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  • General Chemistry  (7,292)
  • Life and Medical Sciences  (6,945)
  • Engineering  (2,589)
  • 2005-2009  (58)
  • 1985-1989  (13,908)
  • 1950-1954  (2,860)
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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2009-02-20
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tollefson, Jeff -- England -- Nature. 2009 Feb 19;457(7232):942-3. doi: 10.1038/457942b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19225485" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Engineering ; *Federal Government ; Fishes ; *Greenhouse Effect ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Hobbies/history ; Marine Biology ; Physics ; *Research Personnel ; United States ; United States Government Agencies/*organization & administration ; Wine
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 2
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2009-04-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lee, John D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Apr 17;324(5925):344-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1168085.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA. jdlee@engineering.uiowa.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19372419" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Attention ; *Automobile Driving ; Engineering ; Feedback ; Humans ; Risk ; *Safety ; *Technology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
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    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Publication Date: 2008-12-30
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Schiermeier, Quirin -- England -- Nature. 2008 Nov 27;456(7221):540-1. doi: 10.1038/nj7221-540a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19112617" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Conservation of Natural Resources/trends ; *Ecosystem ; Employment/statistics & numerical data ; Engineering ; Greenhouse Effect ; Industry/manpower ; Marine Biology/manpower/trends ; Oceanography/education/*manpower/*trends ; Oceans and Seas ; Petroleum ; Physics
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2008-11-22
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bolon, Craig -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Nov 21;322(5905):1187. doi: 10.1126/science.322.5905.1187a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19023062" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Engineering ; Lawyers ; *Occupations ; Physicians ; Science
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2008-03-29
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Travis, John -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Mar 28;319(5871):1750-2. doi: 10.1126/science.319.5871.1750.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18369115" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Awards and Prizes ; *Commerce ; *Diffusion of Innovation ; Drug Industry ; Engineering ; *Internet ; *Problem Solving ; Research ; *Science
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2008-12-06
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Alberts, Bruce -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Dec 5;322(5907):1435. doi: 10.1126/science.1168790.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19056942" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Engineering ; *Government ; *Public Policy ; *Science ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
    Keywords: Engineering ; Laser physics ; Microwaves ; Optical materials ; Physical optics
    ISBN: 9780387686172
    Language: English
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  • 8
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    Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer
    Keywords: Electronics ; Engineering ; Optical materials ; Physical optics
    ISBN: 9783540718925
    Language: English
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  • 9
    Keywords: Condensed matter ; Engineering ; Optical materials
    ISBN: 9783540734567
    Language: English
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  • 10
    Keywords: Engineering ; Optical materials ; Particles (Nuclear physics) ; Physical optics ; Polymers
    ISBN: 9783540719236
    Language: English
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  • 11
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    Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer
    Keywords: Condensed matter ; Engineering ; Nanotechnology
    ISBN: 9783540726753
    Language: English
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  • 12
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    Boston, MA : Springer
    Keywords: Engineering ; Machinery ; Materials
    ISBN: 9780387725284
    Language: English
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  • 13
    Keywords: Engineering ; Optical materials ; Physical optics
    ISBN: 9781402084256
    Language: English
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  • 14
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Engineering ; Magnetism ; Materials ; Optical materials
    ISBN: 9781402087967
    Language: English
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  • 15
    Keywords: Electronics ; Engineering ; Nanotechnology ; Thermodynamics
    ISBN: 9783540736073
    Language: English
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  • 16
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    Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer
    Keywords: Analytical biochemistry ; Chemistry ; Chemistry, Physical organic ; Engineering
    ISBN: 9783540745983
    Language: English
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  • 17
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    Boston, MA : Springer US
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Engineering ; Materials ; Mechanical engineering ; Surfaces (Physics)
    ISBN: 9780387476858
    Language: English
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  • 18
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    Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer
    Keywords: Crystallography ; Engineering ; Particles (Nuclear physics) ; Surfaces (Physics)
    Edition: Third Edition
    ISBN: 9783540738862
    Language: English
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  • 19
    Keywords: Computer science ; Engineering ; Materials ; Nuclear engineering ; Thermodynamics
    ISBN: 9781402084225
    Language: English
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  • 20
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    Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer
    Keywords: Engineering ; Optical materials ; Particles (Nuclear physics) ; Physical optics
    ISBN: 9783540745297
    Language: English
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  • 21
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    New York, NY : Springer
    Keywords: Engineering ; Optical materials ; Physical optics
    ISBN: 9780387748016
    Language: English
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  • 22
    Keywords: Engineering ; Materials
    ISBN: 9781402085840
    Language: English
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  • 23
    Keywords: Condensed matter ; Engineering ; Materials ; Nanotechnology ; Optical materials
    ISBN: 9781402089039
    Language: English
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  • 24
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    Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer
    Keywords: Engineering ; Nanotechnology ; Particles (Nuclear physics)
    ISBN: 9783540745570
    Language: English
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  • 25
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2007-04-14
    Description: We have used 19.9 million papers over 5 decades and 2.1 million patents to demonstrate that teams increasingly dominate solo authors in the production of knowledge. Research is increasingly done in teams across nearly all fields. Teams typically produce more frequently cited research than individuals do, and this advantage has been increasing over time. Teams now also produce the exceptionally high-impact research, even where that distinction was once the domain of solo authors. These results are detailed for sciences and engineering, social sciences, arts and humanities, and patents, suggesting that the process of knowledge creation has fundamentally changed.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wuchty, Stefan -- Jones, Benjamin F -- Uzzi, Brian -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 May 18;316(5827):1036-9. Epub 2007 Apr 12.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Northwestern Institute on Complexity (NICO), Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17431139" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Authorship ; Bibliometrics ; Biomedical Research/statistics & numerical data/trends ; Databases as Topic/statistics & numerical data ; Engineering ; Humanities ; *Knowledge ; *Patents as Topic ; Publishing/statistics & numerical data/*trends ; Research/statistics & numerical data/*trends ; Sociology ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 26
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    Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer
    Keywords: Analytical biochemistry ; Biotechnology ; Engineering ; Food science ; Medical laboratories
    ISBN: 9783540457435
    Language: English
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  • 27
    Keywords: Chemistry, inorganic ; Engineering ; Materials
    ISBN: 9783540687580
    Language: English
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  • 28
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    Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer
    Keywords: Chemistry, Physical organic ; Condensed matter ; Engineering ; Optical materials
    ISBN: 9783540712954
    Language: English
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  • 29
    Keywords: Electromagnetism ; Engineering ; Laser physics ; Remote sensing
    ISBN: 9781402065033
    Language: English
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  • 30
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    Totowa, NJ : Humana Press
    Keywords: Biochemical engineering ; Biotechnology ; Chemical engineering ; Engineering ; Environmental sciences ; Microbiology
    ISBN: 9781592599967
    Language: English
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  • 31
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    Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer
    Keywords: Condensed matter ; Engineering ; Nanotechnology ; Surfaces (Physics)
    ISBN: 9783540343158
    Language: English
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  • 32
    Keywords: Condensed matter ; Engineering ; Engineering design ; Materials ; Physics
    ISBN: 9780387345659
    Language: English
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  • 33
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    Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer
    Keywords: Computer engineering ; Engineering ; Nanotechnology ; Optical materials ; Physical optics ; Quantum optics
    ISBN: 9783540469360
    Language: English
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  • 34
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    Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer
    Keywords: Condensed matter ; Engineering ; Magnetism ; Materials ; Nanotechnology
    ISBN: 9783540495765
    Language: English
