ALBERT

Beschreibung: The technical reports prepared by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution in 1992 are listed in this bibliography. Inquiries about availabilty of extra copies will be handled on an individual basis. Initial distribution of the reports is controlled by the funding agencies.

Beschreibung: Subduction is the mechanism by which water masses formed in the mixed layer and near the surface of the ocean find their way into the upper thermocline. The subduction process and its underlying mechanisms were studied though a combination of Eulerian and Langrangian measurements of velocity, measurements of tracer distributions and hydrographic properties and modeling. An array of five surface moorings carrying meteorological and oceanographic instrumentation were deployed for a period of two years beginning in June 1991 as part of an Office of Naval Research (ONR) funded Subduction experiment. Three eight month deployments were planned. The moorings were deployed at 18°N 34°W, 18°N 22°W, 25.5°N 29°W, 33°N 22°W and 33°N 34°W. A Vector Averaging Wind Recorder (VAWR) and an Improved Meteorological Recorder (IMET) collected wind speed and wind direction, sea surface temperature, air temperature, short wave radiation, barometric pressure and relative humidity. The IMET also measured precipitation. The moorings were heavily instrumented below the surface with Vector Measuring Current Meters (VMCM) and single point temperature recorders. Expendable bathythermograph (XBT) data were collected and meteorological observations were made while transmitting between mooring locations. This report describes the work that took place during R/V Knorr cruise number 138 leg XV which was the fourth scheduled Subduction mooring cruise. During this cruise the moorings previously deployed for a third and final eight month period were recovered. This report includes a description of the moorings and instrumentation that were recovered, has information about the underway measurements (XBT and meteorological observations) that were made including plots of the data, and presents a chronology of the cruise events.

Beschreibung: Funding provided by the Office of Naval Research under Contract No. N00014-90-J-1490.

Beschreibung: The 1991 Acoustic Surface Reverberation Experiment (ASREX 91) took place in November and December off the coast of British Columbia. As part of this experiment, three moorings were deployed to characterize the environmental background. The moorings consisted of a meteorological/oceanographic mooring designed to measure surface meteorology, current and temperature in the upper 120 meters, and nondirectional wave parameters and two wave moorings which were instrumented with pitch-roll buoys to characterize the directional wave spectrum. This report presents results from these three moorings. The conditions seen during the experiment were extremely rough, with wind speeds at 3.4m above the water surface reaching a maximum of 22 m/s and wave heights reaching a maximum of over 10 meters. The air-sea flux of heat was strongly cooling, and the mixed layer deepened over the course of the experiment from approximately 40 to approximately 70 meters. Spectra of the temperature showed a strong semidiurnal tidal signal associated with temperature excursions of several degrees C. The velocity signal showed strong inertial oscilations with amplitudes of 30-50 cm/s. Weaker low-frequency and semidiurnal tidal signals were also seen. The waves were very strong with significant wave heights of 5-6 meters persisting for up to 2 weeks at a time. Waves were generally out of the south or the west.

Beschreibung: Funding was provided by the Ocean Acoustics Program (Code 324OA) of the Office of Naval Research under contract N00014-91-J-1891.

Beschreibung: The Ocean Reference Station at 20°S, 85°W under the stratus clouds west of northern Chile is being maintained to provide ongoing climate-quality records of surface meteorology; air-sea fluxes of heat, freshwater, and momentum; and of upper ocean temperature, salinity, and velocity variability. The Stratus Ocean Reference Station (ORS Stratus) is supported by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s (NOAA) Climate Observation Program. It is recovered and redeployed annually, with cruises that have come between October and December. During the 2008 cruise on the NOAA ship Ronald H. Brown to the ORS Stratus site, the primary activities were recovery of the Stratus 8 WHOI surface mooring that had been deployed in October 2007, deployment of a new (Stratus 9) WHOI surface mooring at that site; in-situ calibration of the buoy meteorological sensors by comparison with instrumentation put on board by staff of the NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL); and observations of the stratus clouds and lower atmosphere by NOAA ESRL. A buoy for the Pacific tsunami warning system was also serviced in collaboration with the Hydrographic and Oceanographic Service of the Chilean Navy (SHOA). The DART (Deep-Ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunami) carries IMET sensors and subsurface oceanographic instruments. A DART II buoy was deployed north of the STRATUS buoy, by personnel from the National Data Buoy Center (NDBC) Argo floats and drifters were launched, and CTD casts carried out during the cruise. The ORS Stratus buoys are equipped with two Improved Meteorological (IMET) systems, which provide surface wind speed and direction, air temperature, relative humidity, barometric pressure, incoming shortwave radiation, incoming longwave radiation, precipitation rate, and sea surface temperature. Additionally, the Stratus 8 buoy received a partial CO2 detector from the Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL). IMET data are made available in near real time using satellite telemetry. The mooring line carries instruments to measure ocean salinity, temperature, and currents. The ESRL instrumentation used during the 2008 cruise included cloud radar, radiosonde balloons, and sensors for mean and turbulent surface meteorology. Finally, the cruise hosted a teacher participating in NOAA’s Teacher at Sea Program.

Beschreibung: Funding was provided by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration under Grant No. NA17RJ1223 for the Cooperative Institute for Climate and Ocean Research (CICOR).

Beschreibung: Subduction is the mechanism by which water masses formed in the mixed layer and near the surface of the ocean find their way into the upper thermocline. The subduction process and its underlying mechanisms were studied through a combination of Eulerian and Langrangian measurements of velocity, measurements of tracer distrbutions and hydrographic propertes and modeling. An array of five surface moorings carrying meteorological and oceanographic instrumentation were deployed for a period of two years beginning in June 1991 as part of an Office of Naval Research (ONR) funded Subduction experiment. Three eight month deployments were planned. The initial deployment of five surface moorings took place during the third leg of R/V Oceanus cruise number 240. The moorings were deployed at 18°N 34°W, 18°N 22°W, 25.5°N 29°W, 33°N 22°W and 33°N 34°W. A Vector Averaging Wind Recorder (VAWR) and an Improved Meteorological Recorder (IMET) collected wind speed and wind direction, sea surface temperature, air temperature, short wave radiation, barometric pressure and relative humidity. The IMET also measured precipitation. The moorings were heavily instrumented below the surface with Vector Measuring Current Meters (VMCM) and single point temperature recorders. Expendable bathythermograph (XBT) data were collected and meteorological observations were made while transitting between mooring locations. This report describes the work that took place during R/V Oceanus cruise 250 which was the second scheduled Subduction mooring cruise. During this cruise the first setting of the moorings were recovered and redeployed for a second eight month period. This report includes a description of the instrumentation that was deployed and recovered, has information about the underway measurements (XBT and meteorological observations) that were made including plots of the data and presents a chronology of the cruise events.

Beschreibung: Funding was provided by the Office of Naval Research under contract N00014-90-J-1490.

Beschreibung: This volume contains the abstracts of manuscripts submitted for publication during calendar year 1992 by the staff and students of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. We identify the journal of those manuscripts which are in press or have been published. The volume is intended to be informative, but not a bibliography. The abstracts are listed by title in the Table of Contents and are grouped into one of our five deparents, Marine Policy Center, Coastal Research Center, or the student category. An author index is presented in the back to facilitate locating specific papers.

Beschreibung: This volume contains the abstracts of manuscripts submitted for publication during calendar year 1991 by the staff and students of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. We identify the journal of those manuscripts which are in press or have been published. The volume is intended to be informative, but not a bibliography. The abstracts are listed by title in the Table of Contents and are grouped into one of our five departents, Marine Policy Center, Coastal Research Center, or the student category. An author index is presented in the back to facilitate locating specific papers.

Beschreibung: This volume contans the abstracts of manuscripts submitted for publication during calendar year 1990 by the staff and students of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. We identify the journal of those manuscripts which are in press or have been published. The volume is intended to be informative, but not a bibliography. The abstracts are listed by title in the Table of Contents and are grouped into one of our five deparments, Marine Policy Center, Coastal Research Center, or the student category. An author index is presented in the back to facilitate locating specific papers.

