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  • Inorganic Chemistry  (7,755)
  • Biology
  • LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
  • Oceanography
  • Witterung
  • 2010-2014  (218)
  • 1970-1974  (4,337)
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  • 1
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    GEOSTAR, an observatory for deep sea geophysical and oceanographic researches: characteristics, first scientific mission and future activity (2014)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: GEOSTAR (GEophysical and Oceanographic STation for Abyssal Research) is a project funded by in the 4th Framework Programme of the European Commission, with the aim of developing an innovative deep sea benthic observatory capable of carrying out long-term (up to 1 year) scientific observations at abyssal depths. The configuration of the observatory, conceived to be a node of monitoring networks, is made up of two main subsystems: the Bottom Station, which in addition to the acquisition and power systems and all the sensors also hosts the communications systems; and the Mobile Docker, a dedicated tool for surface-assisted deployment and recovery. At present the Bottom Station is equipped with a triaxial broad-band seismometer, two magnetometers (fluxgate and scalar), CTD, transmissometer, ADCP, but it can easily host other sensors for different experiments. The first phase of the project, started in November 1995, was concluded with the demonstration mission in Adriatic Sea at shallow water depth (42 m) in August - September 1998. Some preliminary results of this first scientific experiment are presented and discussed. The second phase, started in 1999, will end with a long-term deep sea scientific mission, scheduled during 2000 for 6-8 months at 3400 m.w.d. in the southern Tyrrhenian bathyal plain.
    Description: Published
    Description: 491-497
    Description: 3A. Ambiente Marino
    Description: N/A or not JCR
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: Deep-sea researches with multidisciplinary observatories ; Geophysics ; Oceanography ; Tyrrhenian Sea ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 2
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    Biologie, abondance et cartographie de deux espèces de bivalves : l’huitre perlière 〈Pinctada radiata〉 et la coque glauque 〈Cerastoderma glaucum〉 dans le golfe de Gabes (2014)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: The pearl oyster Pinctada radiata and the cockle Cerastoderma glaucum are among the most abundant bivalve molluscs in southern Tunisian waters. These species are not currently subject to any investigation despite their important economic value in the world. For this reason, their biological parameters, their spatial distribution and their stock assessment were undertaken in the Gulf of Gabes. The reproductive cycle was studied in relation to variations of the environment parameters. The specimens were collected monthly during one year (2007) in sites of El Kraten and El Jorf (Kerkennah Islands) for the first species and sites of Sidi Mansour and El Hicha (North of Sfax and Gabes) for the second. An intraspecific polymorphism biometric trait for P. radiata and C. glaucum was performed using statistical comparison methods and multivariate analysis methods. Results of analyzes showed heterogeneity between populations. For Pinctada radiata, the sex ratio unbalanced, although males dominated among smaller individuals and females were predominant in larger size-classes. Evidence of protrandric hermaphroditism was observed with males maturing earlier than females. Seasonal changes in macroand microscopic properties of the gonads of both sexes showed that this species displayed a clearly defined annual reproductive cycle with a major peak in summer and a minor peak in autumn. The onset of reproduction appears to be triggered by the rising seawater temperature during spring and summer. P. radiata exhibited a short resting phase that occurred simultaneously in both sexes from the end of December until early February. For Cerastoderma glaucum, the overall samples presented a balanced sex ratio, with males dominating among smaller individuals and females predominating in larger size classes. The seasonal changes assessed through macro- and microscopic properties in the gonads of both sexes indicated a clearly defined annual reproductive cycle. Reproductive activity of C. glaucum was greatest from spring to late autumn, with two reproductive peaks (May and November). Gametogenic activity in both sexes was apparently triggered by the rising seawater temperature during spring and summer. These results support previous findings of latitudinal changes in the reproductive behaviour of C. glaucum. Due to the extensive period of gonadal activity, C. glaucum exhibited a short resting phase that occurred simultaneously in both sexes throughout January and February. In terms of stock assessment and spatial distribution of P. radiata, results showed a scattered distribution pattern of the species according to location and depth ranging between 0 and 145 ind.m-². P. radiata was encountered from the intertidal zone to 40 m depth, with a highest population densities recorded at depth range of 2-20 m. The total stock was estimated to be 27584.9 ± 11504.5 million individuals. Oyster distribution seems influenced by the substrate type. This high population of pearl oysters was associated with large cover of seagrass Posidonia oceanica which provides an excellent substratum for attachment. The littoral zone seems not to be the preferred habitat for the proliferation of this immigrant species. Oysters’ size increased steadily with depth, ranging from a mean of 37.98 ± 0.40 mm SH at 0-1 m to 60.98 ± 0.68 mm SH at 20-100 m depth range. Size structure analysis showed that deep water population was dominated by large individuals reaching 96 mm SH. In terms of geographical occupation and stock assessment of C. glaucum, results showed a scattered distribution pattern of the species according to location. The consequence was a remarkable biomass which represented 4736 tons of total fresh weight and high abundance levels reaching over 1982 million individuals estimated in the area of 20122 hectares. In conclusion, this study is the first report of an extraordinary abundance of Pinctada radiata and Cerastoderma glaucum in southern Tunisian waters. It gives more information about their stocks in the colonization area. The data may help to determine future quantitative changes indicating trends in the study area that are exposed to various factors of environmental conditions and human activities.
    Description: Submitted
    Description: ABONDANCE
    Description: BILOGIE
    Description: Pinctada radiata
    Description: Cerastoderma glaucum
    Description: Huitre perlière
    Keywords: Abundance ; Biology ; Shellfish
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Theses and Dissertations , Phd thesis
    Format: 170
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  • 3
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    Nigerian Institute for Oceanography and Marine Research Annual Report 2008 (2014)
    NIOMR | Lagos Nigeria
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-01-30
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Annual reports ; Oceanography
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Report , Refereed
    Format: 134
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  • 4
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    Nigerian Institute for Oceanography and Marine Research Annual Report, 2011. (2014)
    Nigerian Institute for Oceanography and Marine Research | Lagos, Nigeria
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Report , Non-Refereed
    Format: 231pp.
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  • 5
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    Nigerian Institute for Oceanography and Marine Research Annual Report, 2010. (2014)
    Nigerian Institute for Oceanography and Marine Research | Lagos, Nigeria
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Report , Non-Refereed
    Format: 245pp.
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  • 6
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    Nigerian Institute for Oceanography and Marine Research Annual Report, 2009. (2014)
    Nigerian Institute for Oceanography and Marine Research | Lagos, Nigeria
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-01-30
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Marine sciences ; Annual reports ; Oceanography
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Report , Non-Refereed
    Format: 210pp.
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  • 7
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    Caracterização e distribuição do fitoplâncton na zona norte da costa angolana em Agosto de 2002. (2014)
    Universidade Agostino Neto, Luanda
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: Instittuto Nacional de Investigaçao Pesqueira, INIP, luanda , Angola
    Description: Bachelors
    Description: Trabaho de fin cdoursado para obtençâo do grau de licenciatura em Biologica
    Description: Published
    Description: biologia marinha, fitoplâncton, limnologia, algas
    Description: marine biology, phytoplankton, algae,
    Keywords: Phytoplankton ; Nannoplankton ; Biology ; Limnology ; Algae
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Theses and Dissertations , Bachelor thesis
    Format: 56
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  • 8
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    The contribution of the Weddell Gyre to the lower limb of the Global Overturning Circulation (2014)
    John Wiley & Sons
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-12-22
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2014. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 119 (2014): 3357–3377, doi:10.1002/2013JC009725.
    Description: The horizontal and vertical circulation of the Weddell Gyre is diagnosed using a box inverse model constructed with recent hydrographic sections and including mobile sea ice and eddy transports. The gyre is found to convey 42 ± 8 Sv (1 Sv = 106 m3 s–1) across the central Weddell Sea and to intensify to 54 ± 15 Sv further offshore. This circulation injects 36 ± 13 TW of heat from the Antarctic Circumpolar Current to the gyre, and exports 51 ± 23 mSv of freshwater, including 13 ± 1 mSv as sea ice to the midlatitude Southern Ocean. The gyre's overturning circulation has an asymmetric double-cell structure, in which 13 ± 4 Sv of Circumpolar Deep Water (CDW) and relatively light Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) are transformed into upper-ocean water masses by midgyre upwelling (at a rate of 2 ± 2 Sv) and into denser AABW by downwelling focussed at the western boundary (8 ± 2 Sv). The gyre circulation exhibits a substantial throughflow component, by which CDW and AABW enter the gyre from the Indian sector, undergo ventilation and densification within the gyre, and are exported to the South Atlantic across the gyre's northern rim. The relatively modest net production of AABW in the Weddell Gyre (6 ± 2 Sv) suggests that the gyre's prominence in the closure of the lower limb of global oceanic overturning stems largely from the recycling and equatorward export of Indian-sourced AABW.
    Description: The ANDREX project was supported by the National Environmental Research Council (NE/E01366X/1). L.J. also acknowledges financial support from NSF (OCE-1231803).
    Description: 2014-12-05
    Keywords: Weddell Sea ; Southern Ocean ; Meridional overturning circulation ; Oceanography ; Sea ice ; Climate
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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  • 9
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    Bibliography of technical reports : 1988 (2014)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: The technical reports prepared by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution in 1988 are listed in this bibliography.
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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  • 10
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    Hydrographic data from R/V Endeavor cruise #143 (2014)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Hydrographic data collected during R/V Endeavor cruise 143 is presented as a preliminary study of subduction in the northeast Atlantic south of the Azores Front. The front is clearly defined at the northern end of CTD section #1 which also shows a layer of 16-18°C water subducted to the south. Section #2, 280 km to the east, is dominated by a large cyclonic ring with characteristics similar to 'eastern' rings reported earlier . An anomalously salty parcel of Mediterranean water in this section is typical of highly saline lenses seen in the Canary Basin.
    Description: Funding was provided by the National Science Foundation under grant Nos. OCE 85-15642 and OCE 85-18372.
    Keywords: Endeavor (Ship: 1976-) Cruise EN143 ; Oceanography ; Hydrography
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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  • 11
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    A global ocean inventory of anthropogenic mercury based on water column measurements (2014)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-08-08
    Description: Mercury is a toxic, bioaccumulating trace metal whose emissions to the environment have increased significantly as a result of anthropogenic activities such as mining and fossil fuel combustion. Several recent models have estimated that these emissions have increased the oceanic mercury inventory by 36-1,313 million moles since the 1500s. Such predictions have remained largely untested owing to a lack of appropriate historical data and natural archives. Here we report oceanographic measurements of total dissolved mercury and related parameters from several recent expeditions to the Atlantic, Pacific, Southern and Arctic oceans. We find that deep North Atlantic waters and most intermediate waters are anomalously enriched in mercury relative to the deep waters of the South Atlantic, Southern and Pacific oceans, probably as a result of the incorporation of anthropogenic mercury. We estimate the total amount of anthropogenic mercury present in the global ocean to be 290 +/- 80 million moles, with almost two-thirds residing in water shallower than a thousand metres. Our findings suggest that anthropogenic perturbations to the global mercury cycle have led to an approximately 150 per cent increase in the amount of mercury in thermocline waters and have tripled the mercury content of surface waters compared to pre-anthropogenic conditions. This information may aid our understanding of the processes and the depths at which inorganic mercury species are converted into toxic methyl mercury and subsequently bioaccumulated in marine food webs.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lamborg, Carl H -- Hammerschmidt, Chad R -- Bowman, Katlin L -- Swarr, Gretchen J -- Munson, Kathleen M -- Ohnemus, Daniel C -- Lam, Phoebe J -- Heimburger, Lars-Eric -- Rijkenberg, Micha J A -- Saito, Mak A -- England -- Nature. 2014 Aug 7;512(7512):65-8. doi: 10.1038/nature13563.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, USA. ; Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio 45435, USA. ; Observatoire Midi-Pyrenees, Laboratoire Geosciences Environnement Toulouse, CNRS/IRD/Universite Paul-Sabatier, 14, avenue Edouard Belin, 31400 Toulouse, France. ; Department of Biological Oceanography, Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Den Burg, 1790 AB, The Netherlands.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25100482" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Carbon Dioxide/analysis ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; Expeditions ; Food Chain ; *Human Activities ; Mercury/*analysis ; Oceanography ; Oceans and Seas ; Oxygen/metabolism ; Seawater/*chemistry ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/*analysis
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 12
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    Ocean science: eddy effects on biogeochemistry (2014)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-01-31
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mahadevan, Amala -- England -- Nature. 2014 Feb 13;506(7487):168-9. doi: 10.1038/nature13048. Epub 2014 Jan 29.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Physical Oceanography, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24476817" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Ecosystem ; Oceanography ; Oceans and Seas ; Peru ; Phytoplankton/metabolism ; *Seawater/analysis/chemistry ; *Water Movements ; Wind
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 13
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    Locating Noctiluca Miliaris in the Arabian Sea: An Optical Proxy Approach (2014)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Coincident with shifting monsoon weather patterns over India, the phytoplankter Noctiluca miliaris has recently been observed to be dominating phytoplankton blooms in the northeastern Arabian Sea during the winter monsoons. Identifying the exact environmental and/or ecological conditions that favor this species has been hampered by the lack of concurrent environmental and biological observations on time and space scales relevant to ecologic and physiologic processes. We present a bio-optical proxy for N. miliaris measured on highly resolved depth scales coincident with hydrographic observations with the goal to identify conducive hydrographic conditions for the bloom. The proxy is derived from multichannel excitation chlorophyll a fluorescence and is validated with microscopy, pigment composition, and spectral absorption. Phytoplankton populations dominated by either diatoms or other dinoflagellates were additionally discerned. N. miliaris populations in full bloom were identified offshore in low-nutrient and low-N : P ratio surface waters within a narrow temperature and salinity range. These populations transitioned to high-biomass diatom-dominated coastal upwelling populations. A week later, the N. miliaris blooms were observed in declining phase, transitioning to very-low-biomass populations of non-N. miliaris dinoflagellates. There were no clear hydrographic conditions uniquely associated with the N. miliaris populations, although N. miliaris was not found in the upwelling or extremely oligotrophic waters. Taxonomic transitions were not discernible in the spatial structure of the bloom as identified by the ocean color Chl imagery, indicating that in situ observations may be necessary to resolve community structure, particularly for populations below the surface.
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN16543 , Limnology and Oceanography; 59; 6; 2042-2056
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  • 14
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    SWIM: A Semi-Analytical Ocean Color Inversion Algorithm for Optically Shallow Waters (2014)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Ocean color remote sensing provides synoptic-scale, near-daily observations of marine inherent optical properties (IOPs). Whilst contemporary ocean color algorithms are known to perform well in deep oceanic waters, they have difficulty operating in optically clear, shallow marine environments where light reflected from the seafloor contributes to the water-leaving radiance. The effect of benthic reflectance in optically shallow waters is known to adversely affect algorithms developed for optically deep waters [1, 2]. Whilst adapted versions of optically deep ocean color algorithms have been applied to optically shallow regions with reasonable success [3], there is presently no approach that directly corrects for bottom reflectance using existing knowledge of bathymetry and benthic albedo.To address the issue of optically shallow waters, we have developed a semi-analytical ocean color inversion algorithm: the Shallow Water Inversion Model (SWIM). SWIM uses existing bathymetry and a derived benthic albedo map to correct for bottom reflectance using the semi-analytical model of Lee et al [4]. The algorithm was incorporated into the NASA Ocean Biology Processing Groups L2GEN program and tested in optically shallow waters of the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. In-lieu of readily available in situ matchup data, we present a comparison between SWIM and two contemporary ocean color algorithms, the Generalized Inherent Optical Property Algorithm (GIOP) and the Quasi-Analytical Algorithm (QAA).
