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  • Hymenoptera  (292)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 9 (1992), S. 229-234 
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Heat shock protein (HSP) ; Yeast ; Saccharomyces ; Viability ; Thermotolerance ; Ethanol tolerance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Heat shock and ethanol stress of brewing yeast strains resulted in the induction of a set of proteins referred to as heat shock proteins (HSPs). At least six strongly induced HSPs were identified in a lager brewing strain and four HSPs in an ale brewing strain. Four of these HSPs with molecular masses of approximately 70, 38, 26 and 23 kDa were also identified in two laboratory strains ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae. The appearance of HSPs correlated with increased survival of strains at elevated temperatures and high concentrations of ethanol. These results suggest that HSPs may play a role in the ethanol and thermotolerance of yeasts. The properties of these proteins and membrane fatty acids in relation to heat and ethanol shock are being investigated.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 7 (1991), S. 191-195 
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Yeast ; Trehalose ; Osmotolerance ; Viability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary A total of 12 yeast strains from various genera were examined for their ability to produce ethanol in the presence of high concentrations of glucose. From these studies, the yeastsTorulaspora delbrueckii andZygosaccharomyces rouxii were observed to the most osmotolerant. These osmotolerant yeast strains were also observed to possess high concentrations of intracellular trehalose. Futhermore, these strains were found to be tolerant to long-term storage at −20°C and to storage at 4°C in beer containing 5% (v/v) ethanol. Cells containing high trehalose levels at the time of freezing or cold storage exhibited the highest cell viabilities. Trehalose concentration was observed to increase during growth on glucose, reaching a maximum after 24–48 h. Increasing the incubation temperature from 21 to 40°C also resulted in an increase in intracellular trehalose content. These results suggest that trehalose plays a role in enhancing yeast survival under environmentally stressful conditions.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 7 (1991), S. 263-268 
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Yeast ; β-Glucanase ; β-Glucosidase catabolite repression ; Sporulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The activities of three glycosidases, β-glucosidase and β(1,3)- and β(1,6)-glucanases have been monitored during growth and blastospore formation inSaccharomycopsis fibuligera. The assays were carried out on the cell-free culture and in a cell-free extract and a wall autolysate preparation from the growing cells. In complex medium containing 1% glucose an increase in the level of all three enzymes was associated with the transition from mycelium to blastospores. When the level of glucose was increased to 5% blastospore formation was repressed and the level of β-glucanases only increased at the end of the fermentation. The β-glucosidase activity increased during the growth phase. In a defined medium in which slow growth in a wholly yeast-like form was observed, growth was not associated with a high level of β-glucanase activity.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; Lepidoptera ; Pieridae ; cabbage ; tritrophic interactions ; semiochemicals ; host-habitat location ; foraging behaviour
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Upon initiating a research project on the role of volatile infochemicals in the tritrophic system Cotesia (= Apanteles) glomerata (L.)-Pieris brassicae (L.)-cabbage, a bioassay was developed to investigate the response of C. glomerata. The bioassay should be effective in terms of high responsiveness and minimum variability and constructed through a comparative approach. Twenty seven treatments, organized in a factorial randomized block design, compared the effect of three bioassay set-ups (glasshouse flight chamber, wind-tunnel and Y-tube olfactometer), three parasitoid age groups (1–2, 4–5 and 8–9 days old females), three pre-treatment experiences (naive, damage experienced and oviposition experienced wasps) and the day-to-day effect on response of C. glomerata to clean cabbage (CC) and planthost complex (PHC) in a dual choice test. The best results with regard to the strength and consistency of response to the PHC were obtained in the glasshouse flight-chamber by 4–5 days old female wasps with either damage or oviposition experience (94 and 90%, respectively). It is therefore recommended as a suitable bioassay for studying the role of volatile infochemicals in host-habitat location by C. glomerata. A day-to-day variation in response was found in the glasshouse and wind-tunnel. It was correlated with the direction of change in barometric pressure within the time period of the experiment, showing that steadily increasing atmospheric pressure yields a significantly higher response than steadily decreasing or fluctuating barometric flux. To control for the day effect it is suggested to conduct further experiments in a block design, having day as a block. Several aspects of the infochemical ecology of C. glomerata are discussed.
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  • 5
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    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 73 (1994), S. 289-297 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; parasitoid ; C. rubecula ; foraging behaviour ; specialist ; synomones ; infochemical use ; tritrophic interactions ; olfaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The role of volatile stimuli in the long-range host-searching behaviour of the specialist parasitoidCotesia rubecula Marshall (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) was studied. Components from the plant-host-complex Brussels sprouts (Brassica oleracea L. var.gemmifera (DC.) Schulz. cv. ‘Titurel’)-Pieris rapae L. (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) were compared for their attractiveness in dual choice tests in a windtunnel. Stimuli from cabbage plants that were mechanically damaged or damaged byP. rapae caterpillars were more attractive to this parasitoid species than stimuli emitted by the host larvae or their faeces. Parasitoids preferred leaves from the plant-host-complex over artificially damaged leaves. Undamaged cabbage plants were the least attractive to the foraging females. These results indicate that in-flight searching behaviour ofC. rubecula is guided by plant-derived information and that for this specialist species more reliable and specific host-derived cues play a minor role at longer distances.
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  • 6
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    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 69 (1993), S. 33-39 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; Aphidiinae ; aphid ; sex pheromone ; parasitoid ; Praon volucre ; Aphidius rhopalosiphi
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Laboratory and field experiments provided evidence for the release of sex pheromones by virgin femalePraon volucre Haliday andAphidius rhopalosiphi De Stefani-Perez (Hymenoptera: Braconidae, Aphidiinae). In Petri dish biosassays, rubber or vermiculite models treated with crude virgin female extracts were frequently approached by males and elicited rapid wing-fanning behaviour and copulation attempts. Delta-shaped water traps containing live virgin females caught large numbers of conspecific males when placed in winter wheat crops. Trapping slightly below crop height resulted in higher catches than trapping above the crop canopy.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Cruciferae ; Brassica oleracea ; tritrophic interactions ; Pieridae ; Hymenoptera ; parasitoids ; Cotesia ; kairomones ; headspace ; GC-MS ; chemical composition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Headspace composition, collected from intact cabbage plants and cabbage plants infested with eitherPieris brassicae L. orP. rapae L. (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) first instar larvae, was determined by GC-MS. Twenty-one volatiles were identified in the headspace of intact plants. Twenty-two volatiles were identified in the headspace of plants infested byP. brassicae larvae, 2 of which, Z-3-hexenyl butyrate and Z-3-hexenyl isovalerate, were not detected in the headspace of either intact orP. rapae damaged plants. In the headspace of the latter, 21 compounds were identified, all of which which were also produced by intact plants. No significant quantitative differences were found between headspace composition of the plants damaged by one or the other caterpillar species. Major differences between intact and caterpillar-damaged plants in contribution to the headspace profile were revealed for hexyl acetate, Z-3-hexenyl acetate, myrcene, sabinene and 1,8-cineole. The larval endoparasitoidCotesia glomerata L. was attracted by the volatiles emanating fromB. oleracea damaged byP. brassicae first instar larvae.C. rubecula L., a specialized larval endoparasitoids ofP. rapae, was attracted by the volatiles released from theB. oleracea-P. rapae plant-host complex. This shows that cabbage plants kept under the conditions of headspace collection produce attractive volatiles for both parasitoids.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 73 (1994), S. 211-220 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Eurytoma amygdali ; Hymenoptera ; Eurytomidae ; host selection ; chemical stimuli ; olfactory response ; aggregation ; oviposition ; almond
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Females of the almond seed wasp,Eurytoma amygdali Enderlein (Hymenoptera, Eurytomidae), responded in an olfactometer positively to odours from almond flowers and unripe fruits, but not to almond leaf odours and odours from flowers and unripe fruits of certain other nonhostPrunus species. Males responded to none of these odours. Extracts of undamaged unripe almond fruits (using ethanol, methanol, acetone, hexane, dichloromethane, or petroleum ether) stimulated female aggregation on glass surfaces treated with these extracts; in addition, certain fruit extracts (ethanol, methanol, or acetone) stimulated oviposition. Extracts of undamaged almond leaves (ethanol, methanol, or acetone) and flowers (ethanol or methanol) also stimulated female aggregation and oviposition. Aggregation and oviposition in response to an ethanol extract of almond fruits was intense in females aged 5 to 14 days and from 12∶00 to 18∶00h (photophase between 06∶00 and 20∶00). Certain almond fruit (ethanol, methanol, acetone or hexane) and flower extracts (ethanol or methanol) also provoked female response in the olfactometer. The results strongly suggest that certain chemical stimuli emanating from parts of the almond tree play a major role in host selection and oviposition. Some of the extracts tested may be a good source for the isolation, identification and synthesis of compounds stimulating attraction, aggregation and oviposition in nature. *** DIRECT SUPPORT *** A3414024 00003
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  • 9
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 68 (1993), S. 1-7 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Hybridoma ; detectability period ; venom ; predation ; serology ; protease ; Vespidae ; Hymenoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In order to derive quantitative estimates of predation rate from serological gut analysis data, one must have an estimate of the interval during which a meal can be detected after feeding. In practice this has turned out to be ‘Dmax,’ defined as ‘...the time from finishing a meal until that meal could just no longer be detected in any individuals.’ However Dmax substitutes an absolute limit for what is really a continuous variable with significant variation. We examined this problem in a study of the detectability ofHelicoverpa zea Boddie (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) fifth instar remains in the guts ofPolistes metricus Say (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Wasps were maintained onTrichoplusia ni (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) fifth instars before being fed a singleH. zea fifth instar. They were killed and frozen at 0, 24, 48 and 96 h intervals, with those held for more than 24 h fed a singleT. ni fifth instar at 24 h intervals in order to simulate continued feeding. Wasp abdomens were assayed by immunodot, using a monoclonal antibody toH. zea arylphorin. There was a logarithmic decay in the proportion ofP. metricus positive over time, a singleH. zea fifth instar meal having a detectability half-life of 19.4 h at field temperatures. If prey antigen detectability decays exponentially, then a detectability half-life is a more appropriate unit of detectability than an absolute detectability period.
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  • 10
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 68 (1993), S. 219-229 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; Aphidiidae ; Homoptera ; Aphididae ; Schizaphis graminum ; wheat ; tritrophic interactions ; learning ; host-habitat location
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of experience on the responsiveness of the aphidiid parasitoidLysiphlebus testaceipes (Cresson) (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae) to host-associated cues was investigated using a wind-tunnel bioassay. Naive females were able to discriminate between uninfested wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and wheat infested withSchizaphis gramimum (Rondani) (Homoptera: Aphididae), but oviposition experience significantly increased the parasitoid's propensity to respond to aphid-infested plants with upwind, targeted flight. The behavioural change associated with such experience was acquired rapidly (within five minutes) and persisted for at least 24 h. The parasitoid could be successfully conditioned to associate a novel odour with the presence of hosts, suggesting that the increase in response to aphid-infested plants which occurs as a result of experience is probably due to associative learning of olfactory cues from the plant-aphid complex.
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  • 11
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 67 (1993), S. 183-192 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: symbionts ; thelytoky ; arrhenotoky ; Hymenoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Microbe-associated parthenogenesis (thelytoky) has been discovered in nineTrichogramma species, parasitoids of mainly lepidopteran eggs. Parthenogenetic and bisexual conspecifics co-occur in many field populations. As an initial step to understand the dynamics of these two reproductive strategies we studied the effect of microbe-associated parthenogenesis on fecundity. The fecundity of two parthenogenetic isofemale lines ofT. pretiosum and one ofT. deion was compared with bisexual lines derived from them by antibiotic treatment. In all three cases parthenogenetic females were less fecund over their lifetime than bisexual females. Also, parthenogenetic females produced fewer daughters in two cases and in one case a similar number of daughters as their respective bisexual counterparts. The lack of mating and insemination was excluded as an explanation for the reduced fecundity of parthenogenetic females, because mated and virgin parthenogenetic females produce the same number of offspring. Antibiotic treatment can also be excluded because females of field-collected bisexual line treated with antibiotics produced the same number of offspring as untreated females. The reduced fecundity of parthenogenetic females was caused by a lower number of eggs being laid rather than by a greater developmental mortality. Parthenogenetic females produced less daughters than bisexual females when host availability was not limiting, but when host availability was severely limited, parthenogenetic females produced more daughters than the bisexual females.
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  • 12
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 67 (1993), S. 233-239 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: inbreeding ; colonization ; isofemale line ; Drosophila ; Diptera ; Leptopilina boulardi ; Cynipidae ; Hymenoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé D. melanogaster (Meigen) a été utilisé pour tester la capacité des lignées isofemelles à conserver la variabilité génétique d'une population naturelle. Deux types d'expériences ont été réalisées. L'une a consisté à déterminer la variabilité génétique de 3 locus enzymatiques pour 32 lignées isofemelles à la première et à la 23ème génération d'élevage au laboratoire. L'autre a consisté à tester la capacité des larves à éliminer un parasitoïde par le processus d'encapsulation après 8 années d'élevage au laboratoire. D'une façon générale, certaines lignées isofemelles perdent de la variabilité durant les 23 générations de l'étude. Mais la fréquence globale des allèles reste inchangée si l'on considère l'ensemble des 32 lignées. Le seul allèle rare observé a également été conservé. Les modifications des fréquences allèliques à chacun des locus ont lieu de façon indépendante les unes des autres. La variabilité génétique d'un caractère biologique, la capacité des larves à encapsuler le parasitoïde, a également varié, mais elle a pu être restaurée à un niveau proche de la population initiale en rassemblant plusieurs individus de chacune des lignées.
    Notes: Abstract Drosophila melanogaster (Meigen) was used to test the power of isofemale lines in preserving genetic variability. We performed experiments in two ways. One series consisted of measuring the genetic variability for three enzymatic loci in 32 isofemale lines, in the first and 23rd generations of culture. In the second series, we tested the capacity of the larvae to eliminate a parasitoid by encapsulation after eight years of laboratory breeding. In general, individual isofemale lines appeared to change during the 23 generations of the study, but the global frequency of these alleles among the 32 isofemale lines stayed relatively unchanged. The only rare allele observed was also conserved. Changes in allozyme frequencies at any one locus were independent of those at other loci. Genetic variation of a biological trait, the capacity of the larvae to encapsulate a parasitoid, also changed, but it could be restored to a level close to that of the starting population by mass hybridizing together individuals of each line.
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  • 13
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; Cotesia marginiventris ; parasitoid ; host searching ; allelochemicals ; plant synomones ; leaf damage ; frass ; flight tunnel
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'hyménoptèreC. marginiventris Cresson, parasite solitaire, est connu comme étant attiré par les odeurs liées à l'hôte émises par un complexe de chenilles consommant des feuilles. La source exacte de ces substances attractives restait encore à déterminer. Pour cela, des expériences en tunnel de vol ont été réalisées dans lesquelles différents composés du complexe plante et hôte ont été testés individuellement et en combinaisons diverses. Les 3 composés testés ont été: 1) des plantules de maïs endommagées par des chenilles deSpodoptera exigua (BAW); 2) des excréments produits par les chenilles de BAW consommant du maïs; 3) des chenilles de BAW en l'absence de plantes et d'excréments. Les plantes endommagées ont été significativement plus attractives que les excréments ou les chenilles. En expériences de choix, les excréments étaient plus attractifs que les chenilles. Différentes combinaisons de ces 3 composantes principales ont montré que l'attractivité augmentait quand les chenilles étaient associées à des feuilles endommagées. Ajouter des excréments n'augmentait pas significativement l'attractivité. Quand des chenilles étaient associées avec des feuilles endommagées, mais en présence d'écran les empêchant de consommer les feuilles, l'attractivité était celle des feuilles endommagées seules. Des feuilles de maïs n'ayant jamais été exposées aux dégâts des chenilles étaient à peine attractives. On peut en conclure que les feuilles endommagées par les chenilles sont la principale source de substances volatiles qui orientent le parasitoïdeC. marginiventris vers le voisinage de ses hôtes. La consommation active par les chenilles augmente probablement la quantité de substances émises par les plantes, ce qui se traduit par une attractivité accrue. Les substances volatiles des plantes jouent un rôle dans la découverte de l'habitat de l'hôte par les parasitoïdes. De plus en plus d'éléments suggèrent qu'une interaction sophistiquée entre hôte, plante et parasitoïde sera éventuellement révélée.
