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  • Genetics  (1,048)
  • nitrogen
  • Wiley-Blackwell  (1,011)
  • Springer  (265)
  • Institute of Physics (IOP)
  • Springer Nature
  • 2010-2014
  • 1990-1994  (1,276)
  • 1
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 50 (1994), S. 429-437 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Genetics ; ecology ; DNA-transfer ; conjugation ; transformation ; transduction ; transposons ; dormant cells ; epilithon ; microbial colonisation ; symbiosis ; virus resistance ; biosafety ; release of genes ; insults to humanity ; evolution ; biodiversity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Genetic ecology is the extension of our modern knowledge in molecular genetics to studies of viability, gene expression and gene movements in natural environments like soils, aquifers and digestive tracts. In such milieux, the horizontal transfer of plasmid-borne genes between phylogenetically distant species has already been found to be much more frequent than had been expected from laboratory experience. For the study of exchanges involving chromosomally-located genes, more has to be learned about the behaviour of transposons in such environments. The results expected from studies in genetic ecology are relevant for considerations of evolution, biodiversity and biosafety. The role of this new field of research in restoring popular confidence in science and in its biotechnological applications is stressed.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: Great Basin ; climatic variations ; productivity ; organic matter ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; hardwater lake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Sediment cores from the shallow and deep basins of Pyramid Lake, Nevada, revealed variations in composition with depth reflecting changes in lake level, river inflow, and lake productivity. Recent sediments from the period of historical record indicate: (1) CaCO3 and organic content of sediment in the shallow basin decrease at lower lake level, (2) CaCO3 content of deep basin sediments increases when lake level decreases rapidly, and (3) the inorganic P content of sediments increases with decreasing lake volume. Variations in sediment composition also indicate several periods for which productivity in Pyramid Lake may have been elevated over the past 1000 years. Our data provide strong evidence for increased productivity during the first half of the 20th Century, although the typical pattern for cultural eutrophication was not observed. The organic content of sediments also suggests periods of increased productivity in the lake prior to the discovery and development of the region by white settlers. Indeed, a broad peak in organic fractions during the 1800's originates as an increase starting around 1600. However, periods of changing organic content of sediments also correspond to periods when inflow to the lake was probably at extremes (e.g. drought or flood) indicating that fluctuations in river inflow may be an important factor affecting sediment composition in Pyramid Lake.
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  • 3
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 38 (1994), S. 53-59 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: controlled-release fertilizer ; gel ; iron ; manganese ; nitrogen ; polyacrylamide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Using diverse technological approaches, many types of delivery devices have been used to supply plant nutrients at a controlled rate in the soil. One new approach is the use of hydrophilic polymers as carriers of plant nutrients. These polymers may be generally classified as 1) natural polymers derived from polysaccharides, 2) semi-synthetic polymers (primarily cellulose derivatives), and 3) synthetic polymers. By controlling the reaction conditions when forming the polymers, various degrees of cross-linking, anionic charge, and cationic charge can be added, thereby changing their effectiveness as fertilizer carriers. When fertilizer-containing solutions are mixed with hydrophilic polymers to form a “gel” prior to application in the soil, the release of soluble nutrients can be substantially delayed compared with soluble fertilizer alone. The effectiveness of a specific controlled-release polymeric system is determined in part by its specific chemical and physical properties, its biodegradation rate, and the fertilizer source used. Addition of some polymers with nutrients has been shown to reduce N and K leaching from well-drained soils and to increase the plant recovery of added N, P, Fe, and Mn in some circumstances
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  • 4
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 40 (1994), S. 165-173 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Animal manure ; eutrophication ; ground water ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; surface runoff
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract With the rapid growth of the poultry industry in Oklahoma, U.S.A., more litter is applied to farm land. Thus, information is required on the impact of applications on regional soil and water resources. The effect of soil and poultry litter management on nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) loss in runoff and subsurface flow from four 16 m2 plots (Ruston fine sandy loam, 6 to 8% slope) was investigated under natural rainfall. Plots under Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) received 11 Mg litter ha−1, which amounts to contributions of approximately 410 kg N and 140 kg P ha−1 yr−1. In spring, litter was broadcast on 3 of the plots; the upper half of one and total area of the other two. One of the total-area broadcast plots was tilled to 6 cm, the other remained as no till. The fourth plot served as a control. Relative to the control, litter application increased mean concentrations of total N and total P in runoff during the 16-week study for no-till (15.4 and 5.8 mg L−1) and tilled treatments (16.7 and 6.1 mg L−1). However, values for the half-area application (5.6 and 2.0 mg L−1) were similar to the control (5.7 and 1.3 mg L−1). Interflow (subsurface lateral flow at 70 cm depth) P was not affected by litter application; however, nitrate-N concentrations increased from 0.6 (control) to 2.9 mg L−1 (no till). In all cases, 〈 2 % litter N and P was lost in runoff and interflow, maintaining acceptable water quality concentrations. Although litter increased grass yield (8518 kg ha−1) compared to the control (3501 kg ha−1), yields were not affected by litter management. An 8-fold increase in the plant available P content of surface soil indicates long-term litter management and application rates will be critical to the environmentally sound use of this nutrient resource.
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  • 5
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 37 (1994), S. 107-113 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Ensete ventricosum ; fertilizer response ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; potassium ; sulphur ; starch
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Ensete (Ensete ventricosum W. Cheesm.) is a root crop which stores starch in the root and in the lower part of the stem. It is grown in the southwest of Ethiopia and due to its drought resistance, it is of outstanding importance for the supply of food to the local population. Until now virtually nothing is known about the response of Ensete to fertilizer application. Field trials carried out on three representative soils in Ethiopia showed that Ensete biomass yields were increased significantly on all three soils by nitrogen and phosphorus application. Potassium had only marginal effect on biomass growth but favourably influenced starch production. Sulfate application had no major impact on growth and starch yield. The yield response was well related to the level of available nutrients in the soil, as determined by electroultrafiltration (EUF). Leaf analysis provided preliminary evidence that optimum levels of N, P, and K may be 3.8%, 0.3%, and 4.8%, respectively.
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  • 6
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 37 (1994), S. 227-234 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: catch crop ; mineralization ; nitrogen ; plant species ; residual effects ; soil depletion ; winter hardiness
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Ten widely different plant species were compared for their ability to reduce soil mineral nitrogen levels in the autumn and their ability to improve the nitrogen nutrition of the succeeding crop. The species included monocots and dicots, crops that survived the winter (persistent) or were winter killed (non-persistent) as well as legumes and non legumes. Their ability to reduce soil mineral nitrogen content was dependent on both root depth and persistency of the crops in the autumn. For non-persistent catch crops most of the mineralization of plant nitrogen occurred during the winter, and for some of these so early as to allow leaching of some mineralized nitrogen. For persistent crops most of the mineralization occurred shortly after incorporation in the spring. The effect of the catch crops on nitrogen uptake by the succeeding barley crop varied from 13 to 66 kg N ha−1 and the differences between the crops could not be related to any single character, but to a combination of root depth, persistency, plant nitrate accumulation, and depletion of the soil mineral nitrogen pool in spring.
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  • 7
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 39 (1994), S. 223-228 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: drip-fertigation ; efficiency ; nitrogen ; sugar cane ; uptake ; yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Nitrogen (N) fertilizer use efficiency by sugar cane in Mauritius rarely exceeds 40%. Since drip-irrigation delivers water uniformly and directly to the root zone with little run-off, application of N via the drip-irrigation system could therefore provide a means of enhancing fertilizer N use by sugar cane. A study was initiated in Mauritius to determine what benefits would accrue from applying urea (120 kg N per ha) to sugar cane through the drip-irrigation network. The data obtained showed that the efficiency of fertilizer N when measured at harvest was nearly doubled by supplying the N daily over 10 to 20 weeks by fertigation. Increased yields of sugar or cane did not, however, accompany the improved N use efficiency. Furthermore, when N was applied through the drip-irrigation network, recovery of N at harvest did not accurately reflect N use efficiency.
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  • 8
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 39 (1994), S. 199-203 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: farmyard manure ; floodwater ; nitrogen ; Oryza sativa L. ; partial pressure of ammonia ; urea ; Vietnam
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Farmyard manure (FYM) applied to rice-growing soils can substitute for industrial fertilizers, but little is known about the influence of FYM on the effectiveness and optimal management for industrial N fertilizers. A field experiment was conducted in northern Vietnam on a degraded soil in the spring season (February to June) and summer season (July to November) to determine the effect of FYM on optimal timing for the first application of urea. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with two rates of basal incorporated FYM (0 or 6 Mg ha−1) in factorial combination with two timings of the first application of 30 kg urea-N ha−1 (basal incorporated before transplanting or delayed until 14 to 16 d after transplanting). The FYM was formed by composting pig manure with rice straw for 3 months. Basal incorporation of FYM, containing 23 kg N ha−1, increased rice grain yield in both seasons. The yield increase cannot be attributed to reduced ammonia loss of applied urea-N, because FYM did not reduce partial pressure of ammonia (pNH3) following urea application in either season. Basal and delayed applications of urea were equally effective in the absence of FYM, but when FYM was applied rice yields in both seasons were higher for delayed (mean = 3.2 Mg ha−1) than basal (mean = 2.9 Mg ha−1) application of urea. Results suggest that recommendations for urea timing in irrigated lowland rice should consider whether farmers apply FYM.
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  • 9
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    Journal of biomedical science 1 (1994), S. 201-203 
    ISSN: 1423-0127
    Keywords: Hypertension ; Eicosanoid ; Rat ; Genetics ; Kidney
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The present paper reviews the evidence for a possible involvement of renal eicosanoids in the pathophysiology of high blood pressure in genetically hypertensive rats of the Lyon strain. Both in vivo and in vitro experiments suggest that an increased ability to synthesize the vasoconstrictor prostaglandin H2 and/or thromboxane A2 in renal vessels (1) acts as an autocrine amplifier of pressor agents and (2) may contribute to resetting the pressure natriuresis curve which is a prerequisite for the development and maintenance of hypertension.
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  • 10
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    Aquatic sciences 56 (1994), S. 16-28 
    ISSN: 1420-9055
    Keywords: Chlorophyll-a ; phosphorus ; nitrogen ; lake ecosystem ; nutrient limitation ; regression analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Regression results based on data from 46 northern temperate lakes show that total phosphorus (TP) is the best predictor for phytoplankton (as chl-a) at lower trophic levels, TP 〈 200 mg · m−3. A regression including both TP and TN as regressors is the best predictor for lakes with TP 〉 200 mg · m−3. However, the good correlation is probably due to a high correlation between lake average chl-a (all years observed) and lake average TP and TN. Within single hypereutrophic lakes, TN alone is the best predictor. It was not possible to identify a medium trophic domain where TN and TP in combination was the best predictor for chl-a. The ratio TN:TP in the water decreases from about 40 to about 5 with increasing trophic level. Optimum TN:TP ratio for algal species with high abundance during late summer and autumn reflects this decreasing ratio, but within a lesser range, i.e., 20 to 5. In contrast, TN:TP ratios for species abundant during the early vernal period showed no, or an inverse, relation to the TN:TP ratio of the water.