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN15162 , Ocean Color Research Team Meeting; May 05, 2014 - May 07, 2014; Silver Spring, MD; United States
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  • 15
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    Ice-Shelf Flexure and Tidal Forcing of Bindschadler Ice Stream, West Antarctica (2014)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Viscoelastic models of ice-shelf flexure and ice-stream velocity perturbations are combined into a single efficient flowline model to study tidal forcing of grounded ice. The magnitude and timing of icestream response to tidally driven changes in hydrostatic pressure and/or basal drag are found to depend significantly on bed rheology, with only a perfectly plastic bed allowing instantaneous velocity response at the grounding line. The model can reasonably reproduce GPS observations near the grounding zone of Bindschadler Ice Stream (formerly Ice Stream D) on semidiurnal time scales; however, other forcings such as tidally driven ice-shelf slope transverse to the flowline and flexurally driven till deformation must also be considered if diurnal motion is to be matched
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN14540 , Earth and Planetary Science Letters; 395; 184-193
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  • 16
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    Ocean Surface Carbon Dioxide Fugacity Observed from Space (2014)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: We have developed and validated a statistical model to estimate the fugacity (or partial pressure) of carbon dioxide (CO2) at sea surface (pCO2sea) from space-based observations of sea surface temperature (SST), chlorophyll, and salinity. More than a quarter million in situ measurements coincident with satellite data were compiled to train and validate the model. We have produced and made accessible 9 years (2002-2010) of the pCO2sea at 0.5 degree resolutions daily over the global ocean. The results help to identify uncertainties in current JPL Carbon Monitoring System (CMS) model-based and bottom-up estimates over the ocean. The utility of the data to reveal multi-year and regional variability of the fugacity in relation to prevalent oceanic parameters is demonstrated.
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Type: JPL-Publ-14-15
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  • 17
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    Improved Algorithms for Accurate Retrieval of UV - Visible Diffuse Attenuation Coefficients in Optically Complex, Inshore Waters (2014)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: Photochemical processes driven by high-energy ultraviolet radiation (UVR) in inshore, estuarine, and coastal waters play an important role in global bio geochemical cycles and biological systems. A key to modeling photochemical processes in these optically complex waters is an accurate description of the vertical distribution of UVR in the water column which can be obtained using the diffuse attenuation coefficients of down welling irradiance (Kd()). The Sea UV Sea UVc algorithms (Fichot et al., 2008) can accurately retrieve Kd ( 320, 340, 380,412, 443 and 490 nm) in oceanic and coastal waters using multispectral remote sensing reflectances (Rrs(), Sea WiFS bands). However, SeaUVSeaUVc algorithms are currently not optimized for use in optically complex, inshore waters, where they tend to severely underestimate Kd(). Here, a new training data set of optical properties collected in optically complex, inshore waters was used to re-parameterize the published SeaUVSeaUVc algorithms, resulting in improved Kd() retrievals for turbid, estuarine waters. Although the updated SeaUVSeaUVc algorithms perform best in optically complex waters, the published SeaUVSeaUVc models still perform well in most coastal and oceanic waters. Therefore, we propose a composite set of SeaUVSeaUVc algorithms, optimized for Kd() retrieval in almost all marine systems, ranging from oceanic to inshore waters. The composite algorithm set can retrieve Kd from ocean color with good accuracy across this wide range of water types (e.g., within 13 mean relative error for Kd(340)). A validation step using three independent, in situ data sets indicates that the composite SeaUVSeaUVc can generate accurate Kd values from 320 490 nm using satellite imagery on a global scale. Taking advantage of the inherent benefits of our statistical methods, we pooled the validation data with the training set, obtaining an optimized composite model for estimating Kd() in UV wavelengths for almost all marine waters. This optimized composite set of SeaUVSeaUVc algorithms will provide the optical community with improved ability to quantify the role of solar UV radiation in photochemical and photobiological processes in the ocean.
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN10860 , Remote Sensing of Environment; 144; 11–27
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  • 18
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    Satellite Ocean Color Sensor Design Concepts and Performance Requirements (2014)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: In late 1978, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) launched the Nimbus-7 satellite with the Coastal Zone Color Scanner (CZCS) and several other sensors, all of which provided major advances in Earth remote sensing. The inspiration for the CZCS is usually attributed to an article in Science by Clarke et al. who demonstrated that large changes in open ocean spectral reflectance are correlated to chlorophyll-a concentrations. Chlorophyll-a is the primary photosynthetic pigment in green plants (marine and terrestrial) and is used in estimating primary production, i.e., the amount of carbon fixed into organic matter during photosynthesis. Thus, accurate estimates of global and regional primary production are key to studies of the earth's carbon cycle. Because the investigators used an airborne radiometer, they were able to demonstrate the increased radiance contribution of the atmosphere with altitude that would be a major issue for spaceborne measurements. Since 1978, there has been much progress in satellite ocean color remote sensing such that the technique is well established and is used for climate change science and routine operational environmental monitoring. Also, the science objectives and accompanying methodologies have expanded and evolved through a succession of global missions, e.g., the Ocean Color and Temperature Sensor (OCTS), the Seaviewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS), the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), the Medium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MERIS), and the Global Imager (GLI). With each advance in science objectives, new and more stringent requirements for sensor capabilities (e.g., spectral coverage) and performance (e.g., signal-to-noise ratio, SNR) are established. The CZCS had four bands for chlorophyll and aerosol corrections. The Ocean Color Imager (OCI) recommended for the NASA Pre-Aerosol, Cloud, and Ocean Ecosystems (PACE) mission includes 5 nanometers hyperspectral coverage from 350 to 800 nanometers with three additional discrete near infrared (NIR) and shortwave infrared (SWIR) ocean aerosol correction bands. Also, to avoid drift in sensor sensitivity from being interpreted as environmental change, climate change research requires rigorous monitoring of sensor stability. For SeaWiFS, monthly lunar imaging accurately tracked stability at an accuracy of approximately 0.1% that allowed the data to be used for climate studies [2]. It is now acknowledged by the international community that future missions and sensor designs need to accommodate lunar calibrations. An overview of ocean color remote sensing and a review of the progress made in ocean color remote sensing and the variety of research applications derived from global satellite ocean color data are provided. The purpose of this chapter is to discuss the design options for ocean color satellite radiometers, performance and testing criteria, and sensor components (optics, detectors, electronics, etc.) that must be integrated into an instrument concept. These ultimately dictate the quality and quantity of data that can be delivered as a trade against mission cost. Historically, science and sensor technology have advanced in a "leap-frog" manner in that sensor design requirements for a mission are defined many years before a sensor is launched and by the end of the mission, perhaps 15-20 years later, science applications and requirements are well beyond the capabilities of the sensor. Section 3 provides a summary of historical mission science objectives and sensor requirements. This progression is expected to continue in the future as long as sensor costs can be constrained to affordable levels and still allow the incorporation of new technologies without incurring unacceptable risk to mission success. The IOCCG Report Number 13 discusses future ocean biology mission Level-1 requirements in depth.
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN16796 , Optical Radiometry for Ocean Climate Measurements; 73-119
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  • 19
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    SWIM: A Semi-Analytical Ocean Color Inversion Algorithm for Optically Shallow Waters (2014)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-13
    Description: In clear shallow waters, light that is transmitted downward through the water column can reflect off the sea floor and thereby influence the water-leaving radiance signal. This effect can confound contemporary ocean color algorithms designed for deep waters where the seafloor has little or no effect on the water-leaving radiance. Thus, inappropriate use of deep water ocean color algorithms in optically shallow regions can lead to inaccurate retrievals of inherent optical properties (IOPs) and therefore have a detrimental impact on IOP-based estimates of marine parameters, including chlorophyll-a and the diffuse attenuation coefficient. In order to improve IOP retrievals in optically shallow regions, a semi-analytical inversion algorithm, the Shallow Water Inversion Model (SWIM), has been developed. Unlike established ocean color algorithms, SWIM considers both the water column depth and the benthic albedo. A radiative transfer study was conducted that demonstrated how SWIM and two contemporary ocean color algorithms, the Generalized Inherent Optical Properties algorithm (GIOP) and Quasi-Analytical Algorithm (QAA), performed in optically deep and shallow scenarios. The results showed that SWIM performed well, whilst both GIOP and QAA showed distinct positive bias in IOP retrievals in optically shallow waters. The SWIM algorithm was also applied to a test region: the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Using a single test scene and time series data collected by NASA's MODIS-Aqua sensor (2002-2013), a comparison of IOPs retrieved by SWIM, GIOP and QAA was conducted.
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN18960 , Ocean Optics Conference; Oct 26, 2014 - Oct 31, 2014; Portland, ME; United States
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    Obtaining Remote-Sensing Reflectance from Multiple Instrument Systems (2014)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-13
    Description: Obtaining accurate in situ measurements of Apparent Optical Properties (AOPs) is critical to maintaining satellite data quality. One approach to ensure accuracy is to deploy several independent instruments to measure the same phenomenon. During a cruise in June 2012, off the lee coast of the island of Hawaii, repeated profiles were made with two separate radiometric systems, one from Satlantic, Inc. (Hyperpro) and the other from Biospherical Instruments, Inc. (C-Ops). The C-Ops is multispectral, while the Hyperpro is hyperspectral. Both measure above-water solar irradiance (E(sub s)), downwelling in-water irradiance (E(sub d)), and upwelling in-water radiance (L(sub u)). From these measurements remotely-sensed reflectance (R(sub rs))can be calculated and compared with satellite data. All instruments were calibrated shortly before use, and while differences are to be expected due to temporal changes and spectral weighting differences, these should be consistent and minimal. We explore these differences, and compare to data retrieved from the NASA Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer onboard Aqua (MODIS Aqua) when available. We also examine data collection and processing protocols for these systems.
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN18823 , Ocean Optics XXII; Oct 26, 2014 - Oct 31, 2014; Portland, ME; United States
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    Remotely Searching for Noctiluca Miliaris in the Arabian Sea (2014)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-13
    Description: Reversing monsoonal winds in the Arabian Sea result in two seasons with elevated biological activity, namely the annual summer Southwest Monsoon (SWM; June to September) and winter Northeast Monsoon (NEM; November to March) [Wiggert et al., 2005]. Generally speaking, the SWM and NEM create two geographically distinct blooms [Banse and English, 2000; Levy et al., 2007]. In the summer, winds from the southwest drive offshore Ekman transport and coastal upwelling along the northwestern coast of Africa, which brings nutrient-rich water to the surface from below the permanent thermocline [Bauer et al., 1991]. In the winter, cooling of the northern Arabian Sea causes surface waters to sink, which generates convective mixing that injects nutrients throughout the upper mixed layer [Madhupratap et al., 1996]. This fertilization of otherwise nutrient-deplete surface waters produces one of the most substantial seasonal extremes of phytoplankton biomass and carbon flux anywhere in the world [Smith, 2005].
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN18825 , Ocean Optics XXII; Oct 27, 2014 - Oct 31, 2014; Portland, ME; United States
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    Algorithm Development and Validation of CDOM Properties for Estuarine and Continental Shelf Waters Along the Northeastern U.S. Coast (2014)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: An extensive set of field measurements have been collected throughout the continental margin of the northeastern U.S. from 2004 to 2011 to develop and validate ocean color satellite algorithms for the retrieval of the absorption coefficient of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (aCDOM) and CDOM spectral slopes for the 275:295 nm and 300:600 nm spectral range (S275:295 and S300:600). Remote sensing reflectance (Rrs) measurements computed from in-water radiometry profiles along with aCDOM() data are applied to develop several types of algorithms for the SeaWiFS and MODIS-Aqua ocean color satellite sensors, which involve least squares linear regression of aCDOM() with (1) Rrs band ratios, (2) quasi-analytical algorithm-based (QAA based) products of total absorption coefficients, (3) multiple Rrs bands within a multiple linear regression (MLR) analysis, and (4) diffuse attenuation coefficient (Kd). The relative error (mean absolute percent difference; MAPD) for the MLR retrievals of aCDOM(275), aCDOM(355), aCDOM(380), aCDOM(412) and aCDOM(443) for our study region range from 20.4-23.9 for MODIS-Aqua and 27.3-30 for SeaWiFS. Because of the narrower range of CDOM spectral slope values, the MAPD for the MLR S275:295 and QAA-based S300:600 algorithms are much lower ranging from 9.9 and 8.3 for SeaWiFS, respectively, and 8.7 and 6.3 for MODIS, respectively. Seasonal and spatial MODIS-Aqua and SeaWiFS distributions of aCDOM, S275:295 and S300:600 processed with these algorithms are consistent with field measurements and the processes that impact CDOM levels along the continental shelf of the northeastern U.S. Several satellite data processing factors correlate with higher uncertainty in satellite retrievals of aCDOM, S275:295 and S300:600 within the coastal ocean, including solar zenith angle, sensor viewing angle, and atmospheric products applied for atmospheric corrections. Algorithms that include ultraviolet Rrs bands provide a better fit to field measurements than algorithms without the ultraviolet Rrs bands. This suggests that satellite sensors with ultraviolet capability could provide better retrievals of CDOM. Because of the strong correlations between CDOM parameters and DOM constituents in the coastal ocean, satellite observations of CDOM parameters can be applied to study the distributions, sources and sinks of DOM, which are relevant for understanding the carbon cycle, modeling the Earth system, and to discern how the Earth is changing.
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN12080
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    A Synthesis of Light Absorption Properties of the Arctic Ocean: Application to Semi-analytical Estimates of Dissolved Organic Carbon Concentrations from Space (2014)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The light absorption coefficients of particulate and dissolved materials are the main factors determining the light propagation of the visible part of the spectrum and are, thus, important for developing ocean color algorithms. While these absorption properties have recently been documented by a few studies for the Arctic Ocean [e.g., Matsuoka et al., 2007, 2011; Ben Mustapha et al., 2012], the datasets used in the literature were sparse and individually insufficient to draw a general view of the basin-wide spatial and temporal variations in absorption. To achieve such a task, we built a large absorption database at the pan-Arctic scale by pooling the majority of published datasets and merging new datasets. Our results showed that the total non-water absorption coefficients measured in the Eastern Arctic Ocean (EAO; Siberian side) are significantly higher 74 than in the Western Arctic Ocean (WAO; North American side). This higher absorption is explained 75 by higher concentration of colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) in watersheds on the Siberian 76 side, which contains a large amount of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) compared to waters off 77 North America. In contrast, the relationship between the phytoplankton absorption (a()) and chlorophyll a (chl a) concentration in the EAO was not significantly different from that in the WAO. Because our semi-analytical CDOM absorption algorithm is based on chl a-specific a() values [Matsuoka et al., 2013], this result indirectly suggests that CDOM absorption can be appropriately erived not only for the WAO but also for the EAO using ocean color data. Derived CDOM absorption values were reasonable compared to in situ measurements. By combining this algorithm with empirical DOC versus CDOM relationships, a semi-analytical algorithm for estimating DOC concentrations for coastal waters at the Pan-Arctic scale is presented and applied to satellite ocean color data.
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN11435 , Biogeosciences; 11; 12; 3131-3147
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    Global Ocean Phytoplankton (2014)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Marine phytoplankton are responsible for roughly half the net primary production (NPP) on Earth, fixing atmospheric CO2 into food that fuels global ocean ecosystems and drives the ocean's biogeochemical cycles. Phytoplankton growth is highly sensitive to variations in ocean physical properties, such as upper ocean stratification and light availability within this mixed layer. Satellite ocean color sensors, such as the Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS; McClain 2009) and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS; Esaias 1998), provide observations of sufficient frequency and geographic coverage to globally monitor physically-driven changes in phytoplankton distributions. In practice, ocean color sensors retrieve the spectral distribution of visible solar radiation reflected upward from beneath the ocean surface, which can then be related to changes in the photosynthetic phytoplankton pigment, chlorophyll- a (Chla; measured in mg m-3). Here, global Chla data for 2013 are evaluated within the context of the 16-year continuous record provided through the combined observations of SeaWiFS (1997-2010) and MODIS on Aqua (MODISA; 2002-present). Ocean color measurements from the recently launched Visible and Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS; 2011-present) are also considered, but results suggest that the temporal calibration of the VIIRS sensor is not yet sufficiently stable for quantitative global change studies. All MODISA (version 2013.1), SeaWiFS (version 2010.0), and VIIRS (version 2013.1) data presented here were produced by NASA using consistent Chla algorithms.
