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  • Other Sources  (3,469)
  • Meteorology and Climatology  (1,785)
  • METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY  (971)
  • SPACE RADIATION
  • 2010-2014  (1,781)
  • 1975-1979  (1,688)
Collection
  • Other Sources  (3,469)
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Keywords
Years
Year
  • 1
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    Wind estimates from cloud motions: Result of an in situ aircraft verification experiment (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-11-16
    Description: A world wide system of 5 geostationary satellites is being established with a primary objective: the estimation of winds from cloud motions. A series of aircraft experiments were carried out to perform an in situ verification of the satellite cloud winds, under undisturbed to moderately disturbed oceanic weather regimes.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 235-239
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  • 2
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    Cosmic-ray propagation and containment (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-08-09
    Description: The cosmic rays are an active gaseous component of the disk of the galaxy, and their propagation and containment is a part of the general dynamics of the disk. The sources of cosmic rays are a matter of speculation. The disk is inflated by the cosmic-ray gas pressure, P, comparable to the magnetic pressure B super 2/ 8 pi, but the rate of inflation is unknown. The time spent by the individual cosmic-ray particles in the disk is inversely proportional to the cosmic-ray production rate and may be anything from 100,000 to more than 10 million years. It is evident from the decay of Be(10) that the cosmic rays circulate through a volume of space perhaps ten times the thickness of the gaseous disk, suggesting a magnetic halo extending out approximately 1 kpc from either face of the disk. The cosmic rays may be responsible for the halo by inflating the magnetic fields of the disk. Extension of the fields to 1 kpc would imply a high production rate and short life of cosmic rays in the dense gaseous disk of the galaxy.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The Struct. and Content of the Galaxy and Galactic Gamma Rays; p 283-299
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  • 3
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    Small scale local gamma ray features (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-08-09
    Description: In order to draw implications from nearby gamma-ray emission, the different ways that can be used to obtain an estimate of the amount of matter on each line of sight are investigated. It is shown that, within present uncertainties, the cosmic ray intensity inside molecular clouds within 1 kpc from the sun is the same as the cosmic ray intensity measured at the sun. In the last part, what can be learned from a comparison of far infrared and gamma-ray data is discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The Struct. and Content of the Galaxy and Galactic Gamma Rays; p 229-236
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  • 4
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    The nonthermal radiation in the galaxy (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-08-09
    Description: Observations of the distribution of brightness at intermediate latitudes in the galaxy and of the edge-on spiral galaxy, NGC 891, indicate that the emissivity extends to heights of several kpc perpendicular to the plane. In several galaxies, the angular distributions of neutral hydrogen and nonthermal emission are roughly coextensive and show similar features such as spiral structure. If radio galaxies and normal galaxies with strong nuclear radio sources are excluded, there appears to be a proportionality between their total H(I) content and their nonthermal radio luminosity.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The Struct. and Content of the Galaxy and Galactic Gamma Rays; p 189-202
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  • 5
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    Very high-energy gamma ray astronomy (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-08-09
    Description: Recent results in ground-based very high-energy (less than 10 to the eleventh power eV) gamma-ray astronomy are reviewed. The various modes of the atmospheric Cerenkov technique are described, and the importance of cosmic ray rejection methods is stressed. The positive detections (at approximately less than 10 to the 12th power eV) of the Crab pulsar that suggest a very flat spectrum and time-variable pulse phase are discussed. Observations of other pulsars (particularly Vela) suggest that these features may be general. The steady flux upper limits for the Crab Nebula are thus reconsidered, and a new value of the implied (Compton-synchrotron) magnetic field in the Nebula is reported. Evidence that a 4.8-hour modulated effect was detected at E sub gamma is less than 10 to the 12th power eV from Cyg X-3 is strengthened in that the exact period originally proposed agrees well with a recent determination of the X-ray period. The southern sky observations are reviewed, and the significance of the detection of an active galaxy (NGC 5128) is considered for source models and future observations.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The Struct. and Content of the Galaxy and Galactic Gamma Rays; p 81-98
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  • 6
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    The time structure of the gamma-ray emission from the Crab and Vela pulsars (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-08-09
    Description: High resolution data on the pulsed gamma-ray emission from the Crab and Vela pulsars are presented. The light curves of these two pulsars at gamma-ray energies show striking similarities. The measured pulsed intensity from Vela at energies greater than 50 MeV was found to be .000013 sq cm/sec. The energy spectrum is not consistent with a power law.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: The Struct. and Content of the Galaxy and Galactic Gamma Rays; p 53-64
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  • 7
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    Low- and medium-energy galactic gamma-ray observations (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-08-09
    Description: Observation of 0.2 to 100 MeV-diffuse gamma-radiation emitted from a galaxy provides information on the intensities of 5 to 50 MeV/nucleon cosmic-rays and approximately less than 50-MeV electrons in interstellar space. Recent measurements of gamma-rays emitted from the galactic center region provide evidence for a diffuse continuum between 10 and 100 MeV, which is dominant over the pi-decay emission generated in high-energy nuclear collisions. The intensities of the recently reported nuclear line gamma-rays, also observed in the direction of the galactic center, require the presence of intense fluxes of low energy cosmic rays in the inner galaxy if the gamma-ray are produced on a galactic scale. Current detection techniques for 0.1 to 100 MeV gamma-ray measurements are summarized, and their capabilities for measuring the diffuse galactic emission are evaluated.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The Struct. and Content of the Galaxy and Galactic Gamma Rays; p 65-80
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  • 8
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    COS-B observations of the high-energy gamma radiation from the galactic disk (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-08-09
    Description: The COS-B experiment has observed approximately one-fourth of the galactic disk, including the galactic-center region, the galactic anticenter, and the Vela region. A completely automatic analysis of the events recorded during these observations reveals a galactic gamma ray emission from the three regions. In the galactic center and Vela regions, the disk emission distribution was measured. From these data, the existence of a local (less than 1 kpc) and a distant (greater than 3 kpc) emitting region is apparent in the general direction of the inner galaxy.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: The Struct. and Content of the Galaxy and Galactic Gamma Rays; p 41-44
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  • 9
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    The COS-B experiment and mission (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-08-09
    Description: The COS-B satellite carries a single experiment, capable of detecting gamma rays with energies greater than 30 MeV to study the spatial, energy, and time characteristics of high-energy radiation of galactic and extragalactic origin. The capability to search for gamma ray pulsations is enhanced by the inclusion in the payload of a proportional counter sensitive of X-rays of 2 to 12 keV. The experiment was calibrated using particle accelerators. The results of these measurements are presented, and the performance of the system in orbit is discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: The Struct. and Content of the Galaxy and Galactic Gamma Rays; p 29-40