Beschreibung: A surface mooring was deployed in the eastern tropical Pacific west of northern Chile from the R/V Melville as part of the Eastern Pacific Investigation of Climate (EPIC). EPIC is a CLIVAR study with the goal of investigating links between sea surface temperature variability in the eastern tropical Pacific and climate over the American continents. Important to that goal is an understanding of the role of clouds in the eastern Pacific in modulating atmosphere-ocean coupling. The mooring was deployed near 20°S 85°W, at a location near the western edge of the stratocumulus cloud deck found west of Peru and Chile. This deployment started a three-year occupation of that site by a WHOI surface mooring in order to collect accurate time series of surface forcing and upper ocean variability. The surface mooring was deployed by the Upper Ocean Processes Group of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI). In collaboration with investigators from the University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile, an XBT section was made on the way out to the mooring from Arica, Chile, and an XBT and CTD section was made on the way into Arica. The buoy was equipped with meteorological instrumentation, including two Improved METeorological (IMET) systems. The mooring also carried Vector Measuring Current Meters, single-temperature recorders, and conductivity and temperature recorders located in the upper meters of the mooring line. In addition to the instrumentation noted above, a variety of other instruments, including an acoustic current meter, an acoustic doppler current profiler, a bio-optical instrument package, and an acoustic rain guage, were deployed. This report describes, in a general manner, the work that took place and the data collected during the Cook 2 cruise aboard the R/V Melville. The surface mooring deployed during this cruise will be recovered and re-deployed after approximately 12 months and again after 24 months, with a final recovery planned for 36 months after the first setting. Details of the mooring design and preliminary data from the XBT and CTD sections are included.

Beschreibung: Funding was provided by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration under grant number NA96GP0429.

Beschreibung: The Ocean Reference Station at 20°S, 85°W under the stratus clouds west of northern Chile and Peru is being maintained to provide ongoing, climate-quality records of surface meteorology, of air-sea fluxes of heat, freshwater, and momentum, and of upper ocean temperature, salinity, and velocity variability. The Stratus Ocean Reference Station, hereafter ORS Stratus, is supported by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administrations (NOAA) Climate Observation Program. It is recovered and redeployed annually, with cruises that have come in October or November. During the November 2003 cruise of Scripps Institution of Oceanography's R/V Roger Revelle to the ORS Stratus site, the primary activities where the recovery of the WHOI surface mooring that had been deployed in October 2002, the deployment of a new WHOI surface mooring at that site, the in-situ calibration of the buoy meteorological sensors by comparison with instrumentation put on board by Chris Fairall of the NOAA Environmental Technology Laboratory (ETL), and observations of the stratus clouds and lower atmosphere by NOAA ETL and Jason Tomlinson from Texas A&M. The ORS Stratus buoys are equipped with two Improved Meteorological systems, which provide surface wind speed and direction, air temperature, relative humidity, barometric pressure, incoming shortwave radiation, incoming longwave radiation, precipitation rate, and sea surface temperature. The IMET data are made available in near real time using satellite telemetry. The mooring line carries instruments to measure ocean salinity, temperature, and currents. On some deployments, additional instrumentation is attached to the mooring to measure rainfall and bio-optical variability. The ETL instrumentation used during the 2003 cruise included a cloud radar, radiosonde balloons, and sensors for mean and turbulent surface meteorology. In addition to this work, buoy work was done in support of the Ecuadorian Navy Institute of Oceanography (INOCAR) and of the Chilean Navy Hydrographic and Oceanographic Service (SHOA). The surface buoy, oceanographic instrumentation, and upper 500 m of an INOCAR surface mooring at 2°S, 84°W that had been vandalized were recovered and transferred to the Ecuadorian Navy vessel B. A. E. Calicuchima. A tsunami warning mooring was installed at 75°W, 20°S for SHOA. SHOA personnel onboard were trained during the cruise by staff from the NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) and National Data Buoy Center (NDBC). The cruise hosted two teachers participating in NOAA's Teacher at Sea Program, Deb Brice from San Marcos, California and Viviana Zamorano from Arica, Chile.

Beschreibung: Funding was provided by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration uncer Contract Number NA17RJ1223.

Beschreibung: A surface mooring outfitted for meteorological and oceanographic measurement was deployed near 14°50'N, 51°00'W in the northwest tropical Atlantic on 30 March 2001. This was the initial deployment of the Northwest Tropical Atlantic Station (NTAS) project for air–sea flux measurement. These observations will be used to investigate air–sea interaction processes related to climate variability. The deployment was done on R/V Oceanus Cruise 365, Leg 5 by the Upper Ocean Processes Group (UOP) of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. The 3-meter discus buoy was outfitted with two Air–Sea Interaction Meteorology (ASIMET) systems. Each system measures, records, and transmits via Argos satellite the surface meteorological variables necessary to compute air–sea fluxes of heat, moisture and momentum. The upper 120 m of the mooring line was outfitted with oceanographic sensors for the measurement of temperature and velocity. This report describes the initial deployment of the NTAS mooring (NTAS-1), including some of the pre-cruise buoy preparations and post cruise data comparisons.

Beschreibung: Funding was provided by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) through the Cooperative Institute for Climate and Ocean Research (CICOR) under Grant No. NA87RJ0445.

Beschreibung: During the summer of 2001, several moorings and cruises were used as part of the CBLAST-Low (Coupled Boundary Layer Air-Sea Transfer under low wind conditions) pilot experiment in the North Atlantic, south of Martha’s Vineyard Island, MA, USA. Six subsurface tide gauges were deployed around the study site for a period of approximately 3 months during the summer of 2001. Further, two surface buoys equipped with meteorological instrumentation and subsurface arrays that measured temperature, conductivity and velocity were deployed during the months of July and August 2001. For a short intensive operating period during July 2001, a newly manufactured three-dimensional mooring designed to sample three-dimensional properties of the upper ocean was deployed for a period of 6 days. During the Intensive Operating Period (IOP) along-shelf and across-shelf conductivity-temperature-depth (CTD) sections were completed as well as a drifting array designed to passively collect data from the upper water column released for approximately 24 hours. This report describes the instrumentation and type of moorings deployed by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Upper Ocean Processes (WHOI UOP) group as well as data return and quality from the CBLAST-Low 2001 pilot study. This is summarized in graphical and tabular form in this report.

Beschreibung: Funding provided by the Office of Naval Research under Contract No. N00014-01-1-0029 and from the Secretary of the Navy / CNO Chair Grant No. N00014-99-1-0090.

Beschreibung: During the summer of 2002, six surface moorings and one subsurface mooring were deployed south of Martha's Vineyard, Cape Cod, Massachusetts. The moorings were deployed from June to September 2002 to collect meteorological and oceanographic data. This was done both to support the Coupled Boundary Layered Air-Sea Transfer Low wind (CBLAST-Low) cooperative experiment and to address the question of regional predictability in the littoral regime under research supported by a Secretary of the Navy/Chief of Naval Operations (CNO) Chair. The aim was to capture the mesoscale development and response of inner shelf waters to local synoptic atmospheric, tidal and larger scale oceanic forcing under predominantly low wind conditions. This report covers the operational aspects of the 2002 experiment, including deployment, recovery, and mooring setups, as well as basic data returns.

Beschreibung: Funding was provided by the Office of Naval Research under Contract Numbers N00014-01-1-0029 and N00014-99-1-0090.

Beschreibung: The primary objective of this publication is to share with a wider audience the valuable information and extensive dialogue that took place amongst over 140 individuals who attended the second in a series of planned workshops on the science and management of coastal landforms in Massachusetts. This workshop took place at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution on January 24, 2001. The individuals who attended this workshop are actively engaged in planning, managing, regulating, engineering, educating, and studying coastal landforms and their beneficial functions. This workshop titled, Can Humans & Coastal Landforms Co-exist?’, was a natural follow-up to a previous workshop, Coastal Landform Management in Massachusetts, held at WHOI October 9-10, 1997 (proceedings published as WHOI Technical Report #WHOI-98-16). The workshop had a very practical, applied focus, providing state-of-the-art scientific understanding of coastal landform function, case history management and regulation of human activities proposed on coastal landforms, a multi-faceted mock conservation commission hearing presented by practicing technical consultants and attorneys that involved all attendees acting as regulators in breakout sessions, and, at the conclusion of the workshop, an open discussion on all issues related to the science and management of coastal landforms, including future research needs.

