRALIA (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 34 (2005), S. 473-494 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
    Notes: The metaphor of "movement" has been applied in limited measure to indigenous action in Australia, and more to recent events (Đ♯1960s and afterwards) than to earlier ones. This review characterizes movement in social-semiotic terms that allow consideration of such a notion over a longer time span and range of social circumstances than is usual in Australianist literature. Examination of a limited number of relatively well-documented cases from differing times and places reveals differences in the grounds of action and kinds of objectification that movements appear to have involved and also a continuing shift toward shared indigenous-nonindigenous understandings and forms of activism in the face of persisting social differentiation. The arguably limited impact of indigenous movements needs to be considered in the light of systematic constraints on them.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.anthro.34.081804.120643
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    THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF BLACK AMERICANS IN RECENT TIMES * (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 34 (2005), S. 575-598 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
    Notes: A review of work on African Americans through archaeology takes place under diasporic studies and relies on literature that defines the North American black experience. The focus is on the establishment of freedom by the founding of maroon communities and independent settlements of free people, as well as on the use and interpretation of African diasporic history and theory, particularly by archaeologists using knowledge of the diaspora to effect modern political change.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.anthro.34.081804.120417
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