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  • 11
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    Sexual plant reproduction 7 (1994), S. 290-296 
    ISSN: 1432-2145
    Keywords: Secale cereale ; Polyembryony ; Chromosome mosaics ; Rye ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have obtained one plant regenerated from rye tissue culture which showed a high percentage of polyembryonic seeds in its progeny. The mutation inducing the development of extra embryos is also influencing erroneous cell division, mitosis and meiosis. The genetic analysis indicated that the aptitude for polyembryonic seed formation is a heritable trait controlled by a dominant gene. However, for expression of the phenotype the female parent should have a specific cytoplasm.
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  • 12
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    Plasma chemistry and plasma processing 14 (1994), S. 451-490 
    ISSN: 1572-8986
    Keywords: Transport coefficients ; transport properties ; viscosity ; thermal conductivity ; electrical conductivity ; diffusion coefficient ; Chapman Enskog method ; argon ; nitrogen ; oxygen ; plasma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Calculated values of the viscosity, thermal conductivity, and electrical conductivity of argon, nitrogen, and oxygen plasmas, and mixtures of argon anti nitrogen and of argon anti oxygen, are presented. In addition, combined ordinary, pressure, and thermal diffusion coefficients are given for the gas mixtures. These three combined diffusion coefficients fully describe di fusion of the two gases, irrespective of their degree of dissociation or ionizati on. The calculations, which assume local thermodynamic equilibrium, are performed! for atmospheric-pressure plasmas in the temperature range /torn 300 to 30,000 K. A number of the collision integrals used in calculating the transport coefficients are significantly more accurate than values used in previous theoretical studies, resulting in more reliable values of the transport coefficients. The results are compared with those of published theoretical and experimental studies.
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  • 13
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Maize ; Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) ; Qualitative and quantitative inheritance ; Plant breeding ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) and one morphological marker were used to investigate quantitative trait loci (QTL) for morphological and physiological traits evaluated on 150 F2∶3 maize (Zea mays L.) lines derived from the cross of elite U.S. Corn Belt inbreds Mo17 and H99. F2∶3 lines were grown in a replicated experiment and evaluated for plant and ear heights and flowering traits. QTL were identified for each trait, and genetic effects were determined. Estimated gene action for the flowering traits was predominantly overdominance. Both parents contributed toward increased values for anthesis and silk emergence. QTL for increased plant and ear heights were usually contributed by the taller parent, Mo17. Estimated gene action for these traits was mainly partial to overdominance. QTL for plant height were located in the vicinity of loci defined by alleles with qualitative effects on plant height.
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  • 14
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 89 (1994), S. 959-963 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Sugarcane ; Polyploidy ; Genetics ; Evolution ; Breeding ; DNA markers ; Arbitrarily primed PCR ; RAPD markers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Recent work has revealed random chromosome pairing and assortment in Saccharum spontaneum L., the most widely distributed, and morphologically and cytologically variable of the species of Saccharum. This conclusion was based on the analysis of a segregating population from across between S. spontaneum ‘SES 208’ and a spontaneously-doubled haploid of itself, derived from anther culture. To determine whether polysomic inheritance is common in Saccharum and whether it is observed in a typical biparental cross, we studied chromosome pairing and assortment in 44 progeny of a cross between euploid, meiotically regular, 2n=80 forms of Saccharum officinarum ‘LA Purple’ and Saccharum robustum ‘ Mol 5829’. Papuan 2n=80 forms of S. robustum have been suggested as the immediate progenitor species for cultivated sugarcane (S. officinarum). A total of 738 loci in LA Purple and 720 loci in Mol 5829 were amplified and typed in the progeny by arbitrarily primed PCR using 45 primers. Fifty and 33 single-dose polymorphisms were identified in the S. officinarum and S. robustum genomes, respectively (χ 2 at 98%). Linkage analysis of single-dose polymorphisms in both genomes revealed linkages in repulsion and coupling phases. In the S. officinarum genome, a map hypothesis gave 7 linkage groups with 17 linked and 33 unlinked markers. Four of 13 pairwise linkages were in repulsion phase and 9 were in coupling phase. In the S. robustum genome, a map hypothesis gave 5 linkage groups, defined by 12 markers, with 21 markers unlinked, and 2 of 9 pairwise linkages were in repulsion phase. Therefore, complete polysomic inheritance was not observed in either species, suggesting that chromosomal behavior is different from that observed by linkage analysis of over 500 markers in the S. spontaneum map. Implications of this finding for evolution and breeding are discussed.
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  • 15
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 89 (1994), S. 313-317 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Genetics ; Rice ; Phosphorousefficiency ; Diallel analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The inheritance of phosphorous (P) — deficiency tolerance in rice was investigated by a sevenparent diallel. The parent materials involved were four P-efficient (IR20, IR54, IR28, and Mahsuri), one moderately P-efficient (TN1), and two P-inefficient (IR31406333-1 and IR34686-179-1-2-1), genotypes. Relative tilering ability (RTA) under P-deficient and P-supplemented soil conditions was the parameter used in determining the tolerance level of the different genotypes. Diallel graph analysis revealed that tolerant parents have an excess of recessive genes, while moderate and susceptible parents possess more dominant genes. Genetic-component analysis suggested that both additive and dominance gene effects are involved in the inheritance of P-deficiency tolerance in rice. The trait exhibited over doiminance as confirmed by the graphical analysis. Narrow-sense heritability of the trait was moderate (0.50) and environmental effects were low. Both the general combining ability (GCA) and the specific combining ability (SCA) were significant, but GCA was more prevalent than SCA. Tolerant parents exhibited a high GCA whereas susceptibles have a very poor GCA, suggesting that tolerant parents were mostly enriched in additive genes and susceptible parents in non-additive genes. Crosses involving two high general combiners showed low SCA effects whereas crosses between poor general combiners manifested highly-significant SCA values.
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  • 16
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 88 (1994), S. 754-758 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Potato breeding ; Potato leaf roll virus ; Virus resistance ; Major gene resistance ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The concentration of potato leaf roll virus (PLRV), as measured by a quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, in the foliage of potato plants (Solanum tuberosum) of cv ‘Maris Piper’ with secondary infection was 2900 ng/g leaf, whereas in clones G7445(1) and G7032(5) it was 180 ng/g leaf and 120 ng/g leaf, respectively. To examine the genetic control of resistance to PLRV multiplication, reciprocal crosses were made between the susceptible cultivar ‘Maris Piper’ and the two resistant clones, and the three parents were selfed. Seedling progenies of these families were grown to generate tubers of individual genotypes (clones). Clonally propagated plants were graft-inoculated, and their daughter tubers were collected and used to grow plants with secondary infection in which PLRV concentration was estimated. The expression of resistance to PLRV multiplication had a bimodal distribution in progenies from crosses between ‘Maris Piper’ and either resistant clone, and also in progeny from selfing the resistant parents, with genotypes segregating into high and low virus titre groups. Only the progeny obtained from selfing ‘Maris Piper’ did not segregate, all genotypes being susceptible to PLRV multiplication. The pattern of segregation obtained from these progenies fits more closely with the genetical hypothesis that resistance to PLRV multiplication is controlled by two unlinked dominant complementary genes, both of which are required for resistance, than with the simpler hypothesis that resistance is conferred by a single dominant gene, as published previously.
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  • 17
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Breeding ; Helminthosporium turcicum ; RFLP ; QTLs ; Disease-resistance ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract RFLPs were used to investigate components of host-plant response to Exserohilum turcicum in 150 unselected F2∶3 lines of a B52/Mo17 maize population. Following inoculation with spore suspensions of the pathogen (race 0), components of disease development were measured and then quantitative trait mapping was performed to identify the location and effects of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) determining host-plant response. Components of interest were the average number of lesions per leaf, the average percent leaf tissue diseased (severity) and the average size of lesions (cm2). Based on a LOD threshold of 2.31 (P〈0.05), the number of lesions appears to be associated with QTLs on chromosomes 1S, 3L, 5S. Severity was associated with analogous regions and, in addition, QTLs on chromosomes 7L and 8L. Most QTLs, for either of these two components, involve additive gene action and partial dominance or overdominance. In contrast, lesion size was associated with QTLs on chromosomes 7L and 5L; recessive gene action may be involved at 7L.
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  • 18
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Genetics ; Disease resistance ; Monocots
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract An F2 oat population was produced by crossing the diploid (n=7) species Avena strigosa (CI 3815) with A. wiestii (CI 1994), resistant and susceptible, respectively, to 40 isolates of Puccinia coronata, the causal agent of crown rust. Eighty-eight F2 individuals were used to construct an RFLP linkage map representing the A genome of cultivated hexaploid oat. Two hundred and eight RFLP loci have been placed into 10 linkage groups. This map covers 2416 cM, with an average of 12 cM between RFLP loci. Eighty-eight F3 lines, derived from F2 individuals used to construct the map, were screened for resistance to 9 isolates of P. coronata. One locus, Pca, was found to confer a dominant resistance phenotype to isolates 203, 258, 263, 264B, 290, 298, 325A, and 345. Pca also conferred resistance to isolate 276; however, an unlinked second gene may also be involved.
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    Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 34 (1994), S. 117-409 
    ISSN: 1432-0762
    Keywords: Social insects ; Apis mellifera ; Division of labor ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Variability exists among worker honey bees for components of division of labor. These components are of two types, those that affect foraging behavior and those that affect life-history characteristics of workers. Variable foraging behavior components are: the probability that foraging workers collect (1) pollen only; (2) nectar only; and (3) pollen and nectar on the same trip. Life history components are: (1) the age the workers initiate foraging behavior; (2) the length of the foraging life of a worker; and (3) worker length of life. We show how these components may interact to change the social organization of honey bee colonies and the lifetime foraging productivity of individual workers. Selection acting on foraging behavior components may result in changes in the proportion of workers collecting pollen and nectar. Selection acting on life-history components may affect the size of the foraging population and the distribution of workers between within nest and foraging activities. We suggest that these components define possible sociogenic “pathways” through which colony-level natural selection can change social organization. These pathways may be analogous to developmental pathways in the morphogenesis of individual organisms because small changes in behavioral or life history components of individual workers may lead to major changes in the organizational structure of colonies.
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    Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 35 (1994), S. 99-107 
    ISSN: 1432-0762
    Keywords: Key words Apis mellifera ; Genetics ; Drone production ; Allozymes ; Reproductive conflict
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Previously we reported that there are subfamily differences in drone production in queenless honey bee colonies, but these biases are not always explained by subfamily differences in oviposition behavior. Here we determine whether these puzzling results are best explained by either inadequate sampling of the laying worker population or reproductive conflict among workers resulting in differential treatment of eggs and larvae. Using colonies composed of workers from electrophoretically distinct subfamilies, we collected samples of adult bees engaged in the following behavior: “true” egg laying, “false” egg laying, indeterminate egg laying, egg cannibalism, or nursing (contact with larvae). We also collected samples of drone brood at four different ages: 0 to 2.5-h-old eggs, 0 to 24-h-old eggs, 3 to 8-day-old larvae, and 9 to 14-day-old larvae and pupae. Allozyme analyses revealed significant subfamily differences in the likelihood of exhibiting egg laying, egg cannibalism, and nursing behavior, as well as significant subfamily differences in drone production. There were no subfamily differences among the different types of laying workers collected from each colony, suggesting that discrepancies between subfamily biases in egg-laying behavior and drone production are not due to inadequate sampling of the laying worker population. Subfamily biases in drone brood production within a colony changed significantly with brood age. Laying workers had significantly more developed ovaries than either egg cannibals or nurses, establishing a physiological correlate for the observed behavioral genetic differences. These results suggest there is reproductive conflict among subfamilies and individuals within queenless colonies of honey bees. The implications of these results for the evolution of reproductive conflict, in both queenright and queenless contexts, are discussed.
