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  • water management
  • 2005-2009  (1)
  • 1995-1999  (14)
  • 1
    Keywords: hydrological forecasting ; hydro-meteorological extremes, floods and droughts ; global climate change and antropogenic impacts on hydrological processes ; water management ; floods, morphological processes, erosion, sediment transport and sedimentation ; developments in hydrology
    Description / Table of Contents: This volume of IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science presents a selection of papers that were given at the 24th Conference of the Danube Countries. Within the framework of the International Hydrological Program IHP of UNESCO. Since 1961 the Danube countries have successfully co-operated in organizing conferences on Hydrological Forecasting and Hydrological Water Management Issues. The 24th Conference of the Danube Countries took place between 2-4 June 2008 in Bled, Slovenia and was organized by the National Committee of Slovenia for the International Hydrological Program of UNESCO, under the auspices of the President of Republic of Slovenia. It was organized jointly by the Slovenian National Commission for UNESCO and the Environmental Agency of the Republic of Slovenia, under the support of UNESCO, WMO, and IAHS...
    Language: English
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 49 (1997), S. 213-220 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: cultivar selection ; global warming ; organic matter management ; soil amendments ; water management
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Studies focused on mitigating CH4 emission from rice paddy fields are summarized and the possibilities and limits that the options might be applied to world's rice cultivation are discussed. The mitigation options are water management, soil amendments, organic matter management, different tillage, rotation, and cultivar selection. Altering water management, in particular promoting midseason aeration by short-term drainage, is one of the most promising strategies, although these practices may be limited to the rice paddy fields where the irrigation system is well prepared. Improving organic matter management by promoting aerobic degradation through composting or incorporating into soil during off-season drained period is another most promising candidate. There are several formidable obstacles to adopt the mitigation options into local rice farming, including limited applicability to different types of rice fields, increasing cost and labor, negative effects on rice yield and soil fertility, and time requirement for practical application. Further studies to verify the mitigation options should focus on the feasibility for local farmers.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: hydrologic models ; watershed models ; decision support system ; water management ; reservoir management ; electric power production ; water resources planning ; geographic information system
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The Modular Modeling System (MMS) is an integrated system of computer software that is being developed to provide the research and operational framework needed to support development, testing, and evaluation of physical-process algorithms, and to facilitate integration of user-selected sets of algorithms into operational physical-process models. MMS uses a module library that contains compatible modules for simulating a variety of water, energy, and biogeochemical processes. A model is created by selectively linking modules from the library using MMS model-building tools. A geographic information system (GIS) interface also is being developed for MMS to support a variety of GIS tools for use in characterizing and parameterizing topographic, hydrologic, and ecosystem features, visualizing spatially and temporally distributed model parameters and variables, and analyzing and validating model results. MMS is being coupled with the Power Reservoir System Model (PRSYM) to provide a database-centered decision support system for making complex operational decisions on multipurpose reservoir systems and watersheds. The U.S. Geological Survey and the Bureau of Reclamation are working collaboratively on a project titled the Watershed Modeling Systems Initiative to develop and apply the coupled MMS — PRSYM models to the San Juan River basin in Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, and Utah.