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  • 10
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    COS-B observations of localized sources of gamma-ray emission (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-08-09
    Description: In October 1975, the high-energy gamma-ray flux from the Vela pulsar measured by COS-B was found to be 1.6 to 2.1 times higher than the flux measured by SAS-2 in 1973. This factor is too large to be accounted for by error in the COS-B calibration or analysis. This is supported by a comparison of the COS-B measurement of the narrow-line component from the galactic center region with the flux derived from the measurements of SAS-2; the COS-B flux comes out about 15 percent lower than the SAS-2 figure. It is interesting to note that a glitch in the pulsar period took place about 1 month prior to the COS-B observation; the previous glitch occurred about 1.5 years before the SAS-2 observation. The increased rotational energy loss after the glitch cannot simply explain the increased gamma-ray luminosity. If the two phenomena are related, the gamma-ray emission, absorption, or beaming process must be extremely sensitive to changes in rotational parameters. The existence is confirmed of a second region of enhanced radiation in the galactic anticenter in addition to that from the Crab pulsar.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: The Struct. and Content of the Galaxy and Galactic Gamma Rays; p 45-52
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  • 11
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    SAS-2 galactic gamma-ray results. 2: Localized sources (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-08-09
    Description: Gamma ray emission was detected from the radio pulsars PSR 1818-04 and PSR 1747-46, in addition to the previously reported gamma ray emission from the Crab and Vela pulsars. Because the Crab pulsar is the only one observed in the optical and X-ray bands, these gamma ray observations suggest a uniquely gamma ray phenomenon occurring in a fraction of the radio pulsars. PSR 1818-04 has a gamma ray luminosity comparable to that of the Crab pulsar, whereas the luminosities of PSR 1747-46 and the Vela pulsar are approximately an order of magnitude lower. SAS-2 data for pulsar correlations yielded upper limits to gamma ray luminosity for 71 other radio pulsars. For five of the closest pulsars, upper limits for gamma ray luminosity are found to be at least three orders of magnitude lower than that of the Crab pulsar. Gamma ray enhancement near the Milky Way satellite galaxy and the galactic plane in the Cygnus region is also discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: The Struct. and Content of the Galaxy and Galactic Gamma Rays; p 15-26
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  • 12
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    SAS-2 galactic gamma-ray results. 1: Diffuse emission (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-08-09
    Description: Continuing analysis of the data from the SAS-2 high energy gamma ray experiment has produced an improved picture of the sky at photon energies above 35 MeV. On a large scale, the diffuse emission from the galactic plane is the dominant feature observed by SAS-2. This galactic plane emission is most intense between galactic longitudes 310 deg and 45 deg, corresponding to a region within 7 kpc of the galactic center. Within the high-intensity region, SAS-2 observes peaks around galactic longitudes 315, 330, 345, 0, and 35 deg. These peaks appear to be correlated with galactic features and components such as molecular hydrogen, atomic hydrogen, magnetic fields, cosmic-ray concentrations, and photon fields.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: The Struct. and Content of the Galaxy and Galactic Gamma Rays; p 3-14
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  • 13
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    A summary of monthly mean simulation experiments with the GISS model (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The statistical results of 8 monthly mean simulation experiments with the GISS general circulation model are summarized for the Northern Hemisphere in terms of the fields of sea-level pressure, 500-mb. height, and 850-mb. temperature.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 323-327
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  • 14
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    Sampling analysis for the earth radiation budget satellite system mission (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: A study was conducted to identify problems related to sampling the Earth's radiant energy budget and to define a satellite system with sufficient sampling to satisfy science requirements on global, zonal, and regional scales.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 153-157
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  • 15
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    A simple algorithm for inferring the vertical ozone profile from satellite measurements (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: A general methodology for establishing and testing remote sensing inversion procedures has yielded a simple procedure for inverting BUV radiances.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 129-133
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  • 16
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    A statistical method for time-continuous assimilation of remote sounding temperatures (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: A time-continuous statistical method is presented for the four-dimensional assimilation of remote sounding temperatures based on radiometric measurements from polar-orbiting satellites. This method is applied to DST-6 data from the NOAA-4 and Nimbus-6 satellites. Experiments are reported in which the state of the atmosphere throughout the test period was determined using a varying amount of satellite data and in which different methods were used for their assimilation. Data from the NOAA-4 satellite only, from Nimbus-6 only, and from both satellites together were used; the methods tested include different variations of the statistical method as well as more traditional methods. The conclusions are that: (1) satellite-derived temperature data can have a modest, but statistically significant positive impact on numerical weather prediction in the two-to-three day range; (2) this impact is highly sensitive to the quantity of data available; and (3) the assimilation method plays a major role in the magnitude of the impact for the same data.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 93-103
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  • 17
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    Profiling of atmospheric water vapor with microwave radiometry (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Weighting functions were developed which express the water vapor information content of microwave radiometric measurements. Retrievals of water vapor profiles are performed using these weighting functions.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 81-85
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  • 18
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    The evaluation by numerical simulation of the design for a Microwave Pressure Sounder (MPS) (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The potential accuracy of an active multifrequency millimeter-wave technique for the remote measurement of atmospheric pressure at the Earth's surface was investigated by numerical simulation.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 71-75
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  • 19
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    Cloud temperatures and prediction of hurricane intensity (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Equivalent black body temperatures of clouds around tropical cyclones are used in a statistical technique to forecast changes in maximum winds for 24 hours in advance.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 41-45
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  • 20
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    A real-time subsynoptic, meso, and microscale severe storm forecast system (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: A system of differential equations is integrated numerically in space and time over several different matrices in an effort to simulate the atmospheric wave structures which organize severe local storms. Preliminary results with case studies indicate that dynamical fields produced by the numerical simulations can be translated into very fine scale space and time zones where severe storm forecast indices can be developed. These fine scale indices are now available in real-time when run on Langley's STAR 100 computer system.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 29-33
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  • 21