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  • 35
    Keywords: Chemistry, Physical organic ; Engineering ; Nanotechnology ; Optical materials ; Physics
    ISBN: 9783540687528
    Language: English
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  • 36
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    Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer
    Keywords: Engineering ; Magnetism ; Nanotechnology ; Optical materials
    ISBN: 9783540493365
    Language: English
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  • 37
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    Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer
    Keywords: Chemistry, Physical organic ; Engineering ; Nanotechnology ; Surfaces (Physics)
    ISBN: 9783540745518
    Language: English
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  • 38
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    Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Mathematics ; Engineering ; Operations research ; Systems theory
    ISBN: 9783540488804
    Language: English
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  • 39
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    Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer
    Keywords: Chemistry, inorganic ; Condensed matter ; Engineering ; Nanotechnology ; Surfaces (Physics)
    ISBN: 9783540368076
    Language: English
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  • 40
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    Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer
    Keywords: Condensed matter ; Engineering ; Nanotechnology
    ISBN: 9783540375784
    Language: English
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  • 41
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-05-06
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Teich, Al -- White, Wendy D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 May 5;312(5774):657.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16675666" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Engineering ; *Foreign Professional Personnel ; Humans ; *International Cooperation ; *Security Measures ; *Students ; Travel ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 42
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-10-28
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stokstad, Erik -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Oct 27;314(5799):584.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17068235" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Engineering ; *Environment ; Geologic Sediments ; *Rivers ; *Salmon ; Trees ; Washington
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 43
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-10-28
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stokstad, Erik -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Oct 27;314(5799):582-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17068234" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: California ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Engineering ; *Environment ; *Fresh Water ; Plant Development ; Rivers ; Water Movements ; Water Supply
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 44
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-09-09
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gray, Briahna -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Sep 8;313(5792):1382-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16959987" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Science Disciplines ; *Biomimetic Materials ; Biomimetics ; Computer Simulation ; Engineering ; *Fishes/physiology ; Interdisciplinary Communication ; Mathematics ; Pressure ; *Sense Organs/physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 45
    Keywords: Biochemistry ; Chemistry, Physical organic ; Engineering ; Life sciences ; Nanotechnology ; Physical optics
    ISBN: 9783540284727
    Language: English
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  • 46
    Keywords: Engineering ; Materials ; Materials ; Materials ; Mechanics ; Nuclear engineering
    ISBN: 9781402053290
    Language: English
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  • 47
    Unknown
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Keywords: Chemicals ; Safety measures ; Engineering ; Materials ; Polymers
    ISBN: 9781402053566
    Language: English
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  • 48
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2005-06-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bhattacharjee, Yudhijit -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2005 Jun 17;308(5729):1722-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15961635" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Authorship ; *Aviation ; Commerce ; *Editorial Policies ; Engineering ; International Cooperation ; Iran ; Publishing ; Security Measures ; *Societies, Scientific ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 49
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2005-02-12
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mattick, John S -- Gagen, Michael J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2005 Feb 11;307(5711):856-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉ARC Special Research Centre for Functional and Applied Genomics, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia. j.mattick@imb.uq.edu.au〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15705831" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Computers ; Engineering ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Industry ; *Mathematics ; Software ; *Systems Biology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 50
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    Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer
    Keywords: Condensed matter ; Engineering ; Optical materials ; Surfaces (Physics)
    ISBN: 9783540264620
    Language: English
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  • 51
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    Boston, MA : Kluwer Academic Publishers
    Keywords: Engineering ; Materials
    ISBN: 9781402081330
    Language: English
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  • 52
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    Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer
    Keywords: Condensed matter ; Engineering ; Materials ; Nanotechnology ; Optical materials
    ISBN: 9783540401865
    Language: English
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  • 53
    Keywords: Condensed matter ; Engineering ; Materials ; Nanotechnology ; Optical materials
    ISBN: 9781402035623
    Language: English
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  • 54
    Keywords: Electronics ; Engineering ; Nanotechnology ; Optical materials ; System safety
    ISBN: 9783540269458
    Language: English
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  • 55
    Keywords: Electronics ; Engineering ; Optical materials ; Spectrum analysis
    ISBN: 9783540274124
    Language: English
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  • 56
    Keywords: Building construction ; Engineering ; Materials ; Physics
    ISBN: 9781852334277
    Language: English
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  • 57
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    Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer
    Keywords: Electronics ; Engineering ; Nanotechnology
    ISBN: 9783540283089
    Language: English
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  • 58
    Keywords: Chemistry, Physical organic ; Chemistry, inorganic ; Condensed matter ; Engineering ; Materials ; Structural control (Engineering)
    ISBN: 9781402034718
    Language: English
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  • 59
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 199 (1989), S. 165-174 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: During ontogeny, the apical and basal components of dicamptodontid teeth exhibit three major developmental stages: nonpedicellate, subpedicellate, and pedicellate. Premetamorphic larvae tend to have nonpedicellate teeth, incompletely or recently metamorphosed individuals tend to have subpedicellate teeth, and fully transformed adults usually have pedicellate teeth. In concert with this transition, cusp morphology is modified from a larval monocuspid, to an incipiently bicuspid, to definitive adult bicuspid, and finally to an adult monocuspid condition. Thus, the larval and adult monocuspid conditions are ontogenetically distinct. The morphology of the larval monocuspid, adult bicuspid, and adult monocuspid conditions differs between Dicamptodon and Rhyacotriton. However, the incipient bicuspid condition in these two genera is very similar in appearance, suggesting that Dicamptodon and Rhyacotriton may be more closely related to each other than to the family Ambystomatidae in which they both sometimes are placed. The method of establishing ontogenetic trajectories seems to be preferable to comparisons based on adult structure, since similarities in the morphology of adults often is owing to convergent or parallel evolution.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 60
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 199 (1989), S. 207-221 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Comparative morphological analysis of the female reproductive tract in macroglossine bats was undertaken to test the hypothesis that nectarivory arose at least twice within Old World fruit bats. Given that features of the female reproductive tract are not directly involved in adaptations for feeding, this data set should provide a test of the monophyly of macroglossine bats. A cladistic analysis of variation in the structure of the ovaries, oviducts, uterus, and external genitalia supports the hypothesis that Megaloglossus has developed a nectar-feeding habit independent of other macroglossine genera. Most of the variation in female reproductive organs among pteropodids is found in the development of derived external and internal features of the uterus. Fusion of uterine cornua, expansion of the common uterine body, and elaboration of the cervical region are found in a group which includes species of Pteropus, Dobsonia, Nyctimene, and the macroglossines (excluding Megaloglossus). Results of this study are concordant with independent data sets, thus providing a phylogenetic framework to evaluate critically structural and functional design in the evolution of pteropodid feeding mechanisms.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 61
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 200 (1989), S. 269-300 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Descriptive data are provided for ontogeny of bone to metamorphosis in the myobatrachine species Uperoleia trachyderma; in pre- and postmetamorphic specimens of U. lithomoda, Crinia signifera, and Pseudophryne bibroni; and in postmetamorphic specimens of U. laevigata. Data derived from postmetamorphic U. laevigata indicate that dermal and endochondral elements ossify independently of each other in Uperoleia. Crinia signifera does not show the same degree of independence of ossification of dermal and endochondral elements as Uperoleia, whereas dermal and endochondral elements are not independent in P. bibroni. Ten (or possibly eleven) features are identified as being influenced by heterochrony within Uperoleia, confirming that the genus represents a highly pedomorphic lineage, four elements are influenced by heterochrony in Crinia, but only two in Pseudophryne.
