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  • American Institute of Physics (AIP)  (93,263)
  • Cambridge University Press
  • Nature Publishing Group
  • 2010-2014  (72,569)
  • 1985-1989  (61,356)
  • 1980-1984  (27,126)
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  • 1
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    Climate warming during Antarctic ice sheet expansion at the Middle Miocene transition (2014)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  EPIC3Nature Geoscience, Nature Publishing Group, 7(5), pp. 376-381, ISSN: 1752-0894
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-07-14
    Description: During the Middle Miocene climate transition about 14 million years ago, the Antarctic ice sheet expanded to near-modern volume. Surprisingly, this ice sheet growth was accompanied by a warming in the surface waters of the Southern Ocean, whereas a slight deep-water temperature increase was delayed by more than 200 thousand years. Here we use a coupled atmosphere–ocean model to assess the relative effects of changes in atmospheric CO2 concentration and ice sheet growth on regional and global temperatures. In the simulations, changes in the wind field associated with the growth of the ice sheet induce changes in ocean circulation, deep-water formation and sea-ice cover that result in sea surface warming and deep-water cooling in large swaths of the Atlantic and Indian ocean sectors of the Southern Ocean. We interpret these changes as the dominant ocean surface response to a 100-thousand-year phase of massive ice growth in Antarctica. A rise in global annual mean temperatures is also seen in response to increased Antarctic ice surface elevation. In contrast, the longer-term surface and deep-water temperature trends are dominated by changes in atmospheric CO2 concentration. We therefore conclude that the climatic and oceanographic impacts of the Miocene expansion of the Antarctic ice sheet are governed by a complex interplay between wind field, ocean circulation and the sea-ice system.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
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  • 2
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    A shift of thermokarst lakes from carbon sources to sinks during the Holocene epoch (2014)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  EPIC3Nature, Nature Publishing Group, ISSN: 0028-0836
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-07-17
    Description: Thermokarst lakes formed across vast regions of Siberia and Alaska during the last deglaciation and are thought to be a net source of atmospheric methane and carbon dioxide during the Holocene epoch1, 2, 3, 4. However, the same thermokarst lakes can also sequester carbon5, and it remains uncertain whether carbon uptake by thermokarst lakes can offset their greenhouse gas emissions. Here we use field observations of Siberian permafrost exposures, radiocarbon dating and spatial analyses to quantify Holocene carbon stocks and fluxes in lake sediments overlying thawed Pleistocene-aged permafrost. We find that carbon accumulation in deep thermokarst-lake sediments since the last deglaciation is about 1.6 times larger than the mass of Pleistocene-aged permafrost carbon released as greenhouse gases when the lakes first formed. Although methane and carbon dioxide emissions following thaw lead to immediate radiative warming, carbon uptake in peat-rich sediments occurs over millennial timescales. We assess thermokarst-lake carbon feedbacks to climate with an atmospheric perturbation model and find that thermokarst basins switched from a net radiative warming to a net cooling climate effect about 5,000 years ago. High rates of Holocene carbon accumulation in 20 lake sediments (47 ± 10 grams of carbon per square metre per year; mean ± standard error) were driven by thermokarst erosion and deposition of terrestrial organic matter, by nutrient release from thawing permafrost that stimulated lake productivity and by slow decomposition in cold, anoxic lake bottoms. When lakes eventually drained, permafrost formation rapidly sequestered sediment carbon. Our estimate of about 160 petagrams of Holocene organic carbon in deep lake basins of Siberia and Alaska increases the circumpolar peat carbon pool estimate for permafrost regions by over 50 per cent (ref. 6). The carbon in perennially frozen drained lake sediments may become vulnerable to mineralization as permafrost disappears7, 8, 9, potentially negating the climate stabilization provided by thermokarst lakes during the late Holocene.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev , info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 3
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    Abrupt glacial climate shifts controlled by ice sheet changes (2014)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  EPIC3Nature, Nature Publishing Group, 512(7514), pp. 290-294, ISSN: 0028-0836
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-04
    Description: During glacial periods of the Late Pleistocene, an abundance of proxy data demonstrates the existence of large and repeated millennial-scale warming episodes, known as Dansgaard–Oeschger (DO) events1. This ubiquitous feature of rapid glacial climate change can be extended back as far as 800,000 years before present (BP) in the ice core record2, and has drawn broad attention within the science and policy-making communities alike3. Many studies have been dedicated to investigating the underlying causes of these changes, but no coherent mechanism has yet been identified3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15. Here we show, by using a comprehensive fully coupled model16, that gradual changes in the height of the Northern Hemisphere ice sheets (NHISs) can alter the coupled atmosphere–ocean system and cause rapid glacial climate shifts closely resembling DO events. The simulated global climate responses—including abrupt warming in the North Atlantic, a northward shift of the tropical rainbelts, and Southern Hemisphere cooling related to the bipolar seesaw—are generally consistent with empirical evidence1, 3, 17. As a result of the coexistence of two glacial ocean circulation states at intermediate heights of the ice sheets, minor changes in the height of the NHISs and the amount of atmospheric CO2 can trigger the rapid climate transitions via a local positive atmosphere–ocean–sea-ice feedback in the North Atlantic. Our results, although based on a single model, thus provide a coherent concept for understanding the recorded millennial-scale variability and abrupt climate changes in the coupled atmosphere–ocean system, as well as their linkages to the volume of the intermediate ice sheets during glacials.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 4
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    Pan genome of the phytoplankton Emiliania underpins its global distribution (2013)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  EPIC3Nature, Nature Publishing Group, ISSN: 0028-0836
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-03-08
    Description: Coccolithophores have influenced the global climate for over 200 million years1. These marine phytoplankton can account for 20 per cent of total carbon fixation in some systems2. They form blooms that can occupy hundreds of thousands of square kilometres and are distinguished by their elegantly sculpted calcium carbonate exoskeletons (coccoliths), rendering themvisible fromspace3.Although coccolithophores export carbon in the form of organic matter and calcite to the sea floor, they also release CO2 in the calcification process. Hence, they have a complex influence on the carbon cycle, driving either CO2 production or uptake, sequestration and export to the deep ocean4. Here we report the first haptophyte reference genome, from the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi strain CCMP1516, and sequences from 13 additional isolates. Our analyses reveal a pan genome (core genes plus genes distributed variably between strains) probably supported by an atypical complement of repetitive sequence in the genome. Comparisons across strains demonstrate thatE. huxleyi, which has long been considered a single species, harbours extensive genome variability reflected in different metabolic repertoires. Genome variability within this species complex seems to underpin its capacity both to thrive in habitats ranging from the equator to the subarctic and to form large-scale episodic blooms under a wide variety of environmental conditions.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 5
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    Surface melt and ponding on Larsen C Ice Shelf and the impact of föhn winds (2014)
    Cambridge University Press
    In:  EPIC3Antarctic Science, Cambridge University Press, 26(6), pp. 625-635, ISSN: 0954-1020
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-11-27
    Description: A common precursor to ice shelf disintegration, most notably that of Larsen B Ice Shelf, is unusually intense or prolonged surface melt and the presence of surface standing water. However, there has been little research into detailed patterns of melt on ice shelves or the nature of summer melt ponds. We investigated surface melt on Larsen C Ice Shelf at high resolution using Envisat advanced synthetic aperture radar (ASAR) data and explored melt ponds in a range of satellite images. The improved spatial resolution of SAR over alternative approaches revealed anomalously long melt duration in western inlets. Meteorological modelling explained this pattern by föhn winds which were common in this region.Melt ponds are difficult to detect using optical imagery because cloud-free conditions are rare in this region and ponds quickly freeze over, but can be monitored using SAR in all weather conditions. Melt ponds up to tens of kilometres in length were common in Cabinet Inlet, where melt duration was most prolonged. The pattern of melt explains the previously observed distribution of ice shelf densification, which in parts had reached levels that preceded the collapse of Larsen B Ice Shelf,suggesting a potential role for föhn winds in promoting unstable conditions on ice shelves.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 6
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    Earthquakes and Tsunamis in the Past. A Guide to Techniques in Historical Seismology (2010)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-02-03
    Description: This handbook defines the discipline of historical seismology by comprehensively detailing the latest research methodologies for studying historical earthquakes and tsunamis. It describes the many historical sources that contain references to seismic phenomena, discusses the critical problems of interpreting such sources, and presents a summary of the various theories proposed (from ancient Greek to modern times) to explain the causes of earthquakes – indispensable factors for understanding historical earthquake descriptions. The text presents numerous examples of interpretations and misinterpretations of historical earthquakes and tsunamis in order to illustrate the key techniques, with a chapter devoted to an explanation of the date and time systems used throughout history in Mediterranean Europe and the Near East. The authors also tie historical seismology research to archaeological investigations and demonstrate how new scientific databases and catalogues can be compiled from information derived from the methodologies described. This is an important new reference for scientists, engineers, historians and archaeologists on the methodologies for analysing earthquakes and tsunamis of the past. Illustrated with examples from a broad geographic region (including Europe, North Africa, the Middle East, central Asia and the Americas), the book provides a valuable foundation for understanding the Earth’s seismic past and potential future seismic hazard.
    Description: Published
    Description: 3.10. Storia ed archeologia applicate alle Scienze della Terra
    Description: open
    Keywords: Historical earthquakes ; historical tsunamis ; historical seismology ; archaeoseismology ; earthquake catalogues ; databases ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.05. Historical seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 7
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    Limited overlap between the seismic gap and coseismic slip of the great 2010 Chile earthquake (2011)
    Nature Publishing Group
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The MW 8.8 mega-thrust earthquake and tsunami that occurred on February 27, 2010, offshore Maule region, Chile, was not unexpected. A clearly identified seismic gap existed in an area where tectonic loading has been accumulating since the great 1835 earthquake experienced and described by Darwin during the voyage of the Beagle. Here we jointly invert tsunami and geodetic data (InSAR, GPS, land-level changes), to derive a robust model for the co-seismic slip distribution and induced co-seismic stress changes, and compare them to past earthquakes and the pre-seismic locking distribution. We aim to assess if the Maule earthquake has filled the Darwin gap, decreasing the probability of a future shock . We find that the main slip patch is located to the north of the gap, overlapping the rupture zone of the MW 8.0 1928 earthquake, and that a secondary concentration of slip occurred to the south; the Darwin gap was only partially filled and a zone of high pre-seismic locking remains unbroken. This observation is not consistent with the assumption that distributions of seismic rupture might be correlated with pre-seismic locking, potentially allowing the anticipation of slip distributions in seismic gaps. Moreover, increased stress on this unbroken patch might have increased the probability of another major to great earthquake there in the near future.
    Description: Published
    Description: 173-177
    Description: 3.1. Fisica dei terremoti
    Description: 4.2. TTC - Modelli per la stima della pericolosità sismica a scala nazionale
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: Source process ; Chile ; Tsunami ; Joint Inversion ; Seismic Gap ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.05. Stress ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.06. Subduction related processes ; 05. General::05.01. Computational geophysics::05.01.03. Inverse methods
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  • 8
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    Ups and downs in western Crete (Hellenic subduction zone) (2014)
    Nature Publishing Group
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Studies of past sea-level markers are commonly used to unveil the tectonic history and seismic behavior of subduction zones. We present new evidence on vertical motions of the Hellenic subduction zone as resulting from a suite of Late Pleistocene - Holocene shorelines in western Crete (Greece). Shoreline ages obtained by AMS radiocarbon dating of seashells, together with the reappraisal of shoreline ages from previous works, testify a long-term uplift rate of 2.5-2.7 mm/y. This average value, however, includes periods in which the vertical motions vary significantly: 2.6-3.2 mm/y subsidence rate from 42 ka to 23 ka, followed by ~7.7 mm/y sustained uplift rate from 23 ka to present. The last ~5 ky shows a relatively slower uplift rate of 3.0-3.3 mm/y, yet slightly higher than the long-term average. A preliminary tectonic model attempts at explaining these up and down motions by across-strike partitioning of fault activity in the subduction zone.
    Description: Published
    Description: 5677
    Description: 2T. Tettonica attiva
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: coastal geomorphology ; tectonic rates ; paleoshorelines ; subduction ; Crete ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.03. Geomorphology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.07. Tectonics
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 9
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    On the age of the Early/Middle Eocene boundary and other related events: cyclostratigraphic refinements from the Pyrenean Otsakar section and the Lutetian GSSP (2010)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: An integrated bio-, magneto- and cyclostratigraphic study of the Ypresian/Lutetian (Early/Middle Eocene) transition along the Otsakar section resulted in the identification of the C22n/C21r chron boundary and of the calcareous nannofossil CP12a/b zonal boundary; the latter is the main correlation criterion of the Lutetian Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) recently defined at Gorrondatxe (Basque Country). By counting precession-related mudstone–marl couplets of 21 ka, the time lapse between both events was calculated to be 819 ka. This suggests that the age of the CP12a/b boundary, and hence that of the Early/Middle Eocene boundary, is 47.76 Ma, 250 ka younger than previously thought. This age agrees with, and is supported by, estimates from Gorrondatxe based on the time lapse between the Lutetian GSSP and the C21r/C21n boundary. The duration of Chron C21r is estimated at 1.326 Ma. Given that the base of the Eocene is dated at 55.8 Ma, the duration of the Early Eocene is 8 Ma, 0.8 Ma longer than in current time scales. The Otsakar results further show that the bases of planktonic foraminiferal zones E8 and P10 are younger than the CP12a/b boundary. The first occurrence of Turborotalia frontosa, being approximately 550 ka older that the CP12a/b boundary, is the planktonic foraminiferal event that lies closest to the Early/Middle Eocene boundary. The larger foraminiferal SBZ12/13 boundary is located close to the CP12a/b boundary and correlates with Chron C21r, not with the C22n/C21r boundary.
    Description: In press
    Description: 1-19
    Description: 2.2. Laboratorio di paleomagnetismo
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: Eocene ; Ypresian–Lutetian boundary ; biostratigraphy ; magnetostratigraphy ; cyclostratigraphy ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.08. Sediments: dating, processes, transport ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.10. Stratigraphy ; 04. Solid Earth::04.05. Geomagnetism::04.05.06. Paleomagnetism
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 10
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    On the age of the Early/Middle Eocene boundary and other related events: cyclostratigraphic refinements from the Pyrenean Otsakar section and the Lutetian GSSP (2012)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-03
    Description: An integrated bio-, magneto- and cyclostratigraphic study of the Ypresian/Lutetian (Early/Middle Eocene) transition along the Otsakar section resulted in the identification of the C22n/C21r chron boundary and of the calcareous nannofossil CP12a/b zonal boundary; the latter is the main correlation criterion of the Lutetian Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) recently defined at Gorrondatxe (Basque Country). By counting precession-related mudstone–marl couplets of 21 ka, the time lapse between both events was calculated to be 819 ka. This suggests that the age of the CP12a/b boundary, and hence that of the Early/Middle Eocene boundary, is 47.76 Ma, 250 ka younger than previously thought. This age agrees with, and is supported by, estimates from Gorrondatxe based on the time lapse between the Lutetian GSSP and the C21r/C21n boundary. The duration of Chron C21r is estimated at 1.326 Ma. Given that the base of the Eocene is dated at 55.8 Ma, the duration of the Early Eocene is 8 Ma, 0.8 Ma longer than in current time scales. The Otsakar results further show that the bases of planktonic foraminiferal zones E8 and P10 are younger than the CP12a/b boundary. The first occurrence of Turborotalia frontosa, being approximately 550 ka older that the CP12a/b boundary, is the planktonic foraminiferal event that lies closest to the Early/Middle Eocene boundary. The larger foraminiferal SBZ12/13 boundary is located close to the CP12a/b boundary and correlates with Chron C21r, not with the C22n/C21r boundary.