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    Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 34 (1994), S. 125-137 
    ISSN: 1432-0762
    Keywords: Social insects ; Apis mellifera ; Division of labor ; Genetics ; Nepotism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Three experiments were performed to determine whether brood care in honey bee colonies is influenced by colony genetic structure and by social context. In experiment 1, there were significant genotypic biases in the relative likelihood of rearing queens or workers, based on observations of individually labeled workers of known age belonging to two visually distinguishable subfamilies. In experiment 2, no genotypic biases in the relative likelihood of rearing drones or workers was detected, in the same colonies that were used in experiment 1. In experiment 3, there again were significant genotypic differences in the likelihood of rearing queens or workers, based on electrophoretic analyses of workers from a set of colonies with allozyme subfamily markers. There also was an overall significant trend for colonies to show greater subfamily differences in queen rearing when the queens were sisters (half- and super-sisters) rather than unrelated, but these differences were not consistent from trial to trial for some colonies. Results of experiments 1 and 3 demonstrate genotypic differences in queen rearing, which has been reported previously based on more limited behavioral observations. Results from all three experiments suggest that genotypic differences in brood care are influenced by social context and may be more pronounced when workers have a theoretical opportunity to practice nepotism. Finally, we failed to detect persistent interindividual differences in bees from either subfamily in the tendency to rear queen brood, using two different statistical tests. This indicates that the probability of queen rearing was influenced by genotypic differences but not by the effect of prior queen-rearing experience. These results suggest that subfamilies within a colony can specialize on a particular task, such as queen rearing, without individual workers performing that task for extended periods of time.
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    Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 35 (1994), S. 99-107 
    ISSN: 1432-0762
    Keywords: Apis mellifera ; Genetics ; Drone production ; Allozymes ; Reproductive conflict
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Previously we reported that there are subfamily differences in drone production in queenless honey bee colonies, but these biases are not always explained by subfamily differences in oviposition behavior. Here we determine whether these puzzling results are best explained by either inadequate sampling of the laying worker population or reproductive conflict among workers resulting in differential treatment of eggs and larvae. Using colonies composed of workers from electrophoretically distinct subfamilies, we collected samples of adult bees engaged in the following behavior: “true” egg laying, “false” egg laying, indeterminate egg laying, egg cannibalism, or nursing (contact with larvae). We also collected samples of drone brood at four different ages: 0 to 2.5-h-old eggs, 0 to 24-h-old eggs, 3 to 8-day-old larvae, and 9 to 14-day-old larvae and pupae. Allozyme analyses revealed significant subfamily differences in the likelihood of exhibiting egg laying, egg cannibalism, and nursing behavior, as well as significant subfamily differences in drone production. There were no subfamily differences among the different types of laying workers collected from each colony, suggesting that discrepancies between subfamily biases in egg-laying behavior and drone production are not due to inadequate sampling of the laying worker population. Subfamily biases in drone brood production within a colony changed significantly with brood age. Laying workers had significantly more developed ovaries than either egg cannibals or nurses, establishing a physiological correlate for the observed behavioral genetic differences. These results suggest there is reproductive conflict among subfamilies and individuals within queenless colonies of honey bees. The implications of these results for the evolution of reproductive conflict, in both queenright and queenless contexts, are discussed.
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  • 23
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    Aquatic ecology 28 (1994), S. 117-133 
    ISSN: 1573-5125
    Keywords: checklist ; diatoms ; The Netherlands ; pH ; salinity ; nitrogen ; oxygen ; saprobity ; trophic state ; moisture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract This first comprehensive checklist of the diatoms from fresh and weakly brackish water in The Netherlands comprises 948 taxa, belonging to 776 species in 56 genera. The generaNavicula, which has a very wide ecological amplitude, andNitzschia, which has many pollution tolerant species, are most numerous. Each taxon is identified with a unique eight-letter code, to facilitate computer processing of data. Ecological indicator values for pH, salinity, nitrogen uptake metabolism, oxygen, saprobity, trophic state and moisture are presented.
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  • 24
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Gene regulation ; Ribozyme ; npt-gene ; Transgenic tobacco ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A chimeric gene encoding a ribozyme under the control of the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter was introduced into transgenic tobacco plants. In vivo activity of this ribozyme, which was designed to cleave npt mRNA, was previously demonstrated by transient expression assays in plant protoplasts. The ribozyme gene was transferred into transgenic tobacco plants expressing an rbcS-npt chimeric gene as an indicator. Five double transformants out of sixteen exhibited a reduction in the amount of active NPT enzyme. To measure the amount of ribozyme produced, in the absence of its target, the ribozyme and target genes were separated by genetic segregation. The steady-state concentrations of ribozyme and target RNA were shown to be similar in the resulting single transformants. Direct evidence for a correlation between reduced npt gene expression and ribozyme expression was provided by crossing a plant containing only the ribozyme gene with a transgenic plant expressing the npt gene under control of the 35S promoter, i.e. the same promoter used to direct ribozyme expression. The expression of npt was reduced in all progeny containing both transgenes. Both steady-state levels of npt mRNA and amounts of active NPT enzyme are decreased. In addition, our data indicate that, at least in stable transformants, a large excess of ribozyme over target is not a prerequisite for achieving a significant reduction in target gene expression.
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  • 25
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: nitrogen ; phosphorus ; revegetation ; silica ; succession ; shrubland
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Fire is the principal means of stand renewal in big sagebrush-steppe communities of western North America. Plant growth following fire may be influenced by heat-induced changes in the nutrient status of the soil. Moreover, post-wildfire pioneer plant species may alter soil properties, and thereby, impact subsequent plant recruitment. Our study compared the growth and elemental content of big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata), squirreltail (Elymus elymoides), cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum), and Indian ricegrass (Achnatherum hymenoides), grown under greenhouse conditions in post-wildfire and similar unburned soil. We also examined soil attributes following plant growth. Cheatgrass and squirreltail, grown in post-wildfire soil, had significantly (p≤0.05) greater aboveground mass than plants grown in unburned soil. As compared with unburned soil, post-wildfire soil engendered the following significant (p≤0.05) differences in leaf elemental content: 1) big sagebrush had higher levels of P and lower levels of Mn; 2) squirreltail accumulated more P and N; and 3) all grass species had higher SiO2 content. Following harvest of plants, post-wildfire soil generally contained significantly (p≤0.05) more KCl-extractable ortho-P, NH inf4 + , and SO 4 − , than unburned soil. Plant growth in both burned and unburned soils fostered a significant (p≤0.05) increase in the bicarbonate-extractable pool of P as compared with unplanted controls. Soil Kjeldahl-N was significantly (p≤0.05) greater after plant growth in burned treatments as compared with the control. This study demonstrates that post-wildfire soil can have a stimulatory effect on plant growth for some species. Squirreltail deserves consideration as a post-wildfire revegetation species. Furthermore, pioneer plant growth following wildfires can attenuate soil properties and therefore influence plant succession.
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  • 26
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: biological method ; chemical method ; mineralization potential ; nitrogen ; soil incubation ; temperate humid-zone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The potentially mineralizable organic N of 33 different soils was estimated by a chemical test (hot extraction with 2N KCl) and the values compared with those previously obtained by a biological method (aerobic incubation in the laboratory). On average, the organic N solubilized by the chemical procedure was significantly lower than that mineralized by a two weeks aerobic incubation for all the soils as a whole. The same was true for soils developed over acid rocks and over sediments. However, the values obtained for the soils developed over limestone and basic rocks were similar by both methods. The values obtained by both methods were not significantly correlated neither when considering all soils together nor when considering different groups according to soil management or parent material. Significant correlations between both methods were only found when the soils were separated into two groups according to their organic N content: soils with less than 400 mg N 100 g−1 soil and soils with more than 400 mg N 100 g−1 soil. The organic N solubilized by the chemical procedure was significantly correlated with the hexosamine-N content; however, it was not correlated with the factors that control the biological mineralization of the organic N, except with the soluble Al content. Therefore, the chemical extraction did not seem to address the biologically active N pool in a selective way.
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  • 27
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: mineralization rate ; nitrogen ; stabilized organic matter ; crop rotation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A simple model was developed to estimate the contribution of nitrogen (N) mineralization to the N supply of crops. In this model the soil organic matter is divided into active and passive pools. Annual soil mineralization of N is derived from the active pool. The active pool comprises stabilized and labile soil organic N. The stabilized N is built up from accumulated inputs of fresh organic N during a crop rotation but the labile N is a fraction of total N added, which mineralizes faster than the stabilized N. The passive pool is considered to have no participation in the mineralization process. Mineralization rates of labile and stabilized soil organic N from different crop residues decomposing in soil were derived from the literature and were described by the first-order rate equation dN/dt =-K*N, where N is the mineralizable organic N from crop residues andK is a constant. The data were groupedK 1 by short-term (0–1 year) andK 2 by long-term (0–10 years) incubation. Because the range of variation inK 2 was smaller than inK 1 we felt justified in using an average value to derive N mineralization from the stabilized pool. The use of a constant rate ofK 1 was avoided so net N mineralization during the first year after addition is derived directly from the labile N in the crop residues. The model was applied to four Chilean agro-ecosystems, using daily averages of soil temperature and moisture. The N losses by leaching were also calculated. The N mineralization varied between 30 and 130 kg N ha−1 yr−1 depending on organic N inputs. Nitrogen losses by leaching in a poorly structured soil were estimated to be about 10% of total N mineralized. The model could explain the large differences in N- mineralization as measured by the potential N mineralization at the four sites studied. However, when grassland was present in the crop rotation, the model underestimated the results obtained from potential mineralization.
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  • 28
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    Plant and soil 158 (1994), S. 129-134 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Betula lenta L. ; black birch ; nitrogen ; root architecture ; soil heterogeneity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Inorganic soil nitrogen is often heterogeneously distributed, both spatially and in form (ammonium versus nitrate). Here we present information on the architecture of black birch (Betula lenta L.) root systems exposed to homogeneous and heterogeneous nitrogen environments. The major effects on root architecture were at the whole root system level in response to heterogeneity of nitrogen form rather than the effect of local of local nitrate or ammonium supply on local root growth. In the heterogeneous treatment, plant root systems had greater link lengths and more simple branching patterns. Root architectural responses to heterogeneous nitrogen, independent of localized responses to patches, suggest that in a seedling of B. lenta whole plant integration of its environment may override local control of root growth.