Beschreibung: Funding for these proceedings was provided by WHOI Sea Grant and the NOAA National Sea Grant College Program Office, Department of Commerce, under NOAA Grant No. M10-2, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Sea Grant Project No. NA86R60075.

Beschreibung: The long-range scientific objective of the Coupled Boundary Layer Air Sea Transfer (CBLAST) project is to observe and understand the temporal and spatial variability of the upper ocean, to identify the processes that determine that variability, and to examine its predictability. Air-sea interaction is of particular interest, but attention is also paid to the coupling of the sub-thermocline ocean to the mixed layer and to both the open ocean and littoral regimes. We seek to do this over a wide range of environmental conditions with the intent of improving our understanding of upper ocean dynamics and of the physical processes that determine the vertical and horizontal structure of the upper ocean. Field work for CBLAST was conducted during the summers of 2001, 2002, and 2003 off the south shore of Martha’s Vineyard, Massachusetts. The 2003 field work was conducted from the following platforms: heavy moorings, light moorings, drifters, F/V Nobska, CIRPAS Pelican aircraft, and an IR Cessna Aircraft. This report documents the 2003 field work and includes field notes, platform descriptions, discussion of data returns, and mooring logs. The 2003 Intensive Operating Period (IOP) was very successful and a high data return was seen.

Beschreibung: Funding was provided by the Office of Naval Research under contract numbers N00014-01-1-0029 and N00014-05-10090.

Beschreibung: Two surface moorings were recovered during R/V Melville cruise PACS03MV in the eastern equatorial Pacific as part of the Pan American Climate Study (PACS). PACS is a NOAA-funded study with the goal of investigating links between sea-surface temperature variability in the tropical oceans near the Americas and climate over the American continents. The two moorings were deployed near 125°W, spanning the strong meridional sea-surface temperature gradient associated with the cold tongue south of the equator and the warmer ocean north of the equator, near the northernmost, summer location of the Inter-tropical Convergence Zone. The moored array was deployed to improve the understanding of air-sea fluxes and of the processes that control the evolution of the sea surface temperature field in the region. Two surface mooring, located at 3°S, 125°W and 10°N, 125°W, belonging to the Upper Ocean Proccess (UOP) Group at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), were recovered after being on station for eight months. This was the second setting of the two moorings that had been redeployed from the University of Washington's R/V Thomas Thompson cruise number 73. The buoys of the two WHOI moorings were each equipped with meteorological instrumentation, including a Vector Averaging Wind Recorder (VAWR), and an Improved METeorological (IMET) system. The WHOI moorings also carried Vector Measuring Current Meters, single point temperature recorders, and conductivity and temperature recorders located in the upper 200 meters of the mooring line. In addition to the instrumentation noted above, a variety of other instruments, including an acoustic current meter, acoustic doppler meters, bio-optical instrument packages and an acoustic rain gauge, were deployed during the PACS field program.

Beschreibung: Funding was provided by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration under contract number NA66GPO130.

Beschreibung: To investigate vertical mixing processes influencing the evolution of the stratification over continental shelves a moored array was deployed on the New England shelf from August 1996 to June 1997 as part of the Office of Naval Research's Coastal Mixing and Optics program. The array consisted of four mid-shelf sites instrumented to measure oceanic (currents, temperature, salinity, pressure, and surface gravity wave spectra) and meteorological (winds, surface heat flux, precipitation) variables. This report presents a description of the moored array, a summary of the data processing, and statistics and time-series plots summarizing the data. A report on the mooring recovery cruise and a summary of shipboard CTD surveys taken during the mooring deployment are also included.

Beschreibung: Funding was provided by the Office of Naval Research under Contract No. N00014-95-1-0339.

Beschreibung: Three surface moorings were recovered and redeployed during R/V Thomas Thompson cruise number 73 in the eastern equatorial Pacific as pan of the Pan American Climate Study (PACS). PACS is a NOAA-funded study with the goal of investigating links between sea-surface temperature variability in the tropical oceans near the Americas and climate over the American continents. The three moorings were deployed near 125°W, spanning the strong meridional sea-surface temperature gradient associated with the cold tongue south of the equator and the warmer ocean north of the equator, near the northernmost, summer location of the Intertopical Convergence Zone. The moored array was deployed to improve the understanding of air-sea fluxes and of the processes that control the evolution of the sea surface temperature field in the region. Two surface moorings, located at 3°S, 125°W and lO°N, 125°W, belonging to the Upper Ocean Processes (UOP) Group at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), were recovered after being on station for eight months and redeployed. Two eight-month deployments were planned. A third mooring deployed at the equator and 128°W by the Ocean Circulation Group at the University of South Florida (USF) was also recovered and redeployed. The USF mooring, unfortunately, had to be recovered immediately following redeployment due to a problem with the buoy and instrumentation. The buoys of the two WHOI moorings were each equipped with meteorological instrumentation, including a Vector Averaging Wind Recorder (VAWR), and an Improved Meteorological (IMET) system. The WHOI moorings also carried Vector Measuring Current Meters, single point temperature recorders, and conductivity and temperature recorders located in the upper 200 meters of the mooring line. In addition to the instrumentation noted above, a variety of other instruments, including an acoustic current meter, acoustic doppler current meters, bio-optical instrument packages and an acoustic rain gauge, were deployed during the PACS field program. The USF mooring had an IMET system on the surface buoy and for oceanographic instrumentation, two RD Instruments acoustic doppler current profilers (ADCPs), single-point temperature recorders, and conductivity and temperature recorders. Conductivity-temperature-depth (CTD) profiles were made at each mooring site and during the transit between mooring locations. This report describes, in a general manner, the work that took place during R/V Thomas Thompson cruise number 73. A description of the WHOI moored array and instrumentation is provided. Details of the mooring designs and preliminary data from the CTD profies are included.

Beschreibung: Funding was provided by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration under Contract No. NA66GPO130.

Beschreibung: Subduction is the mechanism by which water masses formed in the mixed layer and near the surface of the ocean find their way into the upper thermocline. The subduction process and its underlying mechanisms were studied through a combination of Eulerian and Langrangian measurements of velocity, measurements of tracer distributions and hydrographic properties and modeling. An array of five surface moorings carrying meteorological and oceanographic instrumentation were deployed for a period of two years beginning in June 1991 as part of an Office of Naval Research (ONR) funded Subduction experiment. Three eight month deployments were planned. The initial deployment of five surface moorings took place during the third leg of R/V Oceanus cruise number 240. The moorings were deployed at 18°N 34°W, 18°N 22°W, 25.5°N 29°W, 33°N 22°W and 33°N 34°W. A Vector Averaging Wind Recorder (VAWR) and an Improved Meteorological Recorder (IMET) collected wind speed and wind direction, sea surface temperature, air temperature, short wave radiation, long wave radiation, barometric pressure and relative humidity. The IMET also measured precipitation. The moorings were heavily instrumented below the surface with Vector Measuring Current Meters (VMCM) and single point temperature recorders. Expendable bathythermograph (XBT) data were collected and meteorological observations were made while transitting between moonng locations. This report describes the work that took place during R/V Oceanus cruise 240 leg 3. It includes a description of the instrumentation that was deployed,information about the XBT data collected and plots of the data as well as a chronology of the cruise events.

Beschreibung: Funding was provided by the Office of Naval Research under contract N00014-90-J-1490.

Beschreibung: The technical reports prepared by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution in 1990 are listed in this bibliography.