    Description: Published
    Description: 442-460
    Description: 2.2. Laboratorio di paleomagnetismo
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: Eocene ; Ypresian–Lutetian boundary ; biostratigraphy ; magnetostratigraphy ; cyclostratigraphy. ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.08. Sediments: dating, processes, transport ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.10. Stratigraphy ; 04. Solid Earth::04.05. Geomagnetism::04.05.06. Paleomagnetism
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 11
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    Clues from joint inversion of tsunami and geodetic data of the 2011 Tohoku-oki earthquake (2013)
    Nature Publishing Group
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The 2011 Tohoku-oki (Mw 9.1) earthquake is so far the best-observed megathrust rupture, which allowed the collection of unprecedented offshore data. The joint inversion of tsunami waveforms (DART buoys, bottom pressure sensors, coastal wave gauges, and GPS-buoys) and static geodetic data (onshore GPS, seafloor displacements obtained by a GPS/acoustic combination technique), allows us to retrieve the slip distribution on a non-planar fault. We show that the inclusion of near-source data is necessary to image the details of slip pattern (maximum slip ,48 m, up to ,35 m close to the Japan trench), which generated the large and shallow seafloor coseismic deformations and the devastating inundation of the Japanese coast. We investigate the relation between the spatial distribution of previously inferred interseismic coupling and coseismic slip and we highlight the importance of seafloor geodetic measurements to constrain the interseismic coupling, which is one of the key-elements for long-term earthquake and tsunami hazard assessment.
    Description: Published
    Description: 385
    Description: 3.1. Fisica dei terremoti
    Description: N/A or not JCR
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: Tohoku ; Subduction ; Tsunami ; Inverse problem ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.03. Earthquake source and dynamics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.06. Subduction related processes
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 12
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    Lava flow hazards at Mount Etna: constraints imposed by eruptive history and numerical simulations (2014)
    Nature Publishing Group
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Improving lava flow hazard assessment is one of the most important and challenging fields of volcanology, and has an immediate and practical impact on society. Here, we present a methodology for the quantitative assessment of lava flow hazards based on a combination of field data, numerical simulations and probability analyses. With the extensive data available on historic eruptions of Mt. Etna, going back over 2000 years, it has been possible to construct two hazard maps, one for flank and the other for summit eruptions, allowing a quantitative analysis of the most likely future courses of lava flows. The effective use of hazard maps of Etna may help in minimizing the damage from volcanic eruptions through correct land use in densely urbanized area with a population of almost one million people. Although this study was conducted on Mt. Etna, the approach used is designed to be applicable to other volcanic areas.
    Description: This work was developed within the framework of TecnoLab, the Laboratory for Technological Advance in Volcano Geophysics organized by INGV-CT, DIEES-UNICT, and DMI-UNICT.
    Description: Published
    Description: 3493
    Description: 1V. Storia e struttura dei sistemi vulcanici
    Description: 2V. Dinamiche di unrest e scenari pre-eruttivi
    Description: 3V. Dinamiche e scenari eruttivi
    Description: 4V. Vulcani e ambiente
    Description: 6A. Monitoraggio ambientale, sicurezza e territorio
    Description: 3IT. Calcolo scientifico e sistemi informatici
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: Lava flow hazard ; Etna ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.99. General or miscellaneous ; 05. General::05.01. Computational geophysics::05.01.99. General or miscellaneous ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.99. General or miscellaneous ; 05. General::05.08. Risk::05.08.99. General or miscellaneous
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  • 13
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    Rapid differentiation in a sill-like magma reservoir: a case study from the campi flegrei caldera (2012)
    Nature Publishing Group
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: In recent decades, geophysical investigations have detected wide magma reservoirs beneath quiescent calderas. However, the discovery of partially melted horizons inside the crust is not sufficient to put constraints on capability of reservoirs to supply cataclysmic eruptions, which strictly depends on the chemical-physical properties of magmas (composition, viscosity, gas content etc.), and thus on their differentiation histories. In this study, by using geochemical, isotopic and textural records of rocks erupted from the high-risk Campi Flegrei caldera, we show that the alkaline magmas have evolved toward a critical state of explosive behaviour over a time span shorter than the repose time of most volcanic systems and that these magmas have risen rapidly toward the surface. Moreover, similar results on the depth and timescale of magma storage were previously obtained for the neighbouring Somma-Vesuvius volcano. This consistency suggests that there might be a unique long-lived magma pool beneath the whole Neapolitan area.
    Description: Published
    Description: article 712
    Description: 2.3. TTC - Laboratori di chimica e fisica delle rocce
    Description: 3.5. Geologia e storia dei vulcani ed evoluzione dei magmi
    Description: 3.6. Fisica del vulcanismo
    Description: 4.3. TTC - Scenari di pericolosità vulcanica
    Description: N/A or not JCR
    Description: open
    Keywords: magma ; campi flegrei caldera ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.05. Mineralogy and petrology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.03. Magmas ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.05. Volcanic rocks ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
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  • 14
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    Albian syndepositional block rotation and its geological consequences, Basque–Cantabrian Basin (western Pyrenees) (2013)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Stratigraphic, structural, palaeocurrent and palaeomagnetic analyses of Upper Albian deep-water deposits in and around the Deba block (Northern Iberia) are presented. Results indicate an anticlockwise vertical-axis rotation of this block by 35◦ during a maximum time span of c. 1 Ma (Late Albian intra-C. auritus ammonite Subzone). This Albian syndepositional block rotation is interpreted to be the consequence of the coeval activity of conjugatemajor sinistral strike-slip faults and minor (antithetic) dextral strike-slip faults, which border the Deba block. On the base of conservative estimations, a minimum block-rotation rate of 35◦ Ma−1 and a sinistral strike-slip rate of 1.2 kmMa−1 are calculated. As a consequence of the interaction of the rotated Deba block with adjacent nonrotated blocks, its corners experienced coeval transpressive (NW and SE corners) and transtensional deformations (SW and, possibly, NE corners). At the transtensional SW corner, two domal highreflective seismic structures have been recorded and interpreted as high-level magmatic laccoliths. These magmatic intrusions triggered the development of a mineralizing hydrothermal system, which vented to the Late Albian seafloor warm to hot hydrocarbon-rich fluids. Vented hydrocarbon was generated from Albian organic-rich sediments by contact alteration with hydrothermal fluids.
    Description: Published
    Description: 986-1001
    Description: 2.2. Laboratorio di paleomagnetismo
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: block rotation ; palaeocurrent ; palaeomagnetism ; Albian ; Basque–Cantabrian Basin ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.09. Structural geology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.05. Geomagnetism::04.05.06. Paleomagnetism ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.07. Tectonics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.03. Magmas
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  • 15
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    Cross-chapter box on uncertain trends in major upwelling ecosystems (2014)
    Cambridge University Press
    In:  EPIC3Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel of Climate Change, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, Cambridge University Press, pp. 149-151, ISBN: 9781107641655
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-03-08
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Inbook , peerRev
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  • 16
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    Cross-chapter Box on heat stress and heat waves (2014)
    Cambridge University Press
    In:  EPIC3Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, Cambridge University Press, pp. 109-111, ISBN: 9781107641655
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    Publication Date: 2015-03-08
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Inbook , peerRev
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  • 17
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    Cross-chapter box on coral reefs (2014)
    Cambridge University Press
    In:  EPIC3Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel of Climate Change, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, Cambridge University Press, pp. 97-100, ISBN: 9781107641655
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    Publication Date: 2015-03-08
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    Cross-chapter box on ocean acidification (2014)
    Cambridge University Press
    In:  EPIC3Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel of Climate Change, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, Cambridge University Press, pp. 129-131, ISBN: 9781107641655
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    Cross-chapter box on net primary production in the ocean (2014)
    Cambridge University Press
    In:  EPIC3Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel of Climate Change, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, Cambridge University Press, pp. 133-136, ISBN: 9781107641655
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    Ocean Systems (2014)
    Cambridge University Press
    In:  EPIC3Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, Cambridge University Press, pp. 411-484, ISBN: 9781107641655
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    Publication Date: 2017-01-13
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    Sea Surface Temperature of the mid-Piacenzian Ocean: A Data-Model Comparison (2013)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  EPIC3Scientific Reports, Nature Publishing Group, 3(2013), ISSN: 2045-2322
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Description: The mid-Piacenzian climate represents the most geologically recent interval of long-term average warmth relative to the last million years, and shares similarities with the climate projected for the end of the 21st century. As such, it represents a natural experiment from which we can gain insight into potential climate change impacts, enabling more informed policy decisions for mitigation and adaptation. Here, we present the first systematic comparison of Pliocene sea surface temperature (SST) between an ensemble of eight climate model simulations produced as part of PlioMIP (Pliocene Model Intercomparison Project) with the PRISM (Pliocene Research, Interpretation and Synoptic Mapping) Project mean annual SST field. Our results highlight key regional and dynamic situations where there is discord between the palaeoenvironmental reconstruction and the climate model simulations. These differences have led to improved strategies for both experimental design and temporal refinement of the palaeoenvironmental reconstruction.
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    Challenges in reconstructing terrestrial warming of the Pliocene revealed by data-model discord (2013)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  EPIC3Nature Climate Change, Nature Publishing Group, ISSN: 1758-678X
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Description: Comparing simulations of key warm periods in Earth history with contemporaneous geological proxy data is a useful approach for evaluating the ability of climate models to simulate warm, high-CO2 climates that are unprecedented in the more recent past. Here we use a global data set of confidence-assessed, proxy-based temperature estimates and biome reconstructions to assess the ability of eight models to simulate warm terrestrial climates of the Pliocene epoch. The Late Pliocene, 3.6–2.6 million years ago, is an accessible geological interval to understand climate processes of a warmer world. We show that model-predicted surface air temperatures reveal a substantial cold bias in the Northern Hemisphere. Particularly strong data–model mismatches in mean annual temperatures (up to 18 °C) exist in northern Russia. Our model sensitivity tests identify insufficient temporal constraints hampering the accurate configuration of model boundary conditions as an important factor impacting on data–model discrepancies. We conclude that to allow a more robust evaluation of the ability of present climate models to predict warm climates, future Pliocene data–model comparison studies should focus on orbitally defined time slices.
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    Overview of seismic research activities in the Southern Ocean - quantifying the environmental impact (2014)
    Cambridge University Press
    In:  EPIC3Antarctic Science, Cambridge University Press, 26(1), pp. 80-92, ISSN: 0954-1020
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Description: Understanding the regional and seasonal distribution of seismic research surveys in the Southern Ocean is essential for assessing their acoustic impact on the marine environment. An analysis of the navigation data and cruise table in the Seismic Data Library System for Cooperative Research (SDLS) shows that a fairly extensive network of seismic lines is now available for the Southern Ocean. However, line spacing ranges from tens to hundreds of kilometres, and some almost unsurveyed areas still exist. The seasonal distribution of the seismic profile lengths shows periods with increased survey activity between 1976/77 and 2001/02, but only moderate levels of activity between 2002/03 and 2010/11. The corresponding line spacing is large, and lines are widely distributed over the Southern Ocean. None of the eight Antarctic regions considered here have experienced seismic survey activity during all summer seasons in the last 35 years. Instead, periods with survey activity are interspersed by periods with no survey activity. The average survey length ranges from ~2600 km/season off the Antarctic Peninsula to ~260 km/season off Enderby Land. Compared to the industrial seismic exploration off Norway the acoustic impact of the seismic research activity in the Southern Ocean is at least ~150 times lower.
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    Eemian interglacial reconstructed from a Greenland folded ice core (2013)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  EPIC3Nature, Nature Publishing Group, 493(7433), pp. 489-494, ISSN: 0028-0836
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-10-18
    Description: Efforts to extract a Greenland ice core with a complete record of the Eemian interglacial (130,000 to 115,000 years ago) have until now been unsuccessful. The response of the Greenland ice sheet to the warmer-than-present climate of the Eemian has thus remained unclear. Here we present the new North Greenland Eemian Ice Drilling (‘NEEM’) ice core and show only a modest ice-sheet response to the strong warming in the early Eemian. We reconstructed the Eemian record from folded ice using globally homogeneous parameters known from dated Greenland and Antarctic ice-core records. On the basis of water stable isotopes, NEEM surface temperatures after the onset of the Eemian (126,000 years ago) peaked at 8 ± 4 degrees Celsius above the mean of the past millennium, followed by a gradual cooling that was probably driven by the decreasing summer insolation. Between 128,000 and 122,000 years ago, the thickness of the northwest Greenland ice sheet decreased by 400 ± 250 metres, reaching surface elevations 122,000 years ago of 130 ± 300 metres lower than the present. Extensive surface melt occurred at the NEEM site during the Eemian, a phenomenon witnessed when melt layers formed again at NEEM during the exceptional heat of July 2012. With additional warming, surface melt might become more common in the future.
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    Minimal change in Antarctic Circumpolar Current flow speed between the last glacial and Holocene (2014)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  EPIC3Nature Geoscience, Nature Publishing Group, 7(2), pp. 113-116, ISSN: 1752-0894
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-08-10
    Description: The Antarctic Circumpolar Current is key to the mixing and ventilation of the world’s oceans1, 2, 3, 4, 5. This current flows from west to east between about 45° and 70° S (refs 1, 2, 3) connecting the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans, and is driven by westerly winds and buoyancy forcing. High levels of productivity in the current regulate atmospheric CO2 concentrations6. Reconstructions of the current during the last glacial period suggest that flow speeds were faster7 or similar8 to present, and it is uncertain whether the strength and position of the westerly winds changed9, 10, 11. Here we reconstruct Antarctic Circumpolar Current bottom speeds through the constricting Drake Passage and Scotia Sea during the Last Glacial Maximum and Holocene based on the mean grain size of sortable silt from a suite of sediment cores. We find essentially no change in bottom flow speeds through the region, and, given that the momentum imparted by winds, and modulated by sea-ice cover, is balanced by the interaction of these flows with the seabed, this argues against substantial changes in wind stress. However, glacial flow speeds in the sea-ice zone12 south of 56° S were significantly slower than present, whereas flow in the north was faster, but not significantly so. We suggest that slower flow over the rough topography south of 56° S may have reduced diapycnal mixing in this region during the last glacial period, possibly reducing the diapycnal contribution to the Southern Ocean overturning circulation.
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    Networks from Flows - From Dynamics to Topology (2014)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  EPIC3Scientific Reports, Nature Publishing Group, 4(4119), ISSN: 2045-2322
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Description: Complex network approaches have recently been applied to continuous spatial dynamical systems, like climate, successfully uncovering the system's interaction structure. However the relationship between the underlying atmospheric or oceanic flow's dynamics and the estimated network measures have remained largely unclear. We bridge this crucial gap in a bottom-up approach and define a continuous analytical analogue of Pearson correlation networks for advection-diffusion dynamics on a background flow. Analysing complex networks of prototypical flows and from time series data of the equatorial Pacific, we find that our analytical model reproduces the most salient features of these networks and thus provides a general foundation of climate networks. The relationships we obtain between velocity field and network measures show that line-like structures of high betweenness mark transition zones in the flow rather than, as previously thought, the propagation of dynamical information.