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  • 29
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    Plant and soil 165 (1994), S. 21-32 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: allocation ; CO2 ; image analysis ; loblolly pine ; nitrogen ; root morphology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This paper examines how elevated CO2 and nitrogen (N) supply affect plant characteristics of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) with an emphasis on root morphology. Seedlings were grown in greenhouses from seeds during one growing season at two atmospheric CO2 concentrations (375 and 710 μL L-1) and two N levels (High and Low). Root morphological characteristics were determined using a scanner and an image analysis program on a Macintosh computer. In the high N treatment, elevated CO2 increased total plant dry weight by 80% and did not modify root to shoot (R/S) dry weight ratio, and leaf and plant N concentration at the end of the growing season. In the low N treatment, elevated CO2 increased total dry weight by 60%. Plant and leaf N concentration declined and R/S ratio tended to increase. Nitrogen uptake rate on both a root length and a root dry weight basis was greater at elevated CO2 in the high N treatment and lower in the low N treatment. We argue that N stress resulting from short exposures to nutrients might help explain the lower N concentrations observed at high CO2 in other experiments; Nitrogen and CO2 levels modified root morphology. High N increased the number of secondary lateral roots per length of first order lateral root and high CO2 increased the length of secondary lateral roots per length of first order lateral root. Number and length of first order lateral roots were not modified by either treatment. Specific root length of main axis, and to a lower degree, of first order laterals, declined at high CO2, especially at high N. Basal stem diameter and first order root diameters increased at high CO2, especially at high N. Elevated CO2 increased the proportion of upper lateral roots within the root system.
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  • 30
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: blue grama ; Bouteloua gracilis ; C4 grass ; CO2 enrichment ; mycorrhizae ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; VAM ; water relations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In order to better elucidate fixed-C partitioning, nutrient acquisition and water relations of prairie grasses under elevated [CO2], we grew the C4 grass Bouteloua gracilis (H.B.K.) lag ex Steud. from seed in soil-packed, column-lysimeters in two growth chambers maintained at current ambient [CO2] (350 μL L−1) and twice enriched [CO2] (700 μL L−1). Once established, plants were deficit irrigated; growth chamber conditions were maintained at day/night temperatures of 25/16°C, relative humidities of 35%/90% and a 14-hour photoperiod to simulate summer conditions on the shortgrass steppe in eastern Colorado. After 11 weeks of growth, plants grown under CO2 enrichment had produced 35% and 65% greater total and root biomass, respectively, and had twice the level of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) infection (19.8% versus 10.8%) as plants grown under current ambient [CO2]. The CO2-enriched plants also exhibited greater leaf water potentials and higher plant water use efficiencies. Plant N uptake was reduced by CO2 enrichment, while P uptake appeared little influenced by CO2 regime. Under the conditions of the experiment, CO2 enrichment increased root biomass and VAM infection via stimulated growth and adjustments in C partitioning below-ground.
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  • 31
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: carbon ; elevated CO2 ; nitrogen ; suspension culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A photoautotrophic soybean suspension culture (SB-P) was used to study CO2 assimilation while exposed to elevated or ambient CO2 levels. These studies showed that under elevated CO2 (5% v/v) malate is the dominant fixation product, strongly suggesting that phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPCase) is the primary enzyme involved in carbon fixation in these cells under their normal growth conditions. Citrate and [aspartate + glutamate] were also significant fixation products during fifteen minutes of exposure to 14CO2. During the ten minute unlabeled CO2 chase however, 14C-malate continued to increase while citrate and [aspartate + glutamate] declined. Fixation of 14CO2 under ambient CO2 levels (0.037%) showed a very different product pattern as 3-phosphoglycerate was very high in the first one to two minutes followed by increases in [serine + glycine] and [aspartate + glutamate]. Hexose phosphates were also quite high initially but then declined relatively rapidly. Thus, the carbon fixation pattern at ambient CO2 levels resembles somewhat that seen in C3 leaf cells while that seen at elevated CO2 levels more closely resembles that of a C4 plant. The initial fixation product of C3 plants, 3-PGA, was never detectable under high CO2 conditions. These data suggest that an in vitro photoautotrophic system would be suitable for studying carbon fixation physiology during photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic growth.
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  • 32
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    Plant and soil 164 (1994), S. 187-193 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: apatite ; biotite ; forest soil ; mineralization ; nitrogen ; nutrient additions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of slow (apatite, biotite) and fast-release nutrients (P, K, Mg) on C and N mineralization in acid forest soil were studied. These nutrients were applied alone or together with urea or urea and limestone. The production of CO2 in the soil samples taken one and three growing seasons after the application was lower in the soils treated with the fast-release nutrients than in the untreated soils. Similar reduction of microbial activity was not seen after the apatite and apatite+biotite treatments. In the first growing season, urea and urea+limestone enhanced CO2 production, but after three growing seasons, the opposite was true. Apatite and apatite+biotite added together with urea did not compensate for the decreasing effect of urea on the CO2 production. The addition of fast-release salts increased somewhat the concentration of NH inf4 sup+ in the soil and more NH4 + accumulated during laboratory incubation in the soil samples taken one growing season after the application. The urea addition immediately increased the concentrations of NH4 + and of NO3 − in the soil, but, three growing seasons after application, urea had only a slight increasing effect on mineral N content of the soil. Slow-release nutrients seem to have a more favourable effect than fast-release salts on nutrient turnover in acid forest soil.
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  • 33
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    Plant and soil 161 (1994), S. 241-250 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: carbon ; microorganisms ; nitrogen ; plant succession ; range grasses ; rhizosphere
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Nitrogen and rhizosphere microorganism effects on nitrogen and carbon dynamics of Sitanion hystrix (early successional species), Stipa comata and Poa secundu which are (mid-successional species), and Agropyron spicatum (late successional species) were evaluated in a growth chamber study. Rhizosphere inocula resulted in increased nitrogen in both root and shoot tissue, and also of water-extractable carbon in the rhizosphere. Plant species, rhizosphere inocula and nitrogen level showed a three-way significant interaction for total and plant-available nitrogen. Rhizosphere microbe presence resulted in higher plant-available nitrogen in the rhizosphere of S. hystrix and less with A. spicatum, suggesting nitrogen immobilization with the later successional grass. Higher nitrogen resulted in decreased active bacteria in the rhizosphere of all plants tested, and decreased fungal hyphal lengths in the rhizosphere of the later successional P. secunda and A. spicutum. Exudate carbon in the rhizosphere of the late successional species A. spicatum, was more recalcitrant, which also may contribute to nitrogen immobilization. These differential responses of early- and late-successional grasses may be important factors contributing to plant succession.
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  • 34
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: ammonium sulphate ; fine roots ; needles ; nitrogen ; Norway spruce ; rhizosphere
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Rhizosphere, fine-root and needle chemistry were investigated in a 28 year old Norway spruce stand in SW Sweden. The uptake and allocation pattern of plant nutrients and aluminium in control plots (C) and plots repeatedly treated with ammonium sulphate (NS) were compared. Treatments started in 1988. Current year needles, one-year-old needles and cylindrical core samples of the LFH-layer and the mineral soil layers were sampled in 1988, 1989 and 1990. Compared to the control plots, pH decreased significantly in the rhizosphere soil in the NS plots in 1989 and 1990 while the SO4-S concentration increased significantly. Aluminium concentration in the rhizosphere soil was generally higher in the NS plots in all soil layers, except at 0–10 cm depths, both in 1989 and 1990. Calcium, Mg and K concentrations also increased after treatment with ammonium sulphate. Ammonium ions may have replaced these elements in the soil organic matter. The NS treatment significantly reduced Mg concentrations in fine roots in all layers in 1990. A similar trend was found in the needles. Ca concentrations in fine roots were significantly lower in the NS plots in the LFH layer in 1990 and the same pattern was found in the current needles. The N and S concentrations of both fine roots and needles were significantly higher in the NS plots. It was suggested that NS treatment resulted in displacement of Mg, Ca and K from exchange sites in the LFH layer leading to leaching of these cations to the mineral soil. Further application of ammonium sulphate may damage the fine roots and consequently adversely affect the water and nutrient uptake of root systems.
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  • 35
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    Plant and soil 163 (1994), S. 121-130 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: decomposition rates ; enriched CO2 ; lignin ; litter respiration ; microcosms ; nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.), birch (Betula pubescens Ehrh.), sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus L.) and Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.) leaf litters were monitored for decomposition rates and nutrient release in a laboratory microcosm experiment. Litters were derived from solar domes where plants had been exposed to two different CO2 regimes: ambient (350 μL L-1 CO2) and enriched (600 μL L-1 CO2). Elevated CO2 significantly affected some of the major litter quality parameters, with lower N, higher lignin concentrations and higher ratios of C/N and lignin/N for litters derived from enriched CO2. Respiration rates of the deciduous species were significantly decreased for litters grown under elevated CO2, and reductions in mass loss at the end of the experiment were generally observed in litters derived from the 600 ppm CO2 treatment. Nutrient mineralization, dissolved organic carbon, and pH in microcosm leachates did not differ significantly between the two CO2 treatments for any of the species studied. Litter quality parameters were examined for correlations with cumulative respiration and decomposition rates: N concentration, C/N and lignin/N ratios showed the highest correlations, with differences between litter types. The results indicate that higher C storage will occur in soil as a consequence of litter quality changes resulting from higher atmospheric concentrations of CO2.
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  • 36
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    Plant and soil 160 (1994), S. 193-199 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: gaps ; ion uptake ; nitrogen ; nutrient acquisition ; phosphorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Tree seedlings that colonize large treefall gaps are generally shade-intolerant species with high potential relative growth rates. Nutrient availability may be significantly elevated in disturbance-induced gaps, however, little is known about the role of differences in nutrient uptake capacities of different species in structuring the community response to gap openings in eastern North American deciduous forests. Seven tree species were grown from seed under both a high and a low nutrient regime, and uptake kinetics of phosphate, ammonium, and nitrate were studied. Yellow birch, a species with intermediate shade tolerance and relative growth rate, had the highest maximum rates of uptake of all ions, while tulip tree, a gap-colonizing species with high relative growth rate, had the lowest rate of phosphate uptake and intermediate rates of ammonium and nitrate uptake. Beech and hickory, which have low relative growth rates and are not gap-colonizing species, had intermediate levels of nutrient uptake. There was no evidence that species with the highest maximum uptake rates measured at high supply concentrations had relatively low uptake at low nutrient supply concentrations. Although birch increased phosphate absorption capacity when grown under a low nutrient regime, this pattern did not hold for nitrate or ammonium uptake, and other species showed no change in nutrient uptake capacity according to nutrient growth regime. Clearly, factors other than nutrient absorption capacity, such as nutrient use efficiency or allocation to root vs. shoot biomass, underlie differences in species' capacities to colonize and maintain a high relative growth rate in canopy gaps.
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  • 37
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: CO2 ; gas exchange ; nitrogen ; Populus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Soil N availability may play an important role in regulating the long-term responses of plants to rising atmospheric CO2 partial pressure. To further examine the linkage between above- and belowground C and N cycles at elevated CO2, we grew clonally propagated cuttings of Populus grandidentata in the field at ambient and twice ambient CO2 in open bottom root boxes filled with organic matter poor native soil. Nitrogen was added to all root boxes at a rate equivalent to net N mineralization in local dry oak forests. Nitrogen added during August was enriched with 15N to trace the flux of N within the plant-soil system. Above-and belowground growth, CO2 assimilation, and leaf N content were measured non-destructively over 142 d. After final destructive harvest, roots, stems, and leaves were analyzed for total N and 15N. There was no CO2 treatment effect on leaf area, root length, or net assimilation prior to the completion of N addition. Following the N addition, leaf N content increased in both CO2 treatments, but net assimilation showed a sustained increase only in elevated CO2 grown plants. Root relative extension rate was greater at elevated CO2, both before and after the N addition. Although final root biomass was greater at elevated CO2, there was no CO2 effect on plant N uptake or allocation. While low soil N availability severely inhibited CO2 responses, high CO2 grown plants were more responsive to N. This differential behavior must be considered in light of the temporal and spatial heterogeneity of soil resources, particularly N which often limits plant growth in temperate forests.