    Notes: Abstract Single and dual choice tests in a flight tunnel revealed that plants damaged by host larvae are the main source of the volatiles that attract females of the parasitoidCotesia marginiventris (Cresson) to the microhabitat of its hosts. Frass and host larvae, the other two major components of a complete plant-host complex, were significantly less attractive than the damaged seedlings; frass alone was more attractive than larvae alone. However, a recombination of larvae with the damaged seedlings was significantly more attractive than the damaged leaves alone, or damaged leaves with frass. This was due to the additional feeding damage done by the larvae. The role of plants in the host-finding behaviour of parasitoids is discussed.
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  • 14
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 58 (1991), S. 165-174 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Eurytoma amygdali ; Hymenoptera ; Eurytomidae ; host marking pheromone ; host discrimination ; oviposition behaviour
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des expériences de laboratoire et des observations concernant le comportement de ponte de Eurytoma amygdali Enderlein (Hymenoptera, Eurytomidae) ont montré que, immédiatement après la ponte, les femelles déposent une phéromone de marquage de l'hôte en trainant le bout de leur abdomen sur la surface de l'amande. Cette phéromone les rends capable de distinguer les fruits infectés des non-infectés dt de sélectionner pour la ponte les derniers. Apparemment, la fonction principale de cette phéromone est la prévention de la répétition des ovipositions dans les fruits déjà infectés et la répartition uniforme des oeufs dans les amandes, contribuant ainsi à la meilleure utilisation des ressources disponsibles pour le développement des larves. Des expériences de deux choix entre des fruits de différents traitements ont montré que la phéromone pouvait être perçue par les femelles par le direct contact et, quand elle était à hautes concentrations, par olfaction d'une courte distance. La phéromone était présente dans l'abdomen et dans le thorax des femelles, et bien qu'elle soit soluble à l'eau, elle ne pouvait pas s'éloigner entièrement par lavage des amandes sérieusement infectées à l'eau. Les observations ont démontré qu'après un numéro de 3.7 visites successives sur des amandes portant de la phéromone les femelles s'éloignaient du lieu de ponte en marchant ou, le plus souvant, en s'envolant, ce qui suggère que la phéromone contribue à la dispersion des femelles.
    Notes: Abstract Laboratory experiments and observations on the oviposition behaviour of the almond seed wasp Eurytoma amygdali Enderlein (Hymenoptera, Eurytomidae) revealed that the females of this species deposit a host-marking pheromone, immediately after an oviposition, by dragging the tip of their abdomen on the fruit surface. This pheromone enables them to discriminate between the infested and uninfested fruit and to select for oviposition the latter. Its primary function is apparently the prevention of repeated ovipositions in already infested fruit, thus contributing to the optimal utilisation of the available resources for larval development. The responses of individual females to different treatments of almonds, in a series of two-choice tests, revealed that the pheromone can be perceived by the females on direct contact and, when at high concentrations, also olfactorily from a short distance. The pheromone was present inside the abdomen and thorax of females but not of males, and, although water soluble, could not be entirely removed from heavily infested almonds when rinsed with water. Direct observations revealed that after an average of 3.7 successive visits to pheromone-bearing almonds, females were induced to walk or, most often, fly away from the experimental set-up. This suggests that the pheromone may also contribute to the dispersion of the wasps.
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  • 15
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 58 (1991), S. 267-277 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; Ichneumonidae ; Campoletis sonorensis ; parasitoid ; host microhabitat ; synomones ; wind tunnel ; experience
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The host microhabitat location behavior of females of the generalist parasitoid Campoletis sonorensis (Cameron) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) was studied in a wind tunnel. Visual cues associated with the host plant cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., were important and significantly more parasitoids completed flights to a damaged 4-leaf cotton plant bearing a Heliothis virescens (F.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larva and frass than to a similarly damaged single leaf with frass and a larva. This difference in completed flights was not due to differences in amounts of volatiles released by the two stimuli. Both naive and experienced parasitoids responded differently to an undamaged cotton leaf, a mechanially damaged leaf, a naturally damaged leaf with the host removed and a naturally damaged leaf with a host larva. Parasitoids completed significantly fewer flights to the undamaged sources of volatiles than to damaged sources of volatiles. Experienced females responded strongly to all types of damage. The number of flights completed by naive females to the three types of damage differed but not significantly and was less than the number completed by experienced females. Components of the preflight experience were varied to determine which factors were responsible for the higher response of experienced females to the host/plant complex. Oviposition was the most important component of this experience. Contact with host frass or plant damage followed by oviposition did not increase the response over that exhibited by females allowed oviposition only. When frass or damaged plant material were contacted without subsequent oviposition, females completed fewer flights than naive females.
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  • 16
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Eurytoma amygdali ; Hymenoptera ; almond pest ; sex pheromone ; population monitoring ; chemical control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract During the four years 1986–1989 we monitored an adult male population of the almond seed wasp, Eurytoma amygdali Enderlein, in the region of Thessaloniki, using sex pheromone traps, each containing 25 living virgin females. The emergence of adults from infested almonds of the previous year was also monitored in cages in the field, as well as the progress of fruit infestation and egg hatching in the almonds of the Retsou variety. Finally, two chemical control experiments were done against the newly hatched larvae to determine the optimal time for chemical control. During the 4-year study the start of adult captures occurred between April 13 and April 24, and the maximum between April 17 and May 11. In most cases, adult emergence from infested almonds in field cages began with a delay of 2 to 14 days in relation to the start of trap captures, and was affected by factors such as the date of cage installation. In all years most eggs hatched within 12–18 days of oviposition. A treatment with phosphamidon at a concentration of 0.06%, applied to tree branches of the Retsou variety with a hand-sprayer on May 23, 1987, when 54.1% of the eggs had hatched, was very effective (final infestation in July was 4.7% as compared to 89.1% of the untreated control). Three treatments with phosphamidon 0.06%, applied each on different tree branches, on May 14, 20, and 25, 1988, when the percentage of egg hatching was 7.8%, 65.3%, and 93.5%, respectively, were all very effective (final infestation in July was 1.6%, 3.6%, and 4.2% respectively, as compared to 93.6% of the untreated control). However, the presence of mines in the perisperm and outer endosperm, caused by the feeding larvae before they were killed, was more conspicuous in the almonds treated when the percentage of egg hatching was high. Our data suggest that the almond seed wasp can be effectively controlled with a single treatment of a systemic insecticide against the newly hatched larvae, preferably applied when the percentage of egg hatching is low to medium (between 10% and 50%). In the area of Thessaloniki, during 1986–89, 10% and 50% of egg hatching occurred about 21 and 27 days respectively after the beginning of male adult captures in pheromone traps.
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  • 17
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; Diprionidae ; chiral compounds ; behavioural activity ; attractant ; inhibitor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract All eight optical isomers of 3,7-dimethyl-2-pentadecanyl acetate (diprionyl acetate), of high optical purity (〉 97.4%), were tested for a behavioural activity on male pine sawflies, Neodiprion sertifer (Geoffr.) (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae), in northern Europe. Males were strongly attracted to (2S,3S,7S)-diprionyl acetate. Addition of more than 0.1% of the (2S,3R,7R)-isomer reduced the catch and above 2% the attraction was completely inhibited. Contrary to what has been reported for North American and Japanese populations, so significant synergistic effect of small amounts of the (2S,3R,7R)-isomer could be demonstrated. The effects of addition of the other six optical isomers alone or in combinations, were also studied, but none was found to be a synergist. The (2S,3R,7S)-isomer had a weak inhibitory effect, and completely inhibited the attraction to the (2S,3S,7S)-isomer when applied in about equal amounts as the attractant. In some cases a reduction in catch was noted when other isomers were tested, but this could be attributed to the very small amounts of the inhibitory (2S,3R,7R)-isomer present in these isomers.
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  • 18
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 66 (1993), S. 171-177 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; egg parasites ; parasitoid quality ; mass rearing ; biological control ; factitious host
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The relationship between the index of female's size, hind tibia length (HTL), and selected fitness parameters used in quality assessment of mass-rearedTrichogramma spp. (Hymenoptera, Trichogrammatidae) was investigated. The studied fitness parameters were: the number of mature eggs present in the ovaries of females 0–2 hours, as well as 1, 2 and 3 days old, lifetime fecundity, fecundity during a 24 h period, longevity in the presence and absence of the factitious host (Ephestia kuehniella Zeller) and locomotor activity. The relationship between HTL and fitness parameters was analysed in 7 strains ofTrichogramma spp. (Trichogramma dendrolimi Matsumura,T. evanecens Westwood,T. maidis Pinturea et Voegelé andT. ostriniae Pang et Chen) using linear correlation. No significant relationship was found between HTL and egg complement, fecundity, longevity and locomotor activity. The results indicate that HTL used as an index of female's size is not suitable for quality assessment ofTrichogramma reared onE. kuehnieIla.
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  • 19
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 70 (1994), S. 27-39 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: almond seed wasp ; Eurytoma amygdali ; diapause termination ; insect dormancy ; temperature ; prolonged diapause ; photoperiod ; Hymenoptera
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Diapausing larvae ofEurytoma amygdali Enderlein (Hymenoptera, Eurytomidae) were collected in early August and late September. They were subjected to various photoperiod and temperature regimens for up to 20 weeks, then kept at L16:D8 and 19°C for another 14 to 26 weeks for diapause to be terminated and pupation to take place. Photoperiod did not affect diapause completion. It was confirmed that the two morphologically distinct diapause stages have different temperature requirements for their completion. The first diapause stage was completed synchronously at temperatures between 16 and 19°C. A higher temperature of 26°C delayed diapause development. The second stage required lower temperatures between 4 and 10°C. Spontaneous termination of dipause was observed at constant 19°C. When applied to the first diapause stage for 20 weeks, low temperatures made the larvae refractory to subsequent intermediate temperatures. The first stage was thus maintained until a higher temperature of 26°C made the larvae regain their ability to respond to the intermediate temperatures and complete this stage. Larvae grown in Retsou almonds had a higher diapause intensity than larvae grown in Truoito almonds. The results suggest that, in nature, the high temperatures of late summer and early autumn are likely to maintain the first diapause stage. Subsequently, the less warm temperatures of autumn allow the completion of the first stage by late autumn, and the low temperatures of late autumn and of winter allow the completion of the second diapause stage by mid winter.
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  • 20
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 70 (1994), S. 83-90 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; Symphyta ; Tenthredinidae ; Dineura virididorsata ; sawfly ; sex ratio ; oviposition behaviour ; mating behaviour
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Sex ratios of the arrhenotokous sawflyDineura virididorsata Retz. (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae) are variable among populations in the field, but are biased in favour of females. We have concluded elsewhere that the sex ratios of this species cannot be satisfactorily explained by any general sex ratio model that is available. Here we present data on the different behavioural traits that are relevant to interpretation of the evolution of female-biased sex ratios under local mate competition. We report on oviposition behaviour, mating behaviour and the patterns of movement of ovipositing virgin and mated females. Our results show that adult emergence is synchronous and females will mate daily with different males (in the laboratory, at least). This would decrease the relatedness of offspring should it also take place in the field. In addition, ovipositing females (mated and virgin) leave their site of release in a relatively short time and deposit few eggs relative to their capabilities, so siblings are unlikely to be clumped. The time that virgins spend in deposition of an egg is not different from that spent by mated females, so there is no differential ‘investment’ in this regard. These behavioural observations agree with our previous conclusion that the preconditions of current sex ratio theories are not met byD. virididorsata.
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  • 21
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 70 (1994), S. 121-128 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; Trichogrammatidae ; Trichogramma fuentesi ; couleur de l'hôte ; mutation récessive ; distribution ; influence de la température
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    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract In Cuba, during its larval development inside its host egg,Trichogramma fuentesi turns its host egg either black or brown. Crossings carried out between the two forms ofT. fuentesi allowed to show that this character is determined by one locus with two alleles: Bh, dominant, colours the host black; and bh, recessive, colours the host brown. The bh allele is more frequent in the eastern region of Cuba which is also the warmest, than in the western region. We studied the evolution of frequencies of the two alleles in different experimental polymorphic populations at 23 °C and at 30 °C. In all tested conditions, bh was at a disadvantage by comparison with Bh, except at 30 °C when its initial frequency was high (90%). Thus, temperature alone should certainly not explain the maintenance of the observed polymorphism in Cuba.
    Notes: Résumé A Cuba, les oeufs hôtes parasités parTrichogramma fuentesi Torre (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) deviennent soit noirs, soit marrons. Une série de croisements entre Trichogrammes a permis de montrer que le déterminisme de ce caractère est sous la dépendance d'un locus portant deux allèles: Bh, dominant, confère une couleur noire à l'hôte; bh, récessif, confère une couleur marron. L'allèle bh étant plus fréquent dans la région orientale de Cuba, la plus chaude, nous avons suivi l'évolution des fréquences des deux allèles dans des populations expérimentales polymorphes placées à 23 °C et 30 °C. Dans toutes les conditions testées, bh a été désavantagé par rapport à Bh, sauf à 30 °C lorsque sa fréquence initiale était élevée (90%). La température n'explique donc certainement pas à elle seule le maintien du polymorphisme à Cuba.
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  • 22
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 64 (1992), S. 117-124 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Learning ; specialist ; generalist ; parasitoid ; Leptopilina ; foraging behaviour ; Hymenoptera
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Effects of learning in two microhabitat specialists, Leptopilina boulardia Barbotin et al. and L. fimbriata Kieffer were compared to previous and new results of learning in the microhabitat generalist L. heterotoma Thomson. Females were given one or more oviposition experiences on hosts in different types of substrate. In all species oviposition experience affected the choice for a substrate, although this effect of learning was considerably less in L. fimbriata compared to the other two species. Patch times, known to be highly determined by experience in the generalist L. heterotoma, were much less flexible in the specialists. L. boulardi and L. fimbriata have fixed patch times on their natural substrate and have variable patch times on other substrates only. In all three species one oviposition affected the choice for a substrate. Additional ovipositions showed no different effect. An accumulative effect of the number of ovipositions on patch times was found in L. heterotoma only. Retention of the learning effect was only studied in L. boulardi, and was shown to be similar to that reported for L. heterotoma, i.e. two to three days. Although learning was found in both the generalist and the specialist species studied, it seems to affect their foraging behaviour differently.