Beschreibung: The Ocean Reference Station at 20°S, 85°W under the stratus clouds west of northern Chile is being maintained to provide ongoing, climate-quality records of surface meteorology, of air-sea fluxes of heat, freshwater, and momentum, and of upper ocean temperature, salinity, and velocity variability. The Stratus Ocean Reference Station (ORS Stratus) is supported by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administrations (NOAA) Climate Observation Program. It is recovered and redeployed annually, with cruises that have come between October and December. During the October 2006 cruise of NOAA's R/V Ronald H. Brown to the ORS Stratus site, the primary activities where recovery of the Stratus 6 WHOI surface mooring that had been deployed in October 2005, deployment of a new (Stratus 7) WHOI surface mooring at that site, in-situ calibration of the buoy meteorological sensors by comparison with instrumentation pub on board by staff of the NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL, formerly ETL), and observations of the stratus clouds and lower atmosphere by NOAA ESRL. A buoy for the Pacific tsunami warning system was also serviced in collaboration with the Hydrographic and Oceanographic Service of the Chilean Navy (SHOA). The old DART (Deep-Ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunami) buoy was recovered and a new one deployed which carried IMET sensors and subsurface oceanographic instruments. Argo floats and drifters were also launched and CTD casts carried out during the cruise. The ORS Stratus buoys are equipped with two Improved Meteorological (IMET) systems, which provide surface wind speed and direction, air temperature, relative humidity, barometric pressure, incoming shortwave radiation, incoming longwave radiation, precipitation rate, and sea surface temperature. The IMET data are made available in near real time using satellite telemetry. The mooring line carries instruments to measure ocean salinity, temperature, and currents. The ESRL instrumentation used during the 2006 cruise included cloud radar, radiosonde balloons, and sensors for mean and turbulent surface meteorology. Stratus 7 also received a new addition to its set of sensors: a partial CO2 detector from the Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL). Aerosol measurements were also carried out onboard RHB by personnel of the University of Hawaii. Finally, the cruise hosted a teacher participating in NOAA's Teacher at Sea Program.

Beschreibung: Funding was provided by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration under Grant No. NA17RJ1223.

Beschreibung: An array of five surface moorings carrying meteorological and oceanographic instrumentation was deployed for a period of two years beginning in June 1991 as part of an Office of Naval Research (ONR) funded Subduction experiment. Three eight month deployments were carried out. The five mooring locations were 18°N 34°W, 18°N 22°W, 25.5°N 29°W, 33°N 22°W and 33°N 34°W. Two Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) and three Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO) moorings collected oceanographic and meteorological data, using a 3-meter discus or 2-meter toroid buoy and multiple Vector Measuring Current Meters (VMCMs), an Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) and Brancker temperature recorders (tpods). The surface buoys carried a Vector Averaging Wind Recorder (VAWR) and, on four of the five moorings, an Improved Meteorological Recorder (IMET) which measured wind speed and wind direction, sea surface temperature, air temperature, short wave radiation, barometric pressure and relative humidity. The IMET also measured precipitation. The VMCMs, ADCP and tpods, placed at depths 1 m to 3500 m, measured oceanic velocities and temperatures. This report presents meteorological and oceanographic data from the WHOI Upper Ocean Processes Group (UOP) and the SIO Instrument and Development Group (lDG) instruments and contains summaries of the instruments used, their depths, mooring positions, mooring deployment and recovery times, and data return. Appendices contain information on supplementary Subduction data sets.

Beschreibung: Funding provided by the Office of Naval Research under Contract No. N00014-90-J-1490.

Beschreibung: This report describes in a general manner the work that took place during the R/V Thomas Thompson cruise number 46 which was the mooring turnaround cruise for the moored array program. A detailed description of the WHOI surface mooring and its instrumentation is provided. Information about the XBT and CTD data and near-surface temperature data collected during the cruise is also included.

Beschreibung: Funding was provided by the Office of Naval Research through Grant No. NOOOl4-94-1-0161.

Beschreibung: Three surface moorings were deployed in the eastern equatorial Pacifc from the R/V Roger Revelle as part of the Pan American Climate Study (PACS). PACS is a NOAA-funded study with the goal of investigating links between sea surface temperature varabilty in the tropical oceans near the Americas and climate over the American continents. The three moorings were deployed near 125°W, spanning the strong meridional sea surface temperature gradient associated with the cold tongue south of the equator and the warmer ocean north of the equator, near the northernmost, summer location of the Intertropical Convergence Zone. The mooring deployment was done to improve understading of the air-sea fluxes and of the processes that control the evolution of the sea surface temperature field in the region. Two surface moorings of the Upper Ocean Processes Group at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) were deployed-one at 3°S, 125°W and the other at lO°N, 125°W. One mooring from the Ocean Circulation Group (R. Weisberg) at the University of South Florida (USP) was deployed on the equator at 128°W. The buoys of the two WHOI moorings were each equipped with meteorological instrmentation, including a Vector Averaging Wind Recorder, and an Improved Meteorological (IMET) system. The WHOI moorings also carried Vector Measurng Current Meters, single-point temperature recorders, and conductivity and temperature recorders located in the upper 200 meters of the mooring line. In addition to the instrumentation noted above, a variety of other instruments, including an acoustic current meter, acoustic doppler current meters, bio-optical instrument packages and an acoustic rain gauge, were deployed during the PACS field program. The USF mooring had an IMET system on the surface buoy and for oceanographic instrumentation, two RD Instruments acoustic doppler current profilers, single-point temperature recorders, and conductivity and temperature recorders. Conductivity-temperature-depth (CTD) profiles were made at each mooring site and during the transit between mooring locations. This report describes, in a general manner, the work that took place durig the Genesis 4 cruise aboard the R/V Roger Revelle. The three surface moorings deployed during this cruise will be recovered and re-deployed after approximately nine months, with a final recovery planned for 17 months after the first setting. Details of the mooring designs and preliminary data from the CT profies are included.

Beschreibung: Funding was provided by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration under Contract No. NA66GP0130.

Beschreibung: An array of surface and subsurface moorings was deployed in the Arabian Sea to provide high quality time series of local forcing and upper ocean currents, temperature, and conductivity in order to investigate the dynamics of the ocean's response to the monsoonal forcing characteristic of the area. The moored array was first deployed during R/V Thomas Thompson cruise number 40; recovered and redeployed during R/V Thomas Thompson cruise number 46 and recovered to conclude the deployment during R/V Thomas Thompson cruise number 52. The array was part of the Office of Naval Research (ONR) funded Arabian Sea experiment. This report describes, in a general manner, the work that took place during the R/V Thomas Thompson cruise number 52. A detailed description of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) surface mooring and its instrumentation is provided. Information about the XBT and CTD data and near surface temperature data collected during the cruise is also included.

Beschreibung: Funding was provided by the Office of Naval Research through Grant No. NOOOI4-94-1-0161.

Beschreibung: The Third Acoustic Surface Reverberation Experiment (AS REX III) took place from December 1993 to March 1994 at Site L (34°N, 70°W) in the mid-Atlantic. As part of this experiment, two moorings were deployed to measure the environmental background. A meteorological and oceanographic mooring was deployed to characterize the surface wind stress, buoyancy flux, and the current and temperature structure over the top 500 meters. A Seatex Wavescan buoy was deployed to characterize the directional wave spectrum. This report presents results from these moorings. Wind speeds up to 25 m/s were seen, with significant heat losses (up to 1050 W/m2) when cold continental air moved out over the warm Atlantic. The wave heights ranged up to 8 m, with significant wave heights of several meters persisting for relatively long periods. Wave height and period, nondirectional spectra, directional spectra and a typology of wave events are presented and related to surface forcing.

Beschreibung: Funding was provided by the Office of Naval Research through Grant No. NOOOl4-91-J-1891.