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    Detection of severe storms through a tropospheric-ionospheric coupling mechanism (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Acoustic-gravity waves were detected by a ground-based ionospheric sounding array, and the location of the wave generation source was determined by a reverse group ray path computation. Computed sources of these waves were located near locations where tornadoes touched down from 2 to 4 hours later. It is suggested that the overshooting and ensuing collapse of convective turrets may be responsible for generating the acoustic-gravity waves observed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 11-15
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  • 22
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    Three dimensional cloud top changes related to thunderstorm severity (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Digital infrared data from a geostationary satellite are used to study thunderstorm top growth rates and other parameters in relation to the occurrence of severe weather on the ground. Both the rate of upward growth of the thunderstorm top and the maximum height reached are shown to be useful parameters in the detection of severe thunderstorms.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 7-10
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  • 23
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    Climatological features revealed by ESMR derived oceanic rainfall maps (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Several new climatological patterns become apparent from the analysis of satellite-derived global oceanic rainfall maps. Five interesting features are briefly discussed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 135-139
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  • 24
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    The effect of sea ice extent on the climatology of the Giss general circulation model (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Two model simulations were calculated with the GISS general circulation model corresponding to hypothetical maximum and minimum January sea ice conditions in the north and south polar regions. Results indicate that there were large differences in the Northern Hemisphere circulation between maximum and minimum ice conditions in zonally averaged temperature, vertically averaged eddy sensible heat flux, and mean 500 mb geopotential height. The calculated differences are found to be greater than the inherent variability of the model.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 105-109
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  • 25
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    Operation Aurorozone: An experiment in sun/weather (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Operation Aurorozone was a highly coordinated sequence of 33 rocket flights launched from Poker Flat, Alaska, in September 1976. The effects of aurorally produced X-rays on stratospheric neutral and electrical parameters was studied. The sun/weather coupling between upper and lower regions of the atmosphere is thought to be related to these middle atmospheric parameters. The results show a consistent depletion of ozone above 1 mb during three independent auroral events, with magnitudes in excess of those expected from the measured energy radiation sources. Simultaneously, enhanced conductivity changes were observed to occur in accord with the measured ionizing radiations.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 121-125
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  • 26
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    Design and testing of a new planetary boundary layer parameterization (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: A new planetary boundary layer parameterization was developed. Tests included forecasting experiments.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 117-120
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  • 27
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    Numerical simulation of flow near steep mountains with a potential enstrophy conserving scheme for the shallow water equations (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Numerical experiments show that use of a potential enstrophy conserving scheme drastically improves numerical simulation of flow near steep mountains.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 111-115
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  • 28
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    Remote sensing of the boundary layer (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Limited information about the boundary layer stratification is obtained from remote infrared spectral measurements in the water vapor window region. A global map of the average strength of the water vapor spectral lines in the 9 micron window region derived from Nimbus 4 IRIS data is presented to indicate this boundary layer information. Presence of deep convective layer in the intertropical convergence zone and trade wind inversion over the subtropical oceanic high pressure systems are appropriately revealed in this map.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 77-80
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  • 29
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    Wind speed and aerosol optical thickness estimates from aircraft observations of sea flitter (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Aircraft observed radiances were used to measure surface wind speed and aerosol thickness. Results show that the surface wind speed is related to the width of the glitter pattern.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 67-70
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  • 30
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    Objective tropical cyclone analysis and forecasting technique using conventional and Nimbus-5 electrically scanning microwave radiometer measurements (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The ADAPT empirical analysis programs, based on finding an optimal representation of the data in the Karhunen-Loeve sense, were applied to 120 observations of twenty-nine 1973 and 1974 Pacific tropical cyclones. Each observation consists of NIMBUS-5 electrically scanning microwave radiometer (ESMR) radiation measurements at 267 grid points covering and surrounding the tropical cyclone plus nine other non-satellite derived descriptors. Analysis and forecast algorithms to estimate storm motion and intensity were developed for times ranging from the observation time up to 72 hours later. The 24 hr wind speed forecasts with an accuracy of 11.7 knots and position forecasts with accuracies 15% better than persistence were demonstrated using independent tests.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 47-50
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  • 31
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    Latent heat calculations and their relationship to tropical cyclone intensity (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Data from the Nimbus-5 electrically scanning microwave radiometer (ESMR) were used to calculate total storm latent heat release (LHR) and other precipitation parameters for over 100 satellite observations of Pacific Ocean tropical cyclones. The data are useful in determining the rainfall characteristics of these storms and appear to be potentially useful in monitoring them.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 35-39
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  • 32
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    Severe storms and their interaction with the environment (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: A brief description is given of significant research accomplishments and of planned research on atmospheric variability and the interaction of severe storms with their environment using atmospheric variability experiments data. Use of the results for the assessment of satellite capabilities are described briefly.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 23-27
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  • 33
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    Summary report of the Weather Services Committee (1978)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Weather services to severe storms, turbulence, icing, visibility, and lightning are discussed. Each weather phenomenon area was explored in terms of needs, problems related to providing services, and availability of timely and appropriate information.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Tenn. Univ. Space Inst. Proc. of the 2nd Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 234-236
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  • 34
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    Summary report of the Aircraft Design Committee (1978)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Aircraft models were designed to solve aircraft lightning, severe storms, turbulence, icing, and visibility problems. Analytical modeling, wind tunnel simulation tests, ground tests, and in-flight tests were conducted.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Tenn. Univ. Space Inst. Proc. of the 2nd Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 229-238