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  • 23
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: Seed chalcid ; Bruchophagus spp. ; Hymenoptera ; Eurytomidae ; Chalcidae ; olfactory behavior ; polarization vision ; insect behavior
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract When the alfalfa [Bruchophagus roddi (Gussakovsky)], clover [Bruchophagus gibbus (Boheman)], and trefoil seed chaldds (TSC) [Bruchophagus platypterus (Walker)] were exposed to yellow, white, green, and purple painted polyethylene vials perforated by four small holes, only the latter species had a color preference, and that was for yellow, the color of its host flower. When TSC were exposed to green and yellow targets 5 h after sunrise, they preferred yellow targets but not 1 h after sunrise. The possibility of a circadian response was eliminated because different sequences of light-dark regimes prior to the test did not change the results. When TSC were exposed only to yellow targets, half of which had trefoil flowers hidden within, females preferred targets with flowers. When an identical test was conducted but with green instead of yellow targets, the preference for targets with flowers disappeared. In a four-choice test, TSC preferred yellow targets with or without flowers to green targets with or without flowers. Thus, TSC displayed an olfactory response only when the color yellow was present. In unfiltered skylight females preferred baited targets when the test began 3 h before or 1 h after solar noon but not 4 h before or 2 h after solar noon. Chalcids did display an olfactory preference 4 h before solar noon when a Polaroid filter was used to filter skylight and provide an east-west but not a north-south E-vector. When Helmholtz coils were used to apply a magnetic field that canceled or changed the direction of the earth's magnetic field, olfactory preference disappeared because the applied magnetic field changed TSC perception of the E-vector. In effect, TSC must perceive yellow in the presence of an east-west E-vector to display an olfactory preference to a choice of odors. We believe this is the first report that the E-vector of celestial light can influence olfactory and visual behavior of an insect.
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  • 24
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; Leptopilina ; Drosophila ; semiochemicals ; kairomones ; parasitoid ; generalist ; specialist ; foraging behavior
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    Notes: Abstract Foraging parasitoids are thought to need more specific information than generalists on the presence, identity, availability, and suitability of their insect host species. In the present paper, we compare responses to host kairomones by two phylogenetically related parasitoid species that attack Drosophilidae and that differ in the width of their host range. As predicted, the behavioral response of the parasitoids to host kairomones reflected their difference in host range. The response of the specialist parasitoid Leptopilina boulardiwas restricted to contact kairomones from its natural hosts and one closely related species. In contrast, the generalist parasitoid Leptopilina heterotomaresponded to contact kairomones of a variety of Drosophilidae species.
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  • 25
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    Journal of insect behavior 6 (1993), S. 737-750 
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: sex pheromone ; vibrational communication ; courtship sequence ; Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; Cotesia rubecula
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    Notes: Abstract The courtship behavior of the parasitic wasp Cotesia rubeculawas studied in a flight tunnel using standard quantitative ethological techniques. Emission of a female sex pheromone induces searching and signaling behavior in males. Males combine wing-fanning, which produces low-frequency airborne sound, with “pulsing” behavior, which transmits a vibrational signal through the substrate to the female and induces her receptivity. Female receptivity is indicated by a stereotyped antennal position, which may provide a visual or tactile signal to courting males. Comparison of successful and unsuccessful courtships indicated that courtship success was dependent primarily on the effective production or reception of the male pulse signal. Overall, the sequence of courtship behavior was similar to that reported for other parasitic wasps.
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  • 26
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    Journal of insect behavior 3 (1990), S. 277-287 
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: parasitoid behavior ; heritable traits ; Microplitis croceipes ; Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; allelochemical ; flight response ; host location
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    Notes: Abstract The heritable nature of differential responses by Microplitis croceipes(Cresson) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) to airborne allelochemicals was investigated. Four isofemale lines were tested for three generations in a flight tunnel. Flight response was found to be strongly dependent on the familial origin, with two highly responsive lines being clearly differentiated from two less responsive ones. Each isofemale line could also be recognized by typical behaviors that suggested that M. croceipesfemales may inherit independent characters of sensory acuity to plant and to host chemicals and of learning ability.
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  • 27
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: postemergence learning ; cross-induction ; foraging behavior ; Cotesia congregata (Say) ; Braconidae ; Hymenoptera
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    Notes: Abstract Postemergence experience with one of six plant species, in the presence of the host larva, modified the searching response of reproductively mature females of Cotesia congregata(Say) to these plants in at least one of three ways: (1) an increased response to the plant experienced at emergence, (2) an increased response to other plants, or (3) an inhibited response to other plants. Landing and searching responses were differentially affected by postemergence experience. For example, postemergence experience with tobacco (a common plant) in the presence of the host larva induced a landing preference for this plant over parsley (a novel plant) but did not affect searching responses to either plant, whereas experience with parsley and the host larva induced an increased searching response to parsley but a landing preference for tobacco. Differential effects of postemergence experience may reflect the type of stimuli involved in searching or landing and may have adaptive significance.
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  • 28
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: parasitoid ; foraging behavior ; Hymenoptera ; Cotesia ; Lepidoptera ; Pieris ; host location ; solitary ; gregarious ; specialist ; generalist
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    Notes: Abstract In the present study we apply a comparative approach, in combination with experimentation, to study behavior of two parasitoid species that attack caterpillar hosts with different feeding strategies (gregarious or solitary). In a semifield setup, consisting of clean cabbage plants and plants infested with one of two host species, the foraging behavior of the specialistCotesia rubecula, on obligate parasitoid of solitarily feedingPieris rapae larvae, was compared to that of the generalistCotesia glomerata, a polyphagous parasitoid of several Pieridae species (mainly the gregariously feedingPieris brassicae).Cotesia glomerata displayed equal propensity to search for and parasitize larvae of both host species. AlthoughC. glomerata exhibited a relatively plastic foraging behavior in that it searched differently under different host distribution conditions, its behavior seems more adapted to search for gregariously feeding hosts. Females exhibited a clear “area-restricted” search pattern and were more successful in finding the gregariously feeding caterpillars.Cotesia rubecula showed a higher propensity to search forP. rapae than forP. brassicae, i.e., females left the foraging setup significantly earlier when their natural hostP. rapae was not present.C. rubecula showed a more fixed foraging behavior, which seems adapted to foraging for solitarily feeding host larvae. In a setup with onlyP. rapae larvae, the foraging strategies of the two parasitoid species were quite similar. In a choice situationC. glomerata did not show a preference for one of the host species, whileCotesia rubecula showed a clear preference for its natural host species. The latter was shown by several behavioral parameters such as the number of first landings, allocation of search time, and percentage parasitization.
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    Journal of insect behavior 3 (1990), S. 85-104 
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; Vespidae ; Belonogaster petiolata ; rubbing behavior ; sternal gland ; ant predation ; defensive allomone
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    Notes: Abstract Females of the social wasp, Belonogaster petiolata,rub the secretion of van der Vecht's gland, located on their terminal gastral sternite, onto the nest pedicel. In bioassays, the secretion was repellent to two species of ants, while shortchain acids were effective releasers of rubbing behavior. Rubbing was associated with pedicel enlargement and departure from the nest in preemergence colonies. Its frequency was high where wasps were often exposed to ants and low where ants were rare or absent. Rubbing also decreased significantly from the pre-to the postemergence stage of the colony cycle. In both stages, subordinate foundresses rubbed more often than queens or workers. These observations support the hypothesis that rubbing behavior and the secretion of van der Vecht's gland function in chemical defense of the nest against ant predation. The general morphology of the gland in B. petiolataresembles that of the four other independent-founding polistine wasp genera.
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    Journal of insect behavior 3 (1990), S. 241-250 
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: antipredator behavior ; prey caching ; Ammophila ; Formica ; foraging behavior ; Hymenoptera
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Many solitary ground-nesting wasps in the families Pompilidae and Sphecidae excavate nests after capturing prey for provisions. These wasps generally cache their immobilized prey temporarily during nest excavation, frequently by suspending the prey in a plant (”aerial caching”). Here I test the hypothesis that aerial caching by Ammophila spp. wasps (Sphecidae) functions to reduce prey theft by generalist predators, Formica spp. ants. Foraging ants removed baits placed on the ground more rapidly than baits suspended in plants; mean half-lives for ground and aerial baits were 14.5 and 145.7 min, respectively (mean values for experiments 1–3). Ant foraging activity decreased during the midday. Ant interference with nesting activities of Ammophila spp. also decreased during the midday, paralleling observed fluctuations in ant foraging activity.
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  • 31
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: host selection ; experience ; learning ; extinction ; reinforcement ; parasitoids ; Drosophila ; Leptopilina heterotoma ; Hymenoptera ; Eucoilidae
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The host-foraging behavior of female entomophagous parasitoids is commonly modified by positive associative learning. Typically, a rewarding experience (e.g., successful oviposition in a host) increases a female's foraging effort in a host microhabitat of the type associated with that experience. Less well understood are the effects of unrewarding experiences (i.e., unsuccessful foraging). The influence of unrewarding experience on microhabitat choice and residence time within a microhabitat was examined for the eucoilid parasitoid,Leptopilina heterotoma, in laboratory and greenhouse assays. As determined previously, females which oviposited successfully in either of two microhabitat types (fermenting apple or decaying mushroom) strongly preferred to forage subsequently on that microhabitat type. However, failure to find hosts in the formerly rewarding microhabitat caused females to reverse their preference in favor of a novel microhabitat type. The effect, though striking, was transient: within 1–2 h, the original learned preference was nearly fully restored. Similar effects of unrewarding experiences were observed with respect to the length of time spent foraging in a microhabitat. As determined previously, oviposition experience in a particular microhabitat type increased the time spent foraging in a patch of that microhabitat type. However, failure to find hosts in the patch caused the time a wasp spent in the next unoccupied patch of that type to decrease to almost nothing. In addition, there was a tendency for an unrewarding experience on a formerly rewarding microhabitat type to extend the time spent in a patch of a novel type. The function of the observed effects of unrewarding experiences is discussed.
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    Journal of insect behavior 3 (1990), S. 359-379 
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: ant ; aggression ; kin discrimination ; Rhytidoponera confusa ; Hymenoptera ; Formicidae
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Significant variation in aggressiveness and kin discrimination ability occurs between different laboratory colonies of the ant Rhytidoponera confusa.Different colonies show consistently high (or low) levels of aggression toward nonnestmates over 4–19 weeks. Earlier studies excluded colony size and the natural presence or absence of the queen in colonies and differences in hunger as possible sources of variation. The present study excluded the number of larvae in colonies and the time of the light period of the light cycle when recognition tests were carried out. Highly significant variation occurs between the kin discrimination ability of individual workers in any particular colony. Approximately 28% of the workers in colonies of R. confusashowed very poor kin discrimination. Much of the colony's kin discrimination is carried out by a small number of highly aggressive workers.
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    Journal of insect behavior 4 (1991), S. 743-750 
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: Leptopilina boulardi ; Hymenoptera ; Eucoilidae ; parasitoid ; olfaction ; learning ; olfactometer
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We studied odor learning in Leptopilina boulardi,a specialist larval parasitoid of Drosophila melanogaster.The behavioral responses of differently experienced females to an artificial odor (Must de Cartier, Paris) were analyzed using a fourarmed airflow olfactometer. The responses of females with an oviposition experience in the presence of the perfume were compared with those of four control groups. As controls we used naive females, females with an oviposition experience in the absence of odor, females which had been previously exposed to perfume but without an oviposition experience, and females with an oviposition experience which also had been exposed to perfume but not at the same time. The results demonstrate that a specialist such as L. boulardican learn very well to respond to an artificial odor by associating this odor with a reward, i.e., an oviposition. The four control groups responded more or less in a similar way.
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  • 34
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; Dacnusa sibirica ; Diptera ; Agromyzidae ; Liriomyza bryoniae ; foraging behavior ; volatile infochemicals ; wind tunnel ; anemotaxis ; learning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract Previous investigations suggested that the leafminer parasitoid Dacnusa sibirica Telenga does not use a volatile hostrelated infochemical in foraging for hosts. Parasitoids landed with equal frequencies on an uninfested tomato plant and on a tomato plant infested with larvae of the leafminer Liriomyza bryoniae (Kalt.) (Hendrikse et al., 1980). In contrast, we found that volatile infochemicals emitted by uninfested and leafminer-infested tomato plants differently affected the parasitoid 's foraging behavior in a windtunnel. This was obvious from the proportion of wasps flying upwind but not from the proportion of wasps landing on the leaves. Latency time on an uninfested tomato leaflet and proportion of latency time devoted to preflight antennal behavior were influenced by the presence of upwind infested or uninfested tomato leaves. However, these parameters were not affected by odors in the absence of visual plant stimuli. Our data provide a new view on foraging behavior of Dacnusa sibirica.
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  • 35
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: Phoridae ; Diptera ; Formicidae ; Hymenoptera ; host ; parasitoid ; behavior ; Atta ; Neodohrniphora
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract This study examines the oviposition behavior of the phorid parasitoid Neodohrniphora curvinervisand the antiparasitoid defense behavior of its leafcutting ant host Atta cephalotes. N. curvinervisfemales are diurnal sit- and- wait parasitoids that attack only outbound foragers of head width 1.6 mm or greater. Females deposit a single egg through the foramen magnum of each host successfully parasitized. Pursuit of hosts is usually initiated when an outbound forager of acceptable size passes by a parasitoid perch site. Individual foragers defend themselves against pursuing parasitoids by outrunning them along the foraging trail or by standing their ground and fending them off with their legs,antennae, and mandibles. At the colony level, susceptible foragers are protected against parasitism by a shift in the forager size distribution toward smaller unsusceptible sizes during the day when parasitoids are active and toward larger sizes at night when parasitoids are inactive. The frequency of parasitism of susceptible foragers was 15%, which is more than five times the frequency found in another system involving the phorid parasitoid Apocephalus attophilusand the leafcutting ant host Atta colombica.We offer several possible explanations for such differences in the frequency of parasitism and also examine reasons for the high incidence of superparasitism (19%) observed in the system studied.
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  • 36
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; Vespidae ; Vespula spp. ; foraging behavior ; chemoorientation ; social facilitation ; local enhancement ; spatial dispersion
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A series of experiments on the discovery of meat bait by scavenging workers ofV. germanica andV. maculifrons showed that workers oriented to meats by visual cues and olfactory cues. Scavening workers ofV. germanica andV. maculifrons responded positively to the sight of conspecifics at meat baits; i.e., meat with (confined) wasps received more visits than meat without wasps. This attraction to conspecific workers on meat baits provides evidence of local enhancement, in that the presence of conspecifics at meat bait directs other wasps to a particular spatial locality. Local enhancement by yellowjackets foraging for meat may contribute to the clumped distribution of worker populations noted in studies of workers captured in meat-baited traps. We hypothesize that local enhancement of foraging is a ubiquitous behavior in species of theV. vulgaris species group and may be one attribute explaining their ecological success.
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  • 37
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    Journal of insect behavior 4 (1991), S. 727-742 
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: postemergence learning ; early-adult experience ; Cotesia congregata (Say) ; Braconidae ; Hymenoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Exposing newly emerged females of Cotesia congregata(Say) to wild cherry, an inherently unattractive plant, and their host larvae at 0–4 h after adult emergence induced a positive searching response to wild cherry and an inhibited response to cabbage, an attractive plant. Inherent responses were not affected when females were exposed to their hosts at 0–12 h and to cherry at 8–12 h after emergence. The induced response to cherry was constant until its disappearance at 6–7 days;inhibition of the response to cabbage was released at 4–5 days after emergence. Postemergence exposure to cherry and parasitoid cocoons induced similar but weaker searching responses. Induced searching responses exhibit features of associative learning and receptor modification. In addition to its presumed role in foraging, postemergence experience with plants may encourage assortative mating of C. congregatawithin suitable host habitats and, thus, facilitate local adaptations to specific plants.