Beschreibung: An array of surface and subsurface moorings were deployed in the Arabian Sea to provide high quality time series of local forcing and upper ocean currents, temperature, and conductivity in order to investigate the dynamics of the ocean's response to the monsoonal forcing characteristic of the area. The moored array was deployed during R/V Thomas Thompson cruise number 40, One Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) surface mooring, two Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO) surface moorings and two University of Washington (UW) Profiling Current Meter moorings were deployed. The moorings were deployed for a period of one year beginning in October 1994 as part of the Office of Naval Research (ONR) funded Arabian Sea experiment. Two six month deployments were planned. The moorings were deployed at 15.5°N 61.5°E (WHOI), 15.7°N 61.3°E (SIO), 15.3°N 61.3°E (SIO), 15.7°N 61.7°E (UW), and 15.3°N 61.7°E (UW). The WHOI surface mooring was outfitted with two meteorological data collection systems. A Vector Averaging Wind Recorder (VAWR) and an IMET system made measurements of wind speed and direction, sea surface temperature, air temperature, short wave radiation, long wave radiation, barometric pressure, relative humidity and precipitation. Subsurface instrumentation included Vector Measuring Current Meters (VMCMs), Multi-Variable Moored Systems (MVMS), conductivity and temperature recorders and single point temperature recorders. Expendable bathythermograph (XBT) data and CTD data were collected while in transit to the site and between mooring locations. This report describes in a general manner the work that took place during R/V Thomas Thompson cruise number 40 which was the initial deployment cruise for this moored array. A detailed description of the WHOI surface mooring and its instrumentation is provided. Information about the XBT and CTD data collected during the cruise is also included.

Beschreibung: Funding was provided by the Office of Naval Research under Grant No. N00014-94-1-0161.

Beschreibung: The technical report and theses prepared by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution in 1994 and 1995 are listed in ths bibliography.

Beschreibung: The technical reports prepared by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution in 1991 are listed in this bibliography.

Beschreibung: The Northwest Tropical Atlantic Station (NTAS) was established to address the need for accurate air-sea flux estimates and upper ocean measurements in a region with strong sea surface temperature anomalies and the likelihood of significant local air–sea interaction on interannual to decadal timescales. The approach is to maintain a surface mooring outfitted for meteorological and oceanographic measurements at a site near 15°N, 51°W by successive mooring turnarounds. These observations will be used to investigate air–sea interaction processes related to climate variability. Deployment of the first (NTAS-1), second (NTAS-2) and third (NTAS-3) moorings were documented in previous reports (Plueddemann et al., 2001; 2002; 2003). This report documents recovery of the NTAS-3 mooring and deployment of the NTAS-4 mooring at the same site. Both moorings used 3-meter discus buoys as the surface element. These buoys were outfitted with two Air–Sea Interaction Meteorology (ASIMET) systems. Each system measures, records, and transmits via Argos satellite the surface meteorological variables necessary to compute air–sea fluxes of heat, moisture and momentum. The upper 150 m of the mooring line were outfitted with oceanographic sensors for the measurement of temperature and velocity. The mooring turnaround was done on the NOAA ship Ronald H. Brown, Cruise RB-04-01, by the Upper Ocean Processes Group of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. The cruise took place between 12 and 25 February 2004. The NTAS-3 buoy was found adrift and recovered on 19 February at 14°53.7’N, 51°22.8’W. Deployment of the NTAS-4 mooring was on 21 February at approximately 14°44.4’N, 50°56.0’W in 5038 m of water. A 30-hour intercomparison period followed, after which dragging operations to recover the lower portion of the NTAS-3 mooring commenced. This report describes these operations, as well as other work done on the cruise and some of the pre-cruise buoy preparations.

Beschreibung: Funding was provided by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration under Grant No. NA17RJ1223 and the Cooperative Institute for Climate and Ocean Research (CICOR).

Beschreibung: The Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) Hawaii Ocean Timeseries (HOT) Site (WHOTS), 100 km north of Oahu, Hawaii, is intended to provide long-term, high-quality air-sea fluxes as a coordinated part of the HOT program and contribute to the goals of observing heat, fresh water and chemical fluxes at a site representative of the oligotrophic North Pacific Ocean. This report documents recovery of the WHOTS-1 mooring, deployed in August 2004 near 22.75°N, 158°W, and deployment of the WHOTS-2 mooring at the same site. Both moorings were outfitted with Air-Sea Interaction Meteorology (ASIMET) systems to measure, record, and transmit the surface meteorological variables necessary to compute air-sea fluxes of heat, moisture and momentum. In cooperation with R. Lukas of the University of Hawaii, the upper 155 m of the moorings were outfitted with oceanographic sensors for the measurement of temperature, conductivity and velocity. The WHOTS mooring turnaround was done on the Scripps Institution of Oceanography Ship Melville, Cruise TUIM-10MV. The cruise took place between 23 and 30 July 2005.

Beschreibung: Funding was provided by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration under Grant No. NA17RJ1223 and the Cooperative Institute for Climate and Ocean Research (CICOR).

Beschreibung: Numerical weather forecasting model products were acquired for use in the Coastal Mixing and Optics (CMO) Experiment to augment in situ observations of meteorological parameters (e.g., wind speed and direction, air temperature and relative humidity) at a moored array of buoys in the Middle Atlantic Bight. In this report, the Eta and Rapid Update Cycle (RUC) regional models are described and the two methods of acquisition via the Internet, the Internet Data Distribution (IDD) system and file transfer (FTP) from the NOAA Information Center's data server, are discussed. Processing and archival of the model data are also addressed. Data from the CMO central mooring and six National Data Buoy Center (NDBC) buoys in the Middle Atlantic bight were used to evaluate the accuracy of the model products. Comparisons between model and in situ wind speed, wind direction, barometrc pressure, air temperature and sea surface temperature were possible for all seven of the buoys. Since no moisture measurement was made from the NDBC buoys, comparisons of relative and specific humidity were only possible at the CMO buoy. Sensible and latent heat fluxes and global (net) radiation from the models were compared to estimates of heat fluxes and net radiation from the CMO central buoy.

Beschreibung: Funding provided by the Office of Naval Research under Contract No. NOO014-95-1-0339.

Beschreibung: An array of moorings at four sites at a mid-shelf location in the mid-Atlantic Bight was deployed for a period of 10 months beginning in August 1996 as part of the Coastal Mixing and Optics Experiment (CMO), funded by the Office of Naval Research (ONR). The purpose of this array is to gather information to help identify and understand the vertical mixing processes influencing the evolution of the stratification over the shelf. The observations from this moored array will be used to investigate changes in the stratification in response to atmospheric forcing, surface gravity wave variabilty, surface and bottom boundary layer mixing, current shear, internal waves, and advection. This report describes the primary mooring deployments carried out by the Upper Ocean Processes (UOP) Group on the R/V Oceanus, sailing out of Woods Hole during July, August, and September of 1996.

Beschreibung: Funding was provided by the Office of Naval Research through Grant No. N00014-95-1-0339.

Beschreibung: Subduction is the mechanism by which water masses formed in the mixed layer and near the surface of the ocean find their way into the upper thermocline. The subduction process and its underlying mechanisms were studied through a combination of Eulerian and Langrangian measurements of velocity, measurements of tracer distrbutions and hydrographic properties and modeling. An array of five surface moorings carrying meteorological and oceanographic instrumentation were deployed for a period of two years beginning in June 1991 as part of an Office of Naval Research (ONR) funded Subduction experiment. Three eight month deployments were planned. The moorings were deployed at 18°N 34°W, 18°N 22°W, 25.5°N 29°W, 33°N 22°W and 33°N 34°W. A Vector Averaging Wind Recorder (VAWR) and an Improved Meteorological Recorder (IMET) collected wind speed and wind direction, sea surface temperature, air temperature, short wave radiation, barometric pressure and relative humidity. The IMET also measured precipitation. The moorings were heavily instrumented below the surface with Vector Measuring Current Meters (VMCM), and single point temperature recorders. Expendable bathythermograph (XBT) data were collected and meteorological observations were made while transitting between mooring locations. In addition a series of 59 cm stations were made and water samples taken to be analyzed for tritium levels, salinity and dissolved oxygen content. This report describes the work that took place during RRS Charles Darwin cruise number 73 which was the third scheduled Subduction mooring cruise. During this cruise the second setting of the moorings were recovered and redeployed for a third eight month period. This report includes a description of the instrumentation that was deployed and recovered, has information about the underway measurements (XBT and meteorological observations) that were made including plots of the data, includes a description of the work conducted in conjunction with the tracer/hydrography program and presents a chronology of the cruise events.