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  • 62
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    Journal of Morphology 200 (1989), S. 301-319 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Investigation of eight developmental stages by means of serial sections and subsequent graphic or wax model reconstructions, as well as by means of cleared-and-stained and dissected material, revealed that the ethmoidal endocranium in Pipa pipa consists in early states of a single horizontal ethmoid plate lacking labial cartilages. Later in the course of development, structures comparable with those in other anurans appear, though modified and of reduced size. These adult structures arise from the new cartilaginous tissue located above the former larval ethmoid plate, whereas the latter entirely disappear. This phenomenon can be observed also in P. carvalhoi and in Xenopus laevis; hence, it supposedly occurs in all pipids. On the other hand, in anuran larvae, which develop cornua trabecularum in the ethmoidal region, these persist in adults as part of the nasal septum. Positional and developmental differences suggest that, although the ethmoid plate and the cornua trabecularum arise from the same region of the cranial neural crest, they are not fully corresponding structures. Comparison with adults of other pipid genera confirmed the conclusion of some earlier investigators that P. pipa is the most specialized among pipids.
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  • 63
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    Notes: The Harderian gland of the musk shrew Suncus murinus is elongated anteroposteriorly from in front of the eye to behind the ear. The gland is divided into two portions: an anterior portion (A portion) and a posterior portion (P portion). The single secretory duct of the gland emerges from the anterior end of the P portion, receives several secretory ducts of the A portion during the course along it, runs around the ventral aspect of the eyeball, and finally opens into the anterior corner of conjunctival sacs. The two portions of the gland show a fundamentally similar histological structure, having a poorly developed intraglandular duct system and wide tubular alveoli. The quantity of lipid vacuoles and stromal connective tissue in the A portion is greater than in the P portion. The lipid vacuoles in both portions are surrounded by unit membranes, but their contents appear different.The lacrimal gland of the musk shrew is located along the ventral side of the P portion of the Harderian gland. The lacrimal duct emerges from its anterior end, runs around the ventral and anterior aspects of the ear, crosses the A portion of the Harderian gapos; and, and finally opens at the posterior corner of conjunctival sacs. The lobules of the lacrimal gland comprise a branched duct system and terminal acini with two types of secretory cells: (1) acidic cells positive both for the periodic acid-Schiff reaction (PAS) and for Alcian blue (AB) and (2) neutral cells positive for PAS and negative for AB. Both cell types tend to make separate acini, but when present in the same acinus, the acidic cells occupy relatively peripheral positions in the acinus. Both cell types lack intercellular canaliculi.On the basis of the present study as well as previous descriptions in the literature, the author suggests that the mammalian lacrimal glands can be divided into two sets: (1) a Glandula lacrimalis superior with multiple secretory ducts associated with the upper eyelid and (2) a Glandula lacrimalis inferior with a single secretory duct opening into the lateral corner of the conjunctival sacs. These glands have a fundamentally similar histological structure; but in the rabbit, which possesses both sets of lacrimal glands, they are different. On the other hand, the secretory cells of lacrimal glands generally have no intercellular secretory canaliculi, which are characteristically present between the serous secretory cells of the salivary glands.
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  • 64
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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    Notes: The leg musculature from 11, 14, and 17 day chick embryos was analyzed histochemically to investigate the temporal and spatial distribution of various types of sulfated glycosaminoglycans present during skeletal muscle development. Types of glycans were identified by selective degradation with specific glycosidases and nitrous acid coupled with Alcian blue staining procedures for sulfated polyanions and with [35S]sulfate autoradiography. On day 11, radiolabeled chondroitin sulfate glycosaminoglycans are localized extracellularly in both the myogenic and connective tissue cell populations. By day 17, incorporation of [35S]sulfate into chondroitin sulfate is substantially reduced, although Alcian blue-stained chondroitin sulfate molecules are still detectable. With increasing age and developmental state of the tissues, radiolabeled and stained dermatan sulfate and heparan sulfate progressively increase in relative quantity compared to chondroitin sulfate both in muscle and in associated connective tissue elements. These changes in glycosaminoglycans correlate well with similar changes previously determined biochemically and further document the alterations in extracellular matrix components during embryonic skeletal myogenesis.
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  • 65
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    Journal of Morphology 201 (1989), S. 119-129 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The aquiferous system of representatives of the orders Dictyocer-atida, Dendroceratida, and Verongida has been studied to note its relevance to the systematics of the groups. The volume of the choanocyte chamber, the size and shape of the choanocytes, the number of choanocytes per chamber, the relative development of the mesohyl, and the features of endopinacocytes are estimated from scanning and transmission electron microscopic observations of representatives of most families of the three orders. Although the Dysideidae have a reticulate skeleton and were classified in the order Dictyoceratida, they are actually closer to the Aplysillidae (Dendroceratida) than to dictyoceratids. The anatomy and cytology of the Halisarcidae differ profoundly from those of these three orders and are clearly more closely related to nonkeratose sponges. Some changes in classification lead to a pattern with highly homogeneous orders that clearly differ in their anatomic and cytologic features, which does not support the hypothesis of a common origin of the “keratose” sponges.