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN24603 , Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society; 95; 7; S78-S80
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    Surface Nitrification: A Major Uncertainty in Marine N2O Emissions (2014)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The ocean is responsible for up to a third of total global nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, but uncertainties in emission rates of this potent greenhouse gas are high (approaching 100%). Here we use a marine biogeochemical model to assess six major uncertainties in estimates of N2O production, thereby providing guidance in how future studies may most effectively reduce uncertainties in current and future marine N2O emissions. Potential surface N2O production from nitrification causes the largest uncertainty in N2O emissions (estimated up to approximately 1.6 Tg N/yr (sup -1) or 48% of modeled values), followed by the unknown oxygen concentration at which N2O production switches to N2O consumption (0.8 Tg N/yr (sup -1)or 24% of modeled values). Other uncertainties are minor, cumulatively changing regional emissions by less than 15%. If production of N2O by surface nitrification could be ruled out in future studies, uncertainties in marine N2O emissions would be halved.
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN15891 , Geophysical Research Letters; 41; 12; 4247–4253
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    Accurately Measuring the Color of the Ocean on Earth and from Space: Uncertainties Revisited and A Report from the Community-Led Spectral Absorption Workshop to Update and Revise the NASA Inherent Optical Properties Protocol (2014)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The color of the ocean (apparent optical properties or AOPs) is determined by the spectral scattering and absorption of light by its dissolved and particulate constituents.The absorption and scattering properties of the water column are the so-called inherent optical properties.
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN18822 , Ocean Optics XXII; Oct 26, 2014 - Oct 31, 2014; Portland, ME; United States
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    Caracterización de la zona de 'El Rincón' (provincia de Buenos Aires) como área de reproducción de peces costeros (2013)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: In order to characterize the 'El Rincón' (Buenos Aires prov., Argentina) spawning ground, adult fishes were caught with a bottom trawl net and ichthyoplankton samples obtained with a Nackthai net. Salinity and temperature were measured with a CTD. Samples and measurements were performed during the RV Eduardo Holmberg EH-03/08 scientific cruise carried out in November 2008. The region is characterized by the presence of an oceanographic front formed by waters diluted by the discharges of the Negro and Colorado rivers, high salinity waters originated in the San Matías Gulf and intermediate salinity continental shelf waters. The eggs and/or larvae identified corresponded to Argentine anchovy, Brazilian flathead, Argentine seabass, red porgy, leatherjack, butterfish, flatfish and sciaenids and gravid females of stripped weakfish, red progy, Brazilian flat-head, Argentine sandperch, Argentine seabass, leatherjack, flatfish, Atlantic searobin, Brazilian sandperch, red mullet, cocherito and midshipman. The results obtained and the information published allow to suggest that the settlement of a multispecific spawning ground in the area is due to the existence of a recirculation cell that would favour retention of eggs and larvae in the area, to the abundance of zooplankton components that serve as food for larvae and to the closeness of a juvenile nursery ground in the saltmarshes and tidal creeks zone that extends from Bahía Blanca to the Negro river mouth.
    Description: Con el objetivo de caracterizar la zona de reproducción de peces de 'El Rincón' (prov. Buenos Aires, Argentina), durante la Campaña BI Eduardo Holmberg EH-03/08 (noviembre de 2008) se capturaron peces adultos con una red de arrastre de fondo, se tomaron muestras de huevos y larvas con una red Nackthai y se efectuaron mediciones de salinidad y temperatura con un CTD. La región se caracteriza por la presencia de un frente oceanográfico formado por aguas diluidas por la descarga de los ríos Negro y Colorado, aguas de alta salinidad originadas en el Golfo San Matías y aguas de salinidad intermedia de la plataforma continental. Se identificaron huevos y/o larvas de anchoíta, pez palo, mero, besugo, palometa, pampanito, lenguado y esciénidos y hembras grávidas de pescadilla, besugo, pez palo, salmón, mero, palometa, lenguado, testolín, chanchito, trilla, cocherito y lucerna. Los resultados obtenidos y la información publicada permiten sugerir que el establecimiento de un área de desove multiespecífica en la región se debe a la existencia de una celda de recirculación que produciría la retención de huevos y larvas en la zona, a la abundancia de componentes del zooplancton que sirven de alimento a las larvas y a la cercanía de un área de cría de juveniles de la zona de marismas y canales de marea que va desde Bahía Blanca hasta la desembocadura del Río Negro.
    Description: Published
    Description: ictioplancton
    Description: peces marinos
    Description: zonas de desove
    Description: zona costera
    Description: reproducción
    Description: oceanografía
    Description: medioambiente marino
    Keywords: PSW, Argentina, Buenos Aires, El Rincon ; marine environment ; Ichthyoplankton ; Marine fish ; Spawning grounds ; Coastal zone ; Reproduction ; Oceanography
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution , Refereed , Article
    Format: issue:21 p.31-43
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    The differential effects of changing management regimes on yields from two fisheries exploiting the same resources (2013)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: A yield per recruit model has been used to compare the effects of mesh size increment on the yields and revenues of the fisheries of Cameroon under two different cases. Case 1 assumes the commercial fishery to move from the exploitation of three age-groups to two age-groups with no interactions with the artisanal fishery, whereas Case 2 takes into account these interactions. The difference in the percentage increase of yield per recruit between case 1 and case 2 is 61% at current fishing (46% and 18% yield per recruit increment in cases 1 and 2 respectively). The usually accepted long-term yield per recruit increment with increase of age at first capture (with a single non-interacting fisheries) is, in this case, cancelled out. However, the revenues increase by 72% and 63% in cases 1 and 2 respectively. Therefore the economic approach, compared with purely biological analyses, is more convincing. In general, as fisheries always interact, a single-fishery management approach should not be the rule as it is at present; management strategies should consider interactions between different fisheries and be based on their economic performances and not, as said earlier, on purely biological considerations. This is because a biological approach to fisheries management will, at best, be modified by economic factors, or, at worst, be ignored totally in favour of economic policies.
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Biology ; Fisheries ; Biological interaction ; Sciaenidae ; Fisheries development ; Fishery management ; Yield/recruit ; Commercial fisheries ; Artisanal fishing
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution , Refereed , Article
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    Observations océanographiques réalisées en 1977 (2013)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: Published
    Description: observations océanographiques
    Keywords: Oceanography ; Current observations
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution , Non-Refereed , Article
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    A transboundary study of the pelagic fish stocks of southern (2013)
    Bueguela Current Comission | Bergen
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: The main objectives of the survey were the following: • To map the distribution and estimate the abundance of the most commercially important pelagic species in the Namibia-Angola transboundary area (15°50-19°00’), following the survey design utilized in Angolan waters (6 n.mi spacing between transect lines), with special emphasis on the two horse mackerel Cunene horse mackerel (Trachurus trecae) and Cape horse mackerel (Trachurus capensis), sardine “Pilchard” (Sardinops sagax) and other small pelagic species, including anchovy (Engraulis capensis) and round herring (Etrumeus whiteheadi). • To map the distributions and estimate the abundance of the same species in central Namibia south to Dune Point (20°15’ S), following the established survey design with 10 n.mi spacing between the transect lines. • To study and analyse the biological state of the main species, including length frequencies, length-weight relationships, reproductive stages and length-at-maturity. • To map the meteorological and hydrographical conditions in the survey area by means of continuous recordings of weather data such as Sea-surface temperature (SST), Seasurface salinity (SSS), wind
    Description: BCC PROJECT: LMR/NANSEN/1/10 CRUISE REPORTS “DR. FRIDTJOF NANSEN”1) Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway 2) Instituto Nacional de Investigação Pesqueira, Luanda, Angola 3) National Marine Information and Research Centre, Swakopmund, Namibia
    Description: Published
    Description: Northernern Namibia
    Description: Transboundary area
    Description: Trawl sampling procedures
    Description: Acoustical sampling
    Description: Survey grid
    Description: Meteorological sampling
    Description: hydrographical sampling
    Description: Oceanographic conditions
    Description: Transboundary area
    Keywords: Pelagic fisheries ; Fishery surveys ; Acoustics ; Sampling ; Trawls ; Oceanography ; Biomass ; Distribution ; Composition
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Report , Non-Refereed
    Format: 46
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    Le chinchard Ouest africain (Trachurus trecae) biologie et recommandations pour l'exploitation optimale du stock sénégalo-mauritanien de la zone économique mauritaniennes (2013)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: Published
    Description: Chinchard (Trachuurus trecae)
    Description: Biologie
    Keywords: Biology ; Exploitation
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution , Non-Refereed , Article
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    Evolution spatio-temporelle des indices d'abondance d'assemblages (ichtyauphones) benthiques. Applications aux campagnes océanographiques dans la zone économique exclusive mauritanienne. (2013)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: Mémoire pour l'obtention du diplôme de Master 2, soutenu en 2009 à l'Université de la Méditerranée (Aix-Marseille II)
    Description: Published
    Description: Indice d'abondance
    Description: Campagnes océanographiques
    Description: Zone Economique Exclusive
    Description: Ichtyofaune
    Description: Evolution spatiotemporelle
    Keywords: Benthic environment ; Exclusive economic zone ; Oceanography ; Ichthyofauna ; Benthic fauna ; Oceanographic surveys ; Exclusive economic zone ; Spatial distribution
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Theses and Dissertations , Master thesis
    Format: 47pp.
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    Marquage des langoustes en Mauritanie (2013)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: Published
    Description: langoustes
    Description: marquage
    Description: poisson
    Keywords: Lobsters ; Biology ; Ecology ; Aquatic biology
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution , Non-Refereed , Article
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    Broadband and statistical characterization of echoes from random scatterers : application to acoustic scattering by marine organisms (2013)
    Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution February 2013
    Description: The interpretation of echoes collected by active remote-sensing systems, such as sonar and radar, is often ambiguous due to the complexities in the scattering processes involving the scatterers, the environment, and the sensing system. This thesis addresses this challenge using a combination of laboratory and fi eld experiments, theoretical modeling, and numerical simulations in the context of acoustic scattering by marine organisms. The unifying themes of the thesis are 1) quantitative characterization of the spectral, temporal, and statistical features derived from echoes collected using both broadband and narrowband signals, and 2) the interpretation of echoes by establishing explicit links between echo features and the sources of scattering through physics principles. This physics-based approach is distinct from the subjective descriptions and empirical methods employed in most conventional fisheries acoustic studies. The fi rst part focuses on understanding the dominant backscattering mechanisms of live squid as a function of orientation. The study provides the first broadband backscattering laboratory data set from live squid at all angles of orientation, and conclusively con firms the fluidlike, weakly-scattering material properties of squid through a series of detailed comparisons between data and predictions given by models derived based on the distorted-wave Born approximation. In the second part, an exact analytical narrowband model and a numerical broadband model are developed based on physics principles to describe the probability density function of the amplitudes of echo envelopes (echo pdf) of arbitrary aggregations of scatterers. The narrowband echo pdf model signi cantly outperforms the conventional mixture models in analyzing simulated mixed assemblages. When applied to analyze fish echoes collected in the ocean, the numerical density of sh estimated using the broadband echo pdf model is comparable to the density estimated using echo integration methods. These results demonstrate the power of the physics-based approach and give a rst-order assessment of the performance of echo statistics methods in echo interpretation. The new data, models, and approaches provided here are important for advancing the eld of active acoustic observation of the ocean.
    Description: Taiwan Merit Scholarship (NSC-095-SAF-I-564-021-TMS), Office of Naval Research (ONR; grants N00014-10-1-0127, N00014-08-1-1162, N00014-07-1-1034), National Science Foundation (NSF; grant OCE-0928801), Naval Oceanographic Offi ce (grant N62306007-D9002), WHOI Ocean Life Institute, and the WHOI Academic Programs O ffice funds.
    Keywords: Oceanography ; Seawater ; Acoustic properties
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Thesis
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    The International Indian Ocean Expedition (2013)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: The Distinguished Lecture Series 1964-1965, sponsored by Science Bureau, Washington Board of Trade, presented at Georgetown University, January 27, 1965
    Description: Tonight, I want to tell you about another great oceanographic expedition; one which has been done in the tradition of the past great expeditions, but with all the tools available to modern oceanography. This is the International Indian Ocean Expedition, which constitutes the cooperative efforts of some 27 nations which have committed over 40 oceanographic research vessels to more than 70 cruises in the Indian Ocean over the past four years. It has been supported in this country by the National Science Foundation, the Navy, the Weather Bureau, the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries and the Coast and Geodetic Survey. Officially, the International Indian Ocean Expedition is being completed during the current year but it will be many years before all the data have been thoroughly analyzed and evaluated.
    Keywords: Anton Bruun (Ship) Cruise ; Chain (Ship : 1958-) Cruise ; Atlantis II (Ship : 1963-) Cruise ; International Indian Ocean Expedition (1960-1965) ; Oceanography
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Presentation , Working Paper
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    Report no. 1 : Anton Bruun cruise A : Aden-Bombay, February-March, 1963 (2013)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: En route from the U. S. to Bombay, India during February - March, 1963 an unscheduled oceanographic section of 13 stations was made in the Arabian Sea between Aden and Bombay. Standard hydrographic casts were made to 1400 meters indicated depth (1000 meters at Stations 1-3) for meas9rement of temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, phosphate, nitrite, nitrate and silicate. A large, plastic sampler was used to obtain water samples from depths corresponding to 100, 50, 25, 10 and 1% of the sunlight incident to the surface. These samples were used for measurement of primary productivity (C-14 method), phytoplankton pigments, particulate carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus.
    Keywords: International Indian Ocean Expedition (1960-1965) ; Oceanography ; Anton Bruun (Ship) Cruise A
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Working Paper
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    WHOI Hawaii Ocean Timeseries Station (WHOTS) : WHOTS-9 2012 mooring turnaround cruise report (2013)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: The Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) Hawaii Ocean Timeseries Site (WHOTS), 100 km north of Oahu, Hawaii, is intended to provide long-term, high-quality air-sea fluxes as a part of the NOAA Climate Observation Program. The WHOTS mooring also serves as a coordinated part of the Hawaii Ocean Timeseries (HOT) program, contributing to the goals of observing heat, fresh water and chemical fluxes at a site representative of the oligotrophic North Pacific Ocean. The approach is to maintain a surface mooring outfitted for meteorological and oceanographic measurements at a site near 22.75°N, 158°W by successive mooring turnarounds. These observations will be used to investigate air–sea interaction processes related to climate variability. This report documents recovery of the eighth WHOTS mooring (WHOTS-8) and deployment of the ninth mooring (WHOTS-9). Both moorings used Surlyn foam buoys as the surface element and were outfitted with two Air–Sea Interaction Meteorology (ASIMET) systems. Each ASIMET system measures, records, and transmits via Argos satellite the surface meteorological variables necessary to compute air–sea fluxes of heat, moisture and momentum. The upper 155 m of the moorings were outfitted with oceanographic sensors for the measurement of temperature, conductivity and velocity in a cooperative effort with R. Lukas of the University of Hawaii. A pCO2 system was installed on the buoys in cooperation with Chris Sabine at the Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory. A set of radiometers were installed in cooperation with Sam Laney at WHOI. The WHOTS mooring turnaround was done on the NOAA ship Hi’ialakai by the Upper Ocean Processes Group of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. The cruise took place between 12 and 19 June 2012. Operations began with deployment of the WHOTS-9 mooring on 13 June. This was followed by meteorological intercomparisons and CTDs. Recovery of the WHOTS-8 mooring took place on 16 June. This report describes these cruise operations, as well as some of the in-port operations and pre-cruise buoy preparations.