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  • 38
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: carbon dioxide ; nitrogen ; ponderosa pine ; soil respiration ; soil carbon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The purpose of this paper is to describe the effects of CO2 and N treatments on soil pCO2, calculated CO2 efflux, root biomass and soil carbon in open-top chambers planted with Pinus ponderosa seedlings. Based upon the literature, it was hypothesized that both elevated CO2 and N would cause increased root biomass which would in turn cause increases in both total soil CO2 efflux and microbial respiration. This hypothesis was only supported in part: both CO2 and N treatments caused significant increases in root biomass, soil pCO2, and calculated CO2 efflux, but there were no differences in soil microbial respiration measured in the laboratory. Both correlative and quantitative comparisons of CO2 efflux rates indicated that microbial respiration contributes little to total soil CO2 efflux in the field. Measurements of soil pCO2 and calculated CO2 efflux provided inexpensive, non-invasive, and relatively sensitive indices of belowground response to CO2 and N treatments.
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  • 39
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: nitrogen ; precoditioning ; roots ; sycamore
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Acer pseudoplatanus L. trees were grown in sand culture for 2 years and, in 1988, supplied with either 1.0 mol N m-3 (low N) or 6.0 mol N m-3 (high N) to precondition their growth. In 1989, the same trees received either high or low nitrogen, producing four treatments; High N in 1988/High N in 1989; High N in 1988/Low N in 1989; Low N in 1988/Low N in 1989; and Low N in 1988/High N in 1989. Plant growth was affected by N supply in both years. In 1989 the Low N/High N treated trees had the same overall mass, leaf mass and stem girth as the High N/High N treatment. Early spring growth of foliage and roots was conditional on nitrogen supplied in the previous season. Later, the rapid increases in leaf, stem and root growth under high N was through root uptake. Internal partitioning of growth was affected, with the Low N/High N treatment producing more new leaves on axillary shoots, and more new white roots on existing structures, than the Low N/Low N treatment. Despite effects of the N preconditioning on the structure of both canopy and root system, nitrogen uptake was solely dependent on the current nitrogen supply.
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  • 40
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: enzymes ; fine root vitality ; nitrogen ; Picea abies ; Pinus sylvestris ; triphenyltetrazolium chloride
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The present study is an attempt to investigate whether triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC), a chemical compound which measures dehydrogenase activity, could be used to study fine-root vitality from two different points of view: (i) in relation to ageing; (ii) as an indicator of environmental stress, in this case of excess nitrogen. The study was performed with excavated fine-roots from middle-aged Norway spruce and Scots pine stands. The ageing aspect was investigated by applying TTC to fine roots separated into different vitality classes, based on certain morphological characteristics. A significant difference in activity was demonstrated only in the case of roots that could be referred to as living and dead, respectively. The use of TTC on fine roots grown at different nitrogen supply levels indicates a possible increase in dehydrogenase activity with increasing nitrogen supply.
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  • 41
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: Fatty acids ; hyoscyamine ; Hyoscyamus muticus ; nitrogen ; sucrose ; transformed root cultures
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abatract The effect of carbon and nitrogen sources on two well-established hairy root clones, LBA1S and C58A, of Hyoscyamus muticus strain Cairo, were investigated. Both clones exhibited completely different patterns with regards to their growth rate, hyoscyamine accumulation, and fatty acid contents. Clone C58A grew faster and yielded more biomass (17.4 g l-1, in 21 days), but produced less hyoscyamine. The maximum hyoscyamine content (120 mg l-1) in clone LBA1S was reached in 28 days. Neither of the clones could use lactose or fructose as the sole carbon source, nor ammonium as the sole nitrogen source. The growth in the medium containing glucose was significantly reduced compared to that containing sucrose. Clone LBA1S was sensitive to the changes in sucrose concentration and an increase in ammonium in the culture medium, whereas C58A tolerated these changes better but was more sensitive to the increase in total nitrogen. Lipid synthesis was active in the exponential growth phase, and the total fatty acid content varied from 5 to 34 mg g-1 of dry root material. The major fatty acids were linoleic, palmitic and linolenic. There were considerable differences in the total amount of lipids and in their relative ratios when different nutrients were applied.
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  • 42
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    Hydrobiologia 275-276 (1994), S. 359-369 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: agriculture ; blue-green algae ; eutrophication ; internal loading ; nitrogen ; phosphorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The impact of agriculture was estimated on two shallow, eutrophic lakes, Lake Kotojärvi and Lake Villikkalanjärvi in southern Finland. The main emphasis was on phosphorus and nitrogen budgets and on the phytoplankton dynamics. Special attention was paid to internal P loading and blue-green algal blooms. The mean Tot-P load from agricultural land was 1.2 kg ha-1 a-1 in both basins and Tot-N loads were 19 kg ha-1 a-1 in L. Villikkalanjärvi and 12 kg ha-1 a-1 in L. Kotojärvi. The Tot-P input to L. Kotojärvi was on an average 0.62 g m-2 a-1 (per lake surface area), and the Tot-N input 9.1 g m-2 a-1. The corresponding inputs to L. Villikkalanjärvi were 3.1 and 57 g m-2 a-1, respectively. The annual variation followed the runoff volumes. About half of the Tot-P and one third of the Tot-N load was retained in L. Kotojärvi. In L. Villikkalanjärvi the retention was only 24% for Tot-P and 19% for Tot-N. The difference was very probably due to a longer theoretical retention time in L. Kotojärvi. In L. Villikkalanjärvi the mean concentration of Tot-P was 120 µg 1-1 and that of Tot-N 1700 µg 1-1 and the corresponding figures in L. Kotojärvi 67 and 990 µg 1-1, respectively. The mean chlorophyll a concentration was, however, higher in L. Kotojärvi (26 µg 1-1) than in L. Villikkalanjärvi (20 µg 1-1). This was probably due to an internal P load in L. Kotojärvi: in 1988 the internal load of dissolved P was estimated to be as much as twofold the external load. In L. Villikkalanjärvi the internal dissolved P load was only up to 50% of the external input. In L. Kotojärvi the high internal P load coupled with a low DIN:DIP ratio resulted in a strong blue-green algal bloom in the summer of 1988. In L. Villikkalanjärvi blue-green algae were observed only in small amounts. Even in August 1990, when the DIN:DIP ratio was low enough to favor the occurrence of blue-green algae, they contributed only up to 10–15% of the total phytoplankton biomass.
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    Hydrobiologia 277 (1994), S. 17-39 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: carbon ; phosphorus ; nitrogen ; silica ; sedimentation ; mineralization ; meromixis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The dynamics of seston and dissolved elements in a meromictic lake with high concentrations of manganese and iron in the monimolimnion were studied through an annual cycle. This publication presents results for assimilation, sedimentation and recovery of nutrients (C, N, P, and Si) in the trophogenic zone. Phosphorus deficiency kept the productivity of the diatom dominated phytoplankton at an oligotrophic level. High concentrations of iron in influent streams and redistribution followed by precipitation of iron during periods of partial turnover removed phosphorus from the water. High concentrations of manganese and sulfate did not have the anticipated fertilizing effect, and recovery of nutrients from the depth of the lake was negligible. Mass balance calculations indicate that liberation of phosphorus from the sediments in the trophogenic zone was most important for the maintenance of primary production. 75% of carbon, 80% of nitrogen and 25% of phosphorus assimilated by the phytoplankton was mineralized in the trophogenic zone. Silica was effectively regenerated from the littoral zone during the decline of diatom blooms. Nitrogen and silica retention was 45% of the external load compared to 66% for phosphorus.
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  • 44
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: eutrophication ; birds ; lake ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; eutrophisation ; oiseaux ; lac ; azote ; phosphore
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Le plus grand lac de plaine français, Grand-Lieu, est actuellement largement eutrophisé. Le but de cette étude est d'estimer l'importation annuelle de N et P par les fientes des oiseaux qui s'alimentent à l'extérieur du lac, et de la comparer avec les apports des rivières alimentant le lac. Deux années sont comparées: 1981–82 et 1990–91. Les populations nicheuses (jusqu'à 956 couples de hérons cendrés et 136 couples de grands cormorans et 30 000 canards) et hivernantes (jusqu'à 17 000 canards, 1100 grands cormorans, 15 000 goélands et 2,4 millions d'étourneaux) ont respectivement importé 5800 kg de N total en 1981–82 et 7640 en 1990–91, soit 0,7% et 0,4% des entrées totales du système, et 2000 à 2530 kg de P total soit 2,4 et 6,6% des entrées. Les étourneaux sont responsables des trois quarts des apports d'azote par les oiseaux, et les canards de l'essentiel du reste, tandis que la part des étourneaux baisse pour le phosphore (36% en 1981–82 et 41% en 1990–91), au profit des Canards et des Hérons (respectivement 35% et 27% en 1981–82, 22% et 24% en 1990–91). Mais pendant la phase de croissance végétale (avril–septembre), la part des oiseaux monte jusqu'à 37% des entrées totales de phosphore. L'action localisée des colonies d'oiseaux piscivores est significative, avec une teneur de phosphore 42 fois plus grande dans l'eau sous la colonie qu'à l'extérieur des colonies. A l'échelle du l'ac, l'action actuelle globalement mineure des oiseaux sur les apports totaux d'azote et de phosphore est largement due à l'augmentation catastrophique des apports d'origine humaine (agriculture intensive et stations d'épuration). La teneur moyenne des rivières atteint désormais 10 mg l−1 de N (jusqu'à 23 mg en crue) et 394 mg m−3 de P (jusqu'à 468 mg en crue). Avant cette pollution généralisée, l'eau des rivières bretonnes ne contenait dans les années 1960 que 0,1 à 1,1 mg l−1 de N et 1 à 5 mg m−3 de P lors des périodes de débits maximum. A cette époque, les oiseaux représentaient probablement jusqu'à 36% des apports de N et 95% des apports de P dans les entrées du système lacustre.