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  • 66
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    Journal of Morphology 201 (1989), S. 161-178 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The wall of the asymmetrical saclike lungs of the fishes Polypterus and Erpetoichthys consists of several functionally different tissue layers. Their lumen is lined by a surface epithelium composed of (1) highly attenuated cells, termed pneumocytes I; (2) pneumocytes II with lamellar bodies, presumably indicating surfactant production; (3) mucous cells; and (4) ciliated cells. Underlying the pneumocytes I is a dense capillary net. The thin continuous endothelium of this net, together with the pneumocytes I, constitute the very thin blood-air barrier. The basement membrane of epithelium and endothelium fuse in the area of the blood-air barrier (thickness 210 m̈m). Secretory and ciliary cells form longitudinal rows in the epithelium. Below the zone with a gas-exchanging tissue, a layer of connective tissue containing collagen and special elastic fibers occurs. The blood vessels that give rise to or drain the superficial capillary plexus are located in this connective tissue. The outermost layer of the lung consists of muscle cells, a narrow inner zone with smooth muscle cells, and an outer, broader zone with cross-striated muscle cells. The lung is innervated by myelinated and nonmyelinated nerve fibers. The morphology of the gas-exchange tissue in the lungs of these primitive bony fish is fundamentally very similar to that of the lungs of tetrapod vertebrates. The morphologic observations are in close agreement with physiologic data, disclosing well-developed respiratory capacities. Structural simplicity can be regarded as a model from which the lungs of the higher vertebrates derived. In addition to respiratory function, the lungs seem also to have hydrostatic tasks.
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  • 67
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    Journal of Morphology 201 (1989), S. 179-186 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Effect of turning of the egg during incubation on development of the area vasculosa of the chick embryo was investigated. The size of the area vasculosa was determined by two methods: direct measurement with calipers and measurement of a template cut from the eggshell by use of an automatic surface area recorder. The effects of turning and additionally the effects of lowered temperature (36°C) on both growth of the area vasculosa by day 7 and embryo growth by day 14 of incubation were investigated. The effects of turning during a critical period for turning, from 3 to 7 days of incubation, were also recorded. Generally, failure to turn eggs retarded growth of the area vasculosa. Turning during the critical period stimulated the extent of growth of the area vasculosa by day 7 of incubation and of subsequent embryonic growth by day 14. Incubation at low temperature resulted both in reduced expansion of the area vasculosa and retarded embryonic growth in a pattern similar to that observed for unturned eggs. It is suggested that turning stimulates development of blood vessels in the area vasculosa via localized increases in blood pressure. The effect of a reduced area vasculosa is considered to retard embryonic development through restricted nutrient uptake from the yolk. The prevailing hypothesis that turning prevents deleterious membrane adhesions is questioned in light of these observations. It is suggested that the physiological basis for the need for turning lies in maximizing the growth rate of the area vasculosa to maximize yolk use and embryonic growth rate.
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  • 68
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    Journal of Morphology 200 (1989), S. 123-130 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Recessive mutant gene c in axolotls results in a failure of the heart to function because of abnormal embryonic induction processes. The myocardium in this mutant lacks organized sarcomeric myofibrils. The present study was undertaken to determine if developmental abnormalities were evident in other areas of the heart besides the myocardium. A detailed comparative survey of the structure of developing normal and mutant hearts, including the endocardium, its cellular derivatives, and the extracellular matrix, known as cardiac jelly, showed that in the mutant there are fewer than the normal number of endocardial cells lining the heart lumen, the number of mesenchyme cells is reduced, and the cardiac jelly area is greatly enlarged in the posterior part of the truncus adjacent to the ventricle.
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  • 69
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    Journal of Morphology 200 (1989), S. 163-174 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Plethodontid salamanders have unique nasolabial grooves that may function as “capillary tubes” to convey chemicals to the vomeronasal organ when these animals nose-tap. 3H-proline was placed at the base of these grooves in Plethodon cinereus, and autoradiography revealed large concentrations of radioactive material in the vomeronasal organs. There was no significant accumulation of radioactive material in the main olfactory epithelium. Salamanders with blocked nasolabial grooves lacked significant accumulation of material in their nasolabial grooves or vomeronasal epithelia, although some salamanders had radioactive material in the posterior portion of their vomeronasal organ that had entered through the internal nares. Anteriorly placed vomeronasal organs situated adjacent to the posterior limits of the nasolabial grooves may insure that nose-tapping primarily stimulates the vomeronasal sensory epithelium.
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  • 70
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    Journal of Morphology 200 (1989) 
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  • 71
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    Journal of Morphology 200 (1989), S. 231-245 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A new mechanical model for function of the pharyngeal jaw apparatus in generalized perciform fishes is developed from work with the family Haemulidae. The model is based on anatomical observations, patterns of muscle activity during feeding (electromyography), and the actions of directly stimulated muscles. The primary working stroke of the pharyngeal apparatus involves simultaneous upper jaw depression and retraction against a stabilized and elevating lower jaw. The working stroke is characterized by overlapping activity in most branchial muscles and is resolved into three phases. Four muscles (obliquus dorsalis 3, levator posterior, levator externus 3/4, and obliquus posterior) that act to depress the upper jaws become active in the first phase. Next, the retractor dorsalis, the only upper jaw retracting muscle, becomes active. Finally, there is activity in several muscles (transversus ventrales, pharyngocleithralis externus, pharyngohyoideus, and protractor pectoralis) that attach to the lower jaws. The combined effect of these muscles is to elevate and stabilize the lower jaws against the depressing and retracting upper jaws.The model identifies a novel mechanism of upper jaw depression, here proposed to be the primary component of the perciform pharyngeal jaw bite. The key to this mechanism is the joint between the epibranchial and toothed pharyngobranchial of arches 3 and 4. Dorsal rotation of epibranchials 3 and 4 about the insertion of the obliquus posterior depresses the lateral border of pharyngobranchials 3 and 4 (upper jaw). The obliquus dorsalis 3 muscle crosses the epibranchial-pharyngo-branchial joint in arches 3 and 4, and several additional muscles effect epibranchial rotation. Five upper jaw muscles cause upper jaw depression upon electrical stimulation: the obliquus dorsalis 3, levator posterior, levator externus 3/4, obliquus posterior, and transversus dorsalis. This result directly contradicts previous interpretations of function for the first three muscles. The presence of strong depression of the upper pharyngeal jaws explains the ability of many generalized perciform fishes to crush hard prey in their pharyngeal apparatus.