    Description: Funding was provided by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration under Grant No. NA09OAR4320129 and the Cooperative Institute for the North Atlantic Region (CINAR).
    Keywords: Hi'ialakai (Ship) Cruise WHOTS-9 ; Oceanographic buoys ; Oceanography
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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    Review of the physical oceanography of Massachusetts Bay (2013)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: This report responds to an invitation of the National Marine Fisheries Service, Northeast Fisheries Center in which the author was asked to report on the present knowledge of oceanography of Massachusetts Bay and vicinity. We have attempted herein to describe the temperature- salinity cycle and the current system and to provide a comprehensive annotated bibliography on hydrography, chemistry and sea level for Massachusetts Bay.
    Description: Prepared for the National Marine Fisheries Service under contract OJ-J-043-40.
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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    News bulletin : narrative report: Anton Bruun cruise (2013)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: News bulletin for participants
    Keywords: International Indian Ocean Expedition (1960-1965) ; Oceanography ; Anton Bruun (Ship) Cruise 1 ; Anton Bruun (Ship) Cruise 2 ; Anton Bruun (Ship) Cruise 3 ; Anton Bruun (Ship) Cruise 4-A ; Anton Bruun (Ship) Cruise 4-B ; Anton Bruun (Ship) Cruise 5 ; Anton Bruun (Ship) Cruise 6 ; Anton Bruun (Ship) Cruise 7 ; Anton Bruun (Ship) Cruise 8
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Other
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    Femtosecond switching of magnetism via strongly correlated spin-charge quantum excitations (2013)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-04-05
    Description: The technological demand to push the gigahertz (10(9) hertz) switching speed limit of today's magnetic memory and logic devices into the terahertz (10(12) hertz) regime underlies the entire field of spin-electronics and integrated multi-functional devices. This challenge is met by all-optical magnetic switching based on coherent spin manipulation. By analogy to femtosecond chemistry and photosynthetic dynamics--in which photoproducts of chemical and biochemical reactions can be influenced by creating suitable superpositions of molecular states--femtosecond-laser-excited coherence between electronic states can switch magnetic order by 'suddenly' breaking the delicate balance between competing phases of correlated materials: for example, manganites exhibiting colossal magneto-resistance suitable for applications. Here we show femtosecond (10(-15) seconds) photo-induced switching from antiferromagnetic to ferromagnetic ordering in Pr0.7Ca0.3MnO3, by observing the establishment (within about 120 femtoseconds) of a huge temperature-dependent magnetization with photo-excitation threshold behaviour absent in the optical reflectivity. The development of ferromagnetic correlations during the femtosecond laser pulse reveals an initial quantum coherent regime of magnetism, distinguished from the picosecond (10(-12) seconds) lattice-heating regime characterized by phase separation without threshold behaviour. Our simulations reproduce the nonlinear femtosecond spin generation and underpin fast quantum spin-flip fluctuations correlated with coherent superpositions of electronic states to initiate local ferromagnetic correlations. These results merge two fields, femtosecond magnetism in metals and band insulators, and non-equilibrium phase transitions of strongly correlated electrons, in which local interactions exceeding the kinetic energy produce a complex balance of competing orders.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Li, Tianqi -- Patz, Aaron -- Mouchliadis, Leonidas -- Yan, Jiaqiang -- Lograsso, Thomas A -- Perakis, Ilias E -- Wang, Jigang -- England -- Nature. 2013 Apr 4;496(7443):69-73. doi: 10.1038/nature11934.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23552945" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biology ; Chemistry ; Circular Dichroism ; Electronics ; Iron/chemistry ; *Magnetic Phenomena ; Magnetics ; Optics and Photonics ; Photosynthesis ; *Quantum Theory ; Temperature ; Time Factors
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Reality at risk (2013)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-09-14
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉England -- Nature. 2013 Sep 12;501(7466):136.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24032131" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Autobiography as Topic ; Biology ; *Literature, Modern ; Physics ; *Research Personnel ; Self Concept
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Oceanographic controls on the diversity and extinction of planktonic foraminifera (2013)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-01-11
    Description: Understanding the links between long-term biological evolution, the ocean-atmosphere system and plate tectonics is a central goal of Earth science. Although environmental perturbations of many different kinds are known to have affected long-term biological evolution, particularly during major mass extinction events, the relative importance of physical environmental factors versus biological interactions in governing rates of extinction and origination through geological time remains unknown. Here we use macrostratigraphic data from the Atlantic Ocean basin to show that changes in global species diversity and rates of extinction among planktonic foraminifera have been linked to tectonically and climatically forced changes in ocean circulation and chemistry from the Jurassic period to the present. Transient environmental perturbations, such as those that occurred after the asteroid impact at the end of the Cretaceous period approximately 66 million years ago, and the Eocene/Oligocene greenhouse-icehouse transition approximately 34 million years ago, are superimposed on this general long-term relationship. Rates of species origination, by contrast, are not correlated with corresponding macrostratigraphic quantities, indicating that physiochemical changes in the ocean-atmosphere system affect evolution principally by driving the synchronous extinction of lineages that originated owing to more protracted and complex interactions between biological and environmental factors.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Peters, Shanan E -- Kelly, Daniel C -- Fraass, Andrew J -- England -- Nature. 2013 Jan 17;493(7432):398-401. doi: 10.1038/nature11815. Epub 2013 Jan 9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Geoscience, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA. peters@geology.wisc.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23302802" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atlantic Ocean ; Atmosphere/chemistry ; *Biodiversity ; *Climate Change ; *Extinction, Biological ; Foraminifera/*physiology ; Geologic Sediments ; Oceanography ; Plankton/*physiology ; Seawater/chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Precise Comparisons of Bottom-Pressure and Altimetric Ocean Tides (2013)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A new set of pelagic tide determinations is constructed from seafloor pressure measurements obtained at 151 sites in the deep ocean. To maximize precision of estimated tides, only stations with long time series are used; median time series length is 567 days. Geographical coverage is considerably improved by use of the international tsunami network, but coverage in the Indian Ocean and South Pacific is still weak. As a tool for assessing global ocean tide models, the data set is considerably more reliable than older data sets : the root-mean-square difference with a recent altimetric tide model is approximately 5 mm for the M2 constituent. Precision is sufficiently high to allow secondary effects in altimetric and bottom-pressure tide differences to be studied. The atmospheric tide in bottom pressure is clearly detected at the S1, S2, and T2 frequencies. The altimetric tide model is improved if satellite altimetry is corrected for crustal loading by the atmospheric tide. Models of the solid body tide can also be constrained. The free corenutation effect in the K1 Love number is easily detected, but the overall estimates are not as accurate as a recent determination with very long baseline interferometry.
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN10820 , Journal of Geophysical Research; 118; 9; 4570-4584
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    Declining Nutrient Concentrations in the Northeast Atlantic as a Result of a Weakening Subpolar Gyre (2013)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Between 1996 and the mid-2000s the upper waters (200-700 m) of the Rockall Trough became warmer (+0.72 C), saltier (+0.088) and reduced in nitrate and phosphate (-2.00 Micron and -0.14 Micron respectively). These changes, out-with calculated errors, can be explained by the varying influence of southern versus subpolar water masses in the basin as the Subpolar Gyre weakened and contracted. Upper water properties strongly correlate with a measure of the strength of the Subpolar Gyre (the first principal component of sea surface height over the Subpolar North Atlantic) prior to the mid-2000s. As the gyre weakens, the upper layers of the trough become warmer (r -0.85), more saline (r -0.86) and reduced in nitrate and phosphate (r +0.81 and r +0.87 respectively). Further the proportion of subpolar waters in the basin decreases from around 50% to less than 20% (r +0. 88). Since the mid-2000s the Subpolar Gyre has been particularly weak. During this period temperatures decreased slightly (-0.21 1C), salinities remained near constant (35.410 +/- 0.005) and phosphate levels low and stable (0.68 +/- 0.02 Micron). These relative lack of changes are thought to be related to the maximum proportion of southern water masses within the Rockall Trough having been reached. Thus the upper water properties are no longer controlled by changes in the relative importance of different water masses in the basin (as prior to the mid-2000s), but rather a different process. We suggest that when the gyre is particularly weak the interannual changes in upper water properties in the Rockall Trough reflect changes in the source properties of the southern water masses. Since the early-2000s the Subpolar Gyre has been weaker than observed since 1992, or modelled since 1960-1970. Hence upper waters within the Rockall Trough may be warmer, saltier and more depleted in nitrate and phosphate than at any time in the last half century.
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN11148 , Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers (ISSN 0967-0637); 82; 95-107
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    Technical Report Series on Global Modeling and Data Assimilation (2013)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: MERRA products were used to force an established ocean biogeochemical model to estimate surface carbon inventories and fluxes in the global oceans. The results were compared to public archives of in situ carbon data and estimates. The model exhibited skill for ocean dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), partial pressure of ocean CO2 (pCO2) and air-sea fluxes (FCO2). The MERRA-forced model produced global mean differences of 0.02% (approximately 0.3 microns) for DIC, -0.3% (about -1.2 (micro) atm; model lower) for pCO2, and -2.3% (-0.003 mol C/sq m/y) for FCO2 compared to in situ estimates. Basin-scale distributions were significantly correlated with observations for all three variables (r=0.97, 0.76, and 0.73, P〈0.05, respectively for DIC, pCO2, and FCO2). All major oceanographic basins were represented as sources to the atmosphere or sinks in agreement with in situ estimates. However, there were substantial basin-scale and local departures.
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Type: NASA/TM-2013-104606/VOL 31 , GSFC-E-DAA-TN8985
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    Corrections to the MODIS Aqua Calibration Derived From MODIS Aqua Ocean Color Products (2013)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: Ocean color products such as, e.g., chlorophyll-a concentration, can be derived from the top-of-atmosphere radiances measured by imaging sensors on earth-orbiting satellites. There are currently three National Aeronautics and Space Administration sensors in orbit capable of providing ocean color products. One of these sensors is the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on the Aqua satellite, whose ocean color products are currently the most widely used of the three. A recent improvement to the MODIS calibration methodology has used land targets to improve the calibration accuracy. This study evaluates the new calibration methodology and describes further calibration improvements that are built upon the new methodology by including ocean measurements in the form of global temporally averaged water-leaving reflectance measurements. The calibration improvements presented here mainly modify the calibration at the scan edges, taking advantage of the good performance of the land target trending in the center of the scan.
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN13575
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    How Two Sides of the Atlantic Contributed to Understanding of the Global Oceans: Charles Yentsch and Andre Morel (2013)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: In a few short days in September of this year, the ocean color/ocean optics community lost two of the founding members of its Hall of FameCharles Yentsch and Andre Morel. Yentsch passed away at the age of 85 on September 19, and Morel passed away on September 23 at the age of 79. It might sound clich to say that someone was instrumental to the advance of science in a particular field, but in the case of Yentsch and Morel and ocean color instrumentation, such an assessment would likely be accurate. Each mans career complimented that of the other Yentsch was one of the first to make measurements of the light field of the ocean from altitude and to advocate an instrument in space that could observe the spectrum of ocean radiance Morels theoretical underpinnings established a firm foundation for the measurements such an instrument could make, allowing their successful interpretation.
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN7726 , Limnology and Oceanography Bulletin; 22; 1; 2-6
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    Production Mechanisms, Number Concentration, Size Distribution. Chemical Composition, and Optical Properties of Sea Spray Aerosols (2013)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Over forty scientists from six countries convened in Raleigh, NC on June 4-6 2012 to review the status and prospects of sea spray aerosol research. Participants were researchers from the oceanography and atmospheric science communities, including academia, private industry, and government agencies. The recommendations from the working groups are summarized in a science prioritization matrix that is meant to prioritize the research agenda and identify areas of investigation by the magnitude of their impact on proposed science questions. Str
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN8472 , Atmospheric Science Letters; 14; 4; 207-213
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    Northern North Atlantic Sea Surface Height and Ocean Heat Content Variability (2013)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The evolution of nearly 20 years of altimetric sea surface height (SSH) is investigated to understand its association with decadal to multidecadal variability of the North Atlantic heat content. Altimetric SSH is dominated by an increase of about 14 cm in the Labrador and Irminger seas from 1993 to 2011, while the opposite has occurred over the Gulf Stream region over the same time period. During the altimeter period the observed 0-700 m ocean heat content (OHC) in the subpolar gyre mirrors the increased SSH by its dominantly positive trend. Over a longer period, 1955-2011, fluctuations in the subpolar OHC reflect Atlantic multidecadal variability (AMV) and can be attributed to advection driven by the wind stress ''gyre mode'' bringing more subtropical waters into the subpolar gyre. The extended subpolar warming evident in SSH and OHC during the altimeter period represents transition of the AMV from cold to warm phase. In addition to the dominant trend, the first empirical orthogonal function SSH time series shows an abrupt change 2009-2010 reaching a new minimum in 2010. The change coincides with the change in the meridional overturning circulation at 26.5N as observed by the RAPID (Rapid Climate Change) project, and with extreme behavior of the wind stress gyre mode and of atmospheric blocking. While the general relationship between northern warming and Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) volume transport remains undetermined, the meridional heat and salt transport carried by AMOC's arteries are rich with decade-to-century timescale variability.
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN8360 , Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans; 118; 7; 3670-3678
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    Sampling Small Eddies and Fronts with Boats and Planes in the Southern California Bight: Trials, Tribulations, and Some Successes (2013)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: No abstract available
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Type: 2013 UAVSAR Workshop; Mar 26, 2013 - Mar 27, 2013; Pasadena, CA; United States
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    SWOT Oceanography and Hydrology Data Product Simulators (2013)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The proposed Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) mission would demonstrate a new measurement technique using radar interferometry to obtain wide-swath measurements of water elevation at high resolution over ocean and land, addressing the needs of both the hydrology and oceanography science communities. To accurately evaluate the performance of the proposed SWOT mission, we have developed several data product simulators at different levels of fidelity and complexity.
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Type: IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium; Jul 21, 2013 - Jul 26, 2013; Melbourne; Australia
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    Características oceanográficas en Isla Malpelo y su relación con la Cuenca Oceánica del Pacífico Colombiano (2012)
    INVEMAR, Santa Marta (Colombia)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: La isla Malpelo conforma la ecorregión insular del Pacífico colombiano y contiene un mosaico de ecosistemas terrestres, litorales y submareales únicos. Considerando su carácter insular es de esperar que las características oceanográficas en esta localidad se encuentren influenciadas por la dinámica física y química del Pacífico Oriental Tropical (POT), siendo moduladas por las condiciones propias de la Cuenca Oceánica del Pacífico Colombiano (COPC). En este trabajo, se utilizó información in situ para describir las condiciones termohalinas de la columna de agua en la isla Malpelo e identificar las masas de agua dominantes durante los dos períodos hidroclimatológicos característicos de la COPC. Adicionalmente, se analizó la variabilidad térmica y halina en el COPC y se definió el campo de circulación geostrófico superficial a partir de información oceanográfica in situ durante los mismos períodos de tiempo con el propósito de evaluar su efecto sobre las condiciones oceanográficas en el ambiente pelágico de la isla Malpelo.
    Description: Malpelo Island forms the insular ecoregion of the Colombian Pacific, and is composed by a mosaic of terrestrial ecosystems, and unique coastal and shallow subtidal systems. Considering its insular nature, the oceanographic features of this locality are expected to be related with the physical and chemical dynamics of the Eastern Tropical Pacific (ETP) and be modulated by the regional dynamic of the Colombian Pacific Oceanic Basin (COPC in Spanish). In this work, in situ data was used to describe the thermohaline conditions in the water column in Malpelo Island and identify key water mass during the two contrasting hydro-meteorological periods of the COPC. Furthermore, we analyzed the thermal and haline variability in the COPC and defined the surface geostrophic flow from in situ oceanographic data during the same time in order to evaluate its effect on the oceanographic conditions in the pelagic environment off Malpelo Island.