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    Crosss-chapter box on observed global responses of marine biogeography, abundance, and phenology to climate change (2014)
    Cambridge University Press
    In:  EPIC3Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, Cambridge University Press, pp. 123-127, ISBN: 9781107641655
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    Summary for Policymakers (2014)
    Cambridge University Press
    In:  EPIC3Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, Cambridge University Press, pp. 1-32, ISBN: 9781107641655
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    Technical Summary (2014)
    Cambridge University Press
    In:  EPIC3Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, Cambridge University Press, pp. 35-94, ISBN: 9781107641655
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    Publication Date: 2015-03-08
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    Ancestry of motor innervation to pectoral fin and forelimb (2010)
    Nature Publishing Group
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © Macmillan Publishers Limited, 2010. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 Unported License. The definitive version was published in Nature Communications 1 (2010): 49, doi:10.1038/ncomms1045.
    Description: Motor innervation to the tetrapod forelimb and fish pectoral fin is assumed to share a conserved spinal cord origin, despite major structural and functional innovations of the appendage during the vertebrate water-to-land transition. In this paper, we present anatomical and embryological evidence showing that pectoral motoneurons also originate in the hindbrain among ray-finned fish. New and previous data for lobe-finned fish, a group that includes tetrapods, and more basal cartilaginous fish showed pectoral innervation that was consistent with a hindbrain-spinal origin of motoneurons. Together, these findings support a hindbrain–spinal phenotype as the ancestral vertebrate condition that originated as a postural adaptation for pectoral control of head orientation. A phylogenetic analysis indicated that Hox gene modules were shared in fish and tetrapod pectoral systems. We propose that evolutionary shifts in Hox gene expression along the body axis provided a transcriptional mechanism allowing eventual decoupling of pectoral motoneurons from the hindbrain much like their target appendage gained independence from the head.
    Description: Th is work was supported by the National Institutes of Health and National Science Foundation.
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    The dynamic relationships between the three events that release individual Na+ ions from the Na+/K+-ATPase (2012)
    Nature Publishing Group
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © Macmillan Publishers Limited, 2012. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Nature Communications 3 (2012): 669, doi:10.1038/ncomms1673.
    Description: Na+/K+ pumps move net charge through the cell membrane by mediating unequal exchange of intracellular Na+ and extracellular K+. Most charge moves during transitions that release Na+ to the cell exterior. When pumps are constrained to bind and release only Na+, a membrane voltage-step redistributes pumps among conformations with zero, one, two or three bound Na+, thereby transiently generating current. By applying rapid voltage steps to squid giant axons, we previously identified three components in such transient currents, with distinct relaxation speeds: fast (which nearly parallels the voltage-jump time course), medium speed (τm=0.2–0.5 ms) and slow (τs=1–10 ms). Here we show that these three components are tightly correlated, both in their magnitudes and in the time courses of their changes. The correlations reveal the dynamics of the conformational rearrangements that release three Na+ to the exterior (or sequester them into their binding sites) one at a time, in an obligatorily sequential manner.
    Description: This research was directly supported by the Intramural Research Program of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), NINDS, grants NIH HL36783 to D.C.G., and NIH U54GM087519 and R01GM030376 to F.B.
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    Early anthropogenic transformation of the Danube-Black Sea system (2012)
    Nature Publishing Group
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2012. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Scientific Reports 2 (2012): 582, doi:10.1038/srep00582.
    Description: Over the last century humans have altered the export of fluvial materials leading to significant changes in morphology, chemistry, and biology of the coastal ocean. Here we present sedimentary, paleoenvironmental and paleogenetic evidence to show that the Black Sea, a nearly enclosed marine basin, was affected by land use long before the changes of the Industrial Era. Although watershed hydroclimate was spatially and temporally variable over the last ~3000 years, surface salinity dropped systematically in the Black Sea. Sediment loads delivered by Danube River, the main tributary of the Black Sea, significantly increased as land use intensified in the last two millennia, which led to a rapid expansion of its delta. Lastly, proliferation of diatoms and dinoflagellates over the last five to six centuries, when intensive deforestation occurred in Eastern Europe, points to an anthropogenic pulse of river-borne nutrients that radically transformed the food web structure in the Black Sea.
    Description: This study was supported by grants OISE 0637108, EAR 0952146, OCE 0602423 and OCE 0825020 from the National Science Foundation and grants from the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.
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    First biological measurements of deep-sea corals from the Red Sea (2013)
    Nature Publishing Group
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2013. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Scientific Reports 3 (2013): 2802, doi:10.1038/srep02802.
    Description: It is usually assumed that metabolic constraints restrict deep-sea corals to cold-water habitats, with ‘deep-sea’ and ‘cold-water’ corals often used as synonymous. Here we report on the first measurements of biological characters of deep-sea corals from the central Red Sea, where they occur at temperatures exceeding 20°C in highly oligotrophic and oxygen-limited waters. Low respiration rates, low calcification rates, and minimized tissue cover indicate that a reduced metabolism is one of the key adaptations to prevailing environmental conditions. We investigated four sites and encountered six species of which at least two appear to be undescribed. One species is previously reported from the Red Sea but occurs in deep cold waters outside the Red Sea raising interesting questions about presumed environmental constraints for other deep-sea corals. Our findings suggest that the present understanding of deep-sea coral persistence and resilience needs to be revisited.
    Keywords: Ecosystem ecology ; Biodiversity ; Genetics ; Metabolism
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    South China Sea hydrological changes and Pacific Walker Circulation variations over the last millennium (2011)
    Nature Publishing Group
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © Macmillan Publishers Limited, 2011. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Nature Communications 2 (2011): 293, doi:10.1038/ncomms1297.
    Description: The relative importance of north–south migrations of the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) versus El Niño-Southern Oscillation and its associated Pacific Walker Circulation (PWC) variability for past hydrological change in the western tropical Pacific is unclear. Here we show that north–south ITCZ migration was not the only mechanism of tropical Pacific hydrologic variability during the last millennium, and that PWC variability profoundly influenced tropical Pacific hydrology. We present hydrological reconstructions from Cattle Pond, Dongdao Island of the South China Sea, where multi-decadal rainfall and downcore grain size variations are correlated to the Southern Oscillation Index during the instrumental era. Our downcore grain size reconstructions indicate that this site received less precipitation during relatively warm periods, AD 1000–1400 and AD 1850–2000, compared with the cool period (AD 1400–1850). Including our new reconstructions in a synthesis of tropical Pacific records results in a spatial pattern of hydrologic variability that implicates the PWC.
    Description: This work was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) (40730107) and the Major State Basic Research Development Program of China (973 Program) (No.2010CB428902). DWO acknowledges support from the US NSF.
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    Hydrothermal vent fields and chemosynthetic biota on the world's deepest seafloor spreading centre (2012)
    Nature Publishing Group
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © Macmillan Publishers Limited, 2012. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Nature Communications 3 (2012): 620, doi:10.1038/ncomms1636.
    Description: The Mid-Cayman spreading centre is an ultraslow-spreading ridge in the Caribbean Sea. Its extreme depth and geographic isolation from other mid-ocean ridges offer insights into the effects of pressure on hydrothermal venting, and the biogeography of vent fauna. Here we report the discovery of two hydrothermal vent fields on the Mid-Cayman spreading centre. The Von Damm Vent Field is located on the upper slopes of an oceanic core complex at a depth of 2,300 m. High-temperature venting in this off-axis setting suggests that the global incidence of vent fields may be underestimated. At a depth of 4,960 m on the Mid-Cayman spreading centre axis, the Beebe Vent Field emits copper-enriched fluids and a buoyant plume that rises 1,100 m, consistent with 〉 400 °C venting from the world’s deepest known hydrothermal system. At both sites, a new morphospecies of alvinocaridid shrimp dominates faunal assemblages, which exhibit similarities to those of Mid-Atlantic vents.
    Description: This work is supported by a UK NERC award (NE/F017774/1 & NE/F017758/1) to J.T.C., D.P.C., B.J.M., K.S. and P.A.T., Royal Society Travel Grant 2009/R3 to R.C.S., A.M. is supported by SENSEnet, a Marie Curie Initial Training Network (ITN) funded by the European Commission Seventh Framework Programme, Contract Number PITN-GA-2009-237868 and a NASA ASTEP Grant NNX09AB75G to C.R.G. and C.L.V.D., which are gratefully acknowledged.
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    Toward interoperable bioscience data (2012)
    Nature Publishing Group
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2012. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Nature Genetics 44 (2012): 121-126, doi:10.1038/ng.1054.
    Description: To make full use of research data, the bioscience community needs to adopt technologies and reward mechanisms that support interoperability and promote the growth of an open 'data commoning' culture. Here we describe the prerequisites for data commoning and present an established and growing ecosystem of solutions using the shared 'Investigation-Study-Assay' framework to support that vision.
    Description: The authors also acknowledge the following funding sources in particular: UK Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) BB/I000771/1 to S.-A.S. and A.T.; UK BBSRC BB/I025840/1 to S.-A.S.; UK BBSRC BB/I000917/1 to D.F.; EU CarcinoGENOMICS (PL037712) to J.K.; US National Institutes of Health (NIH) 1RC2CA148222-01 to W.H. and the HSCI; US MIRADA LTERS DEB-0717390 and Alfred P. Sloan Foundation (ICoMM) to L.A.-Z.; Swiss Federal Government through the Federal Office of Education and Science (FOES) to L.B. and I.X.; EU Innovative Medicines Initiative (IMI) Open PHACTS 115191 to C.T.E.; US Department of Energy (DOE) DE-AC02- 06CH11357 and Arthur P. Sloan Foundation (2011- 6-05) to J.G.; UK BBSRC SysMO-DB2 BB/I004637/1 and BBG0102181 to C.G.; UK BBSRC BB/I000933/1 to C.S. and J.L.G.; UK MRC UD99999906 to J.L.G.; US NIH R21 MH087336 (National Institute of Mental Health) and R00 GM079953 (National Institute of General Medical Science) to A.L.; NIH U54 HG006097 to J.C. and C.E.S.; Australian government through the National Collaborative Research Infrastructure Strategy (NCRIS); BIRN U24-RR025736 and BioScholar RO1-GM083871 to G.B. and the 2009 Super Science initiative to C.A.S.
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    Two centuries of limited variability in subtropical North Atlantic thermocline ventilation (2012)
    Nature Publishing Group
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2012. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Nature Communications 3 (2012): 803, doi:10.1038/ncomms1811.
    Description: Ventilation and mixing of oceanic gyres is important to ocean-atmosphere heat and gas transfer, and to mid-latitude nutrient supply. The rates of mode water formation are believed to impact climate and carbon exchange between the surface and mid-depth water over decadal periods. Here, a record of 14C/12C (1780–1940), which is a proxy for vertical ocean mixing, from an annually banded coral from Bermuda, shows limited inter-annual variability and a substantial Suess Effect (the decrease in 14C/12C since 1900). The Sargasso Sea mixing rates between the surface and thermocline varied minimally over the past two centuries, despite changes to mean-hemispheric climate, including the Little Ice Age and variability in the North Atlantic Oscillation. This result indicates that regional formation rates of sub-tropical mode water are stable over decades, and that anthropogenic carbon absorbed by the ocean does not return to the surface at a variable rate.
    Description: Funding provided by NSF’s Chemical Oceanography Program OCE - 0526463 and 0961980 and the Stephen Hui Trust Fund.
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    Direct interaction between the Gulf Stream and the shelfbreak south of New England (2012)
    Nature Publishing Group
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2012. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Scientific Reports 2 (2012): 553, doi:10.1038/srep00553.
    Description: Sea surface temperature imagery, satellite altimetry, and a surface drifter track reveal an unusual tilt in the Gulf Stream path that brought the Gulf Stream to 39.9°N near the Middle Atlantic Bight shelfbreak—200 km north of its mean position—in October 2011, while a large meander brought Gulf Stream water within 12 km of the shelfbreak in December 2011. Near-bottom temperature measurements from lobster traps on the outer continental shelf south of New England show distinct warming events (temperature increases exceeding 6°C) in November and December 2011. Moored profiler measurements over the continental slope show high salinities and temperatures, suggesting that the warm water on the continental shelf originated in the Gulf Stream. The combination of unusual water properties over the shelf and slope in late fall and the subsequent mild winter may affect seasonal stratification and habitat selection for marine life over the continental shelf in 2012.
    Description: Profiler data were made available by the Ocean Observatory Initiative (OOI) during the construction phase of the project. The OOI is funded by the National Science Foundation and managed by the Consortium for Ocean Leadership. Drifter data were provided by Tim Shaw and David Calhoun at Cape Fear Community College.GGGwas supported by NSFGrant OCE-1129125. RET was supported by the Postdoctoral Scholar Program at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, with funding provided by the Cooperative Institute for the North Atlantic Region. MA was supported by the Penzance Endowed Fund in Support of Assistant Scientists.
    Keywords: Ecology ; Climate change ; Atmospheric science ; Oceanography
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    The African coelacanth genome provides insights into tetrapod evolution (2013)
    Nature Publishing Group
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2013. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Nature 496 (2013): 311-316, doi:10.1038/nature12027.
    Description: The discovery of a living coelacanth specimen in 1938 was remarkable, as this lineage of lobe-finned fish was thought to have become extinct 70 million years ago. The modern coelacanth looks remarkably similar to many of its ancient relatives, and its evolutionary proximity to our own fish ancestors provides a glimpse of the fish that first walked on land. Here we report the genome sequence of the African coelacanth, Latimeria chalumnae. Through a phylogenomic analysis, we conclude that the lungfish, and not the coelacanth, is the closest living relative of tetrapods. Coelacanth protein-coding genes are significantly more slowly evolving than those of tetrapods, unlike other genomic features. Analyses of changes in genes and regulatory elements during the vertebrate adaptation to land highlight genes involved in immunity, nitrogen excretion and the development of fins, tail, ear, eye, brain and olfaction. Functional assays of enhancers involved in the fin-to-limb transition and in the emergence of extra-embryonic tissues show the importance of the coelacanth genome as a blueprint for understanding tetrapod evolution.
    Description: cquisition and storage of Latimeria chalumnae samples was supported by grants from the African Coelacanth Ecosystem Programme of the South African National Department of Science and Technology. Generation of the Latimeria chalumnae and Protopterus annectens sequences by the Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard University was supported by grants from the National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI). K.L.T. is the recipient of a EURYI award from the European Science Foundation.
    Keywords: Genome evolution ; Comparative genomics
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    Pan genome of the phytoplankton Emiliania underpins its global distribution (2013)
    Nature Publishing Group
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2013. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Nature 499 (2013): 209–213, doi:10.1038/nature12221.