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  • 72
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    Journal of Morphology 200 (1989), S. 255-267 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Changes in body morphology during growth and reproduction in the hydromedusa Eleutheria dichotoma are described in terms of variations in eight different characters: umbrella diameter, total surface area, tentacle area, umbrella area, tentacle knob diameter, number of embryos, and diameter and area of buds. Sexually (sex) and vegetatively (veg) reproducing medusae differ significantly in their body morphometrics. Statistically significant allometric relations exist between umbrella diameter and (1) central area (sex and veg); (2) tentacle area (veg); (3) total area (veg); (4) tentacle knob diameter (veg); (5) bud diameter; and (6) number of embryos. A significant correlation between umbrella diameter and area is also found in undetached buds. During sexual reproduction, umbrella area shows positive allometry and loses its correlations to total area, tentacle area, and tentacle knob diameter. Linear and nonlinear bivariate allometric coefficients allow estimation of total body size from only one or two easily measurable attributes, e.g., umbrella and tentacle knob diameter. Curve fitting by the classic allometric equation (y = bxc) is only negligibly worse than that obtained with a “full” equation (y = a + c), and statistical confidence is better.Chemical analyses for carbon and nitrogen content allow estimation of biomass from the projection area of the body surface. The relation factors are 1.06 μgC mm-2 (sex) and 1.14 μgC mm-2 (veg) for carbon and 0.293 μgN mm-2 (sex) and 0.287 μgN mm-2 (veg) for nitrogen. The C:N ratios are 3.6 and 4.0 for sexual and vegetative medusae, respectively. The use of allometric regression formulas to calculate surface areas and to relate these to carbon content provides quick estimations of body size in a microscopic animal.
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  • 73
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    Journal of Morphology 202 (1989), S. 13-28 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The neuronal organization of the accessory olfactory bulb (AOB), which receives sensory information from the vomeronasal organ, was described in a squamate reptile (Podarcis hispanica) by means of light microscopy. Using the Golgi-impregnation method, seven neuronal types could be distinguished:Periglomerular cells constitute a morphologically heterogeneous population of small neurons located between and around the glomeruli.The mitral cells are diffusely distributed in the AOB. Their cell bodies are usually located within the mitral cell layer, but some of them could be also observed in the plexiform layers. Mitral cells were classified into three subgroups on the basis of their sizes and dendritic tree morphologies. Thus, the “outer mitral cells” have the biggest cell bodies, and their distal secondary dendrites are mainly distributed rostrocaudally in the external plexiform layer. The “inner mitral cells” have large cell bodies, and their secondary dendrites are distributed dorsoventrally and are located deeper than those of the other two subgroups. The third type, the “small mitral cells,” is the smallest one among mitral cells in the AOB, and from their cell bodies, only two main dendritic trunks arise.The granule cells are composed of several categories based on their different cell body locations and dendritic tree morphologies. Thus, the “superficial granule cells” are located exclusively in the external plexiform layer and have small dendritic fields. The “middle granule cells” have fusiform cell bodies - situated in the internal plexiform layer - and present a wide dendritic projection area. Finally, the “deep granule cells” are distributed throughout the granule cell layer and include a great variety of dendritic tree morphologies.The distribution and morphological features of all neuronal types constituting the AOB of Podarcis were compared with those reported on other vertebrates. The results suggest that the lamination pattern and neuronal organization of the AOB in lizards are more similar to that of mammals than to that of the remaining vertebrates.
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  • 74
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    Journal of Morphology 202 (1989), S. 69-88 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Iridescent butterfly scales are structurally colored, relying upon the interaction of light with detailed architecture to produce their color. In some iridescent scales, the reflective elements are contained within the body of the scale and come in two basic forms, lattices that produce diffraction colors (analogous to those produced by opal), and stacks of laminae that produce thin-film interference colors (analogous to those produced by soap or oil films). Both structures are remarkably complex and precise, yet each is only part of the total edifice built by the cell that makes the scale.To understand better how a cell can produce lattices or thin-film laminae, I studied the development of iridescent scales from two lycaenid butterflies. The presence of diffraction and thin-film scales in the same family (and in some cases on the same individual) suggests that the two types must be developmentally related; yet these results yield no clear explanation as to how. The diffraction lattice appears to be shaped within the boundaries of the scale cell by means of a convoluted series of membranes in which the smooth endoplasmic reticulum plays an important part. The thin-film interference laminae appear to result from the condensation of a network of filaments and tubes secreted outside the boundaries of the cell. This paper outlines the developmental histories of both types of scale and discusses the developmental implications of the mechanisms by which they form.
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  • 75
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    Notes: Wing folding spicules, elytral binding patches, and elytral locking devices of adult male and female seed weevils, Smicronyx fulvus LeConte and S. sordidus LeConte, involved in stridulation are described. Sound is produced by both sexes of the two species when the plectrum, paired conical teeth located along the anterior margin of the dorsally elevated seventh sternite, is struck against an elongate file, the pars stridens, on the under surface of the apical portion of each elytron. A second plectrum, on the sixth tergite, is well-developed in males of both species and is used by males to produce sound before and during mating.Sex-specific and species-specific differences in the sound produced is attributed to structural variation in the pars stridens and the elytra. The pars stridens determines frequencies, while the elytra may further modify the sound. The frequency range for male S. fulvus is 1,000 cycles per second (cps) through 13,000 cps and for male S. sordidus is 2,500 cps through 13,000 cps. The frequency range for female S. fulvus is 2,000 cps through 11,500 cps and for female S. sordidus is 900 cps through 11,500 cps.
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    Journal of Morphology 202 (1989), S. 53-68 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A study of neuromast ontogeny and lateral line canal formation in Oreochromis aureus and Cichlasoma nigrofasciatum reveals the existence of two classes of neuromasts: those that arise just before hatching (presumptive canal neuromasts, dorsal superficial neuromasts, gap neuromasts, and caudal fin neuromasts) and pairs of neuromasts that arise on each lateral line scale lateral to each canal segment at the same time as canal formation. In the anterior trunk canal segment, each presumptive canal neuromast is accompanied by a dorsoventrally oriented superficial neuromast forming an orthogonal neuromast pair. It is suggested that each of these dorsoventrally oriented superficial neuromasts is homologous to the transverse superficial neuromast row described by Münz (Zoomorphology 93:73-86, '79) in other cichlids. It is further suggested that the longitudinal lines described by Münz (Zoomorphology 93:73-86, '79) are derived from the pair of superficial neuromasts that arise during canal formation. Distinct changes in neuromast topography are documented. Neuromast formation, scale formation, and lateral line canal formation are three distinct and sequential processes. The distribution of neuromasts is correlated with myomere configuration; there is always one presumptive canal neuromast on each myomere. A single scale forms beneath each presumptive canal neuromast. Canal segment formation is initiated with the enclosure of each presumptive canal neuromast by an epithelial bridge which later ossifies. The distinction of these three processes raises questions as to the causal relationships among them.