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  • 4
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    Journal of applied phycology 10 (1998), S. 171-181 
    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: Cyanobacteria ; diatoms ; eutrophication/kwd〉 ; green algae ; monitoring ; phytoplankton ; rivers ; water management ; The Netherlands
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Observations on phytoplankton in the lower reaches of the rivers Rhine and Meuse were carried out in the framework of the national monitoring programme of the main water systems in The Netherlands. Seasonal changes in density and species composition were analysed to detect the major variables and to discuss whether this monitoring meets its goals. Phytoplankton reached peak densities of 140 and 65 µg L-1 Chl a in the Rhine and Meuse, respectively. Overall density was correlated with seasonal variation in water discharge rather than with nutrient concentrations, that are high in both rivers. The position of sampling sites in relation to the downstream development of the plankton was very important, especially in the regulated Meuse. Despite hydrographic and chemical differences between the two rivers, many species, predominantly diatoms and green algae, were shared. The occurrence of the diatom Skeletonema subsalsum in the Rhine and the green algae Neodesmus danubialis, Micractinium pusillum and Pseudotetrastrum punctatum in the Meuse (1992, but not 1996) was interpreted as a feature related, respectively, to the high salinity of the Rhine and specific riverine conditions of the Meuse. In general the potamoplankton was characterised as an opportunistic assemblage exploiting the high nutrient contents and disturbed hydrography of both rivers. Nevertheless, the phytoplankton contributed to the characterisation of the present river communities, ones that differ rather strongly in historic records. Although year to year variation in phytoplankton density is mainly related to variation in water discharge, phytoplankton biomass did increase as a result of eutrophication over a period of decades. The widespread nature of many of today's potamoplankton species in the two rivers render these organisms less useful for indicating short-term changes in water quality. However the importance of phytoplankton in trophic relationships merits its inclusion in the monitoring of riverine ecosystems.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Water resources management 11 (1997), S. 407-435 
    ISSN: 1573-1650
    Keywords: climate change ; hydrology ; water management ; water resources
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: Abstract Global climate change related to natural and anthropogenic processes has been the topic of concern and interest world wide. Despite ongoing research efforts, the climate predictions cannot be rated any better than speculative or possible scenarios whose probability of occurrence is, at the present stage, impossible to assess. One of the most significant impacts of the ‘greenhouse effect’ is anticipated to be on water resources, including different elements of the hydrologic cycle, water supply and demand, regional vulnerability, and water quality. Thus, the impact of climate change appears to be an additional component on top of the large number of existing water-related problems. The existence of the greenhouse effect, the increase of greenhouse gas emissions, and the rise of corresponding concentrations are things that are certain. However, their impacts on hydrology and water management are highly uncertain. In the latter area, one needs information on much smaller spatial and temporal scales than those used in climate studies. The objective of the present paper is to analyze the climate change impact on water resources in a system's perspective, to discuss scientific gaps, and challenge scientific issues. The role of different scales and uncertainties, as well as the hydrological view of global circulation models are also discussed. Our preparedness for probable global (climate) change is reviewed in terms of assessment, planning, design and adaptation.
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  • 6
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    Water resources management 13 (1999), S. 117-132 
    ISSN: 1573-1650
    Keywords: irrigation efficiency ; rehabilitation ; water management ; West Bank
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: Abstract Efficiency enhancement in irrigation distribution system (IDS) contributes to substantial water savings. This paper aims to present the methodology and lessons learned from efforts to improve efficiency in the irrigation distribution system of Jericho City. This effort presents a new paradigm in water management in water scarce countries, which focuses on both supply and demand management rather than on supply augmentation. Converting the existing irrigation canal system to a pressurized pipe network carries out rehabilitation of IDS in Jericho City. Analysis of the new IDS is performed through computer simulation. Considerations and constraints for sustainable irrigation management are presented.
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  • 7
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    Water resources management 12 (1998), S. 359-374 
    ISSN: 1573-1650
    Keywords: newspaper survey ; Palestinian Territory ; public attitude and behavior ; public concerns ; water management
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: Abstract We have evaluated the extent of public concerns about water management in the Palestinian Territory (PT) through a survey of the main Palestinian newspaper over the last thirteen years divided in three periods: pre (1984–1987), during (1988–1991), and post national uprising period (1992–1996). The public concern in the PT about various water management aspects was clear and influenced by the prevailing political conditions indicating (1) poor concerns in the first and second period where full Israeli military control of the PT and harsh practices prevailed with relatively more emphasis on regional water issues and (2) extensive-strong concerns in the third period when the peace process started and a partial lift of some of the Israeli water practices took place, along with an increased freedom in expressing public concerns which was granted with more emphasis on local issues and problems. Lack and limitation of water available to Palestinians, alternative solutions, and water quality and pollution control constituted the overwhelming majority of the topics of concern to the public for the three periods studied. Palestinian concerns were always greater than regional ones for the three periods and all of the topics considered. Public concern in the PT about all other water management aspects was poor and negligible especially in the first two periods. A massive increase in public concern has been observed in the third period in which the public expressed their concern over most water management aspects, indicating a possible change in public attitude toward water and water management and reflecting the change of the political status by the start of the peace process and the signing of the peace agreements.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