    Description: INVEMAR
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Oceanography ; Water masses
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
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    Productividad planctónica y condiciones oceanográficas locales en Isla Gorgona durante julio 2006 (2012)
    INVEMAR, Santa Marta (Colombia)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: La isla Grogona es la mayor área insular en el Pacífico colombiano. Esta isla, localizada a 30 Km del continente, alberga una alta diversidad biológica y ecosistémica entre la que se incluye el arrecife coralino más desarrollado del Pacífico Oriental Tropical. A pesar de la alta relevancia de esta localidad en la política nacional ambiental, un escaso esfuerzo de investigación ha sido focalizado hacia la descripción del ambiente pelágico, el cual sustenta las particularidades ecosistémicas de isla Gorgona. En este trabajo se describen las condiciones de temperatura, transparencia, trubidez, salinidad, oxígeno disuelto, nutrientes nitrogenados (nitratos) y productividad plantónica (clorofila-a y biomasa zooplanctónica) local en el ambiente pelágico del Parque Nacional Natural Gorgona durante julio 2006 a partir de un muestreo sistemático en 24 estaciones oceanográficas. Se seleccionó el mes de julio debido a que corresonde al período oceanográfico "cálido" de la cuenca Pacífica colombiana. La temperatura y salinidad superficial (promedio ± error estándar) fueron 27.81 ± 0.08 °C y 31.75 ± 0.04 respectivamente. Se identificó una fuerte estratificación vertical, con la presencia de una termoclina permanente entre 45-55 m de profundidad. La transparencia en la columna de agua fue de 10.37 ± 0.33 m, siendo la turbidez superficial altamente variable (14.13 ± 2.60 NTU). El oxígeno disuelto superficial fue de 4.29 ± 0.03 mL L-1 y la clorfofila-a superficial fue de 0.15 ± 0.01 μg Clo-a L-1, presentándose los mayores registros de colorofila-a a 30 m de profundidad (0.27 ± 0.03 μg Clo-a L-1). La biomasa zooplanctónica (peso húmedo) fue altamente variable en la zona de estudio, con registros entre 16.59-311.53 mg 100 m-3. El fitoplancton estuvo dominado por diatomeas (91.17 %) del género Rhizosolenia (22.4 %) y Odontella (21.6 %), y se identificaron 31 grandes grupos taxonómicos de zooplancton con dominancia de copépodos (56.8 %) y apendicularias (16.9 %).
    Description: Planktonic productivity and local oceanographic variability in Gorgona Island, eastern tropical Pacific of Colombia. Gorgona Island is the vastest insular area in the Colombian Pacific Ocean. This island, located 30 Km offshore, has a high biological and ecosystem diversity; Gorgona´s coral reef is considered the best developed in the eastern tropical Pacific, being declared Natural National Park (PNN) in 1980. Despite its relevance in Colombian conservation policy, a reduced research effort has been focused to describe and to evaluate the local variability in the biological, physical and chemical condition of the pelagic environment. In order to define the oceanographic conditions of the PNN Gorgona during the warm season, the local variability of plankton productivity (Chlorophyll-a and zooplankton biomass) and physcial (temperature, transparency, trubidity) and chemical (salinity, dissolved oxygen, nitrate) conditions of pelagic system were evaluated at 24 sampling stations during July 2006. The mean surface temperature and salinity were 27.81 ± 0.08 °C and 31.75 ± 0.01 respectively. A strong vertical stratification was detected, with a permanent thermocline between 45-55 m depth. Water column transparency was 10.37 ± 0.33 m, and turbidity was highly variable (14.13 ± 2.60 NTU). Surface dissolved oxygen was 4.29 ± 0.03 mL L-1. Surface Chlorophyll-a was 0.15 ± 0.015 μg Clo-a L-1, however the highest records were at 30 m depth (0.27 ± 0.03 μg Clo-a L-). Zooplankton biomass was highly variable in the study zone (16.59-311.53 mg 100 m-3). Phytoplankton was dominated by diatomeas (91.17 %) of the genera Rhizosolenia (22.4 %) and Odontella (21.6 %). Futhermore, 31 taxonomic groups of zooplankton were identified, with dominance of copepods (56.8 %) and apendicularians (16.9 %).
    Description: INVEMAR
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    Keywords: Oceanography ; Phytoplankton ; Zooplankton
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
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    Respuesta del ambiente marino a algunos eventos metereológicos sinópticos medidos sobre los arrecifes de San Andrés y de las Islas del Rosario, Caribe colombiano (2012)
    INVEMAR, Santa Marta (Colombia)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: Continuous measurements were taken of oceanographic and meteorological parameters for two stations of the Global Ocean Observing System of the Southwest Caribbean, framed in the INAP project. The response of the surface layer, to atmospheric events, allowed to differentiate the pass of two cold fronts by Johnny Cay station (San Andres Island) and the arrival of the “Veranillo” in the sensors of Tesoro Island (Islas del Rosario, Cartagena). The cold fronts produced a decrease in the atmospheric pressure, air temperature, caused radical changes in wind direction and speed followed by precipitation. This situation lowered the sea surface temperature, the surface layer pH and rose momentarily the sea level. The “Veranillo” came to Archipelago of Rosario generating a strong increase in wind speed and solar radiation. The response in the sea surface layer was evident through a significant increase in sea level.
    Description: INVEMAR
    Description: Published
    Description: Veranillo; INAP
    Keywords: Meteorology ; Oceanography ; Cold fronts
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution , Refereed , Article
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  • 55
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    Climate variability, oceanography, bowhead whale distribution, and Iñupiat subsistence whaling near Barrow, Alaska (2012)
    Arctic Institute of North America
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © Arctic Institute of North America, 2010. This article is posted here by permission of Arctic Institute of North America for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Arctic 63 (2010): 179-194.
    Description: The annual migration of bowhead whales (Balaena mysticetus) past Barrow, Alaska, has provided subsistence hunting to Iñupiat for centuries. Bowheads recurrently feed on aggregations of zooplankton prey near Barrow in autumn. The mechanisms that form these aggregations, and the associations between whales and oceanography, were investigated using field sampling, retrospective analysis, and traditional knowledge interviews. Oceanographic and aerial surveys were conducted near Barrow during August and September in 2005 and 2006. Multiple water masses were observed, and close coupling between water mass type and biological characteristics was noted. Short-term variability in hydrography was associated with changes in wind speed and direction that profoundly affected plankton taxonomic composition. Aggregations of ca. 50–100 bowhead whales were observed in early September of both years at locations consistent with traditional knowledge. Retrospective analyses of records for 1984–2004 also showed that annual aggregations of whales near Barrow were associated with wind speed and direction. Euphausiids and copepods appear to be upwelled onto the Beaufort Sea shelf during Eor SEwinds. A favorable feeding environment is produced when these plankton are retained and concentrated on the shelf by the prevailing westward Beaufort Sea shelf currents that converge with the Alaska Coastal Current flowing to the northeast along the eastern edge of Barrow Canyon.
    Description: This work was supported by NSF Grants OPPPP-0436131 to C. Ashjian (S. Braund Subcontract), OPPPP-0436110 to R. Campbell, OPPPP-0436127 to W. Maslowski, OPPPP-0436009 to C. Nicolson and J. Kruse, OPPPP-043166 to S. Okkonen, and OPPPP-0435956 to Y. Spitz, E. Sherr, and B. Sherr.
    Keywords: Bowhead whale ; Plankton ; Oceanography ; Beaufort Sea ; Subsistence whaling
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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    At Sea Test 2 deployment cruise : cruise 475 on board R/V Oceanus September 22 – 26, 2011 Woods Hole –Woods Hole, MA (2012)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: The R/V Oceanus, on Cruise 475, carried out the deployment of three moorings for the Coastal and Global Scale Nodes (CGSN) Implementing Organization of the NSF Ocean Observatories Initiative. These three moorings are prototypes of the moorings to be used by CGSN at the Pioneer, Endurance, and Global Arrays. Oceanus departed from Woods Hole, Massachusetts on September 22, 2011 and steamed south to the location of the mooring deployments on the shelf break. Over three days, September 23-25, Oceanus surveyed the bottom at the planned mooring sites, deployed the moorings, and carried out on site verification of the functioning of the moorings and moored hardware. Oceanus returned to Woods Hole on September 26, 2011.
    Description: Funding was provided by the National Science Foundation through the Consortium for Ocean Leadership
    Keywords: Oceanus (Ship : 1975-) Cruise OC475 ; Oceanographic buoys ; Oceanography
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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    Coincidence echo statistics (2012)
    Acoustical Society of America
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © Acoustical Society of America, 1996. This article is posted here by permission of Acoustical Society of America for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 99 (1996): 266-271, doi:10.1121/1.414537.
    Description: Two scatterers at similar range give an echo which may appear to be due to a single scatterer. Methods for determining target strength that depend on resolving single scatterers may fail in this instance. Statistics associated with the described special case of coincidence are derived and illustrated by theoretical computation for the SIMRAD EK500 echo sounder system with the ES38B split‐beam transducer resonant at 38 kHz. Connections to angle measurement in radar and swath bathymetry and to bottom‐scattering‐strength measurement are noted.
    Keywords: Acoustic resonance ; Acoustic transducers ; Echoes ; Bathymetry ; Beam splitting ; Oceanography ; Scattering ; Sediment−water interfaces ; Sound waves
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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    Direct interaction between the Gulf Stream and the shelfbreak south of New England (2012)
    Nature Publishing Group
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2012. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Scientific Reports 2 (2012): 553, doi:10.1038/srep00553.
    Description: Sea surface temperature imagery, satellite altimetry, and a surface drifter track reveal an unusual tilt in the Gulf Stream path that brought the Gulf Stream to 39.9°N near the Middle Atlantic Bight shelfbreak—200 km north of its mean position—in October 2011, while a large meander brought Gulf Stream water within 12 km of the shelfbreak in December 2011. Near-bottom temperature measurements from lobster traps on the outer continental shelf south of New England show distinct warming events (temperature increases exceeding 6°C) in November and December 2011. Moored profiler measurements over the continental slope show high salinities and temperatures, suggesting that the warm water on the continental shelf originated in the Gulf Stream. The combination of unusual water properties over the shelf and slope in late fall and the subsequent mild winter may affect seasonal stratification and habitat selection for marine life over the continental shelf in 2012.
    Description: Profiler data were made available by the Ocean Observatory Initiative (OOI) during the construction phase of the project. The OOI is funded by the National Science Foundation and managed by the Consortium for Ocean Leadership. Drifter data were provided by Tim Shaw and David Calhoun at Cape Fear Community College.GGGwas supported by NSFGrant OCE-1129125. RET was supported by the Postdoctoral Scholar Program at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, with funding provided by the Cooperative Institute for the North Atlantic Region. MA was supported by the Penzance Endowed Fund in Support of Assistant Scientists.
    Keywords: Ecology ; Climate change ; Atmospheric science ; Oceanography
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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    A simplified age-stage model for copepod population dynamics (2012)
    Inter-Research
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © Inter-Research, 2008. This article is posted here by permission of Inter-Research for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Marine Ecology Progress Series 360 (2008): 179-187, doi:10.3354/meps07314.
    Description: Complex 3D biological-physical models are becoming widely used in marine and freshwater ecology. These models are highly valued synthesizing tools because they provide insights into complex dynamics that are difficult to understand using purely empirical methods or theoretical analytical models. Of particular interest has been the incorporation of concentration-based copepod population dynamics into 3D physical transport models. These physical models typically have large numbers of grid points and therefore require a simplified biological model. However, concentration-based copepod models have used a fine resolution age-stage structure to prevent artificially short generation times, known as numerical ‘diffusion.’ This increased resolution has precluded use of age-stage structured copepod models in 3D physical models due to computational constraints. In this paper, we describe a new method, which tracks the mean age of each life stage instead of using age classes within each stage. We then compare this model to previous age-stage structured models. A probability model is developed with the molting rate derived from the mean age of the population and the probability density function (PDF) of molting. The effects of temperature and mortality on copepod population dynamics are also discussed. The mean-age method effectively removes the numerical diffusion problem and reproduces observed median development times (MDTs) without the need for a high-resolution age-stage structure. Thus, it is well-suited for finding solutions of concentration-based zooplankton models in complex biological-physical models.
    Description: This work was supported by US GLOBEC NOAA grant NA17RJ1223.
    Description: 2013-05-22
    Keywords: Plankton ; Copepods ; Modeling ; Marine ecology ; Oceanography ; Limnology ; Methodology ; Mean age
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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    Long distance passive localization of vocalizing sei whales using an acoustic normal mode approach (2012)
    Acoustical Society of America
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © Acoustical Society of America, 2012. This article is posted here by permission of Acoustical Society of America for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 131 (2012): 1814-1825, doi:10.1121/1.3666015.
    Description: During a 2 day period in mid-September 2006, more than 200, unconfirmed but identifiable, sei whale (Balaenoptera borealis) calls were collected as incidental data during a multidisciplinary oceanography and acoustics experiment on the shelf off New Jersey. Using a combined vertical and horizontal acoustic receiving array, sei whale movements were tracked over long distances (up to tens of kilometers) using a normal mode back propagation technique. This approach uses low-frequency, broadband passive sei whale call receptions from a single-station, two-dimensional hydrophone array to perform long distance localization and tracking by exploiting the dispersive nature of propagating normal modes in a shallow water environment. The back propagation approach is examined for accuracy and application to tracking the sei whale vocalizations identified in the vertical and horizontal array signals. This passive whale tracking, combined with the intensive oceanography measurements performed during the experiment, was also used to examine sei whale movements in relation to oceanographic features observed in this region.
    Description: Office of Naval Research
    Keywords: Acoustic signal processing ; Bioacoustics ; Oceanography ; Underwater sound
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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    IODE Officers meeting, 27 - 30 November 2007 (2012)
    IOC Project Office for IODE | Ostend
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-01-30
    Description: Table of Contents 1 OPENING OF THE MEETING 1 2 OUTCOME OF IODE-XIX AND IOC-XXIV 1 2.1 MAJOR OUTCOMES OF IODE-XIX 1 3 STATUS OF THE IODE PROGRAMME 19 3.1 IODE GROUPS OF EXPERTS 19 3.1.1 GE-BICH 19 3.1.2 GE-MIM 20 3.1.3 JCOMM/IODE ETDMP 21 3.2 IODE Global Programmes 21 3.3 IODE REGIONAL PROGRAMMES (ODINS) 23 3.3.1 ODINAFRICA 23 3.3.2 ODINCARSA 24 3.3.3 ODINCINDIO 25 3.3.4 ODINECET 25 3.3.5 ODINWESTPAC Pilot Project (and PI) 27 3.3.6 ODINBlackSea 27 4 OUTCOME OF THE EXTERNAL EVALUATION OF IODE (2002-2006) 28 5 IMPLEMENTATION OF THE IOC STRATEGIC PLAN FOR OCEANOGRAPHIC DATA AND INFORMATION MANAGEMENT 31 6 COOPERATION WITH GOOS 31 7 COOPERATION WITH JCOMM 32 7.1 DMPA 32 7.2 ETDMP 32 7.3 CAPACITY BUILDING 33 7.4 Future of RNODCs 33 8 COOPERATION WITH WDCs 34 9 THE IODE/JCOMM STANDARDS FORUM: STATUS AND EXPECTED OUTCOMES 34 10 IODE MANUALS AND GUIDES 35 11 IODE WORKPLAN AND BUDGET 2008-2009 35 11.1 LOGICAL FRAMEWORK ANALYSIS OF IODE WORK PLAN 35 11.2 WORK PLAN AND BUDGET FOR 2008-2009 35 12 IODE-XX PREPARATIONS 36 13 OTHER BUSINESS 36 13.1 PROGRESS OF IPY 36 14 ANY OTHER BUSINESS 37 15 ADOPTION OF THE SUMMARY REPORT 37 16 CLOSING OF THE SESSION 37
    Description: Supported by IOC for UNESCO.