    Notes: Abstract The largest natural lake in France, Grand-Lieu, has suffered eutrophication. The objective of the study was to estimate the annual input of nutrients (N, P) resulting from avian excrement, deposited by birds feeding out of the lake and returning to its waters for breeding or roosting, as compared to the input by the rivers that enter in the lake. Two years are compared: 1981–82 and 1990–91. About 1600–2000 breeding herons and cormorants, 20 000–33 000 wintering ducks, gulls and cormorants and 1–2.4 million starlings deposited about 5800 kg total N in 1981–82 and 7640 kg in 1990–91. Respectively, 2000 and 2530 kg total P were deposited over the same time periods. These represent 0.7% and 0.4% of the total N input of the lake and 2.4 and 6.6% of the total P input in 1981–82 and 1990–91. Starlings account for 74% of the N and mallards most of the rest. P input by starlings (36% in 1981–82, 41% in 1990–91), and by mallards and herons (35% and 27% in 1981–82 and 22% and 24% in 1990–91 respectively) plays an appreciable role among birds. During the plant growing period (April–September), the contribution by birds can increase to 37% of total P input of the lake. Piscivorous bird colonies concentrate Phosphorus 42 times more within the colony than outside the colony. Overall, the role birds play in total N and P input is relatively small due to very high inputs from human sewage and agriculture run off. The monthly mean concentration of the water of the two rivers reaches currently 10 mg l−1 of N (to 23 mg during peak floods) and 394 mg m−3 of P (to 468 mg during peak floods). Earlier, for example in the 1960's, water in Brittany only contained 0.1 to 1.1 mg 1−1 of N and 1 to 5 mg m−3 of P during the maximum flow period. At this time, birds could probably have represented annually up to 37% of the N input and up to 95% of the P input to the lake.
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    Hydrobiologia 286 (1994), S. 155-165 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: decomposition ; marsh ; litter ; nitrogen ; Scolochloa festucacea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of seasonal inundation on the decomposition of emergent macrophyte litter (Scolochloa festucacea) was examined under experimental flooding regimes in a northern prairie marsh. Stem and leaf litter was subjected to six aboveground inundation treatments (ranging from never flooded to flooded April through October) and two belowground treatments (nonflooded and flooded April to August). Flooding increased the rate of mass loss from litter aboveground but retarded decay belowground. Aboveground, N concentration decreased and subsequently increased earlier in the longer flooded treatments, indicating that flooding decreased the time that litter remained in the leaching and immobilization phases of decay. Belowground, both flooded and nonflooded litter showed an initial rapid loss of N, but concentration and percent of original N remaining were greater in the nonflooded marsh throughout the first year. This suggested that more N was immobilized on litter under the nonflooded, more oxidizing soil conditions. Both N concentration and percent N remaining of belowground litter were greater in the flooded than the nonflooded marsh the second year, suggesting that N immobilization was enhanced after water-level drawdown. These results suggest different mechanisms by which flooding affects decomposition in different wetland environments. On the soil surface where oxygen is readily available, flooding accelerates decomposition by increasing moisture. Belowground, flooding creates anoxic conditions that slow decay. The typical hydrologic pattern in seasonally flooded prairie marshes of spring flooding followed by water-level drawdown in summer may maximize system decomposition rates by allowing rapid decomposition aboveground in standing water and by annually alleviating soil anoxia.
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  • 46
    ISSN: 1573-5095
    Keywords: foliage ; grafting ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; Pinus caribaea ; rootstock ; scion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Both scion and rootstock clones significantly influenced scion elongation and concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus in the scion foliage. Scion clone was the more important determinant. Scion clone × rootstock clone interactions were not significant. The ability of a clone to elongate as a scion was not correlated with its capacity to promote or retard scion elongation when used as a rootstock. Genetic differences in foliar nutrient concentrations appeared to reflect levels of nutrient demand, rather than the ability of roots to absorb nutrients. Nutrient demand of the rootstock can also explain negative correlations between nitrogen levels in rootstock clones and levels of both nitrogen and phosphorus in the scions. There was no significant relationship between scion elongation and foliar nitrogen concentrations of either rootstock or scion. The weak relationship between scion elongation and concentration of phosphorus in the rootstock apparently resulted from tissue dilution.
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  • 47
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    Biogeochemistry 25 (1994), S. 19-39 
    ISSN: 1573-515X
    Keywords: denitrification ; mineralization ; nitrification ; nitrogen ; riparian ; stream ; wetland ; New Jersey ; Pennsylvania ; Pinelands
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Denitrification (N2 production) and oxygen consumption rates were measured at ambient field nitrate concentrations during summer in sediments from eight wetlands (mixed hardwood swamps, cedar swamps, heath dominated shrub wetland, herbaceous peatland, and a wetland lacking live vegetation) and two streams. The study sites included wetlands in undisturbed watersheds and in watersheds with considerable agricultural and/or sewage treatment effluent input. Denitrification rates measured in intact cores of water-saturated sediment ranged from ≤ 20 to 260 μmol N m-2 h-1 among the three undisturbed wetlands and were less variable (180 to 260 μmol N M-2 h-1) among the four disturbed wetlands. Denitrification rates increased when nitrate concentrations in the overlying water were increased experimentally (1 up to 770 μM), indicating that nitrate was an important factor controlling denitrification rates. However, rates of nitrate uptake from the overlying water were not a good predictor of denitrification rates because nitrification in the sediments also supplied nitrate for denitrification. Regardless of the dominant vegetation, pH, or degree of disturbance, denitrification rates were best correlated with sediment oxygen consumption rates (r 2 = 0.912) indicating a relationship between denitrification and organic matter mineralization and/or sediment nitrification rates. Rates of denitrification in the wetland sediments were similar to those in adjacent stream sediments. Rates of denitrification in these wetlands were within the range of rates previously reported for water-saturated wetland sediments and flooded soils using whole core15N techniques that quantify coupled nitrification/denitrification, and were higher than rates reported from aerobic (non-saturated) wetland sediments using acetylene block methods.
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  • 48
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    Journal of aquatic ecosystem stress and recovery 3 (1994), S. 27-34 
    ISSN: 1573-5141
    Keywords: nutrient limitation ; critical tissue concentrations ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; macroalgae ; biomonitoring
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Discs of the macroalga,Ulva lactuca L., were transplanted around an ocean outfall and at a reference site in Køge Bay, Denmark, to assess the influence of the outfall on the nutrient availability. At 2-wk intervals, samples were collected and analyzed for growth, nitrogen, and phosphorus content. The tissue concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus decreased with distance to the outfall, showing that the tissue concentrations are suitable for monitoring nutrient availability in coastal areas and provide a time-integrated measure of the nutrient availability. The lowest tissue concentrations of nitrogen were recorded at the reference station, where the internal concentrations generally were below the critical concentration level, showing that nitrogen limited the growth. At the station located close to the outfall, the flux of nitrogen was sufficient to maintain the maximum growth rate. The tissue concentrations of phosphorus were only below the critical concentration level on one occasion, and the result showed a net uptake throughout the study period. It was concluded that in the Køge Bay, nitrogen was the main limiting factor for macroalgae growth during the summer. The applicability of tissue concentrations for assessment of nutrient availability is discussed and it is considered that the method, when evaluated against established critical concentrations, provides a valuable tool for assessing ecosystem health with regard to eutrophication.
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  • 49
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    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 10 (1994), S. 477-478 
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Ethylenediamine ; glutamine synthetase ; nitrogen ; Nostoc ANTH
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Nostoc ANTH metabolizes ethylenediamine (EDA) as sole nitrogen source but not as a carbon source. EDA is assimilated by the glutamine synthetase-glutamate synthase pathway. EDA represses heterocyst formation and nitrogenase activity but this is reversed by l-methionine-dl-sulphoximine.
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 37 (1994), S. 93-105 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Erosion/Productivity Impact Calculator (EPIC) model ; leaching ; lettuce ; net N mineralization ; nitrate ; nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Low N use efficiency and high nitrate (NO 3 - ) pollution potentials are problems in intensive vegetable production systems. The purpose of this study was to quantify N utilization by lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. cv Salinas), and identify periods of NO 3 - loss in an on-farm study in the Salinas Valley in coastal California. During autumn and winter, surface moisture remained low, and NO 3 - concentrations increased, reflecting high net mineralizable N, as determined by anaerobic incubation, and nitrification potential, as determined by the chlorate inhibition method. At the onset of a large winter storm, tracer levels of15NO 3 - were injected in the top 5 mm of soil in 30 cm-deep cylinders. After two weeks, most of the15N was present as15NO 3 - at 10–30 cm depth. By difference, losses to denitrification accounted for ~ 25% of the surface-applied15N. Leaching below 30 cm did not occur, since no15N enrichment of NO 3 - -N was measured in anion-exchange resin membranes placed at the base of each cylinder. During the crop period, NO 3 - losses were most pronounced after irrigation events. Uptake of N by two crops of lettuce (above- and belowground material) was approximately equal to fertilizer inputs, yet simulation of N fates by the Erosion/Productivity Impact Calculator (EPIC) model indicated losses of 14.6 g-N m−2 by leaching and 2.5 g-N m−2 by denitrification during the 6-month crop period. The large NO 3 - losses can be attributed to accumulation of soil NO 3 - during winter that was leached or denitrified during the irrigated crop period.
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 40 (1994), S. 105-108 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: annual ryegrass ; dry matter ; logistic ; model ; nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The logistic model has proven very useful in relating dry matter production of warm season perennial forage grasses to applied nitrogen. A recent extension of the model coupled dry matter and plant N accumulation through a common response coefficient c. The objective of this analysis was to apply the extended logistic model to cool season Gulf annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) and to establish a common response coefficient c between accumulation of dry matter and plant N. Analysis of variance established the validity of this hypothesis. The model accurately described response of dry matter, plant N removal, and plant N concentration to applied N, with an overall correlation coefficient of 0.9954. Furthermore, the model closely described the relationship between yield and plant N removal, as well as between plant N concentration and plant N removal. The logistic equation is well-behaved and simple to use on a pocket calculator. It can be used to estimate yields and plant N removal in evaluation of agricultural production and environmental quality.
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  • 52
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: Argania spinosa ; micro-elements ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; V.A. mycorrhization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'influence de la mycorhization V.A. sur la nutrition minérale de 2 clones d'Arganier (Argania spinosa) a été étudiée sur des plantules micropropagées in vitro poussant en conditions contrôlées. L'inoculation (qui augmentait la production de matière sèche d'un facteur 4,5) accroit également la teneur des plantes en phosphore, notamment dans les feuilles, et les plantes mycorhizées mobilisent 15 fois plus de phosphore que les plantes non inoculées. La teneur en azote est légèrement plus faible chez les plantes mycorhizées mais au total ces dernières exportent 3 fois plus d'azote. L'absorption des micro-éléments est aussi affectée par l'inoculation, qui accroit les teneurs des plantes en Fe, Zn et Cu. La nutrition minérale des deux clones étudiés semble affectée par le rapport racines/parties aériennes et d'autres caractéristiques génétiques, comme l'efficacité de translocation du fer. Ces résultats nous permettent de comprendre en quoi son système racinaire profond et mycorhizé permet à l'Arganier non seulement de pousser dans des zones arides aux sols pauvres, mais aussi d'améliorer la fertilité des couches supérieures du sol par l'effet litière.
    Notes: Abstract The influence of V.A. mycorrhization on mineral nutrition of 2 clones ofArgania spinosa was studied with in-vitro micropropagated plantlets grown in confined medium under controlled conditions. Inoculation, which increased dry matter production by a factor of 4.5, also increased P concentration in the plant, especially in the leaves, and the mycorrhizal plants mobilized 15 times more P than control plants. N concentration was slightly lower in mycorrhizal plants, but total N content was 3 times higher. Uptake of micro elements was also affected, inoculation increasing plant Fe, Zn and Cu content. Mineral nutrition in the test clones seemed affected by root/shoot ratio and other genetically-related characteristics, such as Fe translocation efficiency. These results help us to understand how its deep mycorrhizal root system might allowArgania spinosa not only to grow in infertile arid areas but also to improve top-soil fertility by a litter effect.