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    Plant and soil 198 (1998), S. 193-200 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: global warming ; paddy field ; soil Eh ; soil temperature ; water management
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effect of water percolation on CH4 emission from rice paddies was investigated using a lysimeter experiment for 4 years. Water percolation rates of the lysimeters were adjusted to one of three values, about 0, 5, or 20 mm day-1, during the cultivation periods of the first 3 years by periodically opening water stopping valves installed at the bottom of the lysimeters. In the 4th year, water was drained by pumps at a rate of 0, 7.7, or 25 mm day-1, respectively. CH4 emission rates significantly decreased with an increase in the percolation rates. Total emission during a cultivation period ranged from 5.7 to 13.8, 0.6 to 4.8, and 0.1 to 0.3 g m-2 in the no-, moderate-, and high-percolation plots, respectively. The decrease in soil Eh during the cultivation periods was markedly retarded by water percolation. The critical initiation soil Eh of CH4 emission observed was around −30 mV at 5 cm depth. CH4 emissions during the fallow periods (from September to May) were equivalent to 14–18% of those during the previous cultivation period if the paddies were continuously flooded all the year round. Low soil temperature during the fallow periods was a major limiting factor for CH4 emission during these periods in the case of continuously flooded treatment.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: global warming ; methane ; nitrous oxide ; rice field ; water management
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Methane and N2O emissions affected by nitrogen fertilisers were measured simultaneously in rice paddy fields under intermittent irrigation in 1994. Ammonium sulphate and urea were applied at rates of 0 (control), 100 and 300 kg N ha-1. The results showed that CH4 emission, on the average, decreased by 42 and 60% in the ammonium sulphate treatments and 7 and 14% in the urea treatments at rates of 100 and 300 kg N ha-1, respectively, compared to the control. N2O emission increased significantly with the increase in the nitrogen application rate. N2O emission was higher from ammonium sulphate treatments than from the urea treatments at the same application rate. A trade-off effect between CH4 and N2O emission was clearly observed. The N2O flux was very small when the rice paddy plots were flooded, but peaked at the beginning of the disappearance of floodwater. In contrast, the CH4 flux peaked during flooding and was significantly depressed by mid-season aeration (MSA). The results suggest that it is important to evaluate the integrative effects of water management and fertiliser application for mitigating greenhouse gas emissions in order to attenuate the greenhouse effect contributed by rice paddy fields.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
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    Irrigation and drainage systems 10 (1996), S. 47-76 
    ISSN: 1573-0654
    Keywords: History ; water management ; irrigation ; Egypt
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Investigations into the much-discussed question of a historical manmade water storage lake within the Fayum depression were carried out in spring 1988. The results of the research into the dam between Itsa and Shidmuh indicate that there existed an artificial lake in the south-east of the Fayum as early as the 3rd Cent. B.C. The findings are in agreement with the reports of the classical writers. There is no reason not to identify this lake in the El-Mala'a basin with the lake the ancient (post-Ptolemaic) historians and geographers referred to as Lake Moeris. The question as to whether Herodotus in the 5th Cent. B.C. described the same lake or whether he saw the water level of the Birket el-Qarun at 19 to 21 m must, at present, remain unanswered.
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  • 11
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    Irrigation and drainage systems 12 (1998), S. 123-139 
    ISSN: 1573-0654
    Keywords: drainage system design ; humid tropics ; peatlands ; water management
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The use of peatlands in the humid tropics requires drainage to remove excess rainfall. The design principles for the drainage systems currently being implemented on peatlands are the same as for mineral soils. The objective of such systems is the timely removal of excess rainfall by surface runoff. For peatlands, with their different soil-hydraulic characteristics, these systems have resulted in poor watertable control and high rates of irreversible subsidence. Concerns about this rate of subsidence and the level of sustainability of the present land use have prompted a study to develop a new water management system. This new system includes a shift from a drainage system that focuses on discharge of excess water towards a system that combines drainage and water conservation. In the new two-step design, the drain spacing and corresponding drain discharges are obtained with a steady-state approach. These outputs are used to calculate the capacity of the drains, including control structures, using an unsteady-state approach. The new system results in a shallower but more narrowly spaced drainage system and maintains a more constant but relatively high watertable and reduces subsidence. It should be remembered however, that even with the improved water management, subsidence cannot be arrested; it is the price one has to pay for the use of tropical peatlands.