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  • 38
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; Opius dissitus ; Diptera ; Agromyzidae ; Liriomyza sativae ; semiochemical ; volatile ; foraging behavior ; adult experience ; learning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Oviposition-experienced females of Opius dissitus Muesebeck, a braconid parasitoid of Liriomyza sativaeBlanchard, preferentially landed on leafminer-infested rather than uninfested lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus L.) plants in a flight tunnel assay. Both naive and oviposition-experiencedparasitoids responded strongly to odors of infested lima bean plants in a four-arm olfactometer in comparison with odors of uninfested plants, suggesting that volatile semiochemicals are used in host location. Parasitoids with an oviposition experience on lima bean (“lima-experienced”) spent significantly more time in the infested odor than naive individuals, however, eggplant-experienced wasps did not spend significantly more time in the infested odor field than naive wasps. When parasitoids reared on leafminers in lima bean were provided a choice between the odor of infested lima bean and the odor of infested eggplant or cotton, naive and lima-experienced wasps preferred infested lima odor. An oviposition experience on the other plant species resulted in a dramatic shift in preference. It was concluded that the experience effect was due, at least in part, to associative learning, as has been reported for other parasitoids. The parasitoids may perceive unconditioned stimuli during host contact and oviposition on an infested leaf and may associate those stimuli with volatile semiochemicals emanating from the leaf or host. Subsequently, the volatiles associated with the presence of hosts are used in directing the search for hosts.
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  • 39
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; Microplitis croceipes ; cotton ; cowpea ; parasitoid ; host location ; kairomones ; olfaction ; induced plant responses ; learning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A study was conducted to determine the primary source of volatile cues within the plant-host complex used by hostseeking freeflying female Microplitis cro-ceipesCresson in flight tunnel bioassays. In single-source and two-choice tests, using wasps given an oviposition experience on either cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)or cowpea (Vigna unguiculata)seedlings damaged by corn earworm (CEW; Helicoverpa zeaBoddie), the damaged seedlings were significantly more attractive than the CEW frass, which was in turn more attractive than the larvae themselves. In a series of two-choice wind-tunnel tests, the discriminatory ability of the wasps was examined, following various oviposition experiences. Significantly more wasps flew to plants with “old” damage than to plants with “fresh” damage, regardless of whether they had experience on fresh or old damage. In a comparison of plant species, wasps with only one experience on either hostdamaged cotton or host-damaged cowpea were unable to distinguish between them, and showed no preference for either plant, whereas wasps with multiple experiences on a particular plant preferentially flew to that plant in the choice test. In comparing hosts with nonhosts, wasps successfully learned to distinguish CEW from beet armyworm (BAW; Spodoptera exigua)on cotton but were unable to distinguish CEW from either BAW or cabbage looper (Trichoplusia ni)on cowpea. The results show the important role played by plant volatiles in the location of hosts by M. croceipesand indicate the wasps’ limitations in discriminating among the various odors. The ecological advantages and disadvantages of this behavior are discussed.
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  • 40
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: brood ; pheromone ; slavemaking ants ; Polyergus breviceps ; Formica occulta ; Hymenoptera ; Formicidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Freeliving workers of Formica occulta, an ant species enslaved by the obligatory slavemaking ant Polyergus breviceps, retrieve and nurse Polyergus pupaejust as well as conspecific pupae in a choice test. No such attraction was found toward pupae of the facultative slavemaker; Formica wheeleri,which also enslaves F. occulta. Formica neogagates,a sympatric species which is not parasitized by either slavemaker, preferentially retrieves and tends conspecific brood over that of Polyergusand F. wheeleri.It is proposed that brood of obligatory slavemaking species must possess an attractive pheromone for slavemaker colony foundation to be successful, since slavemaker brood must be nursed by adult slave workers with no prior exposure to slavemaker brood. An attractive pheromone is not necessary in the brood of facultative slavemakers, since this brood is cared for by newly eclosed slave workers who imprint on the slavemaker brood.
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  • 41
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 54 (1990), S. 173-180 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Encapsulation ; evolutionary relationships ; host suitability ; parasitization ; parasitoid complexes ; Diadegma armillata ; Hymenoptera ; Ichneumonidae ; Lepidoptera ; Yponomeutidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'étude a porté sur la valeur de 8 représentants européens du genre Yponomeuta (Lep., Yponomeutidae) comme hôtes pour Diadegma armillata (Hym., Ichneumonidae). La présence, l'état du parasitoïde, le nombre de chenilles contenant un hyménoptère et la mortalité des chenilles on été examinés par dissection et par élevage des chenilles attaquées en conditions contrôlées. Pour examiner si la mortalité des chenilles saines et parasitées diffèrent, des chenilles non contaminées par l'ichneumonide ont été utilisées comme témoins. De plus, des chenilles provenant de différentes parties des Pays-Bas et d'Allemagne ont été disséquées pour connaître leur taux de parasitisme par D. armillata. La valeur des diverses espèces diffère considérablement. Les dissections montrent que cela provient de différentes aptitudes à l'encapsulation des œufs du parasite. La comparaison des taux observés par la dissection des chenilles des différentes parties des Pays-Bas et d'Allemagne montre une surprenante uniformité pour les populations d'origines géographiques différentes. Les observations sur l'encapsulation par les différentes espèces d'yponomeutes correspondent assez bien aux différences observées parmi les divers complexes parasitaires dans lesquels D. armillata intervient. Certains éléments montrent cependant que le taux d'attaques victorieuses (sans tenir compte d'une éventuelle encapsulation ultérieure) contribue aussi aux différences observées entre les complexes parasitaires. Le classement des espèces d'yponomeutes en 3 catégories, d'après leur valeur comme hôte, montre un remarquable parallélisme avec les relations phylogéniques mises en évidence par analyse des allozymes: les espèces présentant une forte proportion d'encapsulation sont celles qui ont divergé précocement au cours de l'évolution du genre, tandis que les espèces ayant divergé le plus récemment présentent un pourcentage intermédiaire ou sont incapables d'encapsuler les œufs de D. armillata.
    Notes: Abstract The suitability as a host of Diadegma armillata (Gravenhorst) (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) was determined for eight West-European representatives of the genus Yponomeuta Latreille (Lepidoptera, Yponomeutidae) by dissecting and rearing parasitized larvae under controlled conditions. The suitability of the various species differed considerably, and dissection showed that this was mainly due to the ability of the host species to encapsulate the parasitoid eggs. Encapsulation by Yponomeuta-species corresponded fairly well to the differences between the parasitoid complexes concerning D. armillata. Classifying the Yponomeuta-species into three categories according to their suitability, showed a remarkable parallelism with the phylogenetic relationships as determined by allozyme comparison: species showing high encapsulation rates are those that have diverged early in the evolution of the genus, whereas the more recently evolved species showed an intermediate percentage or were not able to encapsulate eggs of D. armillata.
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  • 42
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 63 (1992), S. 229-236 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Azinphosmethyl ; time response tests ; resistance ; Trioxys pallidus ; biological control ; genetic improvement ; Hymenoptera ; Aphidiidae ; gene amplification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Homogeneity in azinphosmethyl resistance was assessed in males of a laboratory-selected (Select-17) and susceptible (Yolo) colony of Trioxys pallidus Haliday (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae) using a time response assay. No evidence of heterogeneity within the two colonies was found. Reciprocal crosses between the Yolo and the Select-19 (the Select-17 colony following two additional selections) colonies resulted in F1 females that exhibited a semidominant response to azinphosmethyl with a dominance value (D) of 0.32, as well as no evidence of maternal effects or sex linkage. Responses of F2 progeny to azinphosmethyl suggest that more than one gene may be involved because no inflection was observed in the time response lines of F2 males. Additional research is required to fully elucidate the mode of inheritance.
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  • 43
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 55 (1990), S. 47-57 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Campoletis sonorensis ; parasitoid ; Hymenoptera ; Ichneumonidae ; Heliothis virescens ; cotton ; potential host community location ; host location
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les comportements d'évaluation de l'effectif d'hôtes potentiels et de la position des hôtes par C. sonorensis (Hyméno.: Iccheumonidae) ont été quantifiés pour déterminer les séquences significatives des événements comportementaux. La localisation de la colonie potentielle d'hôtes est apparue comme une séquence régulière des événements comportementaux. Une fois que le parasitoïde a localisé une colonie potentielle, on a constaté que la recherche au hasard des hôtes se poursuit jusqu'à ce qu'il ait la démonstration qu'il s'agit d'une plante attaquée. La localisation par le parasitoïde d'un hôte certain a consitué une autre séquence régulière des événements comportementaux terminant la localisation de l'hôte. L'influence de pieds de coton intacts, de pieds abîmés mécaniquement et de pieds occupés par des chenilles du 3ème stade de l'hôte et de plantes dont les chenilles ont été retirées juste avant l'expérience a été déterminée en modifiant la composition du complexe hôte/plante. Des femelles naïves de C. sonorensis ont montré en présence de pieds de coton intacts apparemment toutes les séquences comportementales de vol impliquées dans la localisation d'une colonie potentielle d'hôtes. Une fois que le parasitoïde a atteint la colonie potentielle d'hôtes, la présence de dégâts de l'hôte n'a pas modifié le temps passé sur la plante, mais a modifié le temps consacré à la prospection.
    Notes: Abstract Wind tunnel flight behavior of inexperienced female Campoletis sonorensis (Cameron) (Hymenoptera; Ichneumonidae) in response to its larval host Heliothis virescens (F.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) feeding on the host plant cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is described. The flight behavioral sequence was determined by quantification of frequencies of observed behaviors and probabilities of first-order behavioral transitions. Comparison of inexperienced C. sonorensis flights to undamaged and damaged cotton indicated that stimuli from undamaged plants alone are adequate to elicit the complete flight behavioral sequence observed in response to H. virescens feeding on cotton. Parasitoid foraging behavior was also analyzed after landing on the stimulus. This behavior appeared to be random in its initial stages, but became sequential after location of evidence of a host. Analysis of foraging on undamaged and 3 treatments of damaged cotton resulted in the determination that parasitoids tend to remain on damaged plants longer than undamaged plants although no significant difference was detected. C. sonorensis spent a greater percentage of their time foraging on host damaged plants than on undamaged plants.
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  • 44
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    Monatshefte für Chemie 111 (1980), S. 355-363 
    ISSN: 1434-4475
    Keywords: Cerulenin ; Fatty acid donor ; Inositol deficiency ; Phospholipid biosynthesis ; Triacylglycerols ; Yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Der Umsatz der Lipide vonSaccharomyces carlsbergensis ATCC 9080 wurde nach Vormarkierung mit3H-Ölsäure und14C-Palmitinsäure untersucht. Inositversorgte Zellen zeigen eine Verschiebung der Fettsäuren von den Triacylglycerinen in die Phospholipide, im besonderen in Phosphatidylcholin und Phosphatidylinosit. Eine verstärkte Übertragung der Fettsäuren von Triacylglycerinen auf Phospholipide konnte festgestellt werden, wenn vormarkierte Zellen auf ein Nährmedium, welches Cerulenin enthielt, übertragen wurde. Cerulenin inhibiert die Fettsäuresynthese und ruft in wachsenden Zellen Fettsäuremangel hervor. Inositdefiziente Hefezellen, welche einen erhöhten Triacylglycerinspiegel aufweisen, verwenden diese Triacylglycerine unter Fettsäuremangelbedingungen ebenfalls für die Synthese von Phospholipiden, besonders von Phosphatidylcholin, Phosphatidyläthanolamin und Phosphatidylserin. Da aus früheren Arbeiten bekannt ist, daß inSaccharomyces carlsbergensis praktisch keine β-Oxidation existiert, können die Triacylglyerine in diesem Hefestamm als Speicher für Fettsäuren angesehen werden, welche zur Synthese von Phospholipiden dienen.
    Notes: Abstract The turnover of lipids was studied in the yeast,Saccharomyces carlsbergensis ATCC 9080, after prelabeling of the cells with [3H] oleic acid and [14C] palmitic acid. In inositol supplemented cells, a redistribution of fatty acids from triacylglycerols to phospholipids (mainly phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylinositol) could be demonstrated. An increased transfer of fatty acids from triacylglycerols to phospholipids was observed when prelabeled cells were transferred to a growth medium containing cerulenin, which inhibits fatty acid synthesis and thus induces fatty acid deficiency in the growing cells. Inositol deficient cells contain increased levels of triacylglycerols, which are equally well utilized for phospholipid (mainly phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylserine) synthesis under conditions of fatty acid deficiency. The present results together with the previous finding that β-oxidation is practically absent inSaccharomyces carlsbergensis suggest that in this yeast triacylglycerols function as storage of fatty acids which can be mobilized for phospholipid biosynthesis.
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  • 45
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 48 (1992), S. 172-178 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Yeast ; protein degradation ; ubiquitin conjugating enzymes ; signals for proteolysis ; stress response
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Selective degradation of cellular proteins serves to eliminate abnormal proteins and to mediate the turnover of certain short-lived proteins, many of which have regulatory functions. In eukaryotes a major pathway for selective protein degradation is ATP-dependent and is mediated by the ubiquitin system. This pathway involves substrate recognition by components of a ubiquitin-protein ligase system, covalent attachment of ubiquitin moieties to proteolytic substrates, and subsequent degradation of these conjugates by a multicatalytic protease complex. Recent genetic evidence suggests that the remarkable selectivity of this process is largely controlled at the level of substrate recognition by the ubiquitin ligase system. InSaccharomyces cerevisiae, ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes UBC1, UBC4 and UBC5 have been identified as key components of this highly conserved degradation pathway. Genetic analysis indicates that ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis is essential for cell viability and that UBC4 and UBC5 enzymes are essential components of the eukaryotic stress response.
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  • 46
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Ropalidia marginata ; primitively eusocial wasp ; queen success ; worker-brood genetic relatedness ; inclusive fitness theory ; Hymenoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Ropalidia marginata is a primitively eusocial polistine wasp in which, although there is only one queen at any given time, frequent queen replacements lead to a system of serial polygyny. One of the most striking features of this system, is the enormous variation in the success of different queens. Measuring queen success as queen tenure, total number of offspring produced, number of offspring produced per day of tenure, and proportion of eggs laid that develop into adults, we show here that each measure of queen success is correlated with worker-brood genetic relatedness and not correlated with worker: brood ratio or the age of the queen at takeover. We interpret these results as meaning that queens are better able to obtain the cooperation of workers when worker-brood genetic relatedness is high.
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  • 47
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 48 (1992), S. 414-416 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Solitary bees ; lipid polymer ; silk ; CP/MAS13CNMR ; Hymenoptera ; Colletidae ; Hylaeus bisinuatus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The nest cell lining ofHylaeus bisinuatus (Hymenoptera: Colletidae) was shown by high-resolution solidstate [13C]NMR to be composed of lipid polymer and protein. The lipid polymer was shown by reduction and subsequent GC/MS analysis to be comprised of ω-hydroxy fatty acids (C20, C22, C24 and C26) and fatty alcohols (C16 to C30). The protein portion of the lining had a silk-like amino acid composition.