Beschreibung: Funding was provided by the Office of Naval Research under contract N00014-90-J-1490.

Beschreibung: The Tropical Ocean - Global Atmosphere Coupled Ocean - Atmosphere Response Experiment (TOGA COARE) was conceived in order to improve understanding of the principal processes responsible for coupling of the ocean and atmosphere in the western Pacific warm pool region. Field work for TOGA COARE was concentrated in an Intensive Flux Array (IFA) and included a variety of atmospheric and oceanic platforms. The Upper Ocean Processes Group (UOPG) was involved in TOGA COARE through the preparation, deployment, and recovery of a heavily instrumented surface mooring for the observation of air-sea fluxes and oceanic temperature, salinity, and currents in the upper 300 m. The mooring was deployed at 1°,45.27'S, 155°,59.73'E on 21 October 1992 in 1744 m of water. An instrument check-out cruise was undertaken in December of 1992 in order to evaluate the meteorological systems on the buoy. The mooring was recovered on 4 March 1993. This report describes mooring deployment operations, the instrument check-out cruise, and the mooring recovery. UOPG personnel also assisted with the deployment and recovery of five other moorings as a part of the COARE IFA and these operations are discussed.

Beschreibung: Funding provided by the National Science Foundation under grants OCE-9110554 and OCE-9110559.

Beschreibung: The technical reports prepared by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution in 1993 are listed in this bibliography. Inquiries about availability of extra copies wil be handled on an individual basis. Initial distribution of the reports is controlled by the funding agencies. Reports listed in this bibliography are available from the: National Technical Information Service, NTIS Order Desk, 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, V A 22161 USA. When available, NTIS order numbers are included with each report listed.

Beschreibung: The Marine Light - Mixed Layer experiment took place in the sub-Arctic North Atlantic ocean, approximately 275 miles south of Reykjavik, Iceland. The field program included a central surface mooring to document the temporal evolution of physical, biological and optical properties. The surface mooring was deployed at approximately 59°N, 21°W on 29 April 1991 and recovered on 6 September 1991. The Upper Ocean Processes Group of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution was responsible for design, preparation, deployment, and recovery of the mooring. The Group's contrbution to the field measurements included four different types of sensors: a meteorological observation package on the surface buoy, a string of 15 temperature sensors along the mooring line, an acoustic Doppler current profiler, and four instruments for measuring mooring tension and accelerations. The observations obtained from the mooring are sufficient to describe the air-sea fluxes and the local physical response to surface forcing. The objective in the analysis phase will be to determine the factors controlling this physical response and to work towards an understanding of the links among physical, biological, and optical processes. This report describes the deployment and recovery of the mooring, the meteorological data, and the subsurface temperature and current data.

Beschreibung: Funding was provided by the Office of Naval Research under Contract N00014-89-J-1683.

Beschreibung: This volume contains the abstracts of manuscripts submitted for publication during calendar year 1989 by the staff and students of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. We identify the journal of those manuscripts which are in press or have been published. The volume is intended to be informative, but not a bibliography. The abstracts are listed by title in the Table of Contents and are grouped into one of our five deparments, marine policy, or the student category. An author index is presented in the back to facilitate locating specific papers.

Beschreibung: Originally issued as Reference No. 52-26, series later renamed WHOI-.

Beschreibung: During the summer of 1950, The Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution conducted a study of the waters of Great South Bay for the Town of Islip, New York, with a view to seeking the cause of the decline of the oyster industry, which has deteriorated steadily during the past twenty years. The report of these studies was submitted in January 1951. The survey revealed two conditions which in combination appeared to be unfavorable to the oyster industry. One unfavorable condition was the local change in circulation occasioned by the opening of Moriches Inlet in 1931, which had increased the salinity of Bellport Bay, creating a condition which might well be detrimental to the production of seed oysters. Aside from this, it was concluded that little change had taken place in the salinity and tidal exchange of the central and western part of the bay during the past twenty years. The second unfavorable condition was the pollution of Great South Bay by wastes from the duck farms located along the Carmans River and the tributaries of Moriches Bay. Chemical studies indicated that the bay water is unusually rich in the products of decomposing organic matter. These materials appeared to arise from the mouth of the Carmans River and the tributaries of Moriches Bay, from which they are carried westward across Great South Bay. They provide nutriment for the growth of an unusually dense population of microscopic plants. Evidence existed that oysters do not feed properly on water containing such large concentrations of plant cells, and available statistics showed a clear correlation over a period of years between the condition of bay oysters and the numbers of plant cells in the water. Finally, the decline in oyster production has been closely paralleled by the growth of the duck industry, which increased fourfold during the period. In the report on the survey of 1950, it was pointed out that a number of questions had been revealed which were not anticipated when the field work was in progress and that these questions merited additional study. One of these related to the behavior of uric acid, the peculiar form in which birds secrete nitrogenous wastes, which promised to provide unambiguous evidence on whether the duck farms are the source of pollution. Another was the more detailed study of the circulation of Moriches Bay and its connection with Great South Bay through Narrow Bay, since this appeared to be the principal avenue of the pollution of Great South Bay. Finally, more detailed information was desired concerning the actual quantities of pollutants arising from the duck farms and of the alterations of its components by biological and other action upon introduction into the bay water. Before these additional studies could be undertaken, the problem acquired a new aspect be cause of the spontaneous closure of Moriches Inlet which occurred on May 15, 1951. While this terminated any possibility of increasing knowledge of the circulation between the bays as it previously existed, it afforded an opportunity to observe the effect of the opening on the condition of the bay waters. This information was of prime importance in view of the proposal to reopen and stabilize Moriches Inlet. Field parties visited the region on three occasions during the sumer. On July 12-14, 1951, a survey was made of the entire system of bays lying between the western extremity of Great South Bay and the Shintecock Canal. Between July 27 and August 5, studies were made of the chemical conditions in Moriches Bay and its approaches, and a detailed examination was carried out on the immediate conditions associated with the duck farms along the Terrell River. On September 24-29, an attempt was made to measure the exchange of water and associated pollutants between Moriches Bay and Great South Bay, and through the Quantuck Canal. On this occasion continuous observations were made at Smith Point and Beach Lane Bridge for a period of fifty hours, including four complete tidal cycles.

Beschreibung: The work conducted in 1951 was supported jointly by the appropriations made by the Towns of Brookhaven and Islip at the initiative of the Long Island Fishermen's Association.

Beschreibung: The technical reports prepared by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution in 1989 are listed in this bibliography.

Beschreibung: This volume contains the abstracts of manuscripts submitted for publication during calendar year 1993 by the staff and students of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. We identify the journal of those manuscripts which are in press or have been published. The volume is intended to be informative, but not a bibliography. The abstracts are listed by title in the Table of Contents and ar grouped into one of our five departents, Marine Policy Center, Coastal Research Center, or the student category. An author index is presented in the back to facilitate locating specific papers.

Beschreibung: The Ocean Reference Station at 20°S, 85°W under the stratus clouds west of northern Chile is being maintained to provide ongoing climate-quality records of surface meteorology (air-sea fluxes of heat, freshwater, and momentum), and of upper ocean temperature, salinity, and velocity variability. The Stratus Ocean Reference Station (ORS Stratus) is supported by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s (NOAA) Climate Observation Program. It is recovered and redeployed annually, with cruises between October and December. During the October 2007 cruise on the NOAA ship Ronald H. Brown to the ORS Stratus site, the primary activities were recovery of the Stratus 7 WHOI surface mooring that had been deployed in October 2006, deployment of a new (Stratus 8) WHOI surface mooring at that site; in-situ calibration of the buoy meteorological sensors by comparison with instrumentation put on board the ship by staff of the NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL); and observations of the stratus clouds and lower atmosphere by NOAA ESRL. Meteorological sensors on a buoy for the Pacific tsunami warning system were also serviced, in collaboration with the Hydrographic and Oceanographic Service of the Chilean Navy (SHOA). The DART (Deep-Ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunami) carries IMET sensors and subsurface oceanographic instruments. A new DART II buoy was deployed north of the STRATUS buoy, by personnel from the National Data Buoy Center (NDBC) Argo floats and drifters were launched, and CTD casts carried out during the cruise. The ORS Stratus buoys are equipped with two Improved Meteorological (IMET) systems, which provide surface wind speed and direction, air temperature, relative humidity, barometric pressure, incoming shortwave radiation, incoming longwave radiation, precipitation rate, and sea surface temperature. Additionally, the Stratus 8 buoy received a partial pressure of CO2 detector from the Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL). IMET data are made available in near real time using satellite telemetry. The mooring line carries instruments to measure ocean salinity, temperature, and currents. The ESRL instrumentation used during the 2007 cruise included cloud radar, radiosonde balloons, and sensors for mean and turbulent surface meteorology. Finally, the cruise hosted a teacher participating in NOAA’s Teacher at Sea Program.