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    Summary report of the Human Factors Committee (1978)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Reduced visibility as a human factors problem was studied in terms of the number of lives lost and cost of aircraft accidents and incidents. Human factors in flight through turbulence in detection and avoidance techniques, pilot and crew procedures for handling workloads and distractions caused by turbulence, and aircraft handling techniques for safe flights through turbulence are investigated. Education and training were reviewed in icing problems on aircraft. Pilots failure to recognize and detect wind shear in severe storms is examined. The pilots avoidance of lightning is discussed from the human factors point of view.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Tenn. Univ. Space Inst. Proc. of the 2nd Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 219-228
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    Summary of the Aircraft Operations Committee (1978)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Severe storms and turbulence, icing, visibility, and lightning are discussed in new programs on aircraft operations. The education of pilots and ground service personnel are reviewed. More available information of weather programs and services are examined.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Tenn. Univ. Space Inst. Proc. of the 2nd Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 215-218
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    Summary report of the Lightning and Static Electricity Committee (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Lightning protection technology as applied to aviation and identifying these technology needs are presented. The flight areas of technical needs include; (1) the need for In-Flight data on lightning electrical parameters; (2) technology base and guidelines for protection of advanced systems and structures; (3) improved laboratory test techniques; (4) analysis techniques for predicting induced effects; (5) lightning strike incident data from General Aviation; (6) lightning detection systems; (7) obtain pilot reports of lightning strikes; and (8) better training in lightning awareness. The nature of each problem, timeliness, impact of solutions, degree of effort required, and the roles of government and industry in achieving solutions are discussed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Tenn. Univ. Space Inst. Proc. of the 2nd Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 203-214
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    Summary Report of the Icing Committee (1978)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Icing parameters have created problems and the problem areas that still exist today are presented. The problem areas include; (1) instrumentation; (2) test facilities; (3) weather forecasting of icing conditions; (4) meteorological design criteria; and (5) meteorological data.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Tenn. Univ. Space Inst. Proc. of the 2nd Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 193-199
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    Summary report of the Turbulence Committee (1978)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The effects of atmospheric turbulence are discussed. Aircraft design and aircraft operations are reviewed. Turbulence in terms of intensity and scale in design considerations was examined. Turbulence models were used in the form of discrete gusts, spectral distributions, and probability distributions. Various aspects of the design and operations problems, simulation and training factors of pilots, and weather services and forecasts are reported.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Tenn. Univ. Space Inst. Proc. of the 2nd Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 185-191
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    Gamma rays, cosmic rays and galactic structure (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Working primarily from the recent SAS-2 observations of galactic gamma rays, the relation of these observations to the large scale distribution of cosmic rays and interstellar gas in the galaxy is reviewed and reexamined. Starting with a discussion of production rates, the case for pion decay being the predominant production mechanism in the galactic disk above 100 MeV is reestablished and it is also pointed out that Compton gamma rays can be a significant source. To facilitate discussion, the concepts of four distinct galactic regions are defined, viz. the nebulodisk, ectodisk, radiodisk and exodisk. Bremsstrahlung and pion decay gamma rays are associated with the first two (primarily the first) regions, and Compton gamma rays and synchrotron radiation are associated with the latter two regions. On a large scale, the cosmic rays, interstellar gas (primarily H2 clouds in the inner galaxy) and gamma ray emissivity all peak in a region between 5 and 6 kpc from the galactic center. This correlation is related to correlation with other population I phenomena and is discussed in terms of the density wave concept of galactic structure. The singular nature of the HI distribution appears to follow the supernova remnant and pulsar distributions in the galaxy.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: The Struct. and Content of the Galaxy and Galactic Gamma Rays; p 357-391
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    The non-thermal radiation in the galaxy (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The distribution of nonthermal emissivity with height z above the galactic plane is examined. The main result is that recent observations of the distribution of brightness at intermediate latitudes in the galaxy and of the edge-on spiral galaxy NGC 891 indicate that the emissivity extends to heights of several kpc perpendicular to the plane. The relationship between the nonthermal emissivity and the neutral gas is also studied. In several galaxies the angular distributions of neutral hydrogen and nonthermal emission are roughly coextensive and show similar features such as spiral structure. If radio galaxies and normal galaxies with strong nuclear radio sources are excluded, there appears to be a proportionality between their total HI content and their nonthermal radio luminosity.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The Struct. and Content of the Galaxy and Galactic Gamma Rays; p 206-221
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    Gamma rays and supernova explosions (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The detection of gamma rays from supernovae will provide interesting tests of current theory. Some current ideas on the expected gamma ray flux, as modified by recent theoretical results are reviewed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The Struct. and Content of the Galaxy and Galactic Gamma Rays; p 289-298
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    COS-B observations of localised sources of gamma-ray emission (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: In October 1975 the high energy gamma ray flux from the Vela pulsar was measured by COS-B to be 1.6 to 2.1 times higher than the flux measured by SAS-2 in 1973. The existence is confirmed of a second region of enhanced radiation in the galactic anticenter in addition to that from the Crab pulsar.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The Struct. and Content of the Galaxy and Galactic Gamma Rays; p 45A-51
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    SAS-2 galactic gamma ray results, 1 (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Continuing analysis of the data from the SAS-2 high energy gamma-ray experiment has produced an improved picture of the sky at photon energies above 35 MeV. On a large scale, the diffuse emission from the galactic plane is the dominant feature observed by SAS-2. This galactic plane emission is most intense between galactic longitude 310 and 45 deg, corresponding to a region within 7kpc of the galactic center. Within the high-intensity region, SAS-2 observes peaks around galactic longitudes 315 deg, 330 deg, 345 deg, 0 deg, and 35 deg. These peaks appear to be correlated with such galactic features and components as molecular hydrogen, atomic hydrogen, magnetic fields, cosmic ray concentrations, and photon fields.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: The Struct. and Content of the Galaxy and Galactic Gamma Rays; p 1-11C
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    Extreme ultraviolet survey experiment MA-083 (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: A grazing incidence telescope sensitive to radiation in the 5- to 100-nanometer band was flown in the Apollo service module. On 10 nighttime revolutions, the command and service module was maneuvered to point the instrument at 30 different stellar targets for periods of 1 to 20 minutes, thus constituting the first sensitive search for extreme ultraviolet radiation from nonsolar sources. Several hours of supplementary data were also obtained during nighttime orbits when other experiments in the scientific instrument module bay were operating. Preliminary analysis of a small fraction of the total data indicates the definite detection of a strong source of extreme ultraviolet radiation during observations made during revolution 109. The source is located in Coma Berencies. The suggested optical identification is the white dwarf HZ 43. If this association is correct, the star has the highest temperature of any known white dwarf. Regardless of the optical identification, however, this object is the first nonsolar source to be detected in the extreme ultraviolet band.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center Apollo-Soyuz Test Project; 16 p