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  • 48
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Diapause termination ; postdiapause development ; development threshold ; thermal constant ; Aphelinus mali ; Hymenoptera ; Aphelinidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'achèvement de la diapause en conditions naturelles ou simulant l'hiver, les effets des températures inférieures à zéro sur le développement après la diapause et les relations entre la vitesse de développement après la diapause et les températures constantes ou en thermopériodes ont été examinés sur des populations néerlandaises d'A. mali (Hymenop.; Aphélinidae). Les taux d'achèvement de la diapause de larves hivernantes étaient semblables en conditions naturelles ou simulées. La plupart des larves ont terminé leur diapause la dernière semaine de février. Quelques larves femelles sont restées en diapause jusqu'à fin mars. L'exposition pendant 2 semaines des larves sorties de diapause à −10 °C ne compromet pas leur survie ou leur taux de développement après la diapause. Les larves ayant diapause peuvent terminer leur développement et les adultes émerger des pucerons momifiés aux températures constantes comprises entre 12 et 24 °C. Bien que quelques larves achèvent leur développement à 10 °C, peu émergent. La température seuil théorique de développement après la diapause (to) a été de 9,4 °C et la constante thermique (K), 136,5 degrés-jours. Pour la première émergence et pour 50% d'émergences, les valeurs de K étaient respectivement: 121,4 et 134,8. Le nombre d'unités thermiques pour la première émergence et pour 50% d'émergences était le même à température constante ou avec une thermopériode.
    Notes: Abstract Diapause termination under natural and simulated overwintering conditions, the effect of subzero temperature on postdiapause development and the relationship between postdiapause development rate and constant and fluctuating temperatures was studied in a Dutch population ofAphelinus mali Hald. (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae). The rate of diapause termination was similar in larvae overwintering under natural and simulated conditions. Most larvae had terminated diapause by the last week of February. Some female larvae may have remained in diapause until the end of March. The exposure of postdiapause larvae to −10°C for two weeks did not affect their survival or postdiapause development rate. PostdiapauseA. mali larvae could complete development and the adults emerge from their mummified aphid hosts at constant temperatures from 12 to 24°C. Although some larvae completed postdiapause development at 10°C, few emerged. The theoretical threshold temperature (to) for postdiapause development was 9.4°C and the thermal constant (K) 136.4 degree-days. K was 121.4 and 134.8 for first and 50% emergence, respectively. The number of heat units accumulating above 9.4°C to 1st and 50% emergence was similar under constant and fluctuating temperatures.
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  • 49
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 34 (1983), S. 27-34 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; Aphidiidae ; Aphidius rhopalosiphi ; Sitobion avenae ; Functional response
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Nous avons examiné quelques aspects des relations entre le parasitoïde Aphidius rhopalosiphi et son hôte Sitobion avenae. La fécondité potentielle à l'émergence (144 œufs) était inférieure à la fécondité “réalisée”: nombre de pucerons momifiés (212). La plupart des œufs étaient pondus dans la première semaine de la vie imaginale (fig. 1). Le super-parasi-tisme s'est produit dans les conditions expérimentales, mais la distribution des larves (fig. 2) s'écartait souvent de la distribution au hasard, ce qui indiquait une certaine discrimination parmi les hôtes. La longévité moyenne était de 13,1 jours et le maximum de 23 jours. Le taux sexuel (fig. 3) pour l'ensemble de la descendance était 1/1, mais changeait dans le temps. Après le premier jour de ponte, plus de femelles que de mâles étaient obtenues; mais après 6 jours, il n'y avait presque plus que des mâles. Le taux de rencontre des aphides et des parasitoïdes augmentait avec la taille (fig. 4a). Le temps de prospection de l'hôte était en moyenne de 2 secondes, mais dans certains cas il atteignait 10 secondes ou plus. La proportion de rencontres efficaces était plus faible au 4ème stade (fig. 4b). Il n'y avait pas de différence significative dans le nombre de larves de parasitoïdes obtenues par rencontre pendant les stades 1 à 3 des pucerons, mais elle était significativement inférieure au 4ème stade par rapport au second. Les taux globaux de succès (taux de rencontre et nombre de larves formées par rencontre) étaient plus élevés aux 2ème stades des pucerons. La réponse fonctionnelle était sigmoïde (fig. 5).
    Notes: Summary Aphidius rhopalosiphi produced 212 offspring on average but in one case 509 deposited eggs were found. Superparasitization occurred but the frequency distribution of parasitoid larvae in aphids differed significantly from random, indicating a certain degree of host discrimination. Average life span of adults was 13.1 days and sex ratio was 1:1. It changed in time among successively produced offspring. Handling time was about 2 sec and was somewhat longer in the fourth instar than in the second. Second and third aphid instars were preferred for oviposition. Functional response was sigmoid and at an aphid density of 100 aphids per cage percentage parasitization decreased.
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 34 (1983), S. 78-84 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; Microplitis croceipes ; Heliothis ; Parasitoid ; Host suitability ; Host selection ; 3-trophic level interactions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Microplitis croceipes (Cresson), Parasit der Heliothis-Larven, wurde in 9 Kombinationen von Wirtsinsekt/Wirtspflanze gezüchtet. Im allgemeinen war das Ueberleben der Parasiten (1) besser in Wirtsraupen von Baumwolle als von Bohnen oder Tomaten, (2) besser in H. zea als in H. virescens und (3) besser in laborgezüchteten H. zea als in Raupen aus dem Freiland. Mehrere Versuche über die Eiablagepräferenz der Parasiten zeigten, dass mehr Eier in Raupen von Baumwolle als in Raupen von Bohnen oder gar von Tomaten abgelegt wurden. Die Wespen unterschieden aber nicht zwischen H. zea und H. virescens. Die Eiablagepräferenzen waren unabhängig von den Kombinationen Wirtsinsekt/Wirtspflanze, in denen sich die Parasiten entwickelt hatten. Die Ergebnisse weisen darauf hin, dass die Pflanze, auf der die Wirtsraupe frisst, wichtig ist für die Wahrscheinlichkeit eines Parasitenangriffs und für den Erfolg der Parasitierung.
    Notes: Summary Microplitis croceipes (Cresson), a parasitoid of Heliothis larvae, was reared on 9 host insect/plant combinations. In general, parasitoid survivorship was (1) higher in host larvae that were reared on cotton than in hosts reared on either bean or tomato, (2) higher in H. zea hosts than in H. virescens and (3) higher in a laboratory strain of H. zea than in a wild strain. A series of parasitoid oviposition preference tests showed that wasps laid more eggs in host larvae on cotton plants than on bean and more on bean than on tomato. However, the wasps did not distinquish between H. zea and H. virescens hosts. Wasp oviposition preferences were not conditioned by the host insect/plant combination in which the parasitoid developed. These results indicate that the plant on which host larvae feed is an important factor in determining both the likelihood of parasitoid attack and the probability of successful parasitism.
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 34 (1983), S. 155-162 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; Lepidoptera ; Nymphalidae ; Apanteles bignellii ; Euphydryas aurinia ; Multivoltinism ; Synchronisation ; Weather
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In einer Population von Euphydryas aurinia (Rottemburg) bei Oxford, England treten während einer Generation von E. aurinia drei Normalgenerationen von Apanteles bignellii Marshall auf. Jede Generation des Parasitoids kann charakterisiert werden durch das befallende Wirtsstadium und durch die aus einem Wirt schlüpfende Zahl Parasitoide. Parasitoide schlüpfen in Normalgenerationen aus dem 3., dem 4. und dem 6. Stadium des Wirts; in Ausnahmegenerationen schlüpfen sie aus dem 2. und 5. Stadium. Bis zu 70 Parasitoide können aus einer Altraupe (6. Stadium) schlüpfen und die Dauer dieses Stadiums kann bis auf 2 Wochen verlängert werden. Die Ausnahmegenerationen von A. bignellii aus Zweitlarven dürften aus Eiablagen in frühe Erstlarven stammen. Fünftlarven des Wirts, aus denen Parasitoide schlüpfen, sind ungewöhnlich klein und fressen nicht; sie dürften das Resultat sein eines Uebermasses von Apenteles-Eiern, die in frühe Viertlarven gelegt wurden. Die Synchronisation zwischen dem Parasitoiden und dem Wirt während der Zeit, da E. aurinia im Puppen-, Adult- oder Eistadium ist, wird aufrechterhalten durch ein verlängertes Coconstadium von Apanteles. Die Puppen des Parasitoiden entwickeln sich normal und die Adulten schlüpfen, bleiben aber bis 4 Wochen lang im Cocon, bevor sie sich eine Ausgangsöffnung machen. Das Wetter kann den Parasitierungsgrad der letzten Wirtsstadien beeinflussen. Wenn der Frühling kalt ist mit klarem Himmel, kann die Synchronisierung zwischen Parasitoiden, die aus Viertlarven des Wirts schlüpfen und potentiellen Fünft- und Sechtstlarven des Wirts schlecht werden. Die Entwicklung von Apanteles-Puppen wird durch die Umgebungstemperatur beeinflusst, während E. aurinia-Larven ihre Temperatur erhöhen, indem sie sich sonnen und deshalb rasch wachsen. Wenn die Parasitoiden unter solchen Bedingungen schlüpfen, sind die meisten potentiellen Wirte schon verpuppt und damit nicht mehr geeignet für die Parasitierung. Die Mechanismen der Synchronisation und der Wettereinfluss auf diese Vorgänge wird diskutiert.
    Notes: Abstract The gregarious endoparasite, Apanteles bignellii Marshall is specific to the nymphalid butterfly, Euphydryas aurinia (Rottemburg) in the British Isles. The synchronisation between host and parasitoid is described at a site near Oxford, England where both occur. Three regular generations of A. bignellii occur in one generation of the host in the studied population. Relevant features of the biology of A. bignellii and E. aurinia are described, including a method of distinguishing the number of Apanteles larval instars based upon shed cuticle remnants. Mechanisms for host-parasitoid synchronisation are outlined, especially a protracted parasitoid cocoon stage when the host is unavailable for attack during the chrysalis, adult and egg stages. Cool, but sunny weather conditions in spring can influence the degree of parasitisation experienced by final instar host caterpillars. The timing of adult A. bignellii emergence and subsequent attack on early instar hosts can lead to additional, partial, generations of parasitoids from second and fifth instar hosts.
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  • 52
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 34 (1983), S. 208-211 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Dieretiella rapae ; Encyrtidae ; Insecticide ; Integrated control ; Hymenoptera ; Pteromalidae ; searching behavior ; Syrphidae
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  • 53
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 35 (1984), S. 205-207 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; Formicidae ; ants ; gland volumes ; lumen ; attine and myrmicine glands ; hydrocarbon reservoir
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  • 54
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 36 (1984), S. 31-35 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Colpoclypeus florus ; Hymenoptera ; Eulophidae ; integrated pest management ; mass rearing ; biological control ; Adoxophyes orana ; Archips podana ; Archips rosana ; Clepsis spectrana ; Hedya nubiferana ; Pandemis heparana ; Ptycholoma lecheana ; Spilonota ocellana
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Colpoclypeus florus Walk., ectoparasite grégaire de Tortricidae, est capable de provoquer un taux de parasitisme élevé dans plusieurs types de cultures, y compris dans les vergers de pommiers. Dans les vergers aux Pay-Bas, ce parasite n'abonde qu'en été sur la première génération d'Adoxophyes orana. Les autres tortricides échappent à ses attaques, parce qu'elles ne peuvent être attaquées qu'au printemps. Le but de ces études était donc la mise au point d'une technique d'élevage de masse de C. florus, pour relâcher ce parasite en grand nombre dans les vergers au printemps. La technique décrite a permis de produire plusieurs milliers de parasites par semaine. Des lâchers de 16 000–28 000 parasites par ha dans un verger soumis à un programme de lutte intégrée, bien que faisant des victimes parmi toutes les espèces importantes de tortricides présentes, étaient loin d'occasionner le taux de parasitisme escompté. Le nombre de degrés-jours nécessaire au développement des différents stades de C. florus a été déterminé au laboratoire, et son cycle évolutif, inconnu aux Pays-Bas, puisque le parasite ne se trouve qu'en été, a été calculé et comparé aux observations faites en élevages en plein air. C. florus a de 4 à 5 générations par an, et la comparaison de sa phénologie avec celle des différentes tordeuses explique son absence hors de l'été. Au laboratoire, Archips podana était plus parasité, et Pandemis heparana moins parasité qu'A. orana. Le nombre moyen de descendants produits par femelle de C. florus et par chenille-hôte variait selon les hôtes, dépendant probablement de la taille des chenilles. Bien qu'A. orana n'ait pas produit le plus grand nombre de parasites par chenille, elle a été néanmoins préférée aux autres tortricides comme hôte pour les élevages.
    Notes: Abstract Colpoclypeus florus Walk. is a gregarious ectoparasite of tortricids. Details of biology and annual cycle in orchards in the Netherland are reported. It has four to five generations per year, but only females of the second generation, and some of the third, meet with abundant hosts (Adoxophyes orana F.v.R.) of the proper size. Therefore, the parasite is scarce to virtually absent from Duth orchards except in July and August. A technique for mass-rearing of C. florus is described, producing 6 000 wasps per week. 16 000–28 000 wasps/ha were released in spring, in order to control leafrollers. Although all important leafroller species were parasitized, the rate of parasitization was too low to be effective.
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  • 55
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 35 (1984), S. 43-47 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Opius concolor ; Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; sex ratio ; host size ; female age
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'influence de la taille de l'hôteret de l'âge de la femelle sur le taux sexuel de la descendance a été étudiée sur le parasitoïde Opius concolor Szépl. Le taux sexuel de la descendance des femelles isolées est favorable aux femelles (t.s.=0,26) quand elles ont à leur disposition des hôtes de grande taille, tandis qu'avec des hôtes petits le taux sexuel est favorable aux mâles (t.s.=0.73). On n'a pas détecté de mortalité différentielle des sexes. Les pourcentage de mâles obtenu le premier jour de ponte des femelles sur les hôtes de grande taille est significativement différent de la moyenne, indépendamment de l'âge de la femelle à ce moment. Cependant, sur des hôtes petits, bien que restant favorable aux mâles dans l'ensemble, une plus grande proportion de femelles à partir des premiers jours de ponte a pu être observée.
    Notes: Abstract The sex ratio of the progeny of single females parasitizing large hosts favoured the females (sex ratio=0.26); but on small hosts favoured the males (0.73). No differences in mortality of the sexes were detected. The sex ratio was independent of female age when large hosts were used. The percentage of males observed in the progeny of the first day of female oviposition was significantly greater than the mean, irrespective of the age at which female oviposition began. When females were exposed to small hosts, a greater percentage of females was observed in the progeny from the last days of oviposition.