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    International journal of thermophysics 15 (1994), S. 1211-1219 
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: binary system ; butane ; carbon dioxide ; nitrogen ; ternary system ; vapor-liquid equilibria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The system studied was nitrogen + carbon dioxide +n-butane at 250 and 270 K and at pressures from 1.5 to 14 MPa. The Peng-Robinson equation was used to model the results, since it is the most widely accepted equation of state in the gas processing industry. In general, the predictions are most accurate at low and moderate pressures and poorest at high pressures, especially near the critical region.
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    Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 65 (1994), S. 179-182 
    ISSN: 1572-9699
    Keywords: Aspergillus ; fungus ; catabolism ; activation ; repression ; nitrogen ; carbon ; zinc fingers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract TheamdS gene codes for an acetamidase enzyme that hydrolyses acetamide to acetate and ammonium thus providingA. nidulans with a source of carbon and nitrogen. The exceptionally favourable genetics of this system combined with molecular analysis have enabled many regulatory circuits affectingamdS to be identified genetically. Characterization of the regulatory genes and the definition of the cis-acting sites involved have been done using bothin vivo andin vitro mutagenesis. Recent results on the analysis of the system are presented.
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    Hydrobiologia 278 (1994), S. 129-131 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: small rivers ; water contamination ; Tubificidae ; bacteria ; nitrogen ; phosphorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Two small rivers, the Yerik and Nezhegolyok, were studied seasonally in 1979–1980. Increase in concentration of nitrogen and phosphorus compounds in the river water as well as proliferation of enterococci and enterobacilli favoured the abundance of Tubificidae while, at the same time, their numbers were reduced by chironomids and leeches.
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  • 56
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: Fragaria x ananassa ; in vitro ; nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The uptake of 15NO3 - and 15NH4 + has been examined in 5-,10- and 28-day-old micropropagated strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch. cv. Kent) shoots rooted in one-half strength Murashige and Skoog (MS) liquid medium on cellulose plugs (Sorbarods). The results indicated that the plantlets absorbed both NO3 - and NH4 + during the culture with a greater uptake of NH4 + at 5 days of culture. Furthermore, a pronounced reduction in NO3 - and NH4 + uptake at 10 and 28 days of culture was observed within 6 h of the short-term uptake study. This reduction could be explained by the low CO2 concentration in test tubes during the photoperiod, since no reduction in nitrogen uptake occurred in the CO2 enriched condition. The results are interpreted as an indication of the important role for photosynthetic CO2 fixation in the process of nitrogen uptake by the plantlets during the rooting stage.
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  • 57
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: atmospheric deposition ; δ15N ; δ34S ; forest decline ; nitrogen ; Picea abies ; stable isotopes ; sulfur
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Concentrations and natural isotope abundance of total sulfur and nitrogen as well as sulfate and nitrate concentrations were measured in needles of different age classes and in soil samples of different horizons from a healthy and a declining Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) forest in the Fichtelgebirge (NE Bavaria, Germany), in order to study the fate of atmospheric depositions of sulfur and nitrogen compounds. The mean δ15N of the needles ranged between −3.7 and −2.1 ‰ and for δ34S a range between −0.4 and +0.9 ‰ was observed. δ34S and sulfur concentrations in the needles of both stands increased continuously with needle age and thus, were closely correlated. The δ15N values of the needles showed an initial decrease followed by an increase with needle age. The healthy stand showed more negative δ15N values in old needles than the declining stand. Nitrogen concentrations decreased with needle age. For soil samples at both sites the mean δ15N and δ34S values increased from −3 ‰ (δ15N) or +0.9 ‰ (δ34S) in the uppermost organic layer to about +4 ‰ (δ15N) or +4.5 ‰ (δ34S) in the mineral soil. This depth-dependent increase in abundance of 15N and 34S was accompanied by a decrease in total nitrogen and sulfur concentrations in the soil. δ15N values and nitrogen concentrations were closely correlated (slope −0.0061 ‰ δ15N per μmol eq N gdw −1), and δ34S values were linearly correlated with sulfur concentrations (slope −0.0576 ‰ δ34S per μmol eq S gdw −1). It follows that in the same soil samples sulfur concentrations were linearly correlated with the nitrogen concentrations (slope 0.0527), and δ34S values were linearly correlated with δ15N values (slope 0.459). A correlation of the sulfur and nitrogen isotope abundances on a Δ basis (which considers the different relative frequencies of 15N and 34S), however, revealed an isotope fractionation that was higher by a factor of 5 for sulfur than for nitrogen (slope 5.292). These correlations indicate a long term synchronous mineralization of organic nitrogen and sulfur compounds in the soil accompanied by element-specific isotope fractionations. Based on different sulfur isotope abundance of the soil (δ34S=0.9 ‰ for total sulfur of the organic layer was assumed to be equivalent to about −1.0 ‰ for soil sulfate) and of the atmospheric SO2 deposition (δ34S=2.0 ‰ at the healthy site and 2.3 ‰ at the declining site) the contribution of atmospheric SO2 to total sulfur of the needles was estimated. This contribution increased from about 20 % in current-year needles to more than 50 % in 3-year-old needles. The proportion of sulfur from atmospheric deposition was equivalent to the age dependent sulfate accumulation in the needles. In contrast to the accumulation of atmospheric sulfur compounds nitrogen compounds from atmospheric deposition were metabolized and were used for growth. The implications of both responses to atmospheric deposition are discussed.
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  • 58
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: charcoal rot ; Macrophomina phaseolina ; nitrogen ; NH4NO3 ; Sorghum bicolor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Colonization of sorghum by Macrophomina phaseolina in field plots was determined at nitrogen fertilization rates of 0, 56, 112, and 168 kg ha-1 in 1988 and 0, 84, 168, and 256 kg ha-1 in 1989. Above ground plant tissue and roots were sampled monthly to determine total nitrogen and percent colonization of root segments by natural inoculum. Root infection was not affected by nitrogen treatment, but was affected by growth stage and environment. High root infection occurred before reproductive development (growth stage 3) in 1988 and was associated with hot, dry weather early in the growing season. In 1989, when the weather was cool and wet, root infection began after reproductive development (growth stage 4). The effect of nitrogen treatments on lesion length was determined in sorghum stalks artificially inoculated with M. phaseolina. Lesion lengths were significantly affected by both nitrogen treatments and growth stage. Lesions were significantly longer with all nitrogen treatments at growth stage 9 than with the no-nitrogen treatment, and lesions tended to increase with increased levels of nitrogen fertilization. Significant increases in lesion length occurred between growth stages 5, 7, and 9 in 1988 and between 7 and 9 in 1989. This study demonstrates that nitrogen fertilization affects colonization of sorghum stalks but not root infection by M. phaseolina.
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  • 59
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: ammonification ; H+ production ; in-situ incubation ; liming ; mineralization ; nitrification ; nitrogen ; Pinus sylvestris
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract H+ production due to N uptake in a mature Scots pine stand subjected to high NH4 + deposition was previously estimated to amount to approx. 2.2 kmol ha-1 y-1. The question whether H+ transfers related to N mineralization (ammonification and nitrification) offset or corroborate this proton production is investigated in the present research. To determine N mineralization, soil cores were used of which both ends were closed with layers of ion exchange resin (IER) to prevent influx and efflux of ions. The effect of liming on N mineralization and the resulting H+ production was investigated in 7 incubation periods of each ca. 8 wk. Because of its high mobility NO3 accumulated in both IER layers at the expense of that in the incubated forest floor and mineral soil. Net N mineralization in the soil cores as a whole amounted to 40 and 77 kg N ha-1 in 384 d in the control and limed plots, respectively. In both treatments ca. 65% of mineralized N was nitrified. H+ production due to N mineralization amounted to approx. 1.2 kmol ha-1 y-1 in the control and limed plots. Liming reduced the amount of C in the forest floor, but not forest floor mass, because of an increased mixing with mineral particles.
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    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 10 (1994), S. 348-349 
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Aspergillus ; glucoamylase ; nitrogen ; rice bran
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Corn steep liquor, peptone or NH inf4 sup+ salts increased the yield of glucoamylase from Aspergillus niger growing in a solid-state fermentation on rice bran up to 360 IU/g dry substrate over 96 h at 30°C.