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  • 46
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    Cosmic X-ray observations with OSO-8 (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The GSFC Cosmic X-ray Spectroscopy experiment aboard OSO-8 has operated successfully since launch providing spectral and temporal data on X-ray sources in tha energy range 2-60 keV. Analysis of quick look data shows a variety of spectral features, some stable, others variable, which will increase understanding of the nature of individual sources. In particular, observed emission and absorption features that can be attributed to iron will result in abundance measures of this important element in sources such as some X-ray binaries, the supernova remnant Cas A, and the nucleus of the galaxy Cen A.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: X-ray Binaries; p 67-79
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    The forecasting center of Meudon, France (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Main features of solar activity are described in relation to solar and geophysical forecasting. Spectroheliograms, radio and X-ray data, white light coronal observations, particles data, photospheric images, and photospheric magnetic fields are among the types of data used to identify the active centers and flares of the Sun. Forecasting and identification of geomagnetic activity is also discussed. The forecasting technique is described along with the types of users.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NOAA Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 1; p 1-11
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    Simulation study of a method for analyzing wide field of view radiometer measurements from satellites and some analysis of ESSA 7 data (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Method of relating wide field of view radiometer measurements from satellites to the Earth longwave flux field is simulated and is used to obtain zonal and global averages of longwave (LW) flux for ESSA 7.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 305-309
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    Comparison of the last two winter season monthly zonal cloud fractions as derived from Nimbus-6 ERB data (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Monthly zonal albedo determinations made by Nimbus-6 ERB were used to form monthly zonal cloud fractions. The Fall-Winter-Spring seasons of 1975-76 are compared with the same seasons 1976-77.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 289-293
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    A summary of Nimbus-6 temperature retrieval accuracy statistics for DST-5 and DST-6 (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Statistics compiled from Nimbus-6 temperature retrievals processed during the 18 August-4 September 1975 DST-5, and the 1 February-4 March 1976 DST-6 are addressed. All statistics were compiled from samples of colocated satellite sounding and radiosonde measurements. The colocation window is 222 km in space and 6 hours in time.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 271-276
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    Mesoscale convergence proceding thunderstorm development determined from cloud motions (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Convergence was determined from wind vectors derived from cloudtracking on 5 minute interval SMS-2 data using the AOIPS.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 247-251
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    Equations for the dynamics of gust fronts and shock waves (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Equations are presented for the growth or decay rates of moving and deforming vortex sheets (gust fronts) and shock waves. The equations exhibit a cross-coupling between these two types of surface discontinuity.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 225-227
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    Stereographic cloud heights from SMS/goes imagery (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Stereographic pairs of SMS/GOES images, generated simultaneously by the spin-scan cameras of each of two geostationary satellites (SMS 1 and SMS2), separated by 32 degrees of longitude on February 1, 1975, were analyzed photogrametrically to yield cloud heights with a two-sigma uncertainty of 500 meters. These cloud heights compare favorably with heights of the same clouds measured by radar and IR methods. The same SMS image pairs were used to measure mountaintop heights with a mean deviation of 0.24 km from cartographic values.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 229-233
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    Spectral energetics and predictability studies (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: One and two-dimensional spectral analyses were performed on the GISS general circulation model. The one-dimensional results imply that low eddy kinetic energy is caused by low conversions from the zonal mean kinetic energy. The two-dimensional results confirm that low wave number spectral coefficients approach the predictability limit slower than high wave number coefficients and suggest ways of estimating the rate of approach to the predictability limit.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 329-333
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    ERBSS scanner performance in the presence of radiation directional model errors (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Simulation studies of the ERBSS scanner were performed to determine the sensitivity of the inferred flux at the top of the atmosphere to radiation directional model errors for candidate scan plane orientations.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 311-315
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    Commercial aircraft derived high resolution wind and temperature data from the tropics for FGGE: Implications for NASA (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Two programs involving over 100 commercial aircraft were initiated to provide global high resolution in-situ windfield and temperature data during the FGGE. The concepts developed for these programs could have important implications for both meteorology and aviation in the near term.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev; p 265-270
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    The data systems test-dress rehearsal for FGGE (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: A series of Data Systems Tests conducted by NASA as a precursor to the First GARP Global Experiment is described. Included is a description of the global data sets acquired and the influence the tests had on the observing system, the data processing plans and research activities of the Global Experiment itself.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 259-263
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  • 58
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    An error analysis of tropical cyclone divergence and vorticity fields derived from satellite cloud winds on the Atmospheric and Oceanographic Information Processing System (AOIPS) (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: An advanced Man-Interactive image and data processing system (AOIPS) was developed to extract basic meteorological parameters from satellite data and to perform further analyses. The errors in the satellite derived cloud wind fields for tropical cyclones are investigated. The propagation of these errors through the AOIPS system and their effects on the analysis of horizontal divergence and relative vorticity are evaluated.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 241-245
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    General solutions for the movement of storms (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Description: Diagnostic solutions are presented for the displacement velocity of a storm vortex and the velocity of the centroid of the storm's convection.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 219-223
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    Molecular model of ice nucleation (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Description: Two complementary techniques, semi-empirical quantum mechanical calculations and empirical central field pair potential calculations were used in developing a model of the interaction of water with simple surfaces.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 203-206
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    Fast but accurate techniques for calculating radiative terms in numerical atmospheric models and in remote sensing applications (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Methods were developed for calculating radiative terms with relatively high accuracy but with sufficient speed, so that they can be used in numerical atmospheric models or in high volume processing of satellite measured radiances for remote sensing of atmospheric and surface parameters. Comparison with commonly used methods in both types of applications indicate improvements in calculating transmittances of factors between two and three, and in calculating radiances and cooling rates of factors between two and seven.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 195-200