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  • 56
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 55 (1990), S. 1-10 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Parasitoid ; hemocytes ; inhibition of encapsulation ; Hymenoptera ; Lepidoptera hosts
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'ichneumonide Campoletis sonorensis Carlson, endoparasitoïde larvaire, se développe dans de nombreuses espèces de Lépidoptères. Son statut de généraliste est dû, notamment, à son aptitude à déjouer les défenses immunitaires de ses hôtes, c.a.d. la formation d'une capsule d'hémocytes autour de l'oeuf ou de la larve parasite. Cependant, chez le noctuide Spodoptera frugiperda J.E. Smith, C. sonorensis est encapsulé dans 40% des larves qu'il parasite. Nous avons étudié la population hémocytaire de deux catégories de larves de S. frugiperda, celles qualifiées de ‘résistantes’ à C. sonorensis, et qui arrêtent son développement, et celles ‘susceptibles’ où le parasitoïde échappe à l'encapsulation. Cinq types d'hémocytes ont été identifiés: les prohémocytes (PR), les sphérulocytes (SP), les granulocytes (GR), les plasmatocytes (PL) et les oenocytoïdes (OE). Chez les hôtes susceptibles et résistants, le parasite provoque une baisse identique de la concentration totale des hémocytes dans l'hémolymphe (THC). Par contre, les PLs sont davantage affectés chez les hôtes susceptibles que chez ceux résistants au parasitoïde. Les résultats montrent que, chez les hôtes susceptibles, 1) le nombre des PLs dans l'hémolymphe est davantage diminué, et 2) leur aptitude d'adhérence in vitro est davantage inhibée. Il existe donc une corrélation positive entre le degré de pathologies qui affectent les PLs de l'hôte et l'incapacité de celui-ci à encapsuler le parasitoïde. Ceci tend à démontrer le rôle-clé des PLs dans la réaction immunitaire d'encapsulation chez S. frugiperda, comme chez de nombreux insectes. De plus, ce résultat renforce l'hypothèse selon laquelle C. sonorensis éviterait l'encapsulation en agissant sur les hémocytes de l'hôte, et plus particulièrement sur les PLs. Inversement aux PLs, les GRs sont moins abondants dans l'hémolymphe des hôtes qui encapsulent C. sonorensis. Les GRs pourraient donc participer à la formation de la capsule hémocytaire. Il est possible que plusieurs facteurs contribuent à protéger C. sonorensis de l'encapsulation. Néanmoins, les pathologies affectant les hémocytes des hôtes parasités sont probablement une manifestation majeure de l'effet immunosuppresseur du parasitoïde. Les effets de C. sonorensis sur les hémocytes des larves parasitées peuvent être reproduits chez des larves saines, en leur injectant de ‘venin’ extrait des glandes du calyx des femelles parasitoïdes. Ces sécrétions provenant de la glande du calyx, et normalement injectées dans l'hôte lors de l'oviposition, sont probablment responsable, au moins en partie, de l'effet immunosuppresseur du parasitoïde. Ces résultats peuvent être comparés à ceux obtenus chez l'hôte Heliothis virescens Fabricius (lépidoptère, noctuide) qui n'encapsule jamais C. sonorensis. Bien que le parasitoïde provoque les mêmes effets pathologiques sur les hémocytes des hôtes de S. frugiperda et d'H. virescens, on constate que l'effet apparait quelques heures après l'oviposition chez H. virescens, contre 48 heures post-oviposition chez S. frugiperda. Ce délai pourrait contribuer à la résistance immunitaire de certaines larves de S. frugiperda, ‘résistantes’, à C. sonorensis.
    Notes: Abstract The egg and larval stages of the generalist endoparasitoid Campoletis sonorensis Carlson (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), which normally avoid the hemocytic reaction of many Lepidopteran host species, are encapsulated in 40% of Spodoptera frugiperda J. E. Smith (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae. The effect of parasitism on inhibiting the spreading ability of S. frugiperda plasmatocytes in vitro is more pronounced in susceptible larvae which fail to encapsulate the parasitoid than in resistant ones permitting parasitoid development. This suggests that induction of plasmatocyte pathology is relevant to the successful evasion of encapsulation by the parasitoid. Some granular cells disappear from the hemolymph of the parasitized resistant larvae, which implicates their involvement in the encapsulation reaction. Calyx fluid of C. sonorensis injected into host larvae produced effects on host hemocytes identical to natural parasitism. Several mechanism may cooperate to protect the parasitoid from encapsulation. The pathological reactions by the host plasmatocytes is one main manifestation of the ‘immunosuppressive’ parasitoid effect. Results are discussed in regard to the known effects of C. sonorensis on Heliothis virescens Fabricius (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larval hemocytes which are totally unable to respond with a successful cellular defense reaction.
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 66 (1993), S. 31-38 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Eurytoma amygdali ; Hymenoptera ; Eurytomidae ; egg distribution ; superparasitism ; host discrimination ; oviposition behaviour
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    Notes: Abstract The egg distribution patterns ofEurytoma amygdali Enderlein (Hymenoptera, Eurytomidae), which oviposits singly in green, developing almonds, were studied in the laboratory and in the field. In the laboratory, individual females were caged with a number of almonds and the eggs deposited in each fruit were counted. In the field, eggs were censused in almonds of different varieties at regular intervals, over four seasons (1988–91). In the susceptible ‘Retsou’ variety, eggs were uniformly distributed among fruits, both in the laboratory and in the field, as long as the mean number of eggs per almond was ≤2.5. When the mean number of eggs per almond was higher the egg distributions were random. This suggests that, up to a certain level of infestation, females were able to assess egg load of fruits and oviposit in the less infested ones. The main factor enabling the females to discriminate and select the less infested almonds for oviposition is probably a host-marking pheromone. In 1990, the same patterns of egg distribution were observed in samples taken from 5 other almond varieties that are not as susceptible as Retsou and have thicker pericarp and harder endocarp. In 1991 however, when fruits developed more rapidly than in 1990, egg distributions in 3 of these 5 varieties (Truoito, Ai, and Marcona) were not uniform. Although the mean number of eggs per fruit was low (1.2–2.0), many fruits of these varieties contained no eggs. This suggests that, in some less susceptible varieties, egg distribution might also be affected by certain fruit parameters, unfavourable for oviposition, related to the pericarp thickness and endocarp hardness.
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  • 58
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Lignocellulosic waste ; Yeast ; Ethanol production ; Optimization study
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    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Hardwood hemicellulose hydrolysate has been utilized as a substrate for ethanol production. Among the three different yeasts tested, the best performances have been obtained, in decreasing order, usingPachysolen tannophilus, Candida shehatae andPichia stipitis. Several pretreatments of this raw material have been studied to improve ethanol yields; in one such pretreatment a strain ofP. tannophilus produced ethanol with a yield of 0.29 gethanol/gsugars (gP/gS); which is only 15% less than the values observed with synthetic media. Neither aeration nor acetone addition improved the fermentation of this substrate; in fact, only a marked stimulation of biomass growth has been observed at the expense of both ethanol and xylitol production.
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  • 59
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    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 7 (1991), S. 35-39 
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: 2-Deoxy-d-glucose ; Yeast ; Catabolite repression ; Derepression
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    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The non-metabolizable and toxic glucose analogue 2-deoxy-d-glucose (2-DOG) has been widely employed to screen for regulatory mutants which lack catabolite repression. A number of yeast mutants resistant to 2-DOG have recently been isolated in this laboratory. One such mutant, derived from aSaccharomyces cerevisiae haploid strain, was demonstrated to be derepressed for maltose, galactose and sucrose uptake. Furthermore, kinetic analysis of glucose transport suggested that the high affinity glucose transport system was also derepressed in the mutant strain. In addition, the mutant had an increased intracellular concentration of trehalose relative to the parental strain. These results indicate that the 2-DOG resistant mutant is defective in general glucose repression.
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    Current genetics 17 (1990), S. 269-273 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Actin ; Intron ; Antisense RNA
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Using Northern blot analysis we have detected an approximately 840 nucleotide-long RNA which is complementary to the 5′ leader sequence and the first ten nucleotides of the coding sequence of the yeast actin (ACT1) messenger RNA. We have determined two transcription start sites for this actin antisense RNA (ASR1), both within the ACT1 intron, at about 80 and 90 nucleotides downstream from the 5′ splice site. Analysis of a cDNA clone showed that this RNA species overlaps the entire trailer sequence and approximately 20 nucleotides of the coding sequence of the nearby yeast YPT1 gene.
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  • 61
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Mutants ; Cytochrome ; Mitochondria ; Oxidative phosphorylation
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    Notes: Summary This paper reports studies of bioenergetic modifications in a TTR1 single-nuclear mutant, isolated as resistant to triethyltin, an inhibitor of mitochondrial ATPase, and effective in cAMP-dependent protein phosphorylation. This mutant appears to have lost the wildtype cell ability to respond to a decrease of oxygen concentration in the growth medium by a decrease of cytochrome concentration in the cell. ATP synthesis rate in mutant cells in both the prestationary and stationary phase of growth appeared increased in comparison to wild-type cells, as too was respiration rate. A comparative study of mitochondria extracted from wild-type and from TTR1 mutant cells showed an increase in respiration rate, an increase in ATP synthesis rate, and an increase in TPP+ uptake in mutant mitochondria. The specific ATPase activity, as well as its sensitivity to TET, appears to be similar for mitochondria extracted from both strains. It was proposed that the modification of mitochondrial biogenesis in the TTR1 mutant may be due to a response of the cell to an increase in ATP hydrolysis caused by the mutation. It is also possible that the modification in cAMP-dependent protein kinase regulation which appeared to occur in this mutant affects protein(s) involved in mitochondrial biogenesis.
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  • 62
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Chromosome mapping ; Acidic ribosomal proteins
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    Notes: Summary DNA probes from the genes encoding the acidic ribosomal proteins L44, L44′ and L45, as well as from reporter genes for chromosomes IV, VII, XII and XV, have been hybridised to Southern blots of Saccharomyces cerevisiae DNA resolved by pulsed field gel electrophoresis. The protein L44′ and protein L45 genes have been found to hybridise to chromosome IV, identified by the CAT1 gene probe, while the protein L44 probe hybridises with a band containing chromosomes VII and XV, identified by the ATPase 1 and HIS3 genes respectively.
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    Current genetics 19 (1991), S. 329-332 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Mismatch repair ; Plasmid integration ; Yeast
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    Notes: Summary A single base pair mismatch (G:T or A:C) in the CYC1 gene of the integrative plasmid pAB218 stimulates up to a five-fold integration into the yeast chromosome. Analysis of chromosomal sites of plasmid integration suggests that the mismatch-stimulated integration is not targeted as would be expected if crossovers, localised in the region of the mismatch, were a necessary step in mismatch repair. Instead, the observed mismatch-stimulated plasmid integration could be due to potentially recombinogenic structures formed during mismatch repair, such as single-stranded gaps or denatured DNA regions extending around the plasmid molecule.
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  • 64
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: PET genes ; Yeast ; Mitochondria ; ATP synthase
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    Notes: Summary This study details the characteristics of two temperature-conditional pet mutants of yeast, strains ts1860 and ts379, which at the non-permissive temperature show deficiencies in the formation of three mitochondrially encoded subunits of the ATP synthase complex. By analysis of mitochondrial translation products, and of mitochondrial transcription in temperature shift experiments from the permissive (22°C) to the non-permissive (36°C) temperature, it was concluded that the nuclear mutations in both mutants primarily inhibit synthesis of ATP synthase subunit 9, and that reductions in subunit 8 and 6 synthesis are secondary pleiotropic effects. Following transfer to 36°C, cells of mutant ts379 display a near complete inhibition of subunit 9 synthesis within 1 h, coincident with a marked reduction in the level of the cognate oli1 mRNA. On the other hand, near complete inhibition of subunit 9 synthesis in strain ts1860 occurs after 3 h at 36°C, at which time there is little change in the level of subunit 9 mRNA. In both mutants the mRNA levels for subunits 6 and 8 are not significantly affected at the time of inhibition of subunit 9 synthesis. Provision of an alternative source of subunit 8, translated extra-mitochondrially for import into the organelle, does not overcome the mutant phenotype of either mutant at 36°C, confirming that subunit 8 is not the sole or primary deficiency in each mutant. The mutants indicate that the products of a least two nuclear genes (designated AEP1 and AEP2) are required for the expression of the mitochondrial oli1 gene and the synthesis of subunit 9. The product of the AEP1 gene (defective in mutant ts1860) is required for translation of oli1 mRNA while the AEP2 product (defective in mutant ts379) is essential either for the stability of oli1 mRNA or for the correct processing of precursor transcripts to the mature message.
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    Current genetics 19 (1991), S. 389-393 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Pichia inositovora ; Linear plasmids ; Killer toxin
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Pichia inositovora, strain NRRL Y-18709, which contains three linear double-stranded DNA plasmids, pPinl-1, pPinl-2 and pPinl-3, was cured of these plasmids both by growing the strain in the presence of 50 μg/ml bisbenzimide, and by exposure to ultraviolet light. Both cured and uncured strains were tested for growth on a variety of carbon sources. No differences in growth response were detected, indicating no discernible involvement of the linear plasmids in the catabolism of these compounds. Culture supernatants of Pichia inositovora were shown to contain a substance larger than 100 kDa that is toxic to Saccharomyces cerevisiae, strain GS 1688. Toxin activity was optimal in YEPD assay plates containing 50 mM citrate buffer with a pH between 3.4 and 4.2. Culture supernatants from P. inositovora were also weakly active against Cephaloascus albidus, strain NRRL Y-18710, and Citeromyces matritensis, strain NRRL Y-18711. Concentrated supernatants from cured P. inositovora strains did not exhibit these activities, consistent with the hypothesis that this toxic activity is linear plasmid-encoded. Unlike the wellknown Kluyveromyces lactis system or the newly identified P. acaciae system, P. inositovora strains cured of their linear plasmids do not become detectably sensitive to toxin produced by the wild-type strain, suggesting a nonplasmid-encoded immunity function.
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  • 66
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Molecular cloning ; Nitrogen mustard hyper-resistance ; Choline transport
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The recessive hnm1 mutant allele is responsible for hyper-resistance to nitrogen mustard in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Transformation with a single-copy HNM1 wild-type allele of such hyper-resistant mutants will restore wild-type sensitivity to nitrogen mustard. By contrast the presence of multi-copy vectors containing HNM1, in either a hyper-resistant hnm1 mutant or an HNM1 wild-type, will lead to a novel, mustard-sensitive phenotype unrelated to defects in DNA repair genes. Gene disruption of HNM1 revealed that this gene is nonessential for cells prototrophic for choline (CHO1) but lethal for cells with a cho1 genotype. Sensitivity to nitrogen mustard of wild-type HNM1, but not of hnm1 mutants, depends on the choline content of the growth medium, with cells grown in choline-free medium exhibiting the highest sensitivity. Sequencing of a 300 bp DNA fragment of HNM1 revealed the identity of this gene with the CTR locus, which is responsible for choline transport in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
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  • 67
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Mutagen hyper-resistance ; Yeast ; Base sequence ; Gene disruption
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A multi-copy plasmid containing the SNQ3 gene confers hyper-resistance to 4-nitroquinoline-N-oxide (4NQO), Trenimon, MNNG, cycloheximide, and to sulfometuron methyl in yeast transformants. Restriction analysis, subcloning, and DNA sequencing revealed an open reading frame of 1950 bp on the SNQ3-containing insert DNA. Gene disruption and transplacement into chromosomal DNA yielded 4NQO-sensitive null mutants which were also more sensitive than the wild-type to Trenimon, cycloheximide, sulfometuron methyl, and MNNG. Hydropathic analysis showed that the SNQ3-encoded protein is most likely not membrane-bound, while the codon bias index points to low expression of the gene.