Beschreibung: Funding was provided by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration under Grant No. NA17RJ1223 for the Cooperative Institute for Climate and Ocean Research (CICOR).

Beschreibung: Originally issued as Reference No. 67-21

Beschreibung: This supplement to Volume I of the Data File, Continental Margin, Atlantic Coast of the United States (Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Ref. No. 66-8) consists of three parts: 1. Errata for Volume I, 2. New station and sample data added to the file, and 3. Miscellaneous tables of information pertaining to the file. The user is referred to Volume I for explanation of the headings and abbreviations used and for a discussion of the structure of the file.

Beschreibung: Submitted to the U.S. Geological Survey under Contract No. 14-08-0001-8358.

Beschreibung: Originally issued as Reference No. 61-35, series later renamed WHOI-

Beschreibung: The data collected on ATLANTIS Cruise 266 has been tabulated and presented here as an aid to the preparation of rnanuscripts. The Chief Scientist's log is reproduced in narrative form. The current meter, camera, and dredge stations, as well as the continuous seismic profiles, are located and deck notes reproduced. Included are photographs of models of the areas visited.

Beschreibung: Submitted to Bureau of Ships, under Contract NObsr 72521

Beschreibung: The surface mooring component of the CLIVAR Long Term Evolution and Coupling of the Boundary Layers in the Stratus Deck Regions study (STRATUS) took place from October 2000 in the eastern tropical Pacific. As part of the Eastern Pacific Investigation of Climate Processes in the Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere System (EPIC), STRATUS is a CLIVAR study with the goal of investigating links between sea surface temperature variability in the eastern tropical Pacific and climate over the American continents. This study started a three-year occupation off Chili in order to collect accurate time series of surface forcing and upper ocean variability. The Upper Ocean Processes (UOP) Group at WHOI deployed one fully instrumented surface mooring near 20°S 85°W in October 2000, at the western edge of the stratocumulus cloud deck found west of Peru and Chile, to achieve a good understanding of the role of clouds in the eastern Pacific in modulating atmosphere-ocean coupling. Data from the moorings will improve our understanding of the air-sea fluxes and be used to examine the processes that control sea surface temperature in the cold tongue/intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) and in the stratus deck region. The first surface mooring (STRATUS 1) was deployed in October 2000 by the UOP group and replaced by a second mooring one year later with almost identical instrumentation (STRATUS 2). STRATUS 1 was equipped with meteorological instrumentation, including two Improved METeorological (IMET) systems. The mooring also carried Vector Measuring Current Meters (VMCMs), single point temperature, salinity and conductivity recorders, and an acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) to monitor the upper 500m of the ocean. In addition to the traditional instruments, several other experimental instruments were deployed with limited success on the mooring line including an acoustic current meter, bio-optical instrumentation packages, and an acoustic rain gauge. This report describes the instrumentation deployed on the first STRATUS surface mooring (STRATUS 1 mooring) from October 2000 to October 2001, along with information on the processing and quality control of the returned data. It presents a detailed overview of the meteorological and physical oceanographic data including time series plots, statistics and spectra of key parameters. It also presents the estimated air-sea heat, moisture and momentum fluxes.

Beschreibung: Funding was provided by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration under Grant Numbers NA81RJ1223.

Beschreibung: The Northwest Tropical Atlantic Station (NTAS) was established to address the need for accurate air-sea flux estimates and upper ocean measurements in a region with strong sea surface temperature anomalies and the likelihood of significant local air–sea interaction on interannual to decadal timescales. The approach is to maintain a surface mooring outfitted for meteorological and oceanographic measurements at a site near 15°N, 51°W by successive mooring turnarounds. These observations will be used to investigate air–sea interaction processes related to climate variability. Deployment of the first NTAS mooring (NTAS-1) at 14°50′ N, 51°00′ W on 30 March 2001 was documented in a previous report (Plueddemann et al., 2001). This report documents recovery of the NTAS-1 mooring and deployment of the NTAS-2 mooring at the same site. Both moorings used 3-meter discus buoys as the surface element. These buoys were outfitted with two Air–Sea Interaction Meteorology (ASIMET) systems. Each system measures, records, and transmits via Argos satellite the surface meteorological variables necessary to compute air–sea fluxes of heat, moisture and momentum. The upper 120 m of the NTAS-1 mooring line, and the upper 150 m of the NTAS-2 mooring line, were outfitted with oceanographic sensors for the measurement of temperature and velocity. The mooring turnaround was done on the NOAA Ship Ronald H. Brown, Cruise RB-02-02, by the Upper Ocean Processes Group of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. The cruise took place between 2 and 8 March 2002. A SeaBeam bathymetry survey of the site was done first, followed by deployment of the NTAS-2 mooring on 4 March at approximately 14°44.3′ N, 50°56.8′ W in 5043 m of water. A 24-hour intercomparison period followed, after which the NTAS-1 mooring was recovered. This report describes these operations, as well as some of the pre-cruise buoy preparations.

Beschreibung: Funding was provided by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and the Cooperative Institute for Climate and Ocean Research (CICOR) under Grant No. NA17RJ1223.

Beschreibung: The Long Term Evolution and Coupling of the Boundary Layers Study (referred to as the Stratus Project) is an effort to obtain a reliable multi-year dataset of meteorological and subsurface measurements beneath the stratus cloud deck off the coast of Chile and Peru. This data will improve our understanding of the role of clouds in ocean-atmosphere coupling. This project is part of the Eastern Pacific Investigation of Climate (EPIC), a NOAA-funded Climate Variability (CLIVAR) study. During the Stratus 2002 cruise, a surface mooring that had been deployed for one year off the coast of Chile was recovered, and a new surface mooring was deployed in the same location. The 2002 deployment starts the final year of a three-year occupation of the site by a Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) mooring as part of the Enhanced Monitoring element of EPIC. The occupation of the site will be continued under the NOAA Climate Observations Program, with the mooring serving as a Surface Reference Site. The Stratus buoys were equipped with surface meteorological instrumentation, mainly two Improved METeorological (IMET) systems. The moorings also carried subsurface equipment attached to the mooring line, which measured conductivity, temperature, current direction and velocity, chlorophyll-a, and rainfall. The moorings were recovered and deployed by the Upper Ocean Processes Group of WHOI from the Scripps Institution of Oceanography’s R/V Melville. In collaboration with investigators from the Chilean Navy Hydrographic and Oceanographic Service (SHOA) and the University of Concepcion, Chile, conductivity, temperature, and depth (CTD) profiles were obtained at the mooring site and along 20°S while steaming east from the mooring site.

Beschreibung: Funding was provided by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration under Grant Number NA17RJ1223.