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    Mount Agung eruption provides test of a global climate perturbation (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The Mt. Agung volcanic eruption in 1963 is used as a test case to examine the climatic response to a global-scale radiative perturbation of the earth's atmosphere.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 165-169
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    On the interannual variability of the ocean atmospheric system (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Several feedback mechanisms between ocean and atmosphere are discussed, which seem to have a decisive influence on the interannual variability of the atmosphere, and on climatic fluctuations of a time scale of 10 to 50 years. Satellite requirements to monitor these feedback processes are outlined briefly.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 141-146
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    Nimbus 6 ERB scanner studies for development of Earth Radiation Budget Satellite System (ERBSS) (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The Nimbus 6 ERB scanner data were conducted to support the development of the Earth Radiation Budget Satellite System project. The ERB data were processed in terms of Earth targets and angular bins and used to evaluate currently available directional radiation models for the longwave and shortwave spectral ranges. Results indicate that available longwave models are adequate for the most part while available shortwave models are inadequate. An effort was initiated to develop improved shortwave models for various cloud conditions and various surface types for cloud free conditions.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 147-151
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    Advances in the remote sensing of atmospheric temperature profiles (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Clear-column temperature profiles with a vertical resolution of 2 km in the troposphere and an accuracy of 1.5 K are obtained in the presence of multiple layers of broken clouds using narrow band-pass measurements carefully selected in the 4.18 and 15 micron regions of the CO2 bands.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 87-91
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    Advances in local area, mesoscale modeling (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: A two-layer, mesoscale boundary layer model is being developed and validated against San Francisco Bay Area observational data.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 55-59
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    Remote sensing of hurricane waves (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: A program was undertaken to obtain data on wind generated ocean waves in hurricanes by remote sensing techniques. The sensor, a synthetic aperture radar, has collected the first data ever on the directional wave climate throughout a hurricane. This information was found to have inconsistencies with present hurricane wave generation models.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 51-53
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    Observations of the microclimate of a lake under cold air advective conditions (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The moderating effects of Lake Apopka, Florida, on downwind surface temperatures were evaluated under cold air advective conditions. Point temperature measurements north and south of the lake and data obtained from the NOAA satellite and a thermal scanner flown at 1.6 km, indicate that, under conditions of moderate winds (approximately 4m/sec), surface temperatures directly downwind may be higher than surrounding surface temperatures by as much as 5 C. With surface wind speed less than 1m/sec, no substantial temperature effects were observed. Results of this study are being used in land use planning, lake level control and in agriculture for selecting planting sites.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 61-65
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    Mesoanalysis of record Chicago rainstorm using radar, satellite, and rain-gage data (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Comparison of cloud-top topography and rainfall rates at the surface revealed that the areas of heavy rain are located where there are depressions at the anvil top. It was also found that the Z-R relationships show a large scatter when vertical and/or horizontal air currents are strong. Results of this research led to Project NIMROD proposed to begin in May 1978.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 17-21
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    Dry air entrainment into convective clouds (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: A systematic approach to the study of atmospheric turbulent motion is discussed in terms of weather modification. The background of cloud physics, and the mixing process are described. A zero-g study is proposed to enable the basic experimental data to be collected so that theory may be developed to generalize results for practical applications.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 1-6
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    Summary report of the Visibility Committee (1978)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Problems related to visibility and some possible solutions are expressed. Automatic weather stations, aircrew education and training, slant range visibility, twelve airports planning, and designs for new runway guidance are discussed in improving visibility.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Tenn. Univ. Space Inst. Proc. of the 2nd Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 200-202
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    Summary Report of the Severe Storms Committee (1978)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Smaller scale severe storms with the expectation that the larger storms associated weather-hazard-to-aircraft problems are discussed. Improvements in the detection capability for hail, turbulence, wind shear, and lightning are reported. Improvements in communications with limited surveillance capabilities are summarized. Education and training of pilots in severe storms are examined. Weather forecasts improvements by increasing accuracy in the short term are described. Aircraft operations, aircraft design, weather services, data acquisition and utilization are reviewed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Tenn. Univ. Space Inst. Proc. of the 2nd Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 179-184
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    Helicopter icing research (1978)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: A representative of the U.S. Army Research and Technology Laboratories was called upon to brief the workshop on results of flight test experiments with ice-phobic coatings applied to helicopter rotor blades. An overview of the Applied Technology Laboratory helicopter icing R and D program is presented.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Tenn. Univ. Space Inst. Proc. of the 2nd Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 139-152
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    The prediction of lightning-induced voltages on metallic and composite aircraft (1978)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Various government agencies have put forth effort to enable the prediction of what lightning current will do to aircraft avionic systems. Ongoing and future efforts of predicting avionic voltages and currents caused by electromagnetic fields external to the aircraft are illustrated. The Intrasystem Analysis Program (IAP) was put to use to predict lightning-induced voltages on avionic systems. Presently funded programs are investigating the modification nonmetallic composite materials will cause to the metallic IAP program predictions. The various factors involved in designing prediction techniques are discussed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Tenn. Univ. Space Inst. Proc. of the 2nd Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 153-177
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    Lightning hazards to aircraft (1978)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Lightning hazards and, more generally, aircraft static electricity are discussed by a representative for the Air Force Flight Dynamics Laboratory. An overview of these atmospheric electricity hazards to aircraft and their systems is presented with emphasis on electrical and electronic subsystems. The discussion includes reviewing some of the characteristics of lightning and static electrification, trends in weather and lightning-related mishaps, some specific threat mechanisms and susceptible aircraft subsystems and some of the present technology gaps. A roadmap (flow chart) is presented to show the direction needed to address these problems.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Tenn. Univ. Space Inst. Proc. of the 2nd Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 127-137