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  • 68
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Mitochondria ; Intragenic recombination ; Mutant polypeptides
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Recombinational analysis of oxil mutants was performed using a and a mutant strains with the same mitochondrial and nuclear backgrounds, derived from strain 777-3A. In spite of minor inconsistencies the overall map of oxi1 mutations can be constructed on the basis of wild-type recombinant frequencies in the two-point oxi1 − − x oxi1 − crosses. The frequencies of wild-type recombinants varied in a wide range from 0.003% to 16%, reaching the maximal values expected for unlinked mitochondria) markers. No distinct clusters of mutants were observed. The analysis of translation products of oxil mutants showed that all but one of the oxil mutants studied are connected with the conspicuous changes of the polypeptide band corresponding to subunit 11 of cytochrome c oxidase in electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels. The exceptional G565 mutant showed no conspicuous change in subunit II, but lacked subunit I of cytochrome c oxidase. Various oxi1 mutants seemed to carry premature chain termination mutations. Most of them show a correlation between the length of the putative fragment of subunit II synthesized and the position on the genetic map. The direction of translation is from the V2 to the V60 mutation. The V2 mutation is proximal to cap and V60 proximal to the par locus.
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    Current genetics 2 (1980), S. 61-67 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Axenomycin ; Ribosome genetics ; Yeast ; Protein synthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Axenomycin inhibits protein synthesis in vivo and in vitro in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The antibiotic acts by binding to ribosomes, most probably to the large ribosomal subunit. Mutant strains resistant to axenomycin appear to contain ribosomes that are not inhibited by the antibiotic. The responsible gene has been mapped on the VII chromosome between the centromere and the leu1 gene.
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  • 70
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    Current genetics 19 (1991), S. 89-94 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Mitochondria ; Intron ; Mobile
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The mitochondrial and nuclear genomes of 21 yeast species belonging to 12 genera have been tested for the presence of sequences similar to seven S. cerevisiae mitochondrial introns (Sc cox1.1,2,3,4,5c, Sc cob.4 and Sc LSU.1) and one K. lactis mitochondrial intron (Kl cox1.2). Some introns, (Sc cox1.4, Sc cob.4, Sc LSU.1 and Kl cox1.2-all group I type), are widely distributed and are found in species with either basidiomycete or ascomycete affinities. This distribution is suggestive of recent sequence transfer between species. The remaining S. cerevisiae introns cross react with an additional species but with no set pattern. Pulsed field gel electrophoretic studies confirm that none of the tested mitochondrial introns cross react with nuclear DNA. These introns are, therefore, mitochondria-specific. Seven strains of K. lactis exhibit striking variability in intron content. In contrast to all mitochondrial introns tested, two introns of nuclear genes (the K. lactis actin gene and the S. cerevisiae RP29B gene) are not detected beyond their source species.
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  • 71
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Pyruvate decarboxylase ; Gene expression ; Codon usage ; Gene fusion
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    Notes: Summary Three structural genes encode the pyruvate decarboxylase isoenzymes in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. PDC1 and PDC5 are active during glucose fermentation where PDC1 is expressed about six times more strongly than PDC5. Expression of PDC6 is weak and seems to be induced in ethanol medium. Consequently, pdc1Δ pdc5Δ double mutants do not ferment glucose and do not grow on glucose medium. Spontaneous mutants, derived from such a pdc1 pdc5 strain, were isolated which could again ferment glucose. They showed pyruvate decarboxylase activity due to a duplication of PDC6. The second copy of PDC6 was expressed under the control of the PDC1 promoter, which was still present in the pdc1 strain. However, the resulting PDC1-PDC6 fusion gene could only partially substitute for PDC1: to achieve normal growth and high pyruvate decarboxylase activity strains carrying PDC1-PDC6 required a functional PDC5 gene which is dispensable in a PDC1 wild-type background. Thus, expression of PDC5 depends on the state of the PDC1 locus: low in the PDC1 wild-type background and high in PDC1-PDC6 fusion strains and, as shown previously, in pdc1 mutants. The activation of PDC5 expression in PDC1-PDC6 strains may be due to particular properties of the PDC1-PDC6 fusion protein or simply to the weaker expression of PDC1-PDC6 in comparison to the wild-type PDC1 gene.
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  • 72
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: AEP2 ; Yeast ; Mitochondria ; ATP synthase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The temperature-conditional pet mutant, ts379, of Saccharomyces cerevisiae fails to synthesize mitochondrial ATP synthase subunit 9 at the restrictive temperature due to mutation of a single nuclear locus, AEP2. The inability to synthesize subunit 9 correlates with a lowered accumulation of the cognate oli1 mRNA indicating that the AEP2 product is involved in oli1 transcript maturation or stabilization. The AEP2 gene has been isolated in this study from a wild-type yeast genomic library by genetic complementation of ts379 at the restrictive temperature. A 1740 nucleotide open-reading frame was observed that encodes a basic, hydrophilic protein of 67534 Da which possesses a putative mitochondrial address signal. Disruption of chromosomal DNA within this reading frame produced a non-conditional respiratory mutant unable to synthesize subunit 9, identifying the AEP2 gene. Hybridization analyses indicate that AEP2 is located on chromosome XIII and produces a 2.1 kb poly(A)+ transcript. Two additional open-reading frames were found in close proximity to that of AEP2. The three open-reading frames shared no significant homology with entries in several data bases.
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  • 73
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    Current genetics 1 (1979), S. 21-31 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Mitochondrial DNA ; Recombination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Mitochondrial genes recombine extensively in yeast zygotes. In heteropolar crosses (ω+ × ω−) in which the ω− “allele” consists of an insertion, there is preferential recovery of ω+ and markers closely linked to it. This polarity has been postulated to be a consequence of one-way gene conversion beginning at the ω locus (ω- to ω+). We have shown that most or all mitochondrial recombination in homopolar and heteropolar crosses, and the phenomenon of polarity itself, does not require products of protein synthesis on mitochondrial ribosomes. (i) Yeast strains were grown and mated, and the zygotes plated and grown, on glucose medium with erythromycin to inhibit and dilute out the products of mitochondrial protein synthesis. Recombination frequencies and polarity at the cap1 and oli1 loci were normal compared to controls in some homopolar (ω+ × ω−) and heteropolar crosses. Apparent changes in recombination frequencies and polarity were seen in other crosses but are attributable to locus-specific petite induction by erythromycin. (ii) Homopolar (ω+ × ω+) and heteropolar crosses between pairs of petite mutants retaining the cap1, ery1, and oli1 loci also showed nearly normal recombination at the cap1 and oli1 loci, as determined by test-crossing the petite progeny. The petite mutants and zygotes cannot do mitochondria) protein synthesis. These results support the recombinational model of polarity.
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  • 74
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Ribosomal protein gene ; Sequence analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Two genes encoding ribosomal protein YL41 were cloned from Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosomal DNA. Both genes contain an uniterrupted region of only 75 nucleotides coding for a protein of 3.3 kD. Within the coding regions the nucleotide sequences are virtually identical, whereas in both the 5′-and 3′-flanking regions the two genes differ significantly from each other. The deduced protein shows an arginine and lysine content of 68 percent, i.e., 17 out of 25 residues, and the basic residues are evenly distributed over the molecule. When compared to the ribosomal protein sequences currently available no counterpart to YL41 could be found in prokaryotes and it seems likely that YL41 is a eukaryotespecific ribosomal protein.
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  • 75
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Trans-acting Factor ; RAP1
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We show by deletion mutagenesis, followed by in vivo and in vitro analysis, that the binding of a protein factor to the upstream activation sequence (USA) of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae glycolytic gene PYK, encoding pyruvate kinase, is required for efficient transcription of the corresponding coding region. In addition, gel electrophoretic mobility shift and DNase I protection studies, involving yeast gene products expressed in E. coli, suggest that this trans-acting DNA-binding protein is encoding by the RAP1 gene. The identification of RAP1 binding sites located within the UAS element of the yeast PYK, PGK (phosphoglycerate kinase) and ENO1 (enolase) genes, and in the 5′-upstream region of the ADHI (alcohol dehydrogenase) gene, suggests that a mechanism of coordinate gene expression involving several of the glycolytic genes may exist in yeast.
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  • 76
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    Current genetics 18 (1990), S. 485-491 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Ty elements ; Virus like particles
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Electron microscopic analysis of thin sections of Saccharomyces cerevisiae NCYC74 has revealed the presence of many clumped cytoplasmic particles that morphologically resemble Ty element virus-like particles (VLPs). Accumulation of Ty VLPs has only previously been observed in S. cerevisiae strains that over-express a cloned Ty element. The particles in NCYC74 co-purify with Ty RNA, Ty-specific antigens and a reverse transcriptase activity. Furthermore, they appear to be recognised by antibodies to Ty VLPs during indirect immunofluorescence experiments. These observations provide compelling evidence that the cytoplasmic particle in NCYC74 are indeed Ty VLPs.
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  • 77
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    Current genetics 18 (1990), S. 29-39 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Recombination ; DNA repair ; UV irradiation ; Yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A novel synthetic locus is described that provides a simple assay system for characterizing mitotic recombinants. The locus consists of the TRP1 and HIS3 genes inserted into chromosome III of S. cerevisiae between the CRY1 and MAT loci. Defined trp1 and his3 alleles have been generated that allow the selection of interchromosomal recombinants in this interval. Trp+ or His+ recombinants can be divided into several classes based on coupling of the other alleles in the interval. The tight linkage of the CRY1 and MAT loci, combined with the drug resistance and cell type phenotypes that they respectively control, facilitates the classification of the recombinants without resorting to tetrad dissection. We present the distribution of spontaneous recombinants among the classes defined by this analysis. The data suggest that the recombination intermediate can have regions of symmetric strand exchange and that co-conversion tracts can extend over 1–3 kb. Continuous conversion tracts are favored over discontinuous tracts. The distribution among the classes defined by this analysis is altered in recombinants induced by UV irradiation.
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  • 78
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Mitochondrial RNA splicing ; Nuclear pet - mutant ; Group I introns
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We have studied the role of the product of the nuclear gene PET157 in mitochondrial pre-mRNA splicing. Cytoduction experiments show that a mitochondrial genome deleted for the three introns bI3, aI5 and aI6 is able to suppress the pet157-1 mutation: the strain recovers respiratory competency indicating that the product of the PET157 gene is only required for mitochondrial premRNA splicing. Characterization of the high molecular weight pre-mRNAs which accumulate in the pet157 mutant demonstrate that the product of the PET157 gene is required for the excision of two group I introns bI3 and aI6 (corresponding to aI5β) located in the cob-box and coxI genes respectively. Furthermore, the pet157 mutant strain accumulates the bI3 maturase in the form of a polypeptide of 50K (p50) previously observed in mitochondrial mutants defective in the excision of bI3. We have shown by restriction analysis and allelism tests that the pet157-1 mutation is allelic to the nuclear mrs1 mutation, previously described as specifically blocking the excision of bI3. Finally, revertants obtained by the deletion of bI3 or aI6 from the mitochondrial DNA were isolated from the MRS1 disrupted allele, confirming the involvment of the product of the MRS1/PET157 gene in the excision of the two introns bI3 and aI6.
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  • 79
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: S. cerevisiae ; Yeast ; Cadmium resistance ; CAD2 gene
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    Notes: Summary A cadmium-resistant strain, X3382-3A, which is able to grow in a medium containing 0.2 mM cadmium sulfate, was picked out from our laboratory stock strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The cadmium resistance of this strain is controlled by a single dominant nuclear gene, denoted as CAD2. The locus of CAD2 was mapped by gene linkage to a site 15.5 centimorgans to the right of the his7 locus on the right arm of chromosome II. The cadmium resistance of the strain carrying CAD2 was evaluated for its properties of cadmium uptake, cadmium distribution and cadmium-metallothionein formation, in comparison with those of some other strains. The results suggest that the novel type of cadmium resistance controlled by CAD2 does not involve production of a cadmiumm-metallothionein.
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  • 80
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    Current genetics 2 (1980), S. 207-210 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Plasmid ; Repair
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We have developed a system for assaying pyrimidine dimers in the 2 ⇐m DNA plasmid of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, using Micrococcus luteus UV endonuclease to nick dimer-containing plasmid molecules and measuring percentages of nicked and covalently closed circles on agarose gels. UV-irradiation induced dimers in plasmid DNA, in vivo, at the same rate as in chromosomal DNA. After a dose of 20 Joules·m−2, approximately 86% of plasmid molecules had. at least one dimer. After 3 h incubation under normal growth conditions only 4% still retained dimers in a wild-type strain. In a rad1 (excision-defective) mutant 81% of plasmid molecules still had dimers after 3 h, suggesting that excision repair operates to remove dimers from plasmid DNA in wild-type yeast. Dimers can be removed from 2 ,um DNA in a rad1 mutant by photoreactivation.
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  • 81
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    Current genetics 2 (1980), S. 211-214 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Ribosomal protein dimorphism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis was used in a comparative study of ribosomal proteins from various strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The results demonstrated a case of dimorphism of L8 protein of 60S ribosomal subunit. Of eight strains examined, two strains were one type and six were the other type. The former, which was tentatively designated as altered (A) type, was more acidic than the latter, common (C) type, as shown by mobility difference in pH gradient gel. Heterozygous (A/C) diploid cells contained both types of L8 protein and gave rise to tetrads of 2:2 segregation for A and C types, indicating that the difference of mobility was reflection of the allelic difference of the gene coding for L8 protein.
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  • 82
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Pulsed field gel-electrophoresis ; S1 nuclease sensitive sites ; Repair ; Yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Summary Repair under non-growth conditions of DNA double-strand breaks (DSB) and chromatin sites sensitive to S1 endonuclease (SSS) induced by 60Cobalt-gamma rays were monitored in repair-competent and deficient strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae by pulsed field gelelectrophoresis. In stationary-phase cells of a repair-competent RAD diploid, and an excision-deficient rad3-2 diploid, SSS are repaired as efficiently as DSB, whereas in a repair-competent RAD haploid, and a rad 50-1 diploid, neither SSS nor DSB are repaired. The rad18-2 diploid repairs DSB well but is defective in SSS repair. Obviously, SSS repair in yeast chromatin, like DSB repair, depends on recombination, but unlike DSB repair depends additionally on RAD18 function.
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  • 83
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    Current genetics 1 (1980), S. 177-183 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Ribosomal protein alteration ; Cycloheximide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A spontaneous high-level cycloheximide-resistant mutant of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (strain cy32) is found to have an altered protein of the large subunit (60S) of cytoplasmic ribosomes, namely protein L29. The resistance character segregates together with this biochemical defect and is semidominant in heterozygous diploids. Judged from in vitro susceptibility to inhibition by cycloheximide there are at least 50% resistant ribosomes present in such diploid strains. From these results it is concluded that cycloheximide resistance of mutant cy32 is caused by mutation of a single gene and that it is the structural gene for L29 which is affected. Preliminary genetic mapping data are also reported. They indicate a location of cyhx-32 marker on chromosome 7 near met13.
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  • 84
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    Current genetics 17 (1990), S. 179-183 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Heme ; Cytochromes ; Regulation ; Yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Simultaneous effects of mutations in the transcriptional regulatory genes, HAP1, HAP2 and HAP3, on all respiratory cytochromes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were determined. Cytochrome behavior in hap mutants and in cyc4 and rhm1 mutants, altered in regulation of 5-aminolevulinate synthase, was compared. Although hap mutants were isolated as trans-acting, transcriptional regulators of the CYC1 (iso-1-cytochrome c) gene, each mutant exhibits partial deficiencies in all cytochrome types. In hap2 and hap3 strains all cytochromes were decreased proportionally to about 40–50% of wild type values. In contrast, hap1 caused a decrease in all cytochromes and an accumulation of a pigment, probably Zn porphyrin. Apparently apocytochrome and heme biosynthesis retain coordination in hap2 and hap3, but not in hap1, mutants. Unlike cyc4 and rhm1 mutants, hap mutants do not exhibit 5-aminolevulinate-dependent restoration of cytochromes. The hap1 mutant grew at nearnormal rates on glycerol, whereas hap2 and hap3 mutants grew very slowly. The frequency of [rho-] was high (16–18%) in hap2 and hap3 strains. Results are consistent with generalized control of mitochondrial replication directed by the HAP1-HAP2 system and heme-directed control of formation of all apocytochromes mediated by HAP1. Neither system exerts all-or-nothing control.