    Description: Document available in English.
    Description: Published
    Description: Officers meeting
    Keywords: Oceanography ; UNESCO ; Oceanographic institutions
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Report , Non-Refereed
    Format: 44
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    Status report of IOC Regional Activities (2012)
    UNESCO | Paris
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: The IOC’s Regional Subsidiary Bodies play an important role in the implementation of the Commission’s programmes in the regions. These efforts are complemented by other IOC decentralized offices, and regional networks established by the IOC’s global programmes. The report provides an overview of the status of IOC Regional Activities.
    Description: Supported by IOC for Unesco
    Description: Document available in English
    Description: Published
    Keywords: UNESCO ; Oceanography ; International agencies
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Working Paper , Non-Refereed
    Format: 19
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    IODE Group of Experts on Marine Information Management (GE-MIM), Eleventh Session, 25-28 May 2010 (2012)
    UNESCO | Paris
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-01-30
    Description: Supported by IOC for UNESCO.
    Description: Document available in English.
    Description: Published
    Description: Marine information management
    Keywords: Information services ; Oceanography
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Non-Refereed
    Format: 64
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    Ad hoc meeting of the IODE Steering Group for OBIS IODE Project Office, Oostende, Belgium 18-19 November 2010 (2012)
    UNESCO | Paris
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-01-30
    Description: Supported by iOC for UNESCO.
    Description: Document available in English.
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Non-Refereed
    Format: 45
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    Meeting of the Inter-sessional working group for updating the IOC Strategic Plan for Oceanographic Data and Information Exchange (2012-2015) IOC Project Office for IODE Oostende, Belgium 1-2 March 2012 (2012)
    UNESCO | Paris
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-01-30
    Description: Supported by IOC for UNESCO.
    Description: Document available in English.
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Non-Refereed
    Format: 23
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    Joint WMO-IOC Technical Commission for Oceanography and Marine Meteorology, fourth session, Yeosu, Republic of Korea, 28-31 May 2012 (2012)
    UNESCO | Paris
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-01-30
    Description: The fourth session of the Joint IOC-WMO Technical Commission for Oceanography and Marine Meteorology (JCOMM-4) took place in Yeosu, from 28 to 31 May 2012, hosted by the Republic of Korea through the Korean Meteorological Administration, the Expo 2012 Yeosu Korea organizing committee, the government of Jeollanamdo province and the city of Yeosu. An opening ceremony on 23 May was followed by a Scientific and Technical Workshop on 24-25 May 2012. There were some 140 participants in the session, from 47 Members/Member States and 4 international organizations. All final approved session documents are available on the JCOMM website (www.jcomm.info/jcomm4).
    Description: Supported by IOC for UNESCO.
    Description: Document available in English.
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Marine meteorology ; UNESCO ; Marine meteorology ; Oceanography
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Report , Non-Refereed
    Format: 53
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    International Marine Data and Information Systems conference IMDIS-2008 (2012)
    UNESCO
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: Session 1 – Marine environmental data bases: infrastructures, metadata and data systems Session 2 – Standards and interoperability Session 3 – User Oriented services and products Session 4 - Databases and tools for education
    Description: Document available in ENglish.
    Keywords: Standards ; Oceanography ; Marine sciences ; Databases
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Conference Material , Non-Refereed , Paper
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    Workshop for a new marine climate data system, Hamburg, Germany, 28 November - 2 December 2011 (2012)
    WMO | Geneva
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: The workshop for a new Marine Climate Data System (MCDS) was held at the Deutscher Wetterdienst in Hamburg, Germany, from 28 November to 2 December 2011. The main goals of the meeting were to discuss the vision for a new MCDS in the next 10 years to better address the WMO-IOC-UNEP-ICSU Global Climate Observing System (GCOS), Global Framework for Climate Services (GFCS), and the WMO-IOC-UNEP-ICSU Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS) marine-meteorological and ocean data requirements for climate monitoring, forecasting, and services, and starting by (i) a modernized Voluntary Observing Ship (VOS) delayed-mode data-flow, (ii) the establishment of a network of WMO-IOC Centres for Marine-meteorological and Oceanographic Climate Data (CMOCs) on the model of the trusted ICOADS, and (iii) the integration of the Responsible National Oceanographic Data Centre (RNODC) for Drifting Buoys (RNODC/DB) and the Specialized Oceanographic Centre (SOC) for Drifting Buoys (SOC/DB) to avoid duplication. The workshop clarified the role of the IOC, and particularly the International Oceanographic Data and Information Exchange (IODE) in the MCDS, and agreed on a Vision for the MCDS to be submitted to JCOMM-IV for approval. It also agreed on a draft strategy, and initial implementation plan for the MCDS building on existing systems. The workshop further drafted two Recommendations to be submitted to the Fourth Session (JCOMM-IV) of the Joint WMO-IOC Technical Commission for Oceanography and Marine Meteorology (JCOMM) for approval: • A draft Recommendation on the MCDS and the establishment of CMOCs, with proposed CMOC Terms of Reference, and governance for their establishment; • A Draft Recommendation on the collection of instrument/platform metadata. The workshop welcomed the potential offers from China and USA to establish CMOCs, and proposed templates for statements of compliance and commitment to be submitted to JCOMM according to the proposed governance. It is expected that the two countries will submit Statements of Compliance and Commitment no later than 15 February 2012 to permit their evaluation by the Data Management Coordination Group, and the consideration of their formal establishment by JCOMM-IV. The workshop encouraged other Members/Member States to submit applications (by 15 February 2012 in case consideration by JCOMM-IV is sought). The workshop agreed on general principles for the flow of marine-meteorological and oceanographic data within the MCDS, including the future establishment (or recognition of existing) of Data Acquisition Centres (DACs), Global Data Assembly Centres (GDACs), and CMOCs as an outcome of the Marine Climatological Summaries Scheme (MCSS) modernization. The workshop discussed the recommendations from the ad hoc Task Team on RNODC/DB and SOC/DB integration, and refined the data-flow proposal for drifting buoy data accordingly. The VOS data-flow was also discussed, and agreed upon. These shall be further discussed and elaborated as part of the MCDS strategy, implementation plan, and refinement of the MCDS dataflow.
    Description: World Meteorological Organizaton
    Description: Document available in English
    Description: Published
    Description: Marine climate
    Keywords: Climate observations ; Climate ; Oceanography
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Report , Non-Refereed
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    IOC Working Committee on International Oceanographic Data Exchange (IODE), Ninth session (2012)
    UNESCO
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-01-30
    Description: Supported by IOC/IODE
    Description: Document available in English
    Description: Unpublished
    Description: Working committee
    Keywords: Oceanography ; Oceanography
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Report , Non-Refereed
    Format: 102
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    IOC Committee on International Oceanographic Data and Information Exchange, twenty-first session Palais des Congrès, Liège, Belgium, 23-26 March 2011 (2012)
    UNESCO | Paris
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-01-30
    Description: The IOC Committee on International Oceanographic Data and Information Exchange held its Twenty-first Session (IODE-XXI) at the Palais des Congrès, Liège, Belgium between 23 and 26 March 2011. The Session was attended by 74 participants from 36 IOC Member States and 7 organizations. The Session’s outcomes included: (i) the further steps towards the adoption of OBIS by IODE, including the recommended establishment of an IOC Project Office for IODE/OBIS; (ii) the continuation of the IOC Project Office for IODE in Oostende, Belgium; (iii) a statement on the IODE role in the ICSU World Data System; (iv) the planned further expansion of OceanTeacher to include a wider range of IOC disciplines as well as the recommended development of a 5-year training plan; (v) the planned revision of the IOC Strategic Plan for Oceanographic Data and Information Exchange (2012-2015). The Committee elected Ms Sissy Iona (Greece) and Mr Ariel Troisi (Argentina) as IODE Co-Chairs.
    Description: Supported by IOC/ IODE
    Description: Report is available in English
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Oceanography ; Marine biology ; Oceanographic data
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Non-Refereed
    Format: 109
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    2012 IODE Officers Meeting, 30 January - 3 February 2012 (2012)
    IOC Project Office for IODE | Ostend
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: 1 OPENING OF THE MEETING 1 2 REVIEW OF THE IODE-XXI ACTION SHEET 1 2.1 EVENTS ORGANIZED SINCE IODE-XXI 1 2.2 PROGRESS REPORT ON THE IODE-XXI WORK PLAN 1 2.2.1 Resolutions adopted by IODE-XXI 1 2.2.2 ACTION ITEMS EXTRACTED FROM THE SUMMARY REPORT 2 6.1.1 IODE Group of Experts on Biological and Chemical Data Management and Exchange (GE-BICH) 3 6.1.2 IODE Group of Experts on Marine Information Management (GE-MIM) 3 3 DECISIONS OF IOC-XXVI RELATED TO IODE 13 4 STATUS OF THE IODE PROGRAMME 13 4.1 IODE GROUPS OF EXPERTS 13 4.1.1 GE-BICH 13 4.1.2 GE-MIM 13 4.1.3 JCOMM/IODE ETDMP 14 4.1.4 GE-OBIS 15 4.2 IODE GLOBAL PROJECTS 15 4.2.1 IODE OceanDataPortal 15 4.2.2 IODE/JCOMM Ocean Data Standards 17 4.2.3 IODE OceanTeacher 18 4.2.4 MIM activities (OceanDocs, ASFA, OpenScienceDirectory) 19 4.2.5 DM projects and activities (GTSPP, GOSUD, GODAR, MarineXML, MEDI, .) 19 4.3 IODE ODINs 19 4.3.1 ODINAFRICA 19 4.3.2 ODINCARSA 20 4.3.3 ODINECET 20 4.3.4 ODINBlackSea 20 4.3.5 ODINWESTPAC 21 4.3.6 ODIN-PIMRIS 21 4.3.7 ODINCINDIO 21 4.3.8 General observations related to ODINs: 21 5 INTEGRATION OF OBIS INTO IODE 22 6 STRATEGIC ISSUES 22 6.1 INTER-SESSIONAL WORKING GROUP FOR UPDATING THE IOC STRATEGIC PLAN FOR OCEANOGRAPHIC DATA AND INFORMATION EXCHANGE (2012-2015) 22 6.2 INTER-SESSIONAL WORKING GROUP TO IDENTIFY A SET OF QUALITY MANAGEMENT CRITERIA FOR IODE NODCS TAKING INTO ACCOUNT THOSE DEFINED FOR THE WDS 23 6.3 INVITATION TO ADOPT ICAN (INTERNATIONAL COASTAL ATLAS NETWORK) INTO IODE 23 7 RENEWAL OF MOU FOR IOC PROJECT OFFICE FOR IODE 24 8 COOPERATION WITH OTHER PROGRAMMES AND ORGANIZATIONS 24 8.1 COOPERATION WITH SCOR AND MBLWHOI ON DATA CITATION 24 8.2 COOPERATION WITH ICSU ON WDS 24 8.3 COOPERATION WITH JCOMM (OTHER) 24 8.4 COOPERATION OF IODE IN IMARINE 25 8.5 COOPERATION OF IODE IN GEO/GEOSS 25 8.6 COOPERATION OF IODE IN GEOWOW 26 8.7 COOPERATION OF IODE IN SEADATANET2 26 8.8 COOPERATION WITH EUMETSAT 26 8.9 COOPERATION WITH POGO 26 8.10 NEW OPPORTUNITIES 27 9 PREPARATIONS FOR IOC/EC 27 10 PREPARATIONS FOR IODE-XXII 28 11 REVISION OF IODE-XXI WORK PLAN AND BUDGET FOR 2012-2013 28 12 ANY OTHER BUSINESS 28 12.1 SECRETARIAT SUPPORT 28 12.2 ELECTION OF IODE CO-CHAIRS 29 13 ADOPTION OF THE SUMMARY REPORT 29 14 CLOSING OF THE MEETING 29
    Description: Supported by iOC for UNESCO.
    Description: meeting by video conference; hosted by the IOC Project Office for IODE, Ostend, Belgium - Document available in English.
    Description: Published
    Description: Officers meeting
    Keywords: UNESCO ; Oceanography ; Data centres ; Information services
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    Type: Report , Non-Refereed
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    Recommendation to adopt ISO 3166-1 and 3166-3 country codes as the standard for identifying countries in oceanographic data exchange. (2012)
    UNESCO | 2010
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: Use of country codes for data exchange - ISO 3166.
    Description: Supported by IOC for UNESCO.
    Description: Document available in English.
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Standards ; Information exchange ; Oceanography ; Oceanographic data ; Standardization
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Non-Refereed
    Format: 14
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    International Marine Data and Information Systems Conference (IMDIS 2010), Book of Abstracts (2012)
    UNESCO | Paris
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: Session 1 - Data quality issues in Ocean science / Session 2 - Data circulation and Services in Ocean science / Session 3 - Interoperability and standards in Marine Data management / Session 4 - Education in Ocean science / Session 5 - Round table on Future prospective on linking distributed marine data systems
    Description: Document available in English.
    Description: Published
    Description: Marine data and information
    Keywords: Information management ; Oceanography ; Oceanographic data ; Marine sciences
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Conference Material , Non-Refereed , Paper
    Format: 224pp.
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    An overview of IOC current activities in ocean sciences, observations and services (2012)
    UNESCO | Paris
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: The Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO was founded in 1960 to promote international cooperation and to coordinate programmes in research, services and capacity-building, in order to learn more about the nature and resources of the ocean and coastal areas and to apply that knowledge for the improvement of management, sustainable development, the protection of the marine environment, and the decision-making processes of its Member States. IOC plays a key role as a global broker involving the promotion of science innovation, nurturing programmes, transferring, disseminating and sharing information, data and knowledge, best practices, assessment and scientific services related to Oceanography. This process is done in an inclusive and participatory way, including views of the scientific community, academia, Member States, etc., and including cultural diversity principles. Therefore, the Commission collaborates with international organizations in the field of ocean and coastal area scientific research, observation and related services, and especially with those organizations of the United Nations system which are willing and prepared to contribute to the purpose and functions of the Commission.
    Description: Supported by IOC for UNESCO
    Description: Document available in English
    Description: Published
    Description: ocean science
    Keywords: UNESCO ; Oceanography ; Marine sciences ; Oceanographic institutions
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Working Paper , Non-Refereed
    Format: 26
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    Stratus 11 : Eleventh Setting of the Stratus Ocean Reference Station Cruise on board RV Moana Wave, March 31 - April 16, 2011, Arica - Arica, Chile (2012)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: The Ocean Reference Station at 20°S, 85°W under the stratus clouds west of northern Chile is being maintained to provide ongoing climate-quality records of surface meteorology, air-sea fluxes of heat, freshwater, and momentum, and of upper ocean temperature, salinity, and velocity variability. The Stratus Ocean Reference Station (ORS Stratus) is supported by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s (NOAA) Climate Observation Program. It is recovered and redeployed annually, with past cruises that have come between October and January. A NOAA vessel was not available, so this cruise was conducted on the chartered ship, Moana Wave, belonging to Stabbert Maritime. During the 2011 cruise on the Moana Wave to the ORS Stratus site, the primary activities were the recovery of the subsurface part of the Stratus 10 WHOI surface mooring, deployment of a new (Stratus 11) WHOI surface mooring, in-situ calibration of the buoy meteorological sensors by comparison with instrumentation installed on the ship by staff of the NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL), and collection of underway and on station oceanographic data to continue to characterize the upper ocean in the stratus region. The Stratus 10 mooring had parted, and the surface buoy and upper part had been recovered earlier. Underway CTD (UCTD) profiles were collected along the track and during surveys dedicated to investigating eddy variability in the region. Surface drifters and subsurface floats were also launched along the track. The intent was also to visit a buoy for the Pacific tsunami warning system maintained by the Hydrographic and Oceanographic Service of the Chilean Navy (SHOA). This DART (Deep- Ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunami) buoy had been deployed in December 2010.