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    Visibility in aviation (1978)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: An overview of the development of instrumental methods of making cloud height and visibility measurements is presented. The limitations of these measurements are discussed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Tenn. Univ. Space Inst. Proc. of the 2nd Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 100-126
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  • 77
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    Aircraft Icing (1978)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: A representative of the NASA Lewis Research Center presented a discussion which concentrated on the meteorology of icing and its measurements. Other areas addressed were: test facilities, ice protection systems, and the effects of ice on performance.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Tenn. Univ. Space Inst. Proc. of the 2nd Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 85-99
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    Severe storms (1978)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: An overview of severe storms given by a representative of the U.S. Department of Commerce/NOAA and how they affect aviation is presented. What is being done and the organizations responsible for the work in this area are briefly discussed. A partial list of the things that the representative feels need to be done is also presented.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Tenn. Univ. Space Inst. Proc. of the 2nd Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 37-54
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    Atmospheric disturbance modelling requirements for flying qualities applications (1978)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Flying qualities are defined as those airplane characteristics which govern the ease or precision with which the pilot can accomplish the mission. Some atmospheric disturbance modelling requirements for aircraft flying qualities applications are reviewed. It is concluded that some simplifications are justified in identifying the primary influence on aircraft response and pilot control. It is recommended that a universal environmental model be developed, which could form the reference for different applications. This model should include the latest information on winds, turbulence, gusts, visibility, icing and precipitation. A chosen model would be kept by a national agency and updated regularly by feedback from users. A user manual is believed to be an essential part of such a model.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Tenn. Univ. Space Inst. Proc. of the 2nd Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 55-84
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    Aviation meteorology: Today and the future (1978)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: A representative of the Air Weather Service, USAF addressed the workshop and gave an assessment of the present state of aviation meteorology and a prognosis of the future. Three categories of meteorological support to aviation systems are considered and discussed; (1) terminal weather; (2) the winds for flight planning; and (3) en route flight hazards.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Tenn. Univ. Space Inst. Proc. of the 2nd Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 29-35
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    Cosmic ray propagation and containment (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The cosmic rays, an active gaseous component of the disk of the galaxy, are considered along with their propagation and containment as a part of the general dynamics of the disk. The sources of cosmic rays are a matter of speculation. The disk is inflated by the cosmic ray gas pressure comparable to the magnetic pressure, but the rate of inflation is unknown. The time spent by the individual cosmic ray particles in the disk is inversely proportional to the cosmic ray production rate. It is evident from the decay of Be(1c) that the cosmic rays circulate through a volume of space perhaps ten times the thickness of the gaseous disk, suggesting a magnetic halo extending out approximately 1 kpc from either face of the disk. The cosmic rays may be responsible for the halo by inflating the magnetic fields of the disk. Extension of the fields to 1 kpc would imply a high production rate and short life of cosmic rays in the dense gaseous disk of the galaxy.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The Struct. and Content of the Galaxy and Galactic Gamma Rays; p 320-340
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    Low and medium energy galactic gamma-ray observations (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Observation of 0.2-100 MeV diffuse gamma radiation emitted from the Galaxy can provide information on the intensities of 5-50 MeV/nucleon cosmic-rays and 50 MeV electrons in interstellar space. Recent measurements of gamma-rays emitted from the galactic center region provide evidence for a diffuse continuum between 10 and 100 MeV. The intensities of the recently reported nuclear line gamma rays, also observed in the direction of the galactic center, require the presence of intense fluxes of low-energy cosmic-rays in the inner Galaxy if the gamma-rays are produced on a galactic scale. Current detection techniques for 0.1-100 MeV gamma-ray measurements are summarized and their capabilities for measuring the diffuse galactic emission are evaluated.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center. The Struct. and Content of the Galaxy and Galactic Gamma Rays; p 65-83
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    Crystal activation experiment MA-151 (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The crystal activation experiment consisted of two sample packages that were flown in the command module and returned to earth for analysis of the radioactivity induced in them during the flight. The objective of the experiment was to define the background caused by detector activation that interferes when gamma radiation is measured in the 0.02- to 10-megaelectronvolt range from earth orbit. Preliminary results show that the activation of the NaI(Tl) crystal was a factor of 3 below that from a similar measurement on Apollo 17. The identification of certain species and the level of activation observed show an important contribution from the interactions of thermal and energetic neutrons produced as secondaries in the spacecraft. That the activation was reduced by only a factor of 3 compared with the Apollo 17 experiment, despite the geomagnetically shielded orbit, possibly indicates more efficient secondary neutron production by the more energetic cosmic rays.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Apollo-Soyuz Test Project; 10 p
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  • 84
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    Planetary waves and Sun-weather effects (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: A brief outline about the theory of planetary waves is given and a review of space-time analysis, mainly at the 500 mbar pressure level, is presented. This analysis gives evidence that broad spectral bands of two types of waves exist within the troposphere: ultralong waves with zonal wave numbers M or approximately equal to 4 and periods tau or approximately equal to 5 days, propagating mainly to the west, and synoptic scale waves with M or approximately equal to 3 and tau or approximately equal to 10 days, propagating mainly to the east. These waves are generated by internal turbulent processes within the atmosphere and are quasi-persistent with lifetimes of several periods. It is shown that solar activity cannot generate planetary waves of significant amplitudes, and that the observed 'Sun-weather effects' can be interpreted within the framework of these internally generated planetary waves without any trigger mechanism from outside the atmosphere. It is suggested that a better knowledge of these persistent ultralong waves may help to improve long range weather forecasts.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 2; p 703-721
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    Coupling processes related to the Sun-weather problem (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Physical mechanisms for coupling the energetics of solar activity to meteorological responses are reviewed. Although several hypotheses have been advanced, none can be said to be sufficiently complete to be applied to weather or climate prediction. Solar activity indicators potentially useful for forecasting are identified, including sunspots, solar flares, and magnetic sector boundary crossings. Additional experiments, studies, and analyses are required before Sun-weather concepts can be utilized for predicting meteorological responses.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 2; p 669-688