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    Journal of Morphology 199 (1989), S. 299-311 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Gonadal differentiation in premetamorphic Bombina orientalis is described and staged. The pattern of events during differentiation in Bombina differs in several respects from that previously described in other anurans. The Bombina gonad initially develops on the ventral surface of the vena cava, where there is no pre-existent somatic genital ridge prior to the arrival of the germ cells. The sexually undifferentiated gonad does not have a distinct cortex and medulla; instead, medullary cells ingress from the mesonephric blastema during sexual differentiation. Formation of a testis or an ovary appears to depend on the ability (or lack of ability) of the medulla to invade the germ cell-containing cortex. In the germ line, sexual differetiation can be recognized by a premeiotic increase in oogonial cell volume.
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  • 78
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    Notes: The lungs of the New Caldeonian gecko Rhacodactylus leachianus were examined by means of gross dissection and light and electron microscopy. This tropical species, which is the largest living gecko, possesses two simple, single-chambered lungs. Right and left lungs are of similar size and shape. The lung volume (27.2 ml · 100 g-1) is similar to that of the tokay (Gekko gecko) but differs in that the gas exchange tissue is approximately homogeneously distributed, and the parenchymal units (ediculae) are very large, ∼2 mm in diameter. The parenchymal depth varies according to the location in the lung, being deepest near the middle of the lung and shallowest caudally. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy reveal an unusual distribution of ciliated cells in patches on the edicular walls as well as on the trabeculae. Secretory cell are very numerous, particularly in the bronchial epithelium, where they greatly outnumber the ciliated cells. The secretory cells form a morphological continuum characterized by small secretory droplets apically and large vacuoles basally. This continuum includes cells resembling type II pneumocytes but which are devoid of lamellar bodies. Type I pneumocytes similar to those of other reptiles cover the respiratory capillaries, where they form a thin, air-blood barrier together with the capillary endothelial cells and the fused basement laminae. The innervation, musculature, and vascular distribution in R. leachianus are also characterized. Apparent simplification of the lungs in this taxon may be related to features of its sluggish habits, whereas peculiarities of cell tissue composition may reflect demands of its mesic habitat.
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    Journal of Morphology 199 (1989) 
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    Journal of Morphology 199 (1989) 
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    Journal of Morphology 199 (1989), S. 41-52 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The molting cycle of Artemia is described and subdivided in stages A-D3 according to the system of Drach. Determination of the stages is done in living animals by light microscopic observation of changes in the texture of the setal matrix of the exopodites. A parallel ultrastructural investigation of the integument was carried out to control the proposed staging scheme. The duration of each stage was calculated.
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    Journal of Morphology 199 (1989), S. 71-92 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The extracellular matrix surrounding the sea urchin embryo (outer ECM) contains fibers and granules of various sizes which are organized in recognizable patterns as shown by ultrastructural studies, particularly stereoimaging techniques. The use of the ruthenium red method for retaining and staining the ECM, with modification of the Luft (Anatomical Record 171:347-368, 1971) method for invertebrate embryos, allows for the clarification of certain structures, particularly fiber compaction in the interzonal region, and microvillus-associated bodies.The inner ECM in the sea urchin embryo includes the basal lamina and blastocoel matrix. Stereoimages show that the fibers which are loosely distributed in the blastocoel matrix become compacted around the periphery of the blastocoel to form the basal lamina.The ruthenium red method was also used on a number of marine invertebrate embryos and larvae, representing different phyla, to facilitate comparisons between their surface coats. The similarities observed in the specimens shown suggest that ECMs are widely found on marine invertebrate eggs, embryos, and larvae, and that they resemble vertebrate ECMs and may, therefore, have similar functions.
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  • 83
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    Journal of Morphology 199 (1989), S. 151-164 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The coronate larva of the ascophoran bryozoan Watersipora arcuata has a ring of 32 large, multiciliated coronal cells that are used for swimming. Fourteen pairs of small cells are intercalated between the lateral margins of adjacent coronal cells. These intercoronal cells are arranged in a precise pattern and are polymorphic: seven pairs have multiple cilia and seven pairs are mono- or oligociliated. Three pairs of multiciliated intercoronal cells have their cilia arranged as a whorl that is recessed in a pocket formed between the adjacent coronal cells, and they are thought to be photoreceptors that sense general light intensity. Two other pairs of multiciliated cells with cohesive tufts of cilia may be chemo- or mechanoreceptors. Roles of the other intercoronal cells in this species are not evident, but it is proposed that the majority, if not all, of them are sensory. The close proximity of all the intercoronal cells to the equatorial nerve ring is compatible with this interpretation. Analyses of the literature on cleavage patterns, pigment cup ocelli, and flagellar tufts that serve as balancers in coronate larvae lead us to propose that (1) an intercoronal cell is the sensory element of most, if not all, pigment cup ocelli of bryozoan larvae; and (2) intercoronal cells are not modified coronal cells but probably are specialized supra- and/or infracoronal ones that have migrated to an intercoronal position.
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  • 84
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    Journal of Morphology 199 (1989), S. 245-247 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 85
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    Journal of Morphology 199 (1989), S. 223-243 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The projectile tongue of caudate amphibians has been studied from many perspectives, yet a quantitative kinetic model of tongue function has not yet been presented for generalized (nonplethodontid) terrestrial salamanders. The purposes of this paper are to describe quantitatively the kinnematics of the feeding mechanism and to present a kinetic model for the function of the tongue in the ambystomatid salamander Ambystoma tigrinum. Six kinematic variables were quantified from high-speed films of adult A. tigrinum feeding on land and in the water. Tongue protrusion reaches its maximum during peak gape, while peak tongue height is reached earlier, 15 ms after the mouth starts to open. Tongue kinematics change considerably during feeding in the water, and the tongue is not protruded past the plane of the gape. Electrical stimulation of the major tongue muscles showed that tongue projection in A. tigrinum is the combined result of activity in four muscles: the geniohyoideus, Subarcualis rectus 1, intermandibularis posterior, and interhyoideus. Stimulation of the Subarcualis rectus 1 alone does not cause tongue projection. The kinetic model produced from the kinematic and stimulation data involves both a dorsal vector (the resultant of the Subarcualis rectus 1, intermandibularis posterior, and interhyoideus) and a ventral vector (the geniohyoideus muscle), which sum to produce a resultant anterior vector that directs tongue motion out of the mouth and toward the prey. This model generates numerous testable predictions about tongue function and provides a mechanistic basis for the hypothesis that tongue projection in salamanders evolved from primitive intraoral manipulative action of the hyobranchial apparatus.