    Description: Funding was provided by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration under Grant No. NA0900AR4320129
    Keywords: Moana Wave (Ship) Cruise Stratus 11 ; Marine meteorology ; Oceanography
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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    Stratus 12 : twelfth setting of the Stratus Ocean Reference Station (2012)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: The Ocean Reference Station at 20°S, 85°W under the stratus clouds west of northern Chile is being maintained to provide ongoing climate-quality records of surface meteorology, air-sea fluxes of heat, freshwater, and momentum, and of upper ocean temperature, salinity, and velocity variability. The Stratus Ocean Reference Station (ORS Stratus) is supported by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s (NOAA) Climate Observation Program. It is recovered and redeployed annually. A NOAA vessel was not available, so this cruise was conducted on the Melville, operated by the Scripps Institution of Oceanography. During the 2012 cruise on the Melville to the ORS Stratus site, the primary activities were the deployment of the Stratus 12 WHOI surface mooring, recovery of the previous (Stratus 11) WHOI surface mooring, in-situ calibration of the buoy meteorological sensors by comparison with instrumentation installed on the ship, and collection of underway and on station oceanographic data to continue to characterize the upper ocean in the stratus region. Underway CTD (UCTD) profiles were collected along the track. Surface drifters and subsurface floats were also launched along the track.
    Description: Funding was provided by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration under Grant No. NA09OAR4320129.
    Keywords: Melville (Ship) Cruise Stratus 12 ; Marine meteorology ; Oceanography
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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    WHOI Hawaii Ocean Timeseries Station (WHOTS) : WHOTS-8 2011 mooring turnaround cruise report (2012)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Note: author "Ludovic Bariteau" is incorrectly listed as "Bariteau Ludovic" on the Cover and Title Page.
    Description: The Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) Hawaii Ocean Timeseries (HOT) Site (WHOTS), 100 km north of Oahu, Hawaii, is intended to provide long-term, high-quality air-sea fluxes as a part of the NOAA Climate Observation Program. The WHOTS mooring also serves as a coordinated part of the HOT program, contributing to the goals of observing heat, fresh water and chemical fluxes at a site representative of the oligotrophic North Pacific Ocean. The approach is to maintain a surface mooring outfitted for meteorological and oceanographic measurements at a site near 22.75°N, 158°W by successive mooring turnarounds. These observations will be used to investigate air–sea interaction processes related to climate variability. This report documents recovery of the seventh WHOTS mooring (WHOTS-7) and deployment of the eighth mooring (WHOTS-8). Both moorings used Surlyn foam buoys as the surface element and were outfitted with two Air–Sea Interaction Meteorology (ASIMET) systems. Each ASIMET system measures, records, and transmits via Argos satellite the surface meteorological variables necessary to compute air–sea fluxes of heat, moisture and momentum. The upper 155 m of the moorings were outfitted with oceanographic sensors for the measurement of temperature, conductivity and velocity in a cooperative effort with R. Lukas of the University of Hawaii. A pCO2 system was installed on the WHOTS-8 buoy in a cooperative effort with Chris Sabine at the Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory. A set of radiometers were installed in cooperation with Sam Laney at WHOI. The WHOTS mooring turnaround was done on the NOAA ship Hi’ialakai by the Upper Ocean Processes Group of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. The cruise took place between 5 July and 13 July 2011. Operations began with deployment of the WHOTS-8 mooring on 6 July. This was followed by meteorological intercomparisons and CTDs. Recovery of WHOTS-7 took place on 11 July 2011. This report describes these cruise operations, as well as some of the in-port operations and pre-cruise buoy preparations.
    Description: Funding was provided by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration under Grant No. NA090AR4320129 and the Cooperative Institute for the North Atlantic Region (CINAR).
    Keywords: Hi'ialakai (Ship) Cruise WHOTS-7 ; Oceanographic buoys ; Oceanography
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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    Northwest Tropical Atlantic Station (NTAS) : velocity data report for deployments 1 to 5 (2012)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: This report presents velocity data from the Northwest Tropical Atlantic Station (NTAS) deployments 1 through 5, from March 30, 2001, to February 28, 2006. The NTAS project has maintained a series of moorings near 14°50'N, 51°00'W in the northwest tropical Atlantic for air-sea flux measurement. The moorings include a surface buoy outfitted with Air- Sea Interaction Meteorology (ASIMET) systems for determination of bulk air-sea fluxes and oceanographic sensors along the upper 120 m of the mooring line. This report describes and presents the velocity data recovered from current meters and Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers (ADCPs) during the first five years of the NTAS project.
    Description: Funding was provided by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration under Grant No. NA09OAR4320129
    Keywords: Oceanus (Ship : 1975-) Cruise OC365-5 ; Ronald H. Brown (Ship) Cruise RB02-02 ; Oceanographic buoys ; Oceanography
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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    At Sea Test 2 recovery cruise : Cruise 206 on board R/V Knorr April 10 - 15, 2012 Woods Hole - Woods Hole, MA (2012)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: The R/V Knorr, on Cruise 206, carried out the recovery of three moorings for the Coastal and Global Scale Nodes (CGSN) Implementing Organization of the NSF Ocean Observatories Initiative. These three moorings are prototypes of the moorings to be used by CGSN at the Pioneer, Endurance, and Global Arrays. Knorr departed from Woods Hole, Massachusetts on April 10, 2012 and steamed south to the location of the mooring deployments on the shelf break. Over five days, April 10-15, Knorr surveyed the bottom at the planned mooring sites, recovered the moorings, and carried out preliminary investigations of mechanical and electrical functionality on the recovered moorings and mooring hardware, including observations of biofouling and corrosion. Knorr returned to Woods Hole on April 15, 2012.
    Description: Funding was provided by the National Science Foundation contract #SA9-10 through the Consortium for Ocean Leadership
    Keywords: Knorr (Ship : 1970-) Cruise KN206 ; Oceanographic buoys ; Oceanography
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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    IOC strategic plan for oceanographic data and information management (2008-2011). [Superceded] (2012)
    UNESCO | Paris
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-08-15
    Description: 1. Introduction 2. OCEANOGRAPHIC DATA AND INFORMATION MANAGEMENT AND EXCHANGE IN THE IOC 3 2.1 THE INTERNATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC DATA AND INFORMATION EXCHANGE PROGRAMME (IODE) 3 2.2 THE IODE REVIEW (2005) 4 2.3 IODE AND CAPACITY BUILDING 5 2.4 DATA MANAGEMENT IN IOC AND OTHER INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMMES 6 2.5 THE IOC OCEANOGRAPHIC DATA EXCHANGE POLICY 8 3. THE STRATEGIC PLAN 10 3.1 WEAKNESSES IN EXISTING SYSTEMS 10 3.2 THE NEED FOR A STRATEGY 11 3.3 VISION 12 3.4 OBJECTIVES 12 3.5 SCOPE 13 4. IMPLEMENTING THE STRATEGY 13 4.1 STRUCTURE AND GOVERNANCE 13 4.2 DATA CENTRES 16 4.3 OCEAN DATA PORTAL 19 4.4 OCEANDOCS 20 4.5 STANDARDS AND BEST PRACTICES 21 4.6 CAPACITY BUILDING 23 4.7 COMMUNICATION AND OUTREACH 24
    Description: Supported by IOC for UNESCO.
    Description: Document available in English.
    Description: Published
    Description: Oceanographic data and information
    Keywords: Oceanography ; Marine sciences ; Data centres ; Information centres
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Report , Non-Refereed
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    Biological lectures delivered at the Marine Biological Laboratory of Wood's Holl in the summer session of 1895 (2012)
    Ginn & Co. | Biodiversity Heritage Library
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-01-12
    Description: Biological lectures given at the Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole in the summer of 1895
    Description: Publications
    Keywords: Biology ; Publications
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Language: English
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    Biological lectures delivered at the Marine Biological Laboratory of Wood's Holl in the summer session of 1893 (2012)
    Ginn & Co. | Biodiversity Heritage Library
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-01-12
    Description: Biological lectures given at the Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole in the summer of 1893
    Description: Publications
    Keywords: Biology ; Publications
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    Biological lectures delivered at the Marine Biological Laboratory of Wood's Holl in the summer session of 1890 (2012)
    Ginn & Co. | Biodiversity Heritage Library
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-01-12
    Description: Biological lectures given at the Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole in the summer of 1890
    Description: Preface -- Specialization and organization, companion principles of all progress. The most important need of american biology, by C.O. Whitman -- Naturalist's occupation: 1. general survey. 2. a special problem, by C.O. Whitman -- Some problems of Annelid morphology, by E.B. Wilson -- Gastraea theory and its successors, by J.P. McMurrich -- Weismann and Maupas on the origin of death, by Edward G. Gardiner -- Evolution and heredity, by Henry Fairfield Osborn -- Relationships of the sea-spiders, by T.H. Morgon -- On caryokinesis, by S. Watase -- Ear of man: its past, present and future, by Howard Ayers -- Study of Ocean temperatures and currents, by William Libbey, Jr.
    Description: Publications
    Keywords: Biology ; Publications
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    Biological lectures delivered at the Marine Biological Laboratory of Wood's Holl in the summer session of 1894 (2012)
    Ginn & Co. | Biodiversity Heritage Library
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-01-12
    Description: Biological lectures given at the Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole in the summer of 1894
    Description: Publications
    Keywords: Biology ; Publications
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Language: English
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    Biological lectures from the Marine Biological Laboratory of Woods Holl, 1899 (2012)
    Marine Biological Laboratory (Woods Hole, Mass.) | Biodiversity Heritage Library
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-01-12
    Description: Biological lectures given at the Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole in the summer of 1899
    Description: Evolution of the sporophyte in the higher plants, by Douglas Houghton Campbell -- Nature of the evidence exhibited by fossil plants, and its bearing upon our knowledge of the history of plant life, by D.P. Penhallow -- Influence of inversions of temperature, ascending and descending currents of air, upon distribution, by D.T. MacDougal -- Significance of mycorrhizas, by D.T. MacDougal -- Instinct, by Edward Thorndike -- Associative processes in animals, by Edward Thorndike -- Behavior of unicellular organisms, by Herbert S. Jennings -- Blind-fishes, by Carl H. Eigenmann -- Some governing factors usually neglected in biological investigations, by Alpheus Hyatt -- On the development of color in moths and butterflies, by Alfred Goldsborough Mayer -- Physiology of secretion, by A. Mathews -- Regeneration: old and new interpretations, by T.H. Morgan -- Nuclear division in protozoa, by Gary N. Calkins -- Significance of the spiral type of cleavage and its relation to the process of differentiation, by C.M. Child -- Aims of the quantitative study of variation, by C.B. Davenport -- On the nature of the process of fertilization, by Jacques Loeb
    Description: Publications
    Keywords: Biology ; Publications
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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    Biological lectures delivered at the Marine Biological Laboratory of Wood's Holl, 1896-1897 (2012)
    Ginn & Co. | Biodiversity Heritage Library
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-01-12
    Description: Biological lectures given at the Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole in the summer of 1896-1897
    Description: Variations and mutations of the introduced sparrow. Passer domesticus, by Hermon C. Bumpus -- Cleavage and differentiation, by E.G. Conklin -- Centrosomes of the fertilized egg of Allolobophora foetida, by Katharine Foot -- Methods of palacontological inquiry, by W.B. Scott -- Physiology of excretion, by Arnold Graf -- Some neural terms, by Burt G. Wilder -- Classification of the North American Taxaccae and Coniferae on the basis of the stem structre, by D.P. Penhallow -- Selection of plant types for the general biology ccourse, by James Ellis Humphrey -- Rate of Cell-division and the function of the centrosome, by A.D. Mead -- Coalescence experiments upon the Lepidoptera, by Henry E. Crampton, Jr. -- Some of the functions and features of a biological station, by C.O. Whitman
    Description: Publications
    Keywords: Biology ; Publications
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    Biological lectures from the Marine Biological Laboratory Wood's Holl, Mass., 1898 (2012)
    Ginn & Co. | Biodiversity Heritage Library
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-01-12
    Description: Biological lectures given at the Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole in the summer of 1898
    Description: Publications
    Keywords: Biology ; Publications
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Language: English
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    L-Band RFI and Measurement of Ocean Heat Transport Aquarius Ocean Salinity Measurements (2012)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: No abstract available
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Type: GSFC.CPR.6162.2012 , World Radiocommunication Conference (WRC-12) Union Internationale des Telecommunications (UIT); 6-10 Ffe. 2012; Geneva; Switzerland
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    Does Ocean Color Data Assimilation Improve Estimates of Global Ocean Inorganic Carbon? (2012)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-19
    Description: Ocean color data assimilation has been shown to dramatically improve chlorophyll abundances and distributions globally and regionally in the oceans. Chlorophyll is a proxy for phytoplankton biomass (which is explicitly defined in a model), and is related to the inorganic carbon cycle through the interactions of the organic carbon (particulate and dissolved) and through primary production where inorganic carbon is directly taken out of the system. Does ocean color data assimilation, whose effects on estimates of chlorophyll are demonstrable, trickle through the simulated ocean carbon system to produce improved estimates of inorganic carbon? Our emphasis here is dissolved inorganic carbon, pC02, and the air-sea flux. We use a sequential data assimilation method that assimilates chlorophyll directly and indirectly changes nutrient concentrations in a multi-variate approach. The results are decidedly mixed. Dissolved organic carbon estimates from the assimilation model are not meaningfully different from free-run, or unassimilated results, and comparisons with in situ data are similar. pC02 estimates are generally worse after data assimilation, with global estimates diverging 6.4% from in situ data, while free-run estimates are only 4.7% higher. Basin correlations are, however, slightly improved: r increase from 0.78 to 0.79, and slope closer to unity at 0.94 compared to 0.86. In contrast, air-sea flux of C02 is noticeably improved after data assimilation. Global differences decline from -0.635 mol/m2/y (stronger model sink from the atmosphere) to -0.202 mol/m2/y. Basin correlations are slightly improved from r=O.77 to r=0.78, with slope closer to unity (from 0.93 to 0.99). The Equatorial Atlantic appears as a slight sink in the free-run, but is correctly represented as a moderate source in the assimilation model. However, the assimilation model shows the Antarctic to be a source, rather than a modest sink and the North Indian basin is represented incorrectly as a sink rather than the source indicated by the free-run model and data estimates.
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Type: GSFC.ABS.6018.2012
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    The Effects of Climate Variability on Phytoplankton Composition in the Equatorial Pacific Ocean using a Model and a Satellite-Derived Approach (2012)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-19
    Description: Compared the interannual variation in diatoms, cyanobacteria, coccolithophores and chlorophytes from the NASA Ocean Biogeochemical Model with those derived from satellite data (Hirata et al. 2011) between 1998 and 2006 in the Equatorial Pacific. Using NOBM, La Ni a events were characterized by an increase in diatoms (correlation with MEI, r=-0.81, P〈0.05), while cyanobacteria concentrations decreased significantly (r=0.61; P〈0.05). El Nino produced the reverse pattern, with cyanobacteria populations increasing while diatoms plummeted. This represented a radical shift in the phytoplankton community in response to climate variability. However, satellite-derived phytoplankton groups were all negatively correlated with climate variability (r ranged from -0.39 for diatoms to -0.64 for coccolithophores, P〈0.05). Spatially, the satellite-derived approach was closer to an independent in situ dataset for all phytoplankton groups except diatoms than NOBM. However, the different responses of phytoplankton to intense interannual events in the Equatorial Pacific raises questions about the representation of phytoplankton dynamics in models and algorithms: is a phytoplankton community shift as in the model or an across-the-board change in abundances of all phytoplankton as in the satellite-derived approach.