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    Solar weather/climate predictions (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Solar variability influences upon terrestrial weather and climate are addressed. Both the positive and negative findings are included and specific predictions, areas of further study, and recommendations listed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 2; p 655-668
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    The impact of Sun-weather research on forecasting (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The possible impact of Sun-weather research on forecasting is examined. The type of knowledge of the effect is evaluated to determine if it is in a form that can be used for forecasting purposes. It is concluded that the present understanding of the effect does not lend itself readily to applications for forecast purposes. The limits of present predictive skill are examined and it is found that skill is most lacking for prediction of the smallest scales of atmospheric motion. However, it is not expected that Sun-weather research will have any significant impact on forecasting the smaller scales since predictability at these scales is limited by the finite grid size resolution and the time scales of turbulent diffusion. The predictability limits for the largest scales are on the order of several weeks although presently only a one week forecast is achievable.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 2; p 689-702
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    Prediction of energetic particle disturbances (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The prediction of fluxes of energetic particles of solar or magnetospheric origin is addressed. Topics include the prediction of the properties of the particle populations generated by magnetospheric storms and substorms, and the prediction of long term variations in the populations of magnetospheric particles.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 2; p 415-432
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    Gamma rays and large scale galactic structure (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Many theoretical models were developed in an attempt to explain the spatial structure in the observed emission which results from interactions of energetic cosmic rays with the interstellar gas. The peaks in the observed distribution are remarkably well correlated with longitudes corresponding to tangential directions to known spiral arm features. Based on theoretical and experimental arguments, it is assumed that on the scale of galactic arms the cosmic rays are more intense where the mass of the gas to which they are coupled is greatest. Refining this model with the results of recent surveys of the interstellar gas, a good fit to the observations is obtained whether the cosmic rays are confined to the spiral arms in the disk or are more evenly confined as in a flat halo model.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: The Struct. and Content of the Galaxy and Galactic Gamma Rays; p 341-354
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    The time structure of the gamma-ray emission from the Crab and Vela pulsars (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: High resolution data on the pulsed gamma ray emission from the Crab and Vela pulsars are presented. The light curves of these two pulsars at gamma ray energies show striking similarities.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The Struct. and Content of the Galaxy and Galactic Gamma Rays; p 52-64
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    Preliminary Results from the European Space Agency's COS-B satellite for gamma-ray astronomy (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The COS-B satellite carries a single experiment, capable of detecting gamma rays with energies greater than 30 MeV. Its objectives are to study the spatial, energy, and time characteristics of high energy radiation of galactic and extragalactic origin. The capability to search for gamma ray pulsations is enhanced by the inclusion in the payload of a proportional counter sensitive to X-rays of 2-12 Kev. The experiment was calibrated using particle accelerators. The results of these measurements are presented and the performance of the system in orbit is discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The Struct. and Content of the Galaxy and Galactic Gamma Rays; p 23-38
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  • 92
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    Soft X-ray observation experiment MA-048 (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The Apollo Soyuz Test Project Soft X-ray Experiment was designed to observe celestial X-ray sources in the energy range from 0.1 to 10 kiloelectronvolts. The instrument that was used in the experiment obtained energy and fast timing data to characterize both the spectrum and the variability of known X-ray sources. Data were obtained on approximately 12 sources. During the mission, the instrument developed an intermittent high voltage discharge problem that resulted in the loss of approximately 75 percent of the anticipated data, including the scans intended for mapping of the low energy diffuse X-ray background.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center Apollo-Soyuz Test Project; 11 p
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    Geophysical fluid flow model experiments in spherical geometry (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: An experimental and theoretical program was undertaken to assist in the design of geophysical fluid flow model experiments for Spacelab. Two new nonintrusive measurement techniques were developed. A theoretical calculation was carried out to guide the design of a proposed atmospheric general circulation model experiment.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 177-181
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    Cloud cover modeling (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Description: Results from two investigations in modeling cloud cover are presented. These are a univariate model and a multivariate model for cloud cover.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 317-321
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    Deconvolution of Earth radiation budget data (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The theory of deconvolution of wide field of view Earth radiation measurements is applied to Nimbus 6 ERB data. Results with a 15 deg resolution are presented.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 299-303
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    Electrochemical concentration cell ozonesonde performance evaluation (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: A large number of electrochemical concentration cell (EDD) ozonesondes were calibrated relative to ultraviolet photometric absorption (254 nm) to determine their precision and accuracy. The average agreement with UV photometry was found to be good, but with considerable variation from one ECC ozonesonde to another. Applying individual calibrations to vertical ozone profiles reduced the systematic differences between ECC ozonesonde total ozone values and Dobson spectrophotometric determinations of the same quantity, but did not improve random differences.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 295-297
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    Microwave radiometric measurements of sea-surface parameters (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: A technique to remotely measure sea-surface temperature and salinity (for concentrations greater than 5 parts-per-thousand) with accuracies of 1 C and 1 part-per-thousand, respectively, was demonstrated with a two-frequency microwave radiometer system.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 277-281
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    High resolution tropical cyclone wind fields determined from cloud motions (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Full resolution rapid scan infrared and visible images from the VISSR sensor on board SMS-2/GEOS-1 satellite have made it possible to maximize the number of tropical cyclone upper and lower tropospheric wind vectors by a factor of 6(2) over that of the images taken at 30 minute (15 minute) intervals. These full resolution rapid scan visible images have also made it possible to derive low level winds near the center of tropical cyclones.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 253-257
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    Mechanisms of thunderstorm related to motion and severity (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Description: A research program was conducted to better understand the relation of vertical shear of the horizontal wind in the environment and of momentum exchange to thunderstorm motion and intensity.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 213-217
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  • 100
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    Atmospheric Variability Experiments (AVE) and mesoscale structure (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Information is presented on accuracy and resolution of AVE data sets.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 207-211
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