    Description: Coccolithophores have influenced the global climate for over 200 million years1. These marine phytoplankton can account for 20 per cent of total carbon fixation in some systems2. They form blooms that can occupy hundreds of thousands of square kilometres and are distinguished by their elegantly sculpted calcium carbonate exoskeletons (coccoliths), rendering them visible from space3. Although coccolithophores export carbon in the form of organic matter and calcite to the sea floor, they also release CO2 in the calcification process. Hence, they have a complex influence on the carbon cycle, driving either CO2 production or uptake, sequestration and export to the deep ocean4. Here we report the first haptophyte reference genome, from the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi strain CCMP1516, and sequences from 13 additional isolates. Our analyses reveal a pan genome (core genes plus genes distributed variably between strains) probably supported by an atypical complement of repetitive sequence in the genome. Comparisons across strains demonstrate that E. huxleyi, which has long been considered a single species, harbours extensive genome variability reflected in different metabolic repertoires. Genome variability within this species complex seems to underpin its capacity both to thrive in habitats ranging from the equator to the subarctic and to form large-scale episodic blooms under a wide variety of environmental conditions.
    Description: Joint Genome Institute (JGI) contributions were supported by the Office of Science of the US Department of Energy (DOE) under contract no. 7DE-AC02-05CH11231.
    Keywords: Genetic variation
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    Insights into the phylogeny and coding potential of microbial dark matter (2013)
    Nature Publishing Group
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2013. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Nature 499 (2013): 431–437, doi:10.1038/nature12352.
    Description: Genome sequencing enhances our understanding of the biological world by providing blueprints for the evolutionary and functional diversity that shapes the biosphere. However, microbial genomes that are currently available are of limited phylogenetic breadth, owing to our historical inability to cultivate most microorganisms in the laboratory. We apply single-cell genomics to target and sequence 201 uncultivated archaeal and bacterial cells from nine diverse habitats belonging to 29 major mostly uncharted branches of the tree of life, so-called ‘microbial dark matter’. With this additional genomic information, we are able to resolve many intra- and inter-phylum-level relationships and to propose two new superphyla. We uncover unexpected metabolic features that extend our understanding of biology and challenge established boundaries between the three domains of life. These include a novel amino acid use for the opal stop codon, an archaeal-type purine synthesis in Bacteria and complete sigma factors in Archaea similar to those in Bacteria. The single-cell genomes also served to phylogenetically anchor up to 20% of metagenomic reads in some habitats, facilitating organism-level interpretation of ecosystem function. This study greatly expands the genomic representation of the tree of life and provides a systematic step towards a better understanding of biological evolution on our planet.
    Description: The work conducted by the US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute is supported by the Office of Science of the US Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231. We also thank the CeBiTec Bioinformatics Resource Facility, which is supported byBMBF grant 031A190. B.P.H. and J.A.D. were supported by the NASA Exobiology grant EXO-NNX11AR78GandNSFOISE 096842and B.P.H. by a generous contribution from G. Fullmer through the UNLV Foundation. S.M.S was supported by NSF grants OCE-0452333 and OCE-1136727, and the WHOI’s Andrew W. Mellon Fund for Innovative Research; and S.J.H. by the Canadian Foundation for Innovation, the British Columbia Knowledge Development Fund, the National Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) of Canada and the TULA foundation funded Centre for Microbial Diversity and Evolution (CMDE), and the Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR). R.S. was supported by NSF grants DEB-841933, EF-826924, OCE-1232982, OCE-821374 and OCE-1136488, and the Deep Life I grant by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation. P.H.was supported by a Discovery Outstanding Researcher Award (DORA) from the Australian Research Council, grant DP120103498.
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    Identification of photosynthetic plankton communities using sedimentary ancient DNA and their response to late-Holocene climate change on the Tibetan Plateau (2014)
    Nature Publishing Group
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2014]. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Scientific Reports 4 (2014): 6648, doi:10.1038/srep06648.
    Description: Sediments from Tibetan lakes in NW China are potentially sensitive recorders of climate change and its impact on ecosystem function. However, the important plankton members in many Tibetan Lakes do not make and leave microscopically diagnostic features in the sedimentary record. Here we established a taxon-specific molecular approach to specifically identify and quantify sedimentary ancient DNA (sedaDNA) of non-fossilized planktonic organisms preserved in a 5-m sediment core from Kusai Lake spanning the last 3100 years. The reliability of the approach was validated with multiple independent genetic markers. Parallel analyses of the geochemistry of the core and paleo-climate proxies revealed that Monsoon strength-driven changes in nutrient availability, temperature, and salinity as well as orbitally-driven changes in light intensity were all responsible for the observed temporal changes in the abundance of two dominant phytoplankton groups in the lake, Synechococcus (cyanobacteria) and Isochrysis (haptophyte algae). Collectively our data show that global and regional climatic events exhibited a strong influence on the paleoecology of phototrophic plankton in Kusai Lake.
    Description: This research was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 41030211 and 41302022), the National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2011CB808800), and State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences (Nos GBL11410 and GBL11201).
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    Ultra-diffuse hydrothermal venting supports Fe-oxidizing bacteria and massive umber deposition at 5000 m off Hawaii (2012)
    Nature Publishing Group
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © International Society for Microbial Ecology, 2011. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in The ISME Journal 5 (2011): 1748–1758, doi:10.1038/ismej.2011.48.
    Description: A novel hydrothermal field has been discovered at the base of Lōihi Seamount, Hawaii, at 5000 mbsl. Geochemical analyses demonstrate that ‘FeMO Deep’, while only 0.2 °C above ambient seawater temperature, derives from a distal, ultra-diffuse hydrothermal source. FeMO Deep is expressed as regional seafloor seepage of gelatinous iron- and silica-rich deposits, pooling between and over basalt pillows, in places over a meter thick. The system is capped by mm to cm thick hydrothermally derived iron-oxyhydroxide- and manganese-oxide-layered crusts. We use molecular analyses (16S rDNA-based) of extant communities combined with fluorescent in situ hybridizations to demonstrate that FeMO Deep deposits contain living iron-oxidizing Zetaproteobacteria related to the recently isolated strain Mariprofundus ferroxydans. Bioenergetic calculations, based on in-situ electrochemical measurements and cell counts, indicate that reactions between iron and oxygen are important in supporting chemosynthesis in the mats, which we infer forms a trophic base of the mat ecosystem. We suggest that the biogenic FeMO Deep hydrothermal deposit represents a modern analog for one class of geological iron deposits known as ‘umbers’ (for example, Troodos ophilolites, Cyprus) because of striking similarities in size, setting and internal structures.
    Description: Funding has been provided by the NSF Microbial Observatories Program (KJE, DE, BT, HS and CM), by the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (KJE), the College of Letters, Arts, and Sciences at the University of Southern California (KJE) and by the NASA Astrobiology Institute (KJE, DE).
    Keywords: Geomicrobiology ; Deep biosphere ; Hydrothermal ; Iron bacteria ; Iron oxidation
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    Structure, function and diversity of the healthy human microbiome (2012)
    Nature Publishing Group
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © The Authors, 2012. This article is posted here by permission of Nature Publishing Group. The definitive version was published in Nature 486 (2012): 207-214, doi:10.1038/nature11234.
    Description: Studies of the human microbiome have revealed that even healthy individuals differ remarkably in the microbes that occupy habitats such as the gut, skin and vagina. Much of this diversity remains unexplained, although diet, environment, host genetics and early microbial exposure have all been implicated. Accordingly, to characterize the ecology of human-associated microbial communities, the Human Microbiome Project has analysed the largest cohort and set of distinct, clinically relevant body habitats so far. We found the diversity and abundance of each habitat’s signature microbes to vary widely even among healthy subjects, with strong niche specialization both within and among individuals. The project encountered an estimated 81–99% of the genera, enzyme families and community configurations occupied by the healthy Western microbiome. Metagenomic carriage of metabolic pathways was stable among individuals despite variation in community structure, and ethnic/racial background proved to be one of the strongest associations of both pathways and microbes with clinical metadata. These results thus delineate the range of structural and functional configurations normal in the microbial communities of a healthy population, enabling future characterization of the epidemiology, ecology and translational applications of the human microbiome.
    Description: This research was supported in part by National Institutes of Health grants U54HG004969 to B.W.B.; U54HG003273 to R.A.G.; U54HG004973 to R.A.G., S.K.H. and J.F.P.; U54HG003067 to E.S.Lander; U54AI084844 to K.E.N.; N01AI30071 to R.L.Strausberg; U54HG004968 to G.M.W.; U01HG004866 to O.R.W.; U54HG003079 to R.K.W.; R01HG005969 to C.H.; R01HG004872 to R.K.; R01HG004885 to M.P.; R01HG005975 to P.D.S.; R01HG004908 to Y.Y.; R01HG004900 to M.K.Cho and P. Sankar; R01HG005171 to D.E.H.; R01HG004853 to A.L.M.; R01HG004856 to R.R.; R01HG004877 to R.R.S. and R.F.; R01HG005172 to P. Spicer.; R01HG004857 to M.P.; R01HG004906 to T.M.S.; R21HG005811 to E.A.V.; M.J.B. was supported by UH2AR057506; G.A.B. was supported by UH2AI083263 and UH3AI083263 (G.A.B., C. N. Cornelissen, L. K. Eaves and J. F. Strauss); S.M.H. was supported by UH3DK083993 (V. B. Young, E. B. Chang, F. Meyer, T. M. S., M. L. Sogin, J. M. Tiedje); K.P.R. was supported by UH2DK083990 (J. V.); J.A.S. and H.H.K. were supported by UH2AR057504 and UH3AR057504 (J.A.S.); DP2OD001500 to K.M.A.; N01HG62088 to the Coriell Institute for Medical Research; U01DE016937 to F.E.D.; S.K.H. was supported by RC1DE0202098 and R01DE021574 (S.K.H. and H. Li); J.I. was supported by R21CA139193 (J.I. and D. S. Michaud); K.P.L. was supported by P30DE020751 (D. J. Smith); Army Research Office grant W911NF-11-1-0473 to C.H.; National Science Foundation grants NSF DBI-1053486 to C.H. and NSF IIS-0812111 to M.P.; The Office of Science of the US Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231 for P.S. C.; LANL Laboratory-Directed Research and Development grant 20100034DR and the US Defense Threat Reduction Agency grants B104153I and B084531I to P.S.C.; Research Foundation - Flanders (FWO) grant to K.F. and J.Raes; R.K. is an HHMI Early Career Scientist; Gordon&BettyMoore Foundation funding and institutional funding fromthe J. David Gladstone Institutes to K.S.P.; A.M.S. was supported by fellowships provided by the Rackham Graduate School and the NIH Molecular Mechanisms in Microbial Pathogenesis Training Grant T32AI007528; a Crohn’s and Colitis Foundation of Canada Grant in Aid of Research to E.A.V.; 2010 IBM Faculty Award to K.C.W.; analysis of the HMPdata was performed using National Energy Research Scientific Computing resources, the BluBioU Computational Resource at Rice University.
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    Direct numerical simulations of instability and boundary layer turbulence under a solitary wave (2013)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © Cambridge University Press, 2013. This article is posted here by permission of Cambridge University Press for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Fluid Mechanics 731 (2013): 545-578, doi:10.1017/jfm.2013.361 .
    Description: A significant amount of research effort has been made to understand the boundary layer instability and the generation and evolution of turbulence subject to periodic/oscillatory flows. However, little is known about bottom boundary layers driven by highly transient and intermittent free-stream flow forcing, such as solitary wave motion. To better understand the nature of the instability mechanisms and turbulent flow characteristics subject to solitary wave motion, a large number of direct numerical simulations are conducted. Different amplitudes of random initial fluctuating velocity field are imposed. Two different instability mechanisms are observed within the range of Reynolds number studied. The first is a short-lived, nonlinear, long-wave instability which is observed during the acceleration phase, and the second is a broadband instability that occurs during the deceleration phase. Transition from a laminar to turbulent state is observed to follow two different breakdown pathways: the first follows the sequence of $K$-type secondary instability of a near-wall boundary layer at comparatively lower Reynolds number and the second one follows a breakdown path similar to that of free shear layers. Overall characteristics of the flow are categorized into four regimes as: (i) laminar; (ii) disturbed laminar; (iii) transitional; and (iv) turbulent. Our categorization into four regimes is consistent with earlier works. However, this study is able to provide more specific definitions through the instability characteristics and the turbulence breakdown process.
    Description: This study is supported by National Science Foundation (CMMI-1135026; OCE- 1130217; OCE-1131016).
    Description: 2014-08-28
    Keywords: Coastal engineering ; Solitary waves ; Turbulent flows
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    The genomic standards consortium : bringing standards to life for microbial ecology (2011)
    Nature Publishing Group
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © International Society for Microbial Ecology, 2011. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in The ISME Journal 5 (2011): 1565–1567, doi:10.1038/ismej.2011.39.
    Description: Interest in sampling of diverse environments, combined with advances in high-throughput sequencing, vastly accelerates the pace at which new genomes and metagenomes are generated. For example, as of January 2011, 12 500 user-generated metagenomes have been submitted to the public MG-RAST Annotation server (http://metagenomics. nmpdr.org; Meyer et al., 2008), 490% of which were produced using high-throughput sequencing methodologies. We have entered into an era of ‘mega-sequencing projects’ that include the Genomic Encyclopaedia of Bacteria and Archaea project (http://www.jgi.doe.gov/programs/GEBA), the Microbial Earth Project (http://genome.jgi-psf. org/programs/bacteria-archaea/MEP/index.jsf), the Human Microbiome Project (http://nihroadmap.nih. gov/hmp), the Metagenomics of the Human Intestinal Tract consortium (http://www.metahit.eu), the Terragenome Initiative (http://www.terragenome. org), the Tara Oceans Expedition (http://oceans. taraexpeditions.org), the National Ecological Observatory Network (NEON-http://www.neoninc.org), the International Census of Marine Microbes (ICoMM-http://icomm.mbl.edu), Microbial Inventory Research Across Diverse Aquatic Long-Term Ecological Research Sites (http://amarallab.mbl. edu/mirada/mirada.html), the Earth Microbiome Project (http://www.earthmicrobiome.org) and other funded and unfunded projects, with many more visionary projects on the horizon.
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    Finger puzzles (2012)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © Cambridge University Press, 2012. This article is posted here by permission of Cambridge University Press for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Fluid Mechanics 692 (2012): 1-4, doi:10.1017/jfm.2011.468.
    Description: Salt fingers are a form of double-diffusive convection that can occur in a wide variety of fluid systems, ranging from stellar interiors and oceans to magma chambers. Their amplitude has long been difficult to quantify, and a variety of mechanisms have been proposed. Radko & Smith (J. Fluid Mech., this issue, vol. 692, 2012, pp. 5–27) have developed a new theory that balances the basic growth rate with that of secondary instabilities that act on the finite amplitude fingers. Their approach promises a way forward for computationally challenging systems with vastly different scales of decay for momentum, heat and dissolved substances.
    Description: 2013-01-24
    Keywords: Double diffusive convection ; Instability ; Ocean processes
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    Nonlinear stratified spindown over a slope (2014)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © Cambridge University Press, 2013. This article is posted here by permission of Cambridge University Press for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Fluid Mechanics 726 (2013): 371-403, doi:10.1017/jfm.2013.231.