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  • 85
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    Current genetics 17 (1990), S. 275-280 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; DNA replication ; Effect on mutation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Incubation in YPD medium under permissive conditions when DNA replication is going on, strongly stimulates the induction of cdc+ colonies of UV-irradiated cells of yeast strains HB23 (cdc8-1/cdc8-3), HB26 (cdc8-3/cdc8-3) and HB7 (cdc8-1/cdc8-1). Inhibition of DNA replication by hydroxyurea, araCMP, cycloheximide or caffeine or else by incubation in phosphate buffer pH 7.0, abolishes this stimulation. Thus the replication of DNA is strongly correlated with the high induction of cdc+ colonies by UV irradiation. It is postulated that these UV-induced cdc+ colonies arise as the result infidelity in DNA replication.
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  • 86
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yarrowia lipolytica ; 7SL RNA ; Essential genes ; Yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Cells containing a deletion of either the SCR1 or SCR2 genes, which code for the 7SL RNA component of the signal recognition particle (SRP) homologue, were found to be viable. Two independent approaches demonstrated that cells containing deletions of both genes were inviale. Therefore, Yarrowia lipolytica contains two (and only two) functional 7SL RNA genes.
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  • 87
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Mitotic recombination ; Hyper-recombination ; RAD50 ; Yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Summary Mutations in the RAD50 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae have been shown to reduce double strand break repair, meiotic recombination, and radiation-inducible mitotic recombination. Several different point mutations (including ochre and amber alleles) have been previously examined for effects on spontaneous mitotic recombination and did not reduce the frequency of recombination. Instead, the rad50 mutations conferred a moderate hyper-rec phenotype. This paper examines a deletion/interruption allele of RAD50 that removes 998 of 1312 amino acids and adds 1.1 kb of foreign DNA. The results clearly indicate that spontaneous mitotic recombination can occur in the absence of RAD50; in fact, the frequency of recombination is elevated over the wild-type cell. One possible interpretation of these observations is that the initiating lesion in spontaneous recombination events in mitosis might not be a double strand break.
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  • 88
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Flow cytometry ; Rhodamine 123 ; Respiratory chain ; Yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The cationic lipophilic dye Rhodamine 123 (Rh123) is selectively enriched in mitochondria in a membrane potential-dependent manner. Application of drugs which interfere with the electron flow of the respiratory chain lead to a severe reduction of mitochondrial dye uptake. In this communication we show that the same effect is observed after Rh123-staining of respiratory-deficient yeast mutants. Based on this observation we used flow cytometry to discriminate respiratory-compentent and respiratory-deficient yeast cells. Combined with a cell sorter we were able to selectively enrich respiring and non-respiring yeast cells, repectively, from a mixture of cells.
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  • 89
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Mistranslation ; ψ-factor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Summary Chromosomal omnipotent suppressor mutations recovered in ψ+ strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were brought into ψ− cytoplasm. SUP46, SUP138 and SUP139 acted as dominant omnipotent suppressors in the ψ− cytoplasm though their suppressor activity was substantially reduced. SUP46 and SUP138 conferred recessive thermosensitivity and antibiotic sensitivity in ψ− cytoplasm as in ψ+ cytoplasm. On the other hand, sup111 through sup115, which acted as recessive omnipotent suppressors in the ψ+ cytoplasm, manifested no, or very low, suppressor activity in the ψ− cytoplasm. They, however, still enhanced the efficiency of the SUP29 tRNA suppressor in ψ− cytoplasm. A multicopy plasmid carrying the wild-type SUP35 gene enhanced the efficiency of sup111 in ψ− cytoplasm.
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  • 90
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; QH2: cytochrome c oxidoreductase ; Mitochondrial biogenesis ; Transcription
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Summary In Saccharmmyces cerevisiae, the COR2 gene codes for the 40 kDa subunit II of the QH2: cytochrome c oxidoreductase, an enzyme of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Regions in the 5′ flank of this gene important for regulated expression were identified by assaying β-galactosidase activities in cells carrying different COR2-lacZ fusion genes. Sequences downstream of position-201 relative to the translational initiation codon are sufficient to confer regulation by carbon source, whereas sequences downstream of position-153 do not give rise to significant expression. A binding site for the abundant general transcription factor GFI is present in the region between-201 and-153 just upstream from sequences which resemble the consensus DNA recognition sequence of the regulatory protein complex HAP2/HAP3: 5′-TNATTGGT-3′. By quantitating RNA levels and assaying β-galactosidase activities we show that synthesis of COR2, which is not a hemoprotein, is regulated by HAP1, HAP2/HAP3 and heme.
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  • 91
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Mutant ; Triethyltin chloride ; Protein phosphorylation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Summary Three mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae resistant to triethyltin (an inhibitor of mitochondrial ATPase) on non-fermentative media, and non-resistant to this drug on fermentative media, were isolated and named TTR1, TTR2 and TTR3. Apart from triethyltin resistance, these mutants show the following common characteristics: (1) Increased intracellular cytochrome c concentration. (2) Increased respiration rate. (3) Decreased growth yield. (4) Increased growth sensitivity to several drugs inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation: namely, CCCP (permeabilizing inner mitochondrial membrane to protons), valinomycin (permeabilizing inner mitochondrial membrane to potassium) and oligomycin (inhibitor of mitochondrial ATPase). (5) Increased sensitivity to carbon source starvation. For each mutant, these characteristics appeared to be due to a single pleiotropic nuclear mutation. Mutation TTR1 causes additional phenotypic characteristics which do not appear in mutants TTR2 and TTR3: (1) Pinkish coloration of colonies which is more pronounced after a long growth period. (2) Inability of the cells to store glycogen. (3) Growth defect of the cells on a galactose-containing medium. (4) Inability of a diploid homozygote mutant strain to sporulate. All these phenotypic characteristics have already been described in yeast mutants deregulated in cAMP-dependant protein phosphorylation. Crossing of a strain bearing the TTR1 mutation with a strain mutated in the adenylate cyclase structural gene suggested that the TTR1 phenotype is due to a modification in regulation of cAPK by cAMP, making cell multiplication possible without intracellular cAMP.
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  • 92
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    Current genetics 17 (1990), S. 493-497 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Mitochondria ; Yeast ; Petites
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A pleiotropic, respiration-deficient mutant was isolated from the petite negative yeast Pachysolen tannophilus after UV mutagenesis. The mutant is unable to utilize xylose, arabinose, galactose or glycerol, and shows no detectable respiration when grown on glucose. Cytochrome c oxidase, xylose reductase and xylitol dehydrogenase activities are lacking. Mitochondrial ultrastructre is altered. The results support the hypothesis that functioning mitochondria are necessary for xylose utilization in this organism.
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  • 93
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Ty2 ; Protein/DNA binding ; Transcription
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A series of transposable element-induced mutations at the HIS4 locus in Saccharomyces cerevisiae have been attributed to the transposition of a Ty element into the 5′ regulatory region of this gene. Various Ty-containing His+ revertants have been isolated and the HIS4/Ty junction region sequenced. The only difference found in this region between a His- and a weak His+ strain was a single point mutation, an A→G transition. The position of Ty remained unaltered. Examination of lacZ fusion plasmids further implicated this A→G transition as being reponsible for the altered phenotype, the bp transition representing an allele of a cis-acting regulatory element. Subsequent gel retardation and methylation interference experiments revealed that this A→G mutation enabled the binding of a trans-acting factor (TyBf) in vitro. In this paper we show that the TyBf binding site is in a region of chromatin hypersensitive to digestion by DNase I. The binding site is protected in vivo from digestion with exonuclease III, suggesting the presence of a bound protein in His+ (“on”) but not His- (“off”) Ty-containing strains. We propose that a trans-acting factor binding in vivo, presumably TyBf, is responsible for the activation of HIS4 expression in these insertion mutants.
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  • 94
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Mitochondria ; Cytochrome c oxidase ; Post-translational regulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Biogenesis of functional cytochrome c oxidase in yeast requires the product of the nuclear gene SCO1. Strains deleted for this gene fail to accumulate the mitochondrially-synthesized cytochrome c oxidase subunits I and II, despite the presence of the respective mRNAs. Here we present data which demonstrate that the observed phenotype does not result from a failure to translate the mRNAs, but from a preferential degradation of the newly synthesized subunits. The SCO1 protein is therefore involved in a post-translational step in the accumulation of cytochrome c oxidase subunits I and II. We propose that the SCO1 protein is required for the correct assembly of both subunits into the cytochrome c oxidase complex.
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  • 95
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    Current genetics 2 (1980), S. 175-180 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Hydroxyurea ; DNA synthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Newly synthesised DNA molecules the same size as replicons (7 million-60 million daltons) accumulate in yeast cells treated with hydroxyurea. During prolonged incubation in low concentrations of the drug, there is a large accumulation of these molecules without any corresponding increase in their molecular weight. On release from the inhibtion the molecules are converted to large molecular weight DNA. These observations are consistent with an inhibition by hydroxyurea of the joining of completed replicons. In addition, newly synthesised DNA molecules the size of yeast Okazaki fragments also accumulate in cells treated with hydroxyurea.
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    Current genetics 2 (1980), S. 193-200 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Recombination ; Plasmids ; Transformation ; Yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary [2 μm+ and [2μm°] yeast were transformed to stable leucine prototrophy with the hybrid yeast — E. coli plasmid, pJDB219. This plasmid contains the entire sequence of the endogenous 2 μm yeast DNA plasmid in addition to the yeast nuclear LEU2 + gene and the Co1E1 derivative, pMB9. In the [2 μm+] transformants, a new wholly yeast LEU2 + plasmid, pYX, was generated, probably by a recombination event between pJDB219 and 2 μm DNA. The plamid, pYX, in the absence of 2 μm DNA, was found to exist in equimolar amounts of two forms, A and B, which probably arise by intramolecular recombination across the inverted repeat sequences of the 2 μm DNA portion of the plasmid. pJDB219 was found to require the presence of 2 μm DNA to undergo this intramolecular recombination. The results suggest that 2, μm DNA and pYX code for a gene product required in this recombination event which pJDB219 cannot produce.
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  • 97
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Mutant ; p-Fluoro-dl-phenylalanine ; β-Phenethyl-alcohol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary p-Fluoro-dl-phenylalanine (PFP)-resistant mutants which produce a large amount of β-phenethyl-alcohol, a rose-like flavor component, were isolated from the isogenic strains X2180-1A and X2180-1B of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Cells of these mutants accumulated phenylalanine and tryptophan more than 3-fold times that of wild-type cells, while they accumulated less than half the tyrosine. The activity of prephenate dehydrogenase (PDG) (EC 1.3.1.12) was markedly decreased while that of 3-deoxy-d-arabino-heptulosonate-7-phosphate synthase (EC 4.1.2.15) was increased. Genetic analysis revealed that the mutation occurred at the TYR1 locus, encoding PDG, and that the mutated TYR1 gene, tyr1-pfp, caused both PFP resistance and β-phenethyl-alcohol overproduction. This was supported by molecular genetic studies with cloned tyr1-pfp DNA.
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  • 98
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Peptides ; Transport ; Regulation ; Yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The transport of small peptides into the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is subject to complex regulatory control. In an effort to determine the number, and to address the function, of the components involved in peptide transport and its regulation, spontaneous mutants resistant to toxic di- and tripeptides were isolated under inducing conditions. Twenty-four mutant strains were characterized in detail and fell into two phenotypic groups; one group deficient in amino acid-inducible peptide uptake, the other with a pleiotropic phenotype including a loss of peptide transport. Complementation analysis of recessive mutations in 12 of these strains defĩned three groups; ptr1 (nine strains), ptr2 (two strains), and ptr3 (one strain). Isolation and screening of 31 additional N-methyl-N-nitro-N-Nitrosoguanidine (MNNG)-induced, peptide transport-deficient mutants produced one ptr3 and 30 ptr2 strains: no additional complementation groups were detected. Uptake of radiolabeled dileucine was negligible in ptr1 and ptr2 strains and was reduced by 65% and 90% in the two ptr3 mutants, indicating that all strains were defective at the transport step. We conclude that the S. cerevisiae amino acid-inducible peptide transport system recognizes a broad spectrum of peptide substrates and involves at least three components. One gene, PTR3, may play an indirect or regulatory role since mutations in this gene cause a pleiotropic phenotype.
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 38 (1994), S. 1-17 
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: HSP70 ; Heat shock ; Evolution ; Phylogeny ; Yeast ; Multigene family ; Subcellular compartmentalization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Eukaryotic genomes encode multiple 70-kDa heat-shock proteins (HSP70s). The Saccharomyces cerevisiae HSP70 family is comprised of eight members. Here we present the nucleotide sequence of the SSA3 and SSB2 genes, completing the nucleotide sequence data for the yeast HSP70 family. We have analyzed these yeast sequences as well as 29 HSP70s from 24 additional eukaryotic and prokaryotic species. Comparison of the sequences demonstrates the extreme conservation of HSP70s; proteins from the most distantly related species share at least 45% identity and more than one-sixth of the amino acids are identical in the aligned region (567 amino acids) among all proteins analyzed. Phylogenetic trees constructed by two independent methods indicate that ancient molecular and cellular events have given rise to at least four monophyletic groups of eukaryotic HSP70 proteins. Each group of evolutionarily similar HSP70s shares a common intracellular localization and is presumed to be comprised of functional homologues; these include heat-shock proteins of the cytoplasm, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, and chloroplasts. HSP70s localized in mitochondria and plastids are most similar to the DnaK HSP70 homologues in purple bacteria and cyanobacteria, respectively, which is consistent with the proposed prokaryotic origin of these organelles. The analyses indicate that the major eukaryotic HSP70 groups arose prior to the divergence of the earliest eukaryotes, roughly 2 billion years ago. In some cases, as exemplified by the SSA genes encoding the cytoplasmic HSP70s of S. cerevisiae, more recent duplication events have given rise to subfamilies within the major groups. The S. cerevisiae SSB proteins comprise a unique subfamily not identified in other species to date. This subfamily appears to have resulted from an ancient gene duplication that occurred at approximately the same time as the origin of the major eukaryotic HSP70 groups.
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 32 (1991), S. 396-404 
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Yeast ; Mitochondrial DNA ; Polymirphism ; Repeated sequences
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A spontaneously arising mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variant ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae has been formed by two exta copies of a 14-bp sequence (TTAATTAAATTATC) being added to a tandem repeat of this unit. Similar polymorphisms in tandemly repeated sequences have been found in a comparison between mtDNAs from our strain and others. In 5850 bp of intergenic mtDNA squence, polymorphisms in tandemly repeated sequences of three or more base pairs occur approximately every 400–500 bp whereas differences in 1–2 bp occur approximately every 60 bp. Some polymorphisms are associated wit optional G+C-rich sequences (GC clusters). Two such optional GC clusters and one A+T repeat polymorphism have been discovered in the tRNA synthesis locus. In addition, the variable presence of large open reading frames are documented and mechanisms for generating intergenic sequence diversity inS. cerevisiae mtDNA are discussed.
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