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  • 86
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: We have attempted to develop an objective, semiquantitative classification of fiber types in turtle neck and limb muscle using microphotometry and multivariate statistical techniques. We first stained serial sections for myosin adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) (with acid and alkaline preincubation and without preincubation), NADH-diaphorase, and two glycolysis-associated markers, α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (α-GPDH) and glycogen phosphorylase A (GPA). This allowed us to characterize individual muscle fibers in terms of their contraction speed and metabolic properties. Next we used microphotometry to measure the optical density of the reaction product in each fiber, and we subjected the resulting optical density matrix to cluster and discriminant function analyses in order to assign fibers to groups (fiber types) and to determine which stains contribute most to the distinction between groups. As a control, we processed a well characterized mammalian muscle (rat sternomastoid) simultaneously. Our results suggest that both neck and limb muscle in Pseudemys can best described as falling into three groups: (1) slow oxidative (SO) fibers; (2) fast oxidative glycolytic (FOG) fibers, with relatively high oxidative and glycolytic capacities; and (3) fast glycolytic (Fg) fibers, with low oxidative, low/intermediate α-GPDH, and high GPA activities. These three fiber types differ from like-named types in rat muscle both in the pH lability of their myosins and in their metabolic profiles.
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  • 87
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    Journal of Morphology 200 (1989) 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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  • 88
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    Journal of Morphology 200 (1989), S. 1-8 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Distribution and density of the chloride cells in the newly hatched larvae of teleosts vary depending on species and environmental salinity at hatching. In the euryhaline freshwater ayu (Plecoglossus altivelis), chloride cells are concentrated in the skin posterior to the pectoral fins and gradually decrease in number toward the head and tail. In the stenohaline sea water flounder (Kareius bicoloratus), most chloride cells are localized at the inner membrane of gill chambers and in the skin near the openings of gill chambers, but only a few cells appear in the skin of the yolk sac. In the stenohaline freshwater carp (Cyprinus carpio), only a few small chloride cells are scattered in the body skin. The density and abundance of chloride cells appears to be correlated with the different requirements for osmoregulation in teleost larvae.
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  • 89
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: This investigation relates the occlusal morphology of the continuously growing molars of common wombats (Vombatus ursinus) to the underlying enamel ultrastructure that was investigated using the techniques of light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The main feature of the occlusal enamel was a prominent ridge, which followed the contour of the dentine-enamel junction (DEJ). It was found that the occlusal morphology depended upon the orientation of the dentinal and enamel tissues, variations in prism orientation, Hunter-Schreger bands (HSB), and presence or absence of cleavage. Cleavage of enamel promoted by sheets of parallel prisms occurred along the face between the DEJ and the ridge, whereas on the face between the ridge and the cementum-enamel junction (CEJ) cleavage was inhibited by HSB. The slope of the latter face was mainly due to a decrease in wear resistance going from the ridge, where prisms were intercepted transversely, toward the CEJ, where they were intercepted obliquely. Occasionally small surface undulations were observed on the face between the ridge and the CEJ. These undulations were found to correspond to gradually decussating enamel regions. The pronounced cleavage of enamel parallel to the face between the DEJ and the ridge played an important role in conferring on the continuously growing molars a distinct property to develop and maintain a self-sharpening ridge throughout the life of the tooth.
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  • 90
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    Journal of Morphology 200 (1989), S. 215-230 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The internal anatomy of juveniles and adults of Hypochthonius rufulus selected as a model species representing the lower Oribatida was investigated histologically and compared with the published characteristics of higher oribatid internal anatomy. In this species, the cuticle is weak and flexible, consisting of epicuticle and endocuticle on the body, but including an exocuticle between the epicuticle and endocuticle of the legs. Walls of the mesenteron in the digestive tract are of uniform thickness and structure without any regional thickening, and there are no proventricular glands. The hindgut is apparently divided into five parts: colon 1 and 2, rectum 1 and 2, and anal atrium; food bolus exhibits a multilamellar structure in this section. The glandular system is less diversified than in some other oribatids. Tracheae are apparently lacking. Females possess only two relatively large eggs, filling one-half of opistosoma, and they lack ovipositors. Eggs are present in females during the whole year. Gonad buds appear first in the protonymph stage. Only one male was found among 146 adults studied. No male external organ (aedeagus or penis) is present.
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  • 91
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    Journal of Morphology 200 (1989), S. 199-213 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: We have investigated the structural organization of the wind-sensitive giant interneurons in the thoracic ganglia of adult American cockroaches. These seven bilaterally paired interneurons have long been thought to play a role in directing the wind-elicited escape response of the animal. Each of the giant interneurons was labeled individually by intracellular injection of cobaltic hexamine chloride. An individual giant interneuron could be reliably identified from animal to animal based on its branching pattern in thoracic ganglia. The axons of the giant interneurons are situated on each side of the nerve cord in two recognizable subgroups. Comparisons of the axonal arbors of the dorsal and ventral subgroups showed that they project into distinct but partly overlapping regions of thoracic ganglia. Three of the giant interneurons were found to have axonal arbors that cross the longitudinal midline of thoracic and abdominal ganglia. Bilateral pairs of these giant interneurons were labeled concomitantly, and many of the individual neurites from these cells appeared to be closely apposed. All these morphological characteristics are discussed in relation to the connectivity and functional significance of the giant interneurons.
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  • 92
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    Journal of Morphology 200 (1989), S. 247-253 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The ultrastructure of the adductor muscle of the boring clam (Tridacna crocea) was investigated. The adductor was composed of opaque and translucent portions. The opaque portion contained smooth muscle cells; the translucent portion contained obliquely striated cells. Smooth muscle cells were classified, according to the statistically analyzed diameters of their thick myofilaments, into two types, S-1 and S-2. S-1 cells had thick myofilaments, 50-60 nm in diameter. S-2 cells had thick myofilaments of two sizes, about 55-65 nm and 85-100 nm in diameter, respectively. Obliquely striated muscle cells in the translucent portion were also classified into two types: O-1 cells, with thick myofilaments 30-35 nm in diameter, and O-2 cells, with myofilaments of 50-60 nm.