    Description: Nonlinear stratified spindown of an along-isobath current over an insulated slope is shown to develop asymmetries in the vertical circulation and vertical relative vorticity field. During spindown, cyclonic vorticity is weakened to a greater extent than anticyclonic vorticity near the boundary because of buoyancy advection. As a consequence, Ekman pumping is weakened over Ekman suction. Momentum advection can weaken Ekman pumping and strengthen Ekman suction. Time-dependent feedback between the geostrophic flow and the frictional secondary circulation induces asymmetry in cyclonic and anticyclonic vorticity away from the boundary. Buoyancy advection over a slope can modify the secondary circulation such that anticyclonic vorticity decays faster than cyclonic vorticity outside the boundary layer. In contrast, momentum advection can cause cyclonic vorticity to spin down faster than anticyclonic vorticity. A scaling and analytical solutions are derived for when buoyancy advection over a slope can have a more significant impact than momentum advection on these asymmetries. In order to test this scaling and analytical solutions, numerical experiments are run in which both buoyancy and momentum advection are active. These solutions are contrasted with homogeneous or stratified spindown over a flat bottom, in which momentum advection controls the asymmetries. These results are applied to ocean currents over continental shelves and slopes.
    Description: 2014-06-05
    Keywords: Geophysical flows ; Ocean circulation ; Topographic effects
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    Permafrost thawing as a possible source of abrupt carbon release at the onset of the Bølling/Allerød (2014)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  EPIC3Nature Communications, Nature Publishing Group, 5, pp. 5520, ISSN: 2041-1723
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-13
    Description: One of the most abrupt and yet unexplained past rises in atmospheric CO2 (〉10 p.p.m.v. in two centuries) occurred in quasi-synchrony with abrupt northern hemispheric warming into the Bølling/Allerød, ~14,600 years ago. Here we use a U/Th-dated record of atmospheric Δ14C from Tahiti corals to provide an independent and precise age control for this CO2 rise. We also use model simulations to show that the release of old (nearly 14C-free) carbon can explain these changes in CO2 and Δ14C. The Δ14C record provides an independent constraint on the amount of carbon released (~125 Pg C). We suggest, in line with observations of atmospheric CH4 and terrigenous biomarkers, that thawing permafrost in high northern latitudes could have been the source of carbon, possibly with contribution from flooding of the Siberian continental shelf during meltwater pulse 1A. Our findings highlight the potential of the permafrost carbon reservoir to modulate abrupt climate changes via greenhouse-gas feedbacks.
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    Antarctic-wide array of high-resolution ice core records reveals pervasive lead pollution began in 1889 and persists today (2014)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  EPIC3Scientific Reports, Nature Publishing Group, 4, pp. 5848, ISSN: 2045-2322
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-12-17
    Description: Interior Antarctica is among the most remote places on Earth and was thought to be beyond the reach of human impacts when Amundsen and Scott raced to the South Pole in 1911. Here we show detailed measurements from an extensive array of 16 ice cores quantifying substantial toxic heavy metal lead pollution at South Pole and throughout Antarctica by 1889 – beating polar explorers by more than 22 years. Unlike the Arctic where lead pollution peaked in the 1970s, lead pollution in Antarctica was as high in the early 20th century as at any time since industrialization. The similar timing and magnitude of changes in lead deposition across Antarctica, as well as the characteristic isotopic signature of Broken Hill lead found throughout the continent, suggest that this single emission source in southern Australia was responsible for the introduction of lead pollution into Antarctica at the end of the 19th century and remains a significant source today. An estimated 660 t of industrial lead have been deposited over Antarctica during the past 130 years as a result of mid-latitude industrial emissions, with regional-to-global scale circulation likely modulating aerosol concentrations. Despite abatement efforts, significant lead pollution in Antarctica persists into the 21st century.
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    Genomic evidence for ameiotic evolution in the bdelloid rotifer Adineta vaga (2013)
    Nature Publishing Group
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2013. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Nature 500 (2013): 453–457, doi:10.1038/nature12326.
    Description: Loss of sexual reproduction is considered an evolutionary dead end for metazoans, but bdelloid rotifers challenge this view as they appear to have persisted asexually for millions of years1. Neither male sex organs nor meiosis have ever been observed in these microscopic animals: oocytes are formed through mitotic divisions, with no reduction of chromosome number and no indication of chromosome pairing2. However, current evidence does not exclude that they may engage in sex on rare, cryptic occasions. Here we report the genome of a bdelloid rotifer, Adineta vaga (Davis, 1873)3, and show that its structure is incompatible with conventional meiosis. At gene scale, the genome of A. vaga is tetraploid and comprises both anciently duplicated segments and less divergent allelic regions. However, in contrast to sexual species, the allelic regions are rearranged and sometimes even found on the same chromosome. Such structure does not allow meiotic pairing; instead, we find abundant evidence of gene conversion, which may limit the accumulation of deleterious mutations in the absence of meiosis. Gene families involved in resistance to oxidation, carbohydrate metabolism and defence against transposons are significantly expanded, which may explain why transposable elements cover only 3% of the assembled sequence. Furthermore, 8% of the genes are likely to be of non-metazoan origin and were probably acquired horizontally. This apparent convergence between bdelloids and prokaryotes sheds new light on the evolutionary significance of sex.
    Description: This work was supported by Genoscope-CES (where most of the sequencing was performed), by US National Science Foundation grants MCB-0821956 and MCB-1121334 to I.A., by German Research Foundation grant HA 5163/2-1 to O.H., by grant 11.G34.31.0008 fromthe Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation to A.S.K., by grant NSF CAREER number 0644282 to M.K., by US National Science Foundation grant MCB-0923676 to D.B.M.W., by FRFC grant 2.4.655.09.F from the Belgian Fonds National de la Recherche Scientifique (FNRS) and a start-up grant from the University of Namur to K.V.D.; J.F.F. and K.V.D. thank also J.-P. Descy (University of Namur) for funding support.
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    On latency of multiple zonal jets in the oceans (2012)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Author Posting. © Cambridge University Press, 2011. This article is posted here by permission of Cambridge University Press for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Fluid Mechanics 686 (2011): 534-567, doi:10.1017/jfm.2011.345.
    Description: Most of the nearly zonal, multiple, alternating jets observed in the oceans are latent, that is, their amplitudes are weak relative to the ambient mesoscale eddies. Yet, relatively strong jets are often observed in dynamical simulations. To explore mechanisms controlling the degree of latency, we analyse solutions of an idealized, eddy-resolving and flat-bottom quasigeostrophic model, in which dynamically generated mesoscale eddies maintain and interact with a set of multiple zonal jets. We find that the degree of the latency is controlled primarily by the bottom friction: the larger the friction parameter, the more latent are the jets; and the degree of the latency is substantial for a realistic range of the oceanic bottom friction coefficient. This result not only provides a plausible explanation for the latency of the oceanic jets, but it may also be relevant to the prominent atmospheric multiple jets observed on giant gas planets, such as Jupiter. We hypothesize that these jets can be so strong because of the relative absence of the bottom friction. The mechanism controlling the latency in our solutions is understood in terms of the changes induced in the linear eigenmodes of the time–mean flow by varying the bottom friction coefficient; these changes, in turn, affect and modify the jets. Effects of large Reynolds numbers on the eddies, jets, and the latency are also discussed.
    Description: Funding was provided: for P.B. by NSF grants OCE 0725796 and OCE 0845150, for J.T.F. by NSF grant OCE 0845150, for I.K. by NSF grant OCE 0842834, and for S.K. by the University Research Fellowship from the Royal Society. S.K. also acknowledges support from the Mary Sears Grant from the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.
    Description: 2012-09-27
    Keywords: Geostrophic turbulence ; Quasi-geostrophic flows ; Waves in rotating fluids
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    Chaotic advection in a steady, three-dimensional, Ekman-driven eddy (2014)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Author Posting. © Cambridge University Press, 2013. This article is posted here by permission of Cambridge University Press for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Fluid Mechanics 738 (2014): 143-183, doi:10.1017/jfm.2013.583.
    Description: We investigate and quantify stirring due to chaotic advection within a steady, three-dimensional, Ekman-driven, rotating cylinder flow. The flow field has vertical overturning and horizontal swirling motion, and is an idealization of motion observed in some ocean eddies. The flow is characterized by strong background rotation, and we explore variations in Ekman and Rossby numbers, E and Ro, over ranges appropriate for the ocean mesoscale and submesoscale. A high-resolution spectral element model is used in conjunction with linear analytical theory, weakly nonlinear resonance analysis and a kinematic model in order to map out the barriers, manifolds, resonance layers and other objects that provide a template for chaotic stirring. As expected, chaos arises when a radially symmetric background state is perturbed by a symmetry-breaking disturbance. In the background state, each trajectory lives on a torus and some of the latter survive the perturbation and act as barriers to chaotic transport, a result consistent with an extension of the KAM theorem for three-dimensional, volume-preserving flow. For shallow eddies, where E is O(1), the flow is dominated by thin resonant layers sandwiched between KAM-type barriers, and the stirring rate is weak. On the other hand, eddies with moderately small E experience thicker resonant layers, wider-spread chaos and much more rapid stirring. This trend reverses for sufficiently small E, corresponding to deep eddies, where the vertical rigidity imposed by strong rotation limits the stirring. The bulk stirring rate, estimated from a passive tracer release, confirms the non-monotonic variation in stirring rate with E. This result is shown to be consistent with linear Ekman layer theory in conjunction with a resonant width calculation and the Taylor–Proudman theorem. The theory is able to roughly predict the value of E at which stirring is maximum. For large disturbances, the stirring rate becomes monotonic over the range of Ekman numbers explored. We also explore variation in the eddy aspect ratio.
    Description: L.J.P., I.I.R., T.M.O. and P.W. have been supported on DOD (MURI) grant N000141110087, administered by the Office of Naval Research. I.I.R. and L.J.P. received additional support from Grant NSF-OCE-0725796 from the National Science Foundation.
    Description: 2014-12-05
    Keywords: Chaotic advection ; Geophysical and geological flows ; Ocean processes
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    Virtual finger boosts three-dimensional imaging and microsurgery as well as terabyte volume image visualization and analysis (2014)
    Nature Publishing Group
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2014. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Nature Communications 5 (2014): 4342, doi:10.1038/ncomms5342.
    Description: Three-dimensional (3D) bioimaging, visualization and data analysis are in strong need of powerful 3D exploration techniques. We develop virtual finger (VF) to generate 3D curves, points and regions-of-interest in the 3D space of a volumetric image with a single finger operation, such as a computer mouse stroke, or click or zoom from the 2D-projection plane of an image as visualized with a computer. VF provides efficient methods for acquisition, visualization and analysis of 3D images for roundworm, fruitfly, dragonfly, mouse, rat and human. Specifically, VF enables instant 3D optical zoom-in imaging, 3D free-form optical microsurgery, and 3D visualization and annotation of terabytes of whole-brain image volumes. VF also leads to orders of magnitude better efficiency of automated 3D reconstruction of neurons and similar biostructures over our previous systems. We use VF to generate from images of 1,107 Drosophila GAL4 lines a projectome of a Drosophila brain.
    Description: This work was mainly supported by Howard Hughes Medical Institute. H.P. is currently supported by the Allen Institute for Brain Science. R.W.T. and A.M. were supported by a grant MH071739 (MERIT).
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    Eruption of a deep-sea mud volcano triggers rapid sediment movement (2014)
    Nature Publishing Group
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2014. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Nature Communications 5 (2014): 5385, doi:10.1038/ncomms6385.
    Description: Submarine mud volcanoes are important sources of methane to the water column. However, the temporal variability of their mud and methane emissions is unknown. Methane emissions were previously proposed to result from a dynamic equilibrium between upward migration and consumption at the seabed by methane-consuming microbes. Here we show non-steady-state situations of vigorous mud movement that are revealed through variations in fluid flow, seabed temperature and seafloor bathymetry. Time series data for pressure, temperature, pH and seafloor photography were collected over 431 days using a benthic observatory at the active Håkon Mosby Mud Volcano. We documented 25 pulses of hot subsurface fluids, accompanied by eruptions that changed the landscape of the mud volcano. Four major events triggered rapid sediment uplift of more than a metre in height, substantial lateral flow of muds at average velocities of 0.4 m per day, and significant emissions of methane and CO2 from the seafloor.
    Description: Participation of the Sentry AUV and TETHYS team from WHOI was funded by the Arctic Research Initiative of WHOI’s Ocean and Climate Change Institute and the NASA ASTEP grant NNX09AB76G. Additional funds were made available by the AWI, the Max Planck Society and the DFG METEOR/MERIAN programme, as well as the Leibniz programme to A.B.
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    Intensification of the meridional temperature gradient in the Great Barrier Reef following the Last Glacial Maximum (2014)
    Nature Publishing Group
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2014. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Nature Communications 5 (2014): 4102, doi:10.1038/ncomms5102.
    Description: Tropical south-western Pacific temperatures are of vital importance to the Great Barrier Reef (GBR), but the role of sea surface temperatures (SSTs) in the growth of the GBR since the Last Glacial Maximum remains largely unknown. Here we present records of Sr/Ca and δ18O for Last Glacial Maximum and deglacial corals that show a considerably steeper meridional SST gradient than the present day in the central GBR. We find a 1–2 °C larger temperature decrease between 17° and 20°S about 20,000 to 13,000 years ago. The result is best explained by the northward expansion of cooler subtropical waters due to a weakening of the South Pacific gyre and East Australian Current. Our findings indicate that the GBR experienced substantial meridional temperature change during the last deglaciation, and serve to explain anomalous deglacial drying of northeastern Australia. Overall, the GBR developed through significant SST change and may be more resilient than previously thought.
    Description: Funding was provided by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (FE 615/4-1), Australian Research Council (Discovery grant DP1094001), Australia and New Zealand IODP Consortium, Australian Institute of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Natural Environmental Research Council (NE/H014136/1, NE/H014268/1), the Cooperative Research Program of the Center for Advanced Marine Core Research (10B039, 11A013, 11B041), Ministry of Earth Sciences, Govt. of India (with partial support from DST & ISRO-GBP) and Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS NEXT-GR031).
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    A metagenomic assessment of winter and summer bacterioplankton from Antarctica Peninsula coastal surface waters (2012)
    Nature Publishing Group
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2012. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in The ISME Journal 6 (2012): 1901-1915, doi:10.1038/ismej.2012.31.
    Description: Antarctic surface oceans are well-studied during summer when irradiance levels are high, sea ice is melting and primary productivity is at a maximum. Coincident with this timing, the bacterioplankton respond with significant increases in secondary productivity. Little is known about bacterioplankton in winter when darkness and sea-ice cover inhibit photoautotrophic primary production. We report here an environmental genomic and small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) analysis of winter and summer Antarctic Peninsula coastal seawater bacterioplankton. Intense inter-seasonal differences were reflected through shifts in community composition and functional capacities encoded in winter and summer environmental genomes with significantly higher phylogenetic and functional diversity in winter. In general, inferred metabolisms of summer bacterioplankton were characterized by chemoheterotrophy, photoheterotrophy and aerobic anoxygenic photosynthesis while the winter community included the capacity for bacterial and archaeal chemolithoautotrophy. Chemolithoautotrophic pathways were dominant in winter and were similar to those recently reported in global ‘dark ocean’ mesopelagic waters. If chemolithoautotrophy is widespread in the Southern Ocean in winter, this process may be a previously unaccounted carbon sink and may help account for the unexplained anomalies in surface inorganic nitrogen content.