Beschreibung: The Northwest Tropical Atlantic Station (NTAS) was established to address the need for accurate air-sea flux estimates and upper ocean measurements in a region with strong sea surface temperature anomalies and the likelihood of significant local air–sea interaction on interannual to decadal timescales. The approach is to maintain a surface mooring outfitted for meteorological and oceanographic measurements at a site near 15°N, 51°W by successive mooring turnarounds. These observations will be used to investigate air–sea interaction processes related to climate variability. Deployment of the first (NTAS-1) and second (NTAS-2) moorings were documented in previous reports (Plueddemann et al., 2001, 2002). This report documents recovery of the NTAS-2 mooring and deployment of the NTAS-3 mooring at the same site. Both moorings used 3-meter discus buoys as the surface element. These buoys were outfitted with two Air–Sea Interaction Meteorology (ASIMET) systems. Each system measures, records, and transmits via Argos satellite the surface meteorological variables necessary to compute air–sea fluxes of heat, moisture and momentum. The upper 150 m of the mooring line were outfitted with oceanographic sensors for the measurement of temperature and velocity. The mooring turnaround was done on the WHOI R/V Oceanus, Cruise OC-385-5, by the Upper Ocean Processes Group of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. The cruise took place between 12 and 23 February 2003. Deployment of the NTAS-3 mooring was on 15 February at approximately 14°49.5¢ N, 51°01.3¢ W in 4977 m of water. A 24- hour intercomparison period followed, after which the NTAS-2 mooring was recovered. This report describes these operations, as well as some of the pre-cruise buoy preparations.

Beschreibung: Funding was provided by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration under Grant Number NA17RJ1223.

Beschreibung: The Arabian Sea is characterized by strong, large-scale atmospheric forcing during the summer (southwest) and winter (northeast) monsoons. To investigate air-sea interactions related to this unique surface forcing, a moored array was deployed from 15 October 1994 to 19 October 1995 just south of a region that experiences the climatological maximum winds during the summer monsoon. The array consisted of two Scripps Institution of Oceanography surface toroid buoys, two University of Washington subsurface moorings and a surface 3 m discus buoy deployed by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI). The WHOI buoy carried redundant meteorological packages to measure wind speed and direction, air temperature, relative humidity, barometrc pressure, incoming short- and long-wave radiation and precipitation. Oceanographic instrumentation was deployed on the WHOI buoy's bridle and mooring line to collect time series of temperatue, salinity and velocity at various depths. Four multi-varable moored systems (MVMS) were also deployed along the mooring line by the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory and the University of California at Santa Barbara to record both bio-optical and physical parameters. This report describes the instrumentation deployed on the WHOI buoy and the processing and editing of the returned data. The data are then summarized in graphical and tabular formats.

Beschreibung: Funding provided by the Office of Naval Research under Contract No. N00014-94-1-0161.

Beschreibung: Originally issued as Reference No. 50-48, series later renamed WHOI-.

Beschreibung: Between July 25 and August 7, 1950 the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution conducted a survey of Great South Bay. The purpose of this study was to attempt to determine the cause of the almost complete cessation of the once prosperous oyster industry. Statistics show that the seed oyster production of the bay declined steadily for ten years prior to 1935 and has subsequently been negligible. The yield of market oysters fell from a maximum of 350,000 bushels in 1929 to 60,000 in 1944 and is now non-existent. Systematic records kept by the oyster companies, notably Bluepoints and Van der Borgh and Sons, provide strong evidence that the failure of oysters to fatten and grow properly is associated with the periodic occurrence in the bay of luxuriant "blooms" of microscopic plants which they have named "small forms" because of their minute size and difficulty of identification. This view is supported by experiments conducted by V. L. Loosanoff and J. B. Engle of the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service who report that oysters stop feeding in the presence of heavy concentrations of algae. The problem which the investigators were asked to examine was whether evidence could be found that the circulation of water in Great South Bay has altered in such a way as to account for the failure of the oyster industry or whether abnormal chemical conditions arising from pollution or otherwise might provide an alternate or supplementary explanation of the difficulty. The frequent changes in the inlets cutting the beach and particularly the apparent restriction of Fire Island Inlet and the new opening of Moriches Inlet in 1931 suggest that changes in the circulation of water have taken place and have led to various proposals for modifying or supplementing these openings. On the other hand, the duck farms along the tributaries of Bellport and Moriches Bays have increased production substantially during the past twenty years and it has been suspected that pollution resulting from these farms may have provided conditions favorable to the growth of the small form and have thus been responsible for the failure of plantings of market oysters. An examination of records kept by the Coast and Geodetic Survey indicate that the tidal circulation of the bay has been reduced over the years. The change occurred prior to 1930 and thus preceded the decline in oyster production. The results of a survey of the salinity and tidal movement made in 1907-08 for the New York City Water Supply Board, when compared with information obtained last summer, indicate that the change in conditions has been small except in the eastern extremity of the bay. There a most important alteration has taken place. Whereas in 1908 Bellport Bay was relatively fresh, having only 1/3 the salinity of sea water, it now contains about twice as much salt as formerly. This change undoubtedly results from the opening of Moriches Inlet which permits salt water to flow with the rising tide into Bellport Bay from Moriches Bay and Inlet. The opinion is widely held that relatively brackish water is favorable to the production of seed oysters. It is believed, consequently, that the opening of Moriches Inlet may be responsible tor the failure of the seed oyster industry which was formerly centered in Bellport Bay. However, in the greater part of Great South Bay, where formerly market oysters were planted, the change in circulation does not appear to be sufficient to account for the failure of oysters to fatten properly. The results of the chemical studies indicate that the bay water is unusually rich in the products of decomposing organic matter. These materials appear to originate in the tributaries of Moriches Bay and the Carmans River from where they are carried westward across Great South Bay and provide nutriment for the growth of the great population of microscopic plants. These observations point strongly to the duck farms as the source of abnormal conditions in the bay. The survey has thus revealed two conditions which in combination appear to be responsible for the unfavorable conditions affecting the oyster industry. One is the pollution of the bay by wastes from the duck farms which provides nourishment for the great population of microscopic plants, which appear each summer; the other is the local change in circulation occasioned by the opening of Moriches Inlet which has increased the salinity of Bellport Bay. In considering remedial measures both these conditions should be taken into account. Since the state of pollution depends on the balance between the rate at which pollutants are added and their removal by the circulation of water, the conditions might be improved by enlarging the inlets or cutting new openings designed to increase the flushing of the bay. To be effective these engineering works would be prohibitively expensive and their effectiveness and permanence would be uncertain. In addition, they would not restore the low salinity of the eastern end of Great South Bay which appears to favor seed oyster production. A second alternative is to reduce the pollution at its source by preventing the wastes from the duck farms from reaching the water. The manure might become a valuable by-product of the farms if procedures were developed for using it for fertilizer. Even it such procedures did not yield a profit, they might at least pay the costs of preventing pollution. While this expedient might be expected to improve the conditions in the bay as a whole and thus might lead to a restoration of market oyster production, it would not restore the low salinity of Bellport Bay, on which the seed oyster production supposedly depended, unless Moriches Inlet were to be permanently closed. It this were done, the conditions in Great South Bay might be expected to be restored to very nearly those obtaining prior to 1930. A third alternative, which has much to commend it, is to prevent the exchange of water between Great South Bay and Moriches Bay. If this were accomplished the wastes from most of the duck farms would be prevented from reaching Great south Bay. In addition, the waters of Bellport Bay might be expected to become much fresher and the conditions would favor the restoration of seed oyster production in that area. Inasmuch as it is now proposed to bridge the narrows at Smith Point to provide a roadway to Great South Beach, it is suggested that at reasonable additional expense the opening might be filled completely except for a lock for the passage of boats along the intercoastal waterway. Such construction would eliminate, or place under control, the movement of water between the bays and should lead toward a restoration of the conditions required for the production of both market and seed oysters. While this method of improving the conditions, appears to be the most practical one, it should be realized that it would require either the maintenance of Moriches Inlet as an effective opening or the correction of the pollution of Moriches Bay, since otherwise the isolation of Moriches Bay from the ocean would lead to intolerable conditions.

Beschreibung: The emphasis in this year's GFD program has been somewhat different from the past. We have tried to expose a theoretically oriented audience to the new body of observations pertaining to the Arctic and Antarctic circulation. We have, however, not departed from our traditional goal of encouraging broad based inquiries into the field of Geophysical Fluid Dynamics. We would like to believe that the breadth of interest and enthusiasm exhibited in these reports will stimulate future work in Polar Oceanography and Fluid Dynamics.

Beschreibung: Office of Naval Research under Contract N00014-79-C-0671