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  • 12
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    Irrigation and drainage systems 12 (1998), S. 341-358 
    ISSN: 1573-0654
    Keywords: crop diversification ; irrigation ; land use ; on-farm development ; Thailand ; water management
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Many large-scale state-run irrigation projects in the world have been constructed with limited investment in on-farm infrastructure. In most cases, it was expected that local farmers would themselves make improvements on their farms. In general, insufficient attention is paid to water control which has a negative impact on productivity. Farmers' strategies to offset poor access to water are very varied and depend on site-specific factors such as topography, the existence of other potential water sources, market opportunities or capital availability. This article presents a case study in the Central Plain of Thailand and describes the patterns of land development which occurred since the construction of the Irrigation Project 25 years ago. It shows how land and water use evolved as both a mover and a response to on-farm development and who initiated new investments, such as ditch and tube-well digging, regulators in drains, which have allowed secondary water sources to be tapped, the development of conjunctive use, increased reliability in water supply and crop diversification. The importance of individual farm pumps is shown. Poor land levelling is conducive to high costs and reduced water use. Prospects for land consolidation are assessed.
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  • 13
    ISSN: 1573-0654
    Keywords: water management ; irrigation performance ; Users Associations ; water delivery ; discharge measurements ; level of service ; Argentina
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The quality of service provided by the provincial Irrigation Department (DGI) to the Water Users Associations (UA), and subsequently by the UA's to the related water users, is based on the provincial water law. The intended volume of water being delivered per considered period further depends on the water availability and on the (crop irrigation) water requirements. The Service Level (SL) compares the intended water supply with the water supply that would be required to supply the entire irrigable area with sufficient water. As soon as the intended water delivery pattern is set, the measured actual delivery can be assessed against the intention. Several performance indicators are used in this context. Based on the assessment of the Water Delivery Performance Ratio and the Overall Consumed Ratio recommendations are made on changes which can be made to improve water use and reduce problems of waterlogging.
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  • 14
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    Irrigation and drainage systems 10 (1996), S. 367-376 
    ISSN: 1573-0654
    Keywords: performance ; smallholder irrigation ; timeliness ; water management ; Zimbabwe
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Timing of supply of irrigation water is an important measure of water management performance. Yet despite this widely accepted importance of timeliness, few studies have attempted to quantify this performance indicator. This paper suggests a methodology for quantifying timeliness. The indices thus generated are used to compare the performance of some types of smallholder irrigation schemes in Zimbabwe. Results indicate that applying measures of timeliness helps to assess water management practices across scheme types. The methodology given in this paper differentiates between timely irrigation deliveries which meet Crop Water Requirements (CWR) and surplus water supplies due to poor timeliness which cannot be used by the crop, hence denoting wastage. The timeliness indices provide more information regarding management practices than simple measures of total water applications over a given season.
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  • 15
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    Wetlands ecology and management 3 (1995), S. 249-262 
    ISSN: 1572-9834
    Keywords: acidification ; desiccation ; restoration ; vegetation ; water management ; wetlands
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Lake-side wetlands and their original vegetation have become rare in The Netherlands. The few remaining lake-side wetlands (also called: boezemlands) are mostly managed as nature reserves. Much attention is given to the preservation and restoration of species-rich meadows (Calthion palustris). In lake-side wetlands, both desiccation and acidification endanger the characteristic environmental conditions of these plant communities. The aim of this study was to develop guidelines for water management in different types of boezemlands. Three sites, representing different hydrological conditions, were selected. The steady-state groundwater model FLOWNET was used to describe water movement. The results of vegetation surveys were used to produce response curves for important species, giving correlations between their presence and environmental conditions (groundwater levels, soil pH). Three types of lake-side wetlands (boezemlands) can be distinguished, with different hydrology and management: a. Original boezemlands which have free drainage to a lake. b. Summer polders which are artificially drained in summer and inundated in winter. c. Winter polders which are artificially drained throughout the whole year. Measures to counter the effects of desiccation and acidification and to improve the prospects for Calthion palustris are proposed: a. Measures are required to guarantee sufficient infiltration with water from the lake in the original boezemlands. b. The same measures are needed to prevent desiccation in summer polders. Furthermore, it has to be ensured that inundation takes place with base-rich water from the lake. In this way the proportion of water derived from precipitation is limited and acidification is minimized. c. Extra intake of base-rich boezemwater is required during dry periods in winter polders, that can be achieved through a dense network of ditches.
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