    Description: CSR was supported by an NSF Postdoctoral Fellowship in Biological Informatics (DBI-0532893). The research was supported by National Science Foundation awards: ANT 0632389 (to AEM and JJG), and ANT 0632278 and 0217282 (to HWD), all from the Antarctic Organisms and Ecosystems Program.
    Keywords: Antarctic bacterioplankton ; Metagenomics ; Chemolithoautotrophy
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    The NF2 tumor suppressor regulates microtubule-based vesicle trafficking via a novel Rac, MLK and p38SAPK pathway (2013)
    Nature Publishing Group
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © Macmillan Publishers, 2013. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Oncogene 32 (2013): 1135–1143, doi:10.1038/onc.2012.135.
    Description: Neurofibromatosis type 2 patients develop schwannomas, meningiomas and ependymomas resulting from mutations in the tumor suppressor gene, NF2, encoding a membrane-cytoskeleton adapter protein called merlin. Merlin regulates contact inhibition of growth and controls the availability of growth factor receptors at the cell surface. We tested if microtubule-based vesicular trafficking might be a mechanism by which merlin acts. We found that schwannoma cells, containing merlin mutations and constitutive activation of the Rho/Rac family of GTPases, had decreased intracellular vesicular trafficking relative to normal human Schwann cells. In Nf2−/− mouse Schwann (SC4) cells, re-expression of merlin as well as inhibition of Rac or its effector kinases, MLK and p38SAPK, each increased the velocity of Rab6 positive exocytic vesicles. Conversely, an activated Rac mutant decreased Rab6 vesicle velocity. Vesicle motility assays in isolated squid axoplasm further demonstrated that both mutant merlin and active Rac specifically reduce anterograde microtubule-based transport of vesicles dependent upon the activity of p38SAPK kinase. Taken together, our data suggest loss of merlin results in the Rac-dependent decrease of anterograde trafficking of exocytic vesicles, representing a possible mechanism controlling the concentration of growth factor receptors at the cell surface.
    Description: This work was supported by NIH R01 CA118032 (to NR), and MBL research fellowships (to NR and GM), NIH R01 NS23868 (to STB).
    Keywords: Merlin ; NF2 ; Rac ; Trafficking ; Exocytosis
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    Counting whales in a challenging, changing environment (2014)
    Nature Publishing Group
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2014. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Scientific Reports 4 (2014): 4170, doi:10.1038/srep04170.
    Description: Estimating abundance of Antarctic minke whales is central to the International Whaling Commission's conservation and management work and understanding impacts of climate change on polar marine ecosystems. Detecting abundance trends is problematic, in part because minke whales are frequently sighted within Antarctic sea ice where navigational safety concerns prevent ships from surveying. Using icebreaker-supported helicopters, we conducted aerial surveys across a gradient of ice conditions to estimate minke whale density in the Weddell Sea. The surveys revealed substantial numbers of whales inside the sea ice. The Antarctic summer sea ice is undergoing rapid regional change in annual extent, distribution, and length of ice-covered season. These trends, along with substantial interannual variability in ice conditions, affect the proportion of whales available to be counted by traditional shipboard surveys. The strong association between whales and the dynamic, changing sea ice requires reexamination of the power to detect trends in whale abundance or predict ecosystem responses to climate change.
    Description: This work received funding from the following institutions: Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research (AWI); Dutch Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality (EL & I); German Federal Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Consumer Protection (BMELV); German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (BMU); the Institute for Marine Resources and Ecosystem Studies (Wageningen IMARES); Johann Heinrich von Thu¨nen Institute (Federal Research Institute for Rural Areas, Forestry and Fisheries); the Netherlands Polar Programme (NPP) of the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NOW); Research and Technology Centre Westcoast (FTZ) of the University Kiel. RW was funded by a Marie Curie International Incoming Fellowship within the 7th European Community Framework Programme (proposal Nu 253407 (call reference: FP7- PEOPLE-2009-IIF).
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    MIxS-BE : a MIxS extension defining a minimum information standard for sequence data from the built environment (2014)
    Nature Publishing Group
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2013. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in ISME Journal 8 (2014): 1-3, doi:10.1038/ismej.2013.176.
    Description: The need for metadata standards for microbe sampling in the built environment.
    Description: We would like to thank the Alfred P Sloan Foundation grant FP047325-01-PR for support for this project.
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    A reversal of fortunes : climate change ‘winners’ and ‘losers’ in Antarctic Peninsula penguins (2014)
    Nature Publishing Group
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2014. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Scientific Reports 4 (2014): 5024, doi:10.1038/srep05024.
    Description: Climate change is a major threat to global biodiversity. Antarctic ecosystems are no exception. Investigating past species responses to climatic events can distinguish natural from anthropogenic impacts. Climate change produces ‘winners’, species that benefit from these events and ‘losers’, species that decline or become extinct. Using molecular techniques, we assess the demographic history and population structure of Pygoscelis penguins in the Scotia Arc related to climate warming after the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). All three pygoscelid penguins responded positively to post-LGM warming by expanding from glacial refugia, with those breeding at higher latitudes expanding most. Northern (Pygoscelis papua papua) and Southern (Pygoscelis papua ellsworthii) gentoo sub-species likely diverged during the LGM. Comparing historical responses with the literature on current trends, we see Southern gentoo penguins are responding to current warming as they did during post-LGM warming, expanding their range southwards. Conversely, Adélie and chinstrap penguins are experiencing a ‘reversal of fortunes’ as they are now declining in the Antarctic Peninsula, the opposite of their response to post-LGM warming. This suggests current climate warming has decoupled historic population responses in the Antarctic Peninsula, favoring generalist gentoo penguins as climate change ‘winners’, while Adélie and chinstrap penguins have become climate change ‘losers’.
    Description: We thank the Zoological Society of London, Quark Expeditions, Exodus Travels ltd., Oceanites, the Holly Hill Charitable Trust, the Charities Advisory Trust and an U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) Office of Polar Programs grant (ANT-0739575) for funding.
    Keywords: Climate-change ecology ; Molecular ecology ; Molecular evolution ; Population genetics
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    Horizontal eddy energy flux in the world oceans diagnosed from altimetry data (2014)
    Nature Publishing Group
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2014. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Scientific Reports 4 (2014): 5316, doi:10.1038/srep05316.
    Description: During the propagation of coherent mesoscale eddies, they directly or indirectly induce many effects and interactions at different scales, implying eddies are actually serving as a kind of energy carrier or energy source for these eddy-related dynamic processes. To quantify this dynamically significant energy flow, the multi-year averaged horizontal eddy energy fluxes (EEFs) were estimated by using satellite altimetry data and a two-layer model based on hydrographic climatology. There is a strong net westward transport of eddy energy estimated at the mean value of ~13.3 GW north of 5°N and ~14.6 GW at the band 5°S ~ 44°S in the Southern Hemisphere. However, poleward of 44°S east-propagating eddies carry their energy eastward with an averaged net flux of ~3.2 GW. If confirmed, it would signify that geostrophic eddies not only contain the most of oceanic kinetic energy (KE), but also carry and spread a significant amount of energy with them.
    Description: This study is supported by Grants XDA11010202, 2011CB403505, 2013CB430303; Projects 41306016, U1033002, 40976021 of NNSFC and LTOZZ1304.
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    Oceanography : oxygen and climate dynamics (2014)
    Nature Publishing Group
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Author Posting. © The Author(s), 2014. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of Nature Publishing Group for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Nature Climate Change 4 (2014): 862-863, doi:10.1038/nclimate2386.
    Description: Low oxygen levels in tropical oceans shape marine ecosystems and biogeochemistry with climate change expected to expand these regions. Now, a study indicates that regional dynamics control tropical oxygen trends, bucking projected global reductions in ocean oxygen.
    Description: 2015-03-25
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    Spillover from marine reserves and the replenishment of fished stocks (2010)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Author Posting. © Foundation for Environmental Conservation, 2009. This article is posted here by permission of Cambridge University Press for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Environmental Conservation 36 (2009): 268-276, doi:10.1017/S0376892910000032.
    Description: No-take marine reserves are widely recognized as an effective conservation tool for protecting marine resources. Despite considerable empirical evidence that abundance and biomass of fished species increase within marine reserve boundaries, the potential for reserves to provide fisheries and conservation benefits to adjacent waters remains heavily debated. This paper uses statistical and population models to evaluate published empirical data on adult spillover from marine reserves and shows that spillover is a common phenomenon for species that respond positively to reserve protection, but at relatively small scales, detectable on average up to 800 m from reserve boundaries. At these small scales, local fisheries around reserves were likely unsustainable in 12 of 14 cases without the reserve, and spillover partially or fully offsets losses in catch due to reserve closure in the other two cases. For reserves to play a role in sustaining and replenishing larger-scale fished stocks, networks of reserves may be necessary, but as few exist this is difficult to evaluate. The results suggest reserves can simultaneously meet conservation objectives and benefit local fisheries adjacent to their boundaries.
    Description: Support was provided by a grant from the David and Lucille Packard Foundation to NCEAS for ecosystem-based management ofmarine systems, the Partnership for Interdisciplinary Studies of Coastal Oceans (PISCO) funded by the David and Lucile Packard Foundation and the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (contribution number 348), the Sustainable Fisheries Group supported by the Paul G. Allen Family Foundation and the Bahamas Biocomplexity Project (US NSF Biocomplexity grantOCE-0119976) andUS EPA Science to Achieve Results (R832223).
    Keywords: Adult fish movement ; Fisheries ; Global ; Marine protected areas ; No-take reserves ; Spillover effect ; Synthesis
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    Extreme diving behaviour in devil rays links surface waters and the deep ocean (2014)
    Nature Publishing Group
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2014. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Nature Communications 5 (2014): 4274, doi:10.1038/ncomms5274.
    Description: Ecological connections between surface waters and the deep ocean remain poorly studied despite the high biomass of fishes and squids residing at depths beyond the euphotic zone. These animals likely support pelagic food webs containing a suite of predators that include commercially important fishes and marine mammals. Here we deploy pop-up satellite archival transmitting tags on 15 Chilean devil rays (Mobula tarapacana) in the central North Atlantic Ocean, which provide movement patterns of individuals for up to 9 months. Devil rays were considered surface dwellers but our data reveal individuals descending at speeds up to 6.0 m s−1 to depths of almost 2,000 m and water temperatures 〈4 °C. The shape of the dive profiles suggests that the rays are foraging at these depths in deep scattering layers. Our results provide evidence of an important link between predators in the surface ocean and forage species occupying pelagic habitats below the euphotic zone in ocean ecosystems.
    Description: This research was partially supported by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology/Ministry of Education and Science (FCT/MCTES-MEC) through individual support to P.A. (Cieˆncia 2008/POPH/QREN) and J.F. (SFRH/BPD/66532/2009) and the LARSyS Strategic Project (PEst/OE/EEI/LA00009/2011). This study was support by the US National Science Foundation (OCE 0825148 to S.R.T. and G.B.S.), The Harrison Foundation, Rodney and Elizabeth Berens, the King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (baseline research funds to M.L.B.) and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.
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    Antarctic-wide array of high-resolution ice core records reveals pervasive lead pollution began in 1889 and persists today (2014)
    Nature Publishing Group
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2014. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Scientific Reports 4 (2014): 5848, doi:10.1038/srep05848.
    Description: Interior Antarctica is among the most remote places on Earth and was thought to be beyond the reach of human impacts when Amundsen and Scott raced to the South Pole in 1911. Here we show detailed measurements from an extensive array of 16 ice cores quantifying substantial toxic heavy metal lead pollution at South Pole and throughout Antarctica by 1889 – beating polar explorers by more than 22 years. Unlike the Arctic where lead pollution peaked in the 1970s, lead pollution in Antarctica was as high in the early 20th century as at any time since industrialization. The similar timing and magnitude of changes in lead deposition across Antarctica, as well as the characteristic isotopic signature of Broken Hill lead found throughout the continent, suggest that this single emission source in southern Australia was responsible for the introduction of lead pollution into Antarctica at the end of the 19th century and remains a significant source today. An estimated 660 t of industrial lead have been deposited over Antarctica during the past 130 years as a result of mid-latitude industrial emissions, with regional-to-global scale circulation likely modulating aerosol concentrations. Despite abatement efforts, significant lead pollution in Antarctica persists into the 21st century.
    Description: This work primarily was supported by the U.S. National Science Foundation Division of Polar Programs (research grants 9903744, 0538427, 0538416, 0968391, 1142166, 0632031; instrument grants 0216552, 0421412).
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    Entrainment in two coalescing axisymmetric turbulent plumes (2014)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Author Posting. © Cambridge University Press, 2014. This article is posted here by permission of Cambridge University Press for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Fluid Mechanics 752 (2014): R2, doi:10.1017/jfm.2014.389.
    Description: A model of the total volume flux and entrainment occurring in two coalescing axisymmetric turbulent plumes is developed and compared with laboratory experiments. The dynamical evolution of the two plumes is divided into three regions. In region 1, where the plumes are separate, the entrainment in each plume is unaffected by the other plume, although the two plumes are drawn together due to the entrainment of ambient fluid between them. In region 2 the two plumes touch each other but are not yet merged. In this region the total entrainment is a function of both the dynamics of the touching plumes and the reduced surface area through which entrainment occurs. In region 3 the two plumes are merged and the entrainment is equivalent to that in a single plume. We find that the total volume flux after the two plumes touch and before they merge increases linearly with distance from the sources, and can be expressed as a function of the known total volume fluxes at the touching and merging heights. Finally, we define an ‘effective’ entrainment constant, αeff, as the value of α needed to obtain the same total volume flux in two independent plumes as that occurring in two coalescing plumes. The definition of αeff allows us to find a single expression for the development of the total volume flux in the three different dynamical regions. This single expression will simplify the representation of coalescing plumes in more complex models, such as in large-scale geophysical convection, in which plume dynamics are not resolved. Experiments show that the model provides an accurate measure of the total volume flux in the two coalescing plumes as they evolve through the three regions.
    Description: The authors gratefully acknowledge the National Science Foundation (grant OCE-0824636) and the Office of Naval Research (grant N00014-09-1-0844) for their support of the 2013 WHOI Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Summer School where this project was initiated. Support to C.C. was given by the National Science Foundation project OCE-1130008.
    Description: 2015-07-11
    Keywords: Mixing ; Plumes/thermals ; Turbulent mixing
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    How unique was Hurricane Sandy? Sedimentary reconstructions of extreme flooding from New York Harbor (2014)
    Nature Publishing Group
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2014. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Scientific Reports 4 (2014): 7366, doi:10.1038/srep07366.
    Description: The magnitude of flooding in New York City by Hurricane Sandy is commonly believed to be extremely rare, with estimated return periods near or greater than 1000 years. However, the brevity of tide gauge records result in significant uncertainties when estimating the uniqueness of such an event. Here we compare resultant deposition by Hurricane Sandy to earlier storm-induced flood layers in order to extend records of flooding to the city beyond the instrumental dataset. Inversely modeled storm conditions from grain size trends show that a more compact yet more intense hurricane in 1821 CE probably resulted in a similar storm tide and a significantly larger storm surge. Our results indicate the occurrence of additional flood events like Hurricane Sandy in recent centuries, and highlight the inadequacies of the instrumental record in estimating current flood risk by such extreme events.