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Type: GSFC.ABS.6451.2012 , Association for the Sciences of Liminology and Oceanography (ASLO)Conference; Jul 08, 2012 - Jul 13, 2012; Lake Biwa; Japan
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    Sensitivity of Ocean Reflectance Inversion Models for Identifying and Discriminating Between Phytoplankton Functional Groups (2012)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-19
    Description: The daily, synoptic images provided by satellite ocean color instruments provide viable data streams for observing changes in the biogeochemistrY of marine ecosystems. Ocean reflectance inversion models (ORMs) provide a common mechanism for inverting the "color" of the water observed a satellite into marine inherent optical properties (lOPs) through a combination of empiricism and radiative transfer theory. lOPs, namely the spectral absorption and scattering characteristics of ocean water and its dissolved and particulate constituents, describe the contents of the upper ocean, information critical for furthering scientific understanding of biogeochemical oceanic processes. Many recent studies inferred marine particle sizes and discriminated between phytoplankton functional groups using remotely-sensed lOPs. While all demonstrated the viability of their approaches, few described the vertical distributions of the water column constituents under consideration and, thus, failed to report the biophysical conditions under which their model performed (e.g., the depth and thickness of the phytoplankton bloom(s)). We developed an ORM to remotely identifY Noctiluca miliaris and other phytoplankton functional types using satellite ocean color data records collected in the northern Arabian Sea. Here, we present results from analyses designed to evaluate the applicability and sensitivity of the ORM to varied biophysical conditions. Specifically, we: (1) synthesized a series of vertical profiles of spectral inherent optical properties that represent a wide variety of bio-optical conditions for the northern Arabian Sea under aN Miliaris bloom; (2) generated spectral remote-sensing reflectances from these profiles using Hydrolight; and, (3) applied the ORM to the synthesized reflectances to estimate the relative concentrations of diatoms and N Miliaris for each example. By comparing the estimates from the inversion model to those from synthesized vertical profiles, we were able to identifY those bio-optical conditions under which the inversion model performs both well and poorly.
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Type: GSFC.ABS.6436.2012 , Ocean Optics Conference; Oct 08, 2012 - Oct 12, 2012; Glasgow, Scotland; United Kingdom
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    Can We Infer Ocean Dynamics from Altimeter Wavenumber Spectra? (2012)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-19
    Description: The wavenumber spectra of sea surface height (SSH) and kinetic energy (KE) have been used to infer the dynamics of the ocean. When quasi-geostrophic dynamics (QG) or surface quasi-geostrophic (SQG) turbulence dominate and an inertial subrange exists, a steep SSH wavenumber spectrum is expected with k-5 for QG turbulence and a flatter k-11/3 for SQG turbulence. However, inspection of the spectral slopes in the mesoscale band of 70 to 250 km shows that the altimeter wavenumber slopes typically are much flatter than the QG or SQG predictions over most of the ocean. Comparison of the altimeter wavenumber spectra with the spectra estimated from the output of an eddy resolving global ocean circulation model (the Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model, HYCOM, at 1/25 resolution), which is forced by high frequency winds and includes the astronomical forcing of the sun and the moon, suggests that the flatter slopes of the altimeter may arise from three possible sources, the presence of internal waves, the lack of an inertial subrange in the 70 to 250 km band and noise or submesoscales at small scales. When the wavenumber spectra of SSH and KE are estimated near the internal tide generating regions, the resulting spectra are much flatter than the expectations of QG or SQG theory. If the height and velocity variability are separated into low frequency (periods greater than 2 days) and high frequency (periods less than a day), then a different pattern emerges with a relatively flat wavenumber spectrum at high frequency and a steeper wavenumber spectrum at low frequency. The stationary internal tides can be removed from the altimeter spectrum, which steepens the spectral slopes in the energetic internal wave regions. Away from generating regions where the internal waves
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Type: GSFC.ABS.00367.2012 , 20 Years of Progress in Radar Altimetry; 24-29 Sept. 2012; Venice; Italy
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    Twenty Years of Progress on Global Ocean Tides: The Impact of Satellite Altimetry (2012)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-19
    Description: At the dawn of the era of high-precision altimetry, before the launch of TOPEX/Poseidon, ocean tides were properly viewed as a source of noise--tidal variations in ocean height would represent a very substantial fraction of what the altimeter measures, and would have to be accurately predicted and subtracted if altimetry were to achieve its potential for ocean and climate studies. But to the extent that the altimetry could be severely contaminated by tides, it also represented an unprecedented global-scale tidal data set. These new data, together with research stimulated by the need for accurate tidal corrections, led to a renaissance in tidal studies in the oceanographic community. In this paper we review contributions of altimetry to tidal science over the past 20 years, emphasizing recent progress. Mapping of tides has now been extended from the early focus on major constituents in the open ocean to include minor constituents, (e.g., long-period tides; non-linear tides in shelf waters, and in the open ocean), and into shallow and coastal waters. Global and spatially local estimates of tidal energy balance have been refined, and the role of internal tide conversion in dissipating barotropic tidal energy is now well established through modeling, altimetry, and in situ observations. However, energy budgets for internal tides, and the role of tidal dissipation in vertical ocean mixing remain controversial topics. Altimetry may contribute to resolving some of these important questions through improved mapping of low-mode internal tides. This area has advanced significantly in recent years, with several global maps now available, and progress on constraining temporally incoherent components. For the future, new applications of altimetry (e.g., in the coastal ocean, where barotropic tidal models remain inadequate), and new mission concepts (studies of the submesoscale with SWOT, which will require correction for internal tides) may bring us full circle, again pushing further development of tidal models as corrections.
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Type: GSFC.ABS.00365.2012 , 20 Years of Progress in Radar Altimetry Symposium; 24-29 Sept.. 2012; Venice-Lido; Italy
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    A l% and 1cm Perspective Leads to a Novel CDOM Absorption Algorithm (2012)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-19
    Description: A next-generation in-water profiler designed to measure the apparent optical properties of seawater was developed and validated across a wide dynamic range of water properties. This new Compact-Optical Profiling System (C-OPS) design uses a novel, kite-shaped, free-falling backplane with adjustable buoyancy and is based on 19 state-of-the-art microradiometers, spanning 320-780 nm. Data collected as part of the field commissioning were of a previously unachievable quality and showed that systematic uncertainties in the sampling protocols were discernible at the 1% optical and 1cm depth resolution levels. A sensitivity analysis as a function of three water types, established by the peak in the remote sensing reflectance spectra, revealed which water types and spectral domains were the most indicative of data acquisition uncertainties. The unprecedented vertical resolution of C-OPS measurements provided near-surface data products at the spectral endpoints with a quality level that has not been obtainable. The improved data allowed development of an algorithm for predicting the spectral absorption due to chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) using ratios of diffuse attenuation coefficients with over 99% of the variance in the data explained.
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Type: GSFC.ABS.00228.2012 , 2012 ASLO Aquatic Sciences Meeting; Jul 08, 2012 - Jul 13, 2012; Lake Biwa Ostu Shiga; Japan
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    Phytoplankton Assemblage Patterns in the Southern Mid-Atlantic Bight (2012)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: As part of the Wallops Coastal Oceans Observing Laboratory (Wa-COOL) Project, we sampled a time-series transect in the southern Mid-Atlantic Bight (MAB) biweekly. Our 2-year time-series data included physical parameters, nutrient concentrations, and chlorophyll a concentrations. A detailed phytoplankton assemblage structure was examined in the second year. During the 2-year study, chlorophyll a concentration (and ocean color satellite imagery) indicated that phytoplankton blooms occurred in January/February during mixing conditions and in early autumn under stratified conditions. The chlorophyll a concentrations ranged from 0.25 microgram 1(exp -1) to 15.49 microgram 1(exp -1) during the 2-year period. We were able to discriminate approximately 116 different species under phase contrast microscopy. Dominant phytoplankton included Skeletonema costatum, Rhizosolenia spp., and Pseudo-nitzschia pungens. In an attempt to determine phytoplankton species competition/succession within the assemblage, we calculated a Shannon Weaver diversity index for our diatom microscopy data. Diatom diversity was greatest during the winter and minimal during the spring. Diatom diversity was also greater at nearshore stations than at offshore stations. Individual genera appeared patchy, with surface and subsurface patches appearing abruptly and persisting for only 1-2 months at a time. The distribution of individual species differed significantly from bulk variables of the assemblage (chlorophyll a ) and total phytoplankton assemblage (cells), which indicates that phytoplankton species may be limited in growth in ways that differ from those of the total assemblage. Our study demonstrated a highly diverse phytoplankton assemblage throughout the year, with opportunistic species dominating during spring and fall in response to seasonal changes in temperature and nutrients in the southern MAB.
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN9301 , Botanical Marina; 55; 5; 445-457
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    Diagnostic modeling of dimethylsulfide production in coastal water west of the Antarctic Peninsula (2012)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The rate of gross biological dimethylsulfide (DMS) production at two coastal sites west of the Antarctic Peninsula, off Anvers Island, near Palmer Station, was estimated using a diagnostic approach that combined field measurements from 1 January 2006 through 1 March 2006 and a one-dimensional physical model of ocean mixing. The average DMS production rate in the upper water column (0-60 m) was estimated to be 3.1 +/- 0.6 nM/d at station B (closer to shore) and 2.7 +/- 0.6 nM/d1 at station E (further from shore). The estimated DMS replacement time was on the order of 1 d at both stations. DMS production was greater in the mixed layer than it was below the mixed layer. The average DMS production normalized to chlorophyll was 0.5 +/- nM/d)/(mg cubic m) at station B and 0.7 +/- 0.2 (nM/d)/(mg/cubic m3) at station E. When the diagnosed production rates were normalized to the observed concentrations of total dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSPt, the biogenic precursor of DMS), we found a remarkable similarity between our estimates at stations B and E (0.06 +/- 0.02 and 0.04 +/- 0.01 (nM DMS / d1)/(nM DMSP), respectively) and the results obtained in a previous study from a contrasting biogeochemical environment in the North Atlantic subtropical gyre (0.047 =/- 0.006 and 0.087 +/- 0.014 (nM DMS d1)/(nM DMSP) in a cyclonic and anticyclonic eddy, respectively).We propose that gross biological DMS production normalized to DMSPt might be relatively independent of the biogeochemical environment, and place our average estimate at 0.06 +/- 0.01 (nM DMS / d)/(nM DMSPt). The significance of this finding is that it can provide a means to use DMSPt measurements to extrapolate gross biological DMS production, which is extremely difficult to measure experimentally under realistic in situ conditions.
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN9406 , Continental Shelf Research; 32; 96-109
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    Arctic Ocean Freshwater: How Robust are Model Simulations (2012)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The Arctic freshwater (FW) has been the focus of many modeling studies, due to the potential impact of Arctic FW on the deep water formation in the North Atlantic. A comparison of the hindcasts from ten ocean-sea ice models shows that the simulation of the Arctic FW budget is quite different in the investigated models. While they agree on the general sink and source terms of the Arctic FW budget, the long-term means as well as the variability of the FW export vary among models. The best model-to-model agreement is found for the interannual and seasonal variability of the solid FW export and the solid FW storage, which also agree well with observations. For the interannual and seasonal variability of the liquid FW export, the agreement among models is better for the Canadian Arctic Archipelago (CAA) than for Fram Strait. The reason for this is that models are more consistent in simulating volume flux anomalies than salinity anomalies and volume-flux anomalies dominate the liquid FW export variability in the CAA but not in Fram Strait. The seasonal cycle of the liquid FW export generally shows a better agreement among models than the interannual variability, and compared to observations the models capture the seasonality of the liquid FW export rather well. In order to improve future simulations of the Arctic FW budget, the simulation of the salinity field needs to be improved, so that model results on the variability of the liquid FW export and storage become more robust.
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN6103 , Journal of Geophysical Research - Oceans; 117
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    The Aquarius Salinity Retrieval Algorithm (2012)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The first part of this presentation gives an overview over the Aquarius salinity retrieval algorithm. The instrument calibration [2] converts Aquarius radiometer counts into antenna temperatures (TA). The salinity retrieval algorithm converts those TA into brightness temperatures (TB) at a flat ocean surface. As a first step, contributions arising from the intrusion of solar, lunar and galactic radiation are subtracted. The antenna pattern correction (APC) removes the effects of cross-polarization contamination and spillover. The Aquarius radiometer measures the 3rd Stokes parameter in addition to vertical (v) and horizontal (h) polarizations, which allows for an easy removal of ionospheric Faraday rotation. The atmospheric absorption at L-band is almost entirely due to molecular oxygen, which can be calculated based on auxiliary input fields from numerical weather prediction models and then successively removed from the TB. The final step in the TA to TB conversion is the correction for the roughness of the sea surface due to wind, which is addressed in more detail in section 3. The TB of the flat ocean surface can now be matched to a salinity value using a surface emission model that is based on a model for the dielectric constant of sea water [3], [4] and an auxiliary field for the sea surface temperature. In the current processing only v-pol TB are used for this last step.
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Type: GSFC.CP.6202.2012 , GSFC.CP.00243.2012 , 12th Specialist Meeting on Microwave Radiometry and Remote Sensing of the Environment (MicroRad 2012); Mar 05, 2012 - Mar 09, 2012; Villa Mondragone; Italy|International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, 2012 Munich IGARSS; Jul 22, 2012 - Jul 27, 2012; Munich; Germany
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    Comparisons of Aquarius Measurements over Oceans with Radiative Transfer Models at L-Band (2012)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The Aquarius/SAC-D spacecraft includes three L-band (1.4 GHz) radiometers dedicated to measuring sea surface salinity. It was launched in June 2011 by NASA and CONAE (Argentine space agency). We report detailed comparisons of Aquarius measurements with radiative transfer model predictions. These comparisons are used as part of the initial assessment of Aquarius data and to estimate the radiometer calibration bias and stability. Comparisons are also being performed to assess the performance of models used in the retrieval algorithm for correcting the effect of various sources of geophysical "noise" (e.g. Faraday rotation, surface roughness). Such corrections are critical in bringing the error in retrieved salinity down to the required 0.2 practical salinity unit on monthly global maps at 150 km by 150 km resolution.
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Type: GSFC.CP.6198.2012 , International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS); Jul 22, 2012 - Jul 27, 2012; Munich; Germany
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    Using NASA's Giovanni System to Simulate Time-Series Stations in the Outflow Region of California's Eel River (2012)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Oceanographic time-series stations provide vital data for the monitoring of oceanic processes, particularly those associated with trends over time and interannual variability. There are likely numerous locations where the establishment of a time-series station would be desirable, but for reasons of funding or logistics, such establishment may not be feasible. An alternative to an operational time-series station is monitoring of sites via remote sensing. In this study, the NASA Giovanni data system is employed to simulate the establishment of two time-series stations near the outflow region of California s Eel River, which carries a high sediment load. Previous time-series analysis of this location (Acker et al. 2009) indicated that remotely-sensed chl a exhibits a statistically significant increasing trend during summer (low flow) months, but no apparent trend during winter (high flow) months. Examination of several newly-available ocean data parameters in Giovanni, including 8-day resolution data, demonstrates the differences in ocean parameter trends at the two locations compared to regionally-averaged time-series. The hypothesis that the increased summer chl a values are related to increasing SST is evaluated, and the signature of the Eel River plume is defined with ocean optical parameters.
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Type: GSFC.CPR.6211.2012 , American Geophysical Union 2012 Oceans Meeting; Feb 20, 2012 - Feb 24, 2012; Salt Lake City, UT; United States
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