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  • 93
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    Journal of Morphology 201 (1989) 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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  • 94
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    Journal of Morphology 201 (1989), S. 23-37 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Sensory and motor innervation of the proboscis by branches of the maxillary and labial nerves of the worker honey bee has been investigated in specimens stained vitally by methylene blue or viewed by scanning electron microscopy. A chordotonal organ consisting of a single scolopidium is present in the maxillary palp. Flexion of the maxillary palp occurs only passively, induced by the flexion of the galea. This chordotonal organ may function as a proprioceptor for the movement of the galea. Another chordotonal organ exists in the prementum of the labium. It contains, on the average, 12 sensory cells and presumably responds to the bending of the labial palp. A nerve-net of bipolar cells arises from the sensory branches of the maxillary nerve. Free nerve endings derived from the periphery of this nerve-net expand broadly on the intersegmental membranes connected to the stipes. The right and left nerves to the dilator muscles of the salivarium exchange branches, resulting in the reciprocal innervation of each muscle.
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  • 95
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    Journal of Morphology 201 (1989), S. 59-68 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The tectorial structures of the inner ear of the proteid salamander Proteus anguinus were studied with transmission and scanning electron microscopy in order to analyze the ultrastructure of the otoconial membranes and otoconial masses of the maculae and the tectorial membrane of the papilla amphibiorum. Both otoconial and tectorial membranes consist of two parts: (1) a compact part and (2) a fibrillar part that joins the membrane with the sensory epithelium. Masses of otoconia occupy the lumina above these membranes.There are two types of calcium carbonate crystals in the otoconial masses within the inner ear of Proteus anguinus. The relatively small otoconial mass of the utricular macula occupies an area no greater than the diameter of the sensory epithelium, and it is composed of calcite crystals. On the other hand, the enormous otoconial masses of the saccular macula and the lagenar macula are composed of aragonite crystals. In the sacculus and lagena, globular structures 2-9 m̈m in diameter were discovered on the lower surfaces of the otoconial masses above the sensory epithelia. These globules show a progression from smooth-surfaced, small globules to large globules with spongelike, rough surfaces. It is hypothesized that these globules are precursors of the aragonite crystals and that calcite crystals develop similarly in the utriculus. The presence of globular precursors in adult animals suggests that the formation of new crystals in the otoconial membranes of the sacculus and lagena of Proteus is a continuous, ongoing process.
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  • 96
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    Journal of Morphology 201 (1989) 
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  • 97
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: When homozygous, recessive mutant gene c in Ambystoma mexicanum results in a failure of embryonic heart function. This failure is apparently due to abnormal inductive influences from the anterior endoderm resulting in an absence of normal sarcomeric myofibril formation. Biochemical and immunofluorescent studies were undertaken to evaluate the contractile proteins actin and tropomyosin in normal and mutant hearts. For the immunofluorescent studies, cardiac tissues were fixed in periodate-lysine-paraformaldehyde, frozen sectioned, and immunostained by an indirect method with monospecific polyclonal antibodies produced against highly purified chicken heart actin and tropomyosin. In normal hearts, both antiactin and antitropomyosin stained the myofibrillar I-bands intensely. In mutant hearts, intensity of staining with antiactin antibody was similar to normal, although sarcomeric patterns were not observed. Staining intensity for tropomyosin with antitropomyosin antibody was significantly reduced in mutant hearts when compared to normal. Biochemical studies were used to evaluate antibody specificity, antigenic variability, and relative protein concentrations of actin and tropomyosin in normal and mutant cardiac tissues. Tissue homogenates were electrophoresed in two dimensions, and second-dimension slab gels were either Coomassie Blue silver-stained or transblotted onto nitrocellulose and the proteins stained with antibodies. Stained gels and immunoblots of cardiac proteins reveal that the amounts of actin isoforms are identical in normal and mutant hearts. However, these methods demonstrate a significantly reduced amount of tropomyosin in mutant tissue. This confirms earlier studies suggesting reduced amounts of tropomyosin in mutant hearts based upon immunological assays. Thus, failure of normal myofibrillogenesis in gene c mutant hearts does not appear to result from a change in actin isoform composition but may be related to a deficiency in tropomyosin.
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  • 98
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    Journal of Morphology 202 (1989) 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 99
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Knee joints from adult, juvenile, hatchling, and embryonic (full term) American alligators were dissected to reveal the cruciate ligaments and the medial and lateral menisci. Two anterior cruciate (major and minor), a posterior cruciate, an intermeniscal, and a meniscofemoral ligament were identified. In addition, we found a fourth internal ligament which has not been reported previously. Menisci and ligaments from left knees were fixed in formalin and processed for routine histological observation. Those from right knees were stained in bulk by using a gold chloride method and were either frozen and sectioned at 100 m̈m on a sliding microtome or were processed for paraffin sections at 30 m̈m. The morphology of the collagenous, cartilaginous, and vascular constituents of the tissues was similar to that of the dog, cat, and human. Nerve fibers were observed in all tissues sampled. Structures resembling Golgi tendon organs and Pacinian corpuscles were identified, reinforcing the theory that neural elements within cruciate ligaments and menisci may provide afferent input that affects the function of the knee joint.
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  • 100
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    Journal of Morphology 202 (1989), S. 205-223 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The ultrastructural changes occurring in the adenohypophysis (AH) of the anadromous sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus, during metamorphosis (stages one through seven) were examined. The rostral pars distalis initially contains one granulated (secretory) cell type A and one nongranulated type I cell. A second granulated cell (type B) appears during the later stages (stages six and seven) of metamorphosis. The most pronounced ultrastructural changes take place in the caudal pars distalis (CPD). Initially, most cells (80-90%) are nongranulated cells type II and some type I. Granulated type C and D cells form the remainder of the CPD. Almost all cells during stages three and four demonstrate a marked increase in synthetic activity evident by conspicuous Golgi regions, abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), and increased cell volume. Most cells are sparsely granulated. Secretory cell types C and D and, two new cell types, E and F, are present. Synthetic activity subsides by stage five. Most cells (80-90%) during stages five through seven are granulated. Type E are most prevalent with variable numbers of types C and D and few type F. Nongranulated cells now represent only 10-20% of the CPD. The increase in granulated cells occurs at the expense of type II cells that differentiate into granulated cell types. The fine structure of the pars intermedia throughout metamorphosis remains similar to that of the larva. Most cells are granulated, highly vesiculated type G cells. A few nongranulated type I cells are also present. The functional significance of the secretory cells in the AH is related to the requirement for an intact pituitary gland for the initiation and completion of metamorphosis.
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