    Description: Funding for this work was provided by the Hudson River Foundation Expedited Grant #004/12E, the Hudson River Foundation Graduate Fellowship 02–13, the National Science Foundation (RAPID grant #1313859 and instrument and facility support via grant IF-0949313), and the Dalio Explore Fund.
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    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Anisotropic intermolecular potentials. III. Rare-gas–hydrogen bromide systems (1989)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 91 (1989), S. 4455-4461 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Intermolecular potentials for Ar and Kr interacting with HBr are obtained by least-squares fitting of potential parameters to data obtained from the molecular-beam microwave spectra of the Ar–HBr and Kr–HBr van der Waals complexes. The equilibrium geometry is linear Rg–H–Br in each case, but there are substantial secondary minima at the linear Rg–Br–H geometries; for Ar–HBr, the secondary minimum is only about 5 cm−1 shallower than the primary minimum. This potential feature is found to explain the anomalous H/D isotope effects in centrifugal distortion constants that have been observed for the Rg–HBr complexes. It is predicted that Ar–HBr will have a very low-energy bending state, only 11 cm−1 above the ground state, arising from the secondary minimum.
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    Excited rovibronic level dependence of the magnetic quenching of slow fluorescence of pyrazine vapor (1989)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 91 (1989), S. 4477-4484 
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    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Excited rotational level dependence of the external magnetic field effects both on intensity and on decay of fluorescence of pyrazine vapor has been carefully examined for the zero-point vibrational level in S1 with a field strength of 0–170 G. The magnetic quenching of the slow fluorescence becomes more effective with increasing rotational quantum number J' of the excited level, and the field strength at which the amount of fluorescence quenching becomes one-half of the total amount of quenching at the saturated fields is roughly proportional to (2J'+1)−1. The magnetic quenching is also found to depend on K' of the excited level. The rotational level dependence of the magnetic quenching of the slow fluorescence is related to a difference in the number of the triplet levels coupled to the optically excited singlet rovibronic level, based on the spin decoupling mechanism of the singlet–triplet mixed level.
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    Observation of collision-induced-dipole absorption bands in strontium–rare-gas mixtures. II. Bands involving high-lying states (1989)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 91 (1989), S. 4499-4503 
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    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: We have observed many collision-induced-dipole (CID) absorption bands arising from the transitions between quasimolecular ground and high-lying (n≤10) states in the strontium–rare-gas systems. For each absorption band, we have measured the energy shift of the absorption peak from the energy of the correlating atomic forbidden transition and the effective oscillator strength per unit perturber density fCID/Np. The shift is roughly proportional to the electron scattering length L0 for each rare-gas atom, whereas the fCID/Np is roughly proportional to L20. The shift decreases in general as the principal quantum number n increases, and increases as one goes from the s state to the d state, and to the degenerate manifold state with l≥3. These general features of the shift and fCID/Np are consistent with the predictions by a simple Fermi-potential model, suggesting the important role of the interaction between a Rydberg electron and a rare-gas atom in the CID absorption processes.
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    Detection of the silylene ν2 band by infrared diode laser kinetic spectroscopy (1989)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 91 (1989), S. 4582-4586 
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    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The ν2 band of the silylene SiH2 molecule in X˜ 1 A1 was observed for the first time in the gas phase by using infrared diode laser kinetic spectroscopy. Silylene molecules were generated by the photolysis of phenylsilane at 193 nm. The observed spectrum was analyzed to determine the rotational and centrifugal distortion constants in the ground and v2 =1 states and the band origin ν0 =998.6241(3) cm−1 with one standard deviation in parentheses. The significance of the derived parameters is discussed in detail.
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    Dissociation dynamics of the d 1Πg and C 3Πg v=0–2 vibrational states in O2 (1989)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 91 (1989), S. 4597-4602 
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    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Using translational spectroscopy we have studied the d 1Πg and C 3 Πg Rydberg states of O2 . The dissociation of the vibrational levels v=0–2 to all energetically accessible dissociation limits has been followed. The dissociation pathways directly reflect the predissociation mechanisms involved. For the d 1 Πg Rydberg state competition between predissociation by a 3 Πg valence state, due to singlet–triplet mixing, and by a 1 Πg valence state has been observed. Using the Fermi golden rule the observed vibrationally dependent competition is reproduced, corroborating the positions of the lower 1 Πg and 3 Πg valence state curves and yielding various coupling strengths.
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    Quantum state-resolved study of pure rotational excitation of CO2 by hot atoms (1989)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 91 (1989), S. 4636-4642 
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    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Rotationally inelastic scattering of carbon dioxide by translationally hot H, D, and Cl atoms was studied by time-resolved diode laser absorption. The high J rotational distribution falls off quite rapidly between J=60 and J=80. D atom collisions have roughly twice the excitation cross section versus H atom collisions, with the H*/D* ratio decreasing with increasing J. These results are consistent with a constraint on the total reagent orbital angular momentum available for rotational excitation. Transient Doppler profiles measured immediately after hot atom/CO2 collisions indicate that CO2 molecules excited to high J levels have a larger recoil velocity than molecules excited to lower J levels. This result is consistent with predictions based on a simple model which treats the CO2 potential as a hard shell ellipsoid.
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    Diffusion-controlled reactions. I. Molecular dynamics simulation of a noncontinuum model (1989)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 91 (1989), S. 4643-4650 
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    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The molecular dynamics simulation method is extended to study a model of diffusion-controlled reactions. This allows a molecular description of solvent at an equal footing of reactants. Nondiffusional dynamic behavior of reactive molecules is found at short times. It enhances the rate of reactive encounter in comparison to the prediction of Smoluchowski theory. The model studied in this work can be regarded as a theoretical prototype of fluorescence quenching. In this context it is shown that the nondiffusional dynamics is mainly responsible for the discrepancy between Stern–Volmer plots measured in a continuous excitation experiment or obtained by integrating the time resolved fluorescence intensity. The other aspects such as the long-time behavior of survival probability, solvent effect as well as competing effect from finite concentration of one reactive species are also studied in some detail.
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    The reactions of iron clusters with water (1989)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 91 (1989), S. 4714-4727 
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    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The reactions of neutral iron clusters Fe7–27 with water are studied in a laser-vaporization cluster source coupled to a continuous-flow reactor. Reaction products are detected via laser ionization and time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The reactions of room-temperature clusters with H2O show adsorbate decomposition and hydrogen desorption, as do the reactions with D2O at elevated temperatures. The room-temperature reaction with D2O appears not to involve any decomposition, and is at equilibrium under the conditions of these experiments. The dependence of reaction extent on D2O pressure yields equilibrium constants for the addition of the first and second D2O molecules. The analysis is complicated by the presence of two-photon ionization processes that are treated quantitatively with a rate-equation model. This treatment also yields estimates for cluster photoabsorption cross sections, which are found to be approximately linear in cluster size, having a magnitude of 2.3×10−17 cm2 per iron atom. From the derived equilibrium constants and estimated adsorption entropies, approximate D2O–cluster binding energies are determined. They range from 0.42 to 0.59 eV, and their dependence on cluster size shows a remarkable similarity to the dependence of the rate constants for reaction of iron clusters with H2. The implications of this similarity are discussed.
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    Relativistic effect on total energies for determination of correlation energies of atoms from their experimental total energies (1989)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 91 (1989), S. 4738-4744 
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    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Relativistic effect Erel upon the total electronic energy of an atom is discussed with particular reference to obtaining the nonrelativistic total energy Eexact from the experimental total energy. Numerical values of this effect obtained by various authors by different nonempirical methods are compared for neutral atoms of rare-gas elements. It is shown that methods either of a Hartree–Fock-type or of a Dirac–Hartree–Fock-type give much the same Erel value for He through Ar. It is pointed out that Erel calculated with Hartree–Fock wave functions is not adequate for use in obtaining Eexact from the experimental total energy and that the Erel value calculated with wave functions including electron correlation should work well, although an actual demonstration can be done only for two-electron systems for lack of data. A semiempirical formula is therefore proposed, which is useful for least-squares fit of experimental total energies of isoelectronic series of atoms to extract nonrelativistic total energies along with the relativistic effect. From nonrelativistic energies thus derived, semiempirical values of correlation energies of atoms are obtained. The results thus obtained are in reasonable agreement with correlation energies derived by Clementi along somewhat different lines. The power series expansion in Z of the fitted formula for the He series shows that numerical values of expansion coefficients agree reasonably well with the corresponding values obtained by accurate relativistic and nonrelativistic Z expansion-type calculations.
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    On the electronic structure and spectrum of CuF2 and CuCl2 (1989)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 91 (1989), S. 4785-4792 
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    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The ground and low-lying states of CuF2 and CuCl2 have been studied using the single and doubles configuration interaction (SDCI) and coupled pair functional (CPF) methods in a large Gaussian basis set including up to g-type functions. The results include a determination of the bond distances for all the ligand field states (the three states with one hole in the 3d shell) and charge transfer (CT) states, and force constants for the ligand field states. Overall the SDCI (with or without the Davidson correction for higher excitations) and CPF results are in good agreement. The CPF results, which we believe to be the most accurate, can be summarized as follows. The computed value for the asymmetric stretching frequency in the 2Σ+g ground state of CuF2 is 740 cm−1, compared to the experimental value of 765 cm−1. The d–d transition energies for CuF2 are 2500 and 10 800 cm−1. The two lowest charge transfer states are at 31 200 and 33 900 cm−1, respectively. CuCl2 has been found to have a ground state which is an almost equal mixture of 2Σ+g and 2Πg when an estimate of the spin–orbit interaction is included. Three d–d transitions are found: 1600 cm−1 ( J=1/2), 7500 cm−1 (J=3/2), and 9700 cm−1 (J=5/2). The lowest charge transfer states have been computed to lie at 16 700 and 19 600 cm−1. Two bands have been found in the gas-phase spectrum of CuCl2 at 9000 and 19 000 cm−1, in good agreement with the present results. The computed f value for the CT band is 0.017, to be compared to the experimental value of 0.014.
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    Dissociation energy of the molecule AlBr from equilibrium measurements (1989)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 91 (1989), S. 4909-4911 
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    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The dissociation equilibrium AlBr=Al+Br was studied by effusion beam mass spectrometry over the range 1970 to 2260 K and the dissociation energy D00(AlBr) was derived as 4.41±0.06 eV. This value is in general agreement with other fragmentary thermochemical results, but it is lower than a value derived from a short extrapolation of vibrational levels in the excited 1π state, doubtless because of a potential maximum of about 0.22 eV in that state. A Birge–Sponer extrapolation of the ground state vibrational levels, when corrected for degree of ionicity, yields a D00 value in close accord with the experimental result, but an electrostatic model calculation falls short by 0.45 eV.
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    A new scheme for determination of the carrier mobility and main-chain conformation of an electroactive polymer chain by transient electric birefringence (1989)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 91 (1989), S. 4920-4925 
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    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A new scheme of experimental criterion is proposed for estimating the carrier mobility and main-chain conformation of an electroactive polymer chain by the technique of transient electric birefringence (TEB). The rise response Δnr (t) and the decay response Δnd (t) in the TEB satisfy in the Kerr regime (i) Δnr (t)=Δnst -Δnd (t) for a polymer molecule of arbitrary conformation with an induced dipole moment alone arising from carriers highly mobile along the main chain, (ii) Δnr (t)=Δnst -(3/2)Δnd (t/3)+(1/2)Δnd (t) for a rodlike polymer molecule with a permanent dipole moment alone originating from carriers with low mobility, and (iii) Δnr(t)=Δnst-2Δnd (t/2)+Δnd (t) for a random-coiled polymer with a permanent dipole moment alone due to low-mobility carriers, where Δnst =limt→∞ Δnr(t) . Then, comparison of the TEB rise and decay responses gives us information on the carrier mobility and main-chain conformation. This criterion is valid also for polydispersed polymer samples. By applying the criterion to the exemplifying data of the TEB responses for soluble urethane-substituted polydiacetylenes, it is found that the polydiacetylene molecules take a random-coil conformation with a permanent dipole moment in a good solvent, while in a poor solvent the carrier mobility depends crucially on the solvent condition.
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    Imaging of spatial pattern formation in an oscillatory surface reaction by scanning photoemission microscopy (1989)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 91 (1989), S. 4942-4948 
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    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The rate of catalytic carbon monoxide oxidation on a Pt(100) single crystal surface under isothermal, low-pressure conditions exhibits for certain ranges of parameters (O2 and CO partial pressures, temperature) sustained temporal oscillations whose mechanism had been explored in previous work. Coupling between reaction and diffusion leads to spatial pattern formation as manifested by patches with different work function on the intrinsically homogeneous surface. Imaging is performed by means of the novel technique of scanning photoemission microscopy. Typically, nuclei with dimensions of a few microns, as determined by the instrumental resolution, are formed spontaneously and expand with sharp fronts and velocities of about 0.5 mm/min (at 480 K) up to sizes ≥1 mm. Waves with even more extended fronts propagating with somewhat higher velocities across the sample surface are responsible for the occurrence of large amplitude temporal oscillations of the integral reaction rate.
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    The bonding of acetonitrile and CH2CN on Ag(110) determined by near edge x-ray absorption fine structure: Evidence for π-donor bonding and azimuthal ordering (1989)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 91 (1989), S. 4338-4345 
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    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Carbon K edge near edge x-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectra of adsorbed acetonitrile and reactive intermediates derived therefrom on Ag(110) were studied in order to determine their orientation and bonding to the surface. For both the multilayer and the adsorbed monolayer there is excellent agreement between the spectra of the adsorbed acetonitrile and the gas phase species. For the multilayer coverage the orientation of the acetonitrile molecules is not completely random; the molecules prefer an orientation with their bond axes closer to parallel than perpendicular to the surface. At monolayer coverage acetonitrile bound to the surface is unrehybridized. It is bound with its linear molecular skeleton parallel to the surface and randomly oriented azimuthally. Annealing molecular CH3 CN to 325 K in the presence of coadsorbed atomic oxygen produces a linear CH2 CN surface intermediate, the molecular axis of which is parallel to the surface and perpendicular to the close-packed direction. The C–C and C–N bond lengths are essentially unperturbed from their values in gas phase CH3 CN. Bonding appears to occur between the methylene carbon and the metal, as expected. A broadening of the π* resonance for transition into the π* orbital perpendicular to the surface is interpreted in terms of π-donor bonding.
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    Attenuated total reflectance infrared spectra of strongly absorbing anisotropic crystals: Orthorhombic Na2[Fe(CN)5NO]⋅2H2O (1989)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 91 (1989), S. 4265-4272 
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    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Attenuated total reflectance (ATR) from principal faces of orthorhombic (and higher symmetry) crystals in spectral regions including strongly polar optic modes is considered. A detailed, quantitative comparison between experimental and calculated ATR infrared (IR) spectra of orthorhombic sodium nitroprusside dihydrate (SNP), Na2[Fe(CN)5NO]⋅2H2O, single crystals in the 500–3800 cm−1 region is presented. Calculated ATR spectra are generated employing the dielectric tensor of SNP obtained from Kramers–Kronig analysis of external reflectance data. The dependence of intensities, profiles, and locations of bands in the spectra upon the relative refractive index of the sample against the ATR prism and the polarization state of the reflected IR beam will be discussed. Both theoretical and experimental evidence of the coupling of the TM-polarized evanescent wave with strong in-plane-polarized optic modes at about their LO frequencies will be given with reference to the case of the strong NO stretching mode of SNP. Finally, the computed and experimental ATR results in SNP single crystals will be critically compared with powder ATR data and reported polarized IR transmittance spectra of SNP single crystals plates.
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    X-ray diffraction study of liquid n-butane at 140 and 267 K (1989)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 91 (1989), S. 4299-4306 
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    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: X-ray diffraction data for liquid n-butane near the triple and boiling points are presented. The data are analyzed using scattering factors for −CH3 and −CH2 groups which permits extraction of structure and distribution functions for carbon sites. An intramolecular carbon–carbon distance at approximately 3.1 A(ring) is assigned to a short end-to-end distance in a near-gauche conformation, which is in agreement with the electron diffraction results for gaseous n-butane. The intermolecular pair distribution functions show a large difference in the liquid structure for the low and high temperature states, similar to that found in liquid propane.
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    Kinetics of the thermal desorption of indium from GaAs(100) (1989)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 91 (1989), S. 4330-4337 
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    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: We report studies of the kinetics of thermal desorption of In from Ga-stabilized GaAs(100) in ultrahigh vacuum. The relative coverage of In was monitored by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), while the substrate temperature was accurately measured using infrared laser interferometric thermometry. The In was deposited on GaAs by dosing, at room temperature, to saturated monolayer coverage with trimethylindium, yielding In ∼2×1014 cm−2. Subsequent heating to 400 °C desorbs all hydrocarbon species without affecting the In coverage. Further heating leads to first-order desorption of In, as confirmed by exponential decay of In(3d 5/2) XPS signal in isothermal desorption experiments at 473 and 503 °C. From temperature programmed desorption studies through the range 450 to 530 °C, differentiation of the In coverage vs time yielded desorption rates from which Arrhenius parameters were extracted. The unit-weighted average values of the preexponential factor and the desorption energy, obtained from three experiments with heating rates from 0.6 to 3.2 °C/min, are: log10A(s−1)=12.2±0.5 and Ed=53.5±1.2 kcal/mol, where the uncertainties are 1σ sample standard deviations. The Arrhenius parameters of desorption of In from Ga-stabilized GaAs(100) are found to be similar to those of vaporization of pure In. This is consistent with the known tendency of In to form islands on GaAs surfaces, but could also reflect the similarity of the local environments of an In atom adsorbed on an In island and an In atom adsorbed on a Ga-terminated surface. The observed first-order kinetics and the constancy of the In(3d 5/2) XPS signal up to the temperature where desorption occurs indicates that if islands are formed they are small (〈10 A(ring) diameter) at the low coverage used here.
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    Quasielastic light scattering studies of swollen and stretched polymer gels (1989)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 91 (1989), S. 4360-4368 
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    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Cooperative diffusion D of polyacrylamide gels in water was investigated by quasielastic light scattering both under the isotropically swollen state and under the uniaxially stretched and swollen state. The concentration (Ce) dependence of D for the isotropic gels having equilibrium degrees of swelling was measured by systematically changing crosslinking density of gels. The results yielded D=(3.4±0.5)×10−6 C0.76±0.03e cm2/s, in accord with a scaling prediction. For each of the gels prepared and having a given Ce, the uniaxial stretching was applied, and the values D were investigated as a function of extension ratio α and direction β with respect to the stretching direction. The results gave D (α,Ce)=(3.4±0.5)×10−6 αx Cye cm2/s, where x=2/3 for β=0° and −1/4 for β=90°, and y=0.76, independent of α and β. The results clearly indicate that upon increasing α, D increases and decreases, respectively, in the direction parallel and perpendicular to the stretching direction, implying suppression and enhancement of the concentration fluctuations as a result of the network being stiffened and softened in the respective directions.
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    Leading concentration correction to polymer dynamic self-structure factor (1989)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 91 (1989), S. 4387-4400 
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    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The discrete chain representation of multiple scattering theory of the concentration dependence of the hydrodynamics of polymer solutions is applied to the calculation of the leading concentration correction to the dynamic structure factor S(k,t) and its first and second cumulants of individual labeled Gaussian chains in theta solutions at nonzero concentrations. Contributions are separated into those from overall translational and internal chain motions as well as couplings between different internal modes and between translation and internal modes, coupling that are introduced by interchain hydrodynamic interactions. The separate contributions are analyzed as a function of k and of t in order to isolate regions where certain contributions are dominant. As expected, short times and larger k tend to favor contributions from internal chain dynamics, while longer times and smaller k make concentration dependent translational effects predominate. Computations for shorter chains are extrapolated to provide the asymptotic long chain behavior.
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    Symmetry breaking in HCl and DCl dimers: A direct near-infrared measurement of interconversion tunneling rates (1989)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 91 (1989), S. 4418-4419 
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    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The interconversion tunneling frequencies for (HCl)2 and (DCl)2 are obtained from near-infrared absorption spectra of the H(D)Cl stretching transitions, to spectroscopic precision for the mixed 35Cl–37Cl dimers. A phenomenological model of the interconversion process explains several experimental observations, and provides good estimates of the splittings expected for the 35Cl–35Cl and 37Cl–37Cl species.
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    Comment on "A theoretical study of the dissociation energy of BH using quadratic configuration interaction'' (1989)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 91 (1989), S. 4425-4426 
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    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The dissociation energy of boron hydride has been calculated ab initio using a very accurate theoretical model, with an expected accuracy of ±0.2 kcal mol−1. The values of 85.7 and 82.4 kcal mol−1 for De and D0, respectively, confirm the conclusion of Curtiss and Pople [J. Chem. Phys. 90, 2522 (1989)], that the predissociation limit of 82.6±0.4 kcal mol−1 might be close to the actual dissociation energy, and that an earlier proposed De of 78.9 kcal mol−1 is in error.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.456778
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  • 90
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    Ultrafast vibrational dynamics of a photoexcited metalloporphyrin (1989)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 91 (1989), S. 3525-3531 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The ultrafast photodynamics of four-coordinate nickel(II) porphyrins in noncoordinating solvents has been studied using femtosecond time resolved optical spectroscopy. Unambiguous evidence has been found for the formation of a metastable metal (d,d) excited state in less than 350 fs following excitation of the macrocycle. However, the transient absorption spectrum of this ligand-field electronic excited state continues to evolve and reaches the steady-state form only after about 20 ps. This spectral behavior and the attendant complex kinetics can be modeled phenomenologically in terms of a broad distribution of the (d,d) excited states evolving to a narrower distribution. The dynamics are associated with vibrational relaxation. Intramolecular and intermolecular contributions to this process are considered.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.456883
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  • 91
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    The Fourier grid Hamiltonian method for bound state eigenvalues and eigenfunctions (1989)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 91 (1989), S. 3571-3576 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A new method for the calculation of bound state eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of the Schrödinger equation is presented. The Fourier grid Hamiltonian method is derived from the discrete Fourier transform algorithm. Its implementation and use is extremely simple, requiring the evaluation of the potential only at certain grid points and yielding directly the amplitude of the eigenfunctions at the same grid points.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.456888
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  • 92
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    Treatment of rotational isomers in free energy calculations. II. Molecular dynamics simulation study of 18-crown-6 in aqueous solution as an example of systems with large numbers of rotational isomeric states (1989)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 91 (1989), S. 3631-3637 
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    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The evaluation of free energy differences using the perturbation method or thermodynamic integration method requires special caution if multiple rotational isomeric states may exist in the system under investigation. In this article a recently suggested procedure to properly treat rotational isomeric states is illustrated with a molecular dynamics simulation of an aqueous solution of uncomplexed 18-crown-6 crown ether, as an example of a system in which large numbers of isomeric states may exist. By using very long molecular dynamics simulations, thermodynamic perturbation methods and symmetry arguments, the free energy of host organization into the conformation required to form the complex with K+ is estimated to be 2.6 kJ mol−1. It has also been found that the lowest energy conformations of 18-crown-6 in vacuo do not necessarily correspond to the most populated conformations in aqueous solution.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.456896
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  • 93
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    The structure of liquid 1,2-dichloroethane by neutron diffraction. II. Pulsed neutron and isotope difference studies (1989)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 91 (1989), S. 3689-3699 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Pulsed neutron diffraction measurements have been made on liquid 1,2-dichloroethane-d4 (DCE). The wide momentum-transfer range (∼0.3–50 A(ring)−1) available has been used to further refine previously measured molecular structure parameters as well as to test the validity of the inelasticity corrections applied. A measurement using chlorine isotopes on a steady (reactor) source served to partially separate the chlorine–chlorine and the chlorine–carbon plus chlorine–deuterium correlations. The isotopic difference curves were then analyzed and the relevant features of the distribution of internal dihedral angles [P(τ)] obtained by adequate inversion of the experimental difference–functions. The intermolecular pair correlation function was then derived and both sets of functions (from pulsed and steady sources) are compared and tentatively assigned.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.456850
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  • 94
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    Brownian dynamics study of the end-to-end distribution function of star and linear polymers in different regimes (1989)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 91 (1989), S. 3721-3723 
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    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Brownian dynamics computer simulations are used to investigate the shape of the mean-squared end-to-end distance distribution function in the three regimes: (1) excluded volume; (2) θ; (3) collapsed. It is found that Mazur's function fits regime (1), that the Gaussian function fits regime (2), and that neither of these appear to describe the collapsed state. The implications of these results to theories of ring formation during polymerization is pointed out.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.456854
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  • 95
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    An ab initio semirigid bender calculation of the rotation and trans-tunneling spectra of (HF)2 and (DF)2 (1989)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 91 (1989), S. 5154-5159 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Using a purely ab initio minimum energy path for the trans-tunneling motion in the HF dimer, the energy levels for the K-type rotation and trans-tunneling motion for (HF)2 and (DF)2 are calculated with a one-dimensional semirigid bender Hamiltonian and no adjustable parameters. The transition moments for rotation-tunneling transitions are calculated, using our ab initio value for the dipole moment of an isolated HF molecule, and we also calculate B¯ values. The energy levels we obtain are in close agreement with experiment; for example, the K=0 tunneling splitting in (HF)2 is calculated as 0.65 cm−1 compared to the experimental value of 0.658 69 cm−1. As well as showing that our ab initio minimum energy path is very good, the calculation demonstrates that the semirigid bender formalism is able to account quantitatively for the unusual K dependence of the rotational energies resulting from the quasilinear behavior, and that the trans-tunneling motion is separable from the other degrees of freedom. We use the results to predict the locations, and transition moments, of the ΔK=0 and ±1 subbands in the tunneling spectra of (HF)2 and (DF)2, many of which have not yet been observed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.457613
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  • 96
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    Infrared spectroscopy of carbo-ions. V. Classical vs nonclassical structure of protonated acetylene C2H+3 (1989)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 91 (1989), S. 5139-5153 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The problem of classical vs nonclassical structure of protonated acetylene (vinyl cation) C2H+3 has been studied using high resolution infrared spectroscopy. The spectrum has been observed in the 3.2 μm region in air-cooled and water-cooled plasmas using C2H2:H2:He mixtures and in liquid nitrogen-cooled plasmas using CH4:H2:He mixtures. The difference frequency spectrometer with the velocity modulation method has been used to conduct the Doppler-limited, high sensitivity spectroscopy.The observed vibration–rotation pattern with the band origin at 3142.2 cm−1 has been identified as due to the antisymmetric CH stretching ν6 band of the C2H+3 ion with the nonclassical (bridged) structure. The observed spectral pattern was anomalous, but definitive assignments could be made for a part of the spectrum using the ground state combination differences which fit to the usual asymmetric rotor pattern. The discrimination between the classical and nonclassical structures is based on the observed spectral intensity pattern due to spin statistical weights. Agreement of vibrational band patterns and the rotational constants with ab initio values gives supporting evidence. The anomaly of the spectrum is at least partly ascribed to the small energy difference between the classical and nonclassical structures and possible rearrangement between them, the idea used by organic chemists over the years in wet chemistry. Systematic splittings with the intensity ratio of 2:1 have been noticed in some parts of the spectrum indicating that the protons tunnel between the apex and the two end equilibrium positions of the bridged structure. Using a simplified internal rotation model proposed by Hougen, the barrier height of the tunneling has been estimated. Chemical kinetics in plasmas related to C2H+3 is also discussed.We conclude that (1) the nonclassical structure is lower in energy than the classical structure, and (2) the apex proton and the two end protons exchange their positions with a measurable time scale.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.457612
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  • 97
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    Phonon wings in inelastic neutron scattering spectroscopy: The harmonic approximation (1989)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 91 (1989), S. 5164-5169 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The inelastic neutron scattering (INS) spectra of some ammonium halides and ammonium nitrate are analyzed in terms of the internal vibrations of the NH+4 ion convoluted with multiphonon lattice modes up to the eighth term. Due to the low mass of this ion, most of the intensity of the internal-mode region of the INS spectra is in the "phonon wings,'' differences between the salts in this spectral region being mainly due to differences in their lattice-mode spectra. Refinement of the lattice Debye–Waller factor is included in the profile refinement of interatomic force constants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.457615
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  • 98
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    A new determination of the dissociation energy of acetylene (1989)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 91 (1989), S. 5160-5163 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A new upper bound for the dissociation energy of acetylene, D00(HCC–H) =529.89(±0.01) kJ/mol, has been determined by Stark anticrossing spectroscopy. The zero-pressure extrapolated (unimolecular) decay rates of levels of S1 (A˜ 1Au) v'3=2 and 3 (quanta of the trans-bending vibration) increase upon application of an electric field of 113 kV/cm. We attribute this increase in molecular decay rate to predissociation rather than any other Stark-induced nonradiative or radiative phenomenon. The lowest level (v'3 =2, J'=2, K'=1) from which we have observed an increase in decay rate (i.e., predissociation) has an internal energy of 44 295.65 cm−1 relative to v=0, J=0 of S0 (X˜ 1∑+g). This corresponds to a value about 24 kJ/mol lower then the consensus upper bound result from four different recent experimental determinations (including one of ours) as well as current ab initio results. The new value agrees, however, with earlier work and with recent modeling studies of acetylene pyrolysis kinetics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.457614
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  • 99
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    Photoelectron spectra of the alkali metal cluster anions: Na−n=2–5, K−n=2–7, Rb−n=2–3, and Cs−n=2–3 (1989)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 91 (1989), S. 3792-3793 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.456861
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  • 100
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    Divalent manganese in tetragonal sites of Cs2NaYCl6 (1989)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 91 (1989), S. 2776-2778 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) studies performed at room tempertaure in Mn2+ doped Cs2NaYCl6 single crystals (elpasolite) showed that the Mn2+ ion occupies a tetragonal symmetry site in the cubic crystalline lattice. In contrast with previous results on elpasolite, where trivalent rare earth impurities occupy Oh sites, and divalent europium impurities occupy trigonal sites, this work reports, the first evidence of an impurity in a tetragonal symmetry site in this host with principal axes along 〈100〉 crystallographic directions. The unusually large total splitting of the EPR spectrum (∼10 000×10−4 cm−1) is discussed in order to establish a tentative model for the site.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.456946
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