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  • 61
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    Developmental Genetics 15 (1994) 
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 62
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Evolution ; Drosophila ; promoter ; glucose dehydrogenase ; development ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The tissue-specific expression patterns of glucose dehydrogenase (GLD) exhibit a high degree of inter specific variation in the adult reproductive tract among the species in the genus Drosophila. We chose to focus on the evolution of GLD expression and the evolution of the Gld promoter in seven closely related species in the mela-nogaster subgroup as a means of elucidating the relationship of changes in cis-acting regulatory elements in the Gld promoter region with changes in tissue-specific expression. Although little variation in tissue-specific patterns of GLD was found in nonreproductive tissues during development, a surprisingly high level of variation was observed in the expression of GLD in both developing and ma-ture reproductive organs. In some cases this variation is correlated with changes in sequence elements in the Gld promoter which were previously shown to direct tissue-specific expression in the reproductive tract. In particular D. teissieri adult males do not express GLD in their ejaculatory ducts, atypical of the melanogaster subgroup species. The Gld promoter region of D. teissieri specifically lacks all three of the TTAGA regulatory elements present in D. melanogaster. The TTAGA elements were previously shown to direct reporter gene expression to the ejaculatory duct. Together these data suggest the absence or presence of the TTAGA elements may be responsible for variation in the absence or presence of GLD in the ejaculatory duct among species. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 63
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    Developmental Genetics 15 (1994), S. 7-18 
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Tribolium ; engrailed ; embryogenesis ; segmentation ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We have cloned and sequenced the single Tribolium homolog of the Drosophila engrailed gene. The predicted protein contains a homeobox and several domains conserved among all engrailed genes identified to date. In addition it contains several features specific to the invected homologs of Bombyx and Drosophila, indicating that these features most likely were present in the ancestral gene in the common ancestor of holometabolous insects. We used the cross-reacting monoclonal antibody, 4D9, to follow the expression of the Engrailed protein during segmentation in Tribolium embryos. As in other insects, Engrailed accumulates in the nuclei of cells along the posterior margin of each segment. The first Engrailed stripe appears as the embryonic rudiment condenses. Then as the rudiment elongates into a germ band, Engrailed stripes appear in an anterior to posterior progression, just prior to morphological evidence of the formation of each segment. As in Drosophila (a long germ insect), expression of engrailed in Tribolium (classified as a short germ insect) is preceeded by the expression of several homologous segmentation genes, suggesting that similar genetic regulatory mechanisms are shared by diverse developmental types. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 64
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    Developmental Genetics 15 (1994), S. 425-434 
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Polycomb group ; homeotic ; spalt ; devenir ; Su(Pc)37D ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: There are 11 Polycomb group genes known in Drosophila. These genes are negative regulators of homeotic gene expression, and may act by modifying chromatin structure. It is not clear how many members of the Polycomb group of genes exist. Many were discovered because of their homeotic phenotypes, or because they enhance homeotic mutations. Systematic screens for enhancers of Polycomb have identified previously known members of the Polycomb group. In an attempt to discover cytological locations of new Polycomb group genes, we crossed deletions uncovering about 20% of the genome to Polycomb-like and Polycomb and scored for enhancement of the extra sex combs phenotype. Haploidy for four regions, 36F7-37A, 43E18; 44B5-9, 70C2-6, and 70C6-15; 70D enhanced the extra sex comb phenotype associated with strong Polycomb group mutations. These regions have homeotic phenotypes either as homozygous embryos or heterozy-gous adults, or both. We also show that spalt enhances Polycomb group mutations. These results are discussed with respect to previous estimates of Polycomb group gene number. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 65
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    Developmental Genetics 15 (1994), S. 435-442 
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Fertility ; sex-reversal ; XY ovary ; XY oocyte ; mouse ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: When the Y chromosome of a Mus musculus domesticus mouse strain is placed onto the C57BL/6J (B6) inbred background, the XY progeny develop ovaries or ovotestes but never normal testes during fetal life. While some of the hermaphroditic males become fertile, none of the XY females produces litters. Here, we examined the fertility and development of oocytes derived from the XY female mouse. With or without preceding injection of gonadotropins, female mice were mated with normal B6 males, and their embryos were recovered at various developmental stages. In vitro fertilization was performed with the eggs recovered from the oviduct after treatment with go-nadotropins. Development of embryos was examined by both light and electron microscopy. The results indicate that the oocytes released from the B6.YDOM ovary were efficiently fertilized and often initiated the first cell cleavage, but all embryos died during early preimplantation periods. Even when oocytes were fertilized in vitro, minimizing their exposure to the XY oviduct/uterus environment, most embryos died at the 1- or 2-cell stage. A few exceptional embryos reached the 4- or 8-cell stage, but abnormalities were evident in both nuclear and cytoplasmic structures of all embryos. After cleavage, neighbouring blastomeres were only loosely associated, and microvilli were abundant at the intercellular interfaces. We postulate that oocytes of the B.6.YDOM female mouse become defective during XY ovarian differentiation, and, hence, fail to proceed through normal embryonic development. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 66
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    Developmental Genetics 15 (1994), S. 458-462 
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Epigenetic phenomena ; chromatin structure ; eukaryotes ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: In the broadest terms, epigenetic phenomena in eukaryotes depend on the interaction of alleles or repeated sequences or on the mitotic inheritance of chromatin states or methylation patterns. One of the most exciting aspects of the study of epigenetic phenomena is the insight that can be gained into the structure and assembly of higher-order chromatin structures, an important subject that has proved refractory to current biochemical methodologies. Rapid progress in the study of gene inactivation in fungi, plants, and invertebrates will provide new hypotheses to be tested in mammals. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 67
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    Developmental Genetics 15 (1994), S. 485-490 
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Pattern formation ; positional information ; periodic structures ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: A widely used mechanism for pattern formation is based on positional information: cells acquire positional identities as in a coordinate system and then interpret this information according to their genetic constitution and developmental history. In Drosophila maternal factors establish the axes and set up a maternal system of positional information on which further patterning is built. There is a cascade of gene activity which leads both to the development of periodic structures, the segments, and to their acquiring a unique identity. This involves the binding of transcription factors to regulatory regions of genes to produce sharp thresholds. Many of the genes involved in these processes, particularly the Hox complex, are also involved in specifying the body axis and limbs of vertebrates. There are striking similarities in the mechanisms for spcifying and recording positional identity in Drosophila and vertebrates. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Developmental Genetics 15 (1994), S. 515-522 
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Genetic imprinting ; androgenesis ; parthenogenesis ; development ; chimeras ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
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  • 69
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    Developmental Genetics 15 (1994), S. 320-331 
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; ecdysone ; steroid ; Eip28/29 ; EcREs ; lacZ ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The Eip28/29 gene of Drosophila is an example of a tissue- and stage-specific ecdysone-responsive gene. Its diverse patterns of expression during the third larval instar and a synopsis of those patterns in terms of expression groups have been reported previously. Here we have studied the expression (in transgenic flies) of reporter genes controlled by Eip28/29-derived flanking DNA. During the middle and late third instar, most tissues exhibit normal expression patterns when controlled by one of two classes of regulatory sequences. Class A sequences include only 657 Np of 5′ flanking DNA from Eip28/29. Class B sequences include an extended 3′ flanking region and a minimal (≤93 Np) 5′ flanking region. The class B sequences include all those elements known to be important for ecdvsone induction in cultured cells. They are sufficient to direct the normal premetamorphic induction of Eip28/29 in the lymph glands, hemocytes, proventriculus, and Malpighian tubules. This is consistent with our suggestion that Kc cells are derived from embryonic hematopoietic cells. It is remarkable that the epidermis requires only class A sequences. These are sufficient to up-regulate expression at medinstar and to down-regulate expression at metamorphosis. It follows that the epidermis uses EcREs distinct from those that function in Kc cells. It is possible that the Upstream EcRE, which is nearly silent in Kc cells, is active in the epidermis. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Yeast 10 (1994), S. 13-27 
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: RAD3 ; helicase ; nucleotide excision repair ; mitotic recombination ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The mutations rad3-101 and rad3-102 (formerly rem1-1 and rem1-2) of the essential RAD3 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae confer a phenotype of semidominant enhancement of spontaneous mitotic recombination and mutation frequencies, but not extreme sensitivity to ultraviolet (UV) light. These properties differ from the previously published observations of other rad3 mutations, which are very UV-sensitive but do not alter recombination frequencies significantly. We have located the position of DNA sequence changes from wild-type RAD3 to the rad3-101 and rad3-102 mutations and have demonstrated that these sequence changes are necessary and sufficient to confer the (Rem-) mutant phenotype when transferred into otherwise wild-type RAD3 plasmids. The Rem- mutations are not located in the same region. It is possible that the two regions of the gene in which these mutations map define portions of the molecule which are in contact when folded in the native configuration. To begin to test this hypothesis, we have constructed two double mutant alleles, one with rad3-101 and rad3-102, and one with the UV-sensitive rad3-1 mutation and rad3-102. We find that plasmids carrying these double mutant alleles of RAD3 are no longer able to confer a hyper-recombinational phenotype and do not complement the UV-sensitivity of the excision-defective rad3-2 allele. We conclude that the double mutant alleles are non-functional for excision repair, and may be null. We have also constructed new rad3 alleles by oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis and have tested their effects on spontaneous mutation and mitotic recombination and on UV repair.
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  • 71
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Retrotransposon ; transcription ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; chromosome XI ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SPT genes are suppressors of mutations induced by the retrotransposon Ty in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. All SPT genes isolated to date suppress Ty-induced mutations by altering transcription. SPT23 was identified as a multicopy suppressor of the Ty-induced promoter mutations his4-912δ and lys2-61. Multicopy expression of SPT23 suppresses a variety of Ty-induced promoter mutations, including the MAT-regulated alleles his4-917 (480) and lys2-173R2. Here, we report the initial characterization of the SPT23 gene, including its nucleotide sequence and location in the yeast genome. The SPT23 gene contains a 1854 base pair open reading frame. Searches of the current data bases show no homology between SPT23 and previously described genes or proteins. The SPT23 gene is located between RAM2 and MAK11 on the left arm of chromosome XI. Tn10-LUK insertional mutagenesis of the SPT23 gene indicates that SPT23 is not essential for vegetative growth and spt23 mutations do not confer an Spt- phenotype.
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  • 72
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; chromosome XI ; DNA-binding ; leucine zipper ; HMG box ; tRNAval. ; Kazal serine protease inhibitor signature ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We report the nucleotide sequence of an 11·7 kb fragment from the left arm of Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome XI. Analysis reveals a new tRNA for valine and four unknown open reading frames among which YKL245 shows homology with a yeast mitochondrial regulatory protein and YKL244, YKL246 and YKL247 are unknown.
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    Yeast 10 (1994) 
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
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    Yeast 10 (1994), S. 185-197 
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Yeast ; energy metabolism ; respiration ; fermentation ; metabolic flux ; aerobic chemostat culture ; model ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The pattern of energy metabolism of different types of yeasts (obligate aerobes and facultative anaerobes) in aerobic chemostat cultures has been evaluated and interpreted on the basis of a coupling of metabolic fluxes between glycolytic and oxidative components.A model has been formulated which defines glycolytic and oxidative subunits through which the substrate C-flux (gram-atom g-1 h-1) is calculated, stating that a relative imbalance between glycolytic flux and subsequent oxidative steps alone is sufficient to account for the onset of oxidoreductive metabolism in any type of yeast, irrespective of the maximum respiratory capacity. The model is able to reproduce the patterns of behaviour reported for the different types of yeasts, and the individual features of each strain are explained on the basis of metabolic differences which are defined by a set of normalized parameters. The model can be applied to different substrates and conditions, providing a methodological basis for more detailed studies of the steps controlling yeast energy metabolism.
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  • 75
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: HEM2 ; promoter ; δ-aminolaevulinate dehydratase ; PBG synthetase ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: This paper reports the 1890-bp sequence located upstream of the HEM2 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The following potential regulatory protein-binding motifs were found: ABF1-binding site, yAP1-binding site, two REB1-binding sites, a cyclic AMP-responsive element, RAP1-binding site, and several HAP2-HAP3-HAP4 binding sites, implicating a complex regulatory mechanism governing expression for the HEM2 gene.
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  • 76
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Genome sequencing ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; chromosome XI ; MBR1 ; GTPase-activating protein ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We present the DNA sequence analysis of a region covering a 3·5 kb EcoRI fragment from the left arm of chromosome XI from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This region contains five open reading frames (ORFs) which code for proteins of greater than 100 amino acids. ORF YKL425 codes for the previously sequenced Mbr1 (Valens et al., 1991; Daignan-Fornier et al., 1993) which participates in mitochondrial biogenesis. YKL424 has identity with a GTPase-activating protein of higher eukaryotes. The three remaining ORFs have no identity to known proteins within the databases screened and are not assigned ORF numbers as they are completely contained with ORFs YKL424 and YKL425. This sequence has been entered in the EMBL Data Library under Accession Number X75561.
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    Yeast 10 (1994), S. 105-112 
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Cloning vectors ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; fusion proteins ; epitope tagging ; immunodetection ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: In this paper are described a set of new high-copy-number yeast vectors, which are specially designed for the conditional expression of epitope-tagged proteins in vivo. One of the major advantages of these plasmids is that they allow polymerase chain reaction-amplified open reading frames to be automatically fused in frame with the epitope-coding sequence, avoiding longer procedures such as site-directed mutagenesis. This heterologous construction can be realized either at the 5′-end of the coding sequence, in the pYeF1 vector, or at its 3′-end, in pYeF2, generating N- or C-terminal tagged proteins, respectively. Moreover, to increase the usefulness of the method, derivatives of the two basic URA3-borne pYeF1 and pYeF2 were constructed, carrying either the HIS3 or TRP1 gene as a marker of selection. These vectors could be of use for the purpose of functional analysis of the newly discovered genes resulting from the systematic sequencing of the yeast genome. Here, we present results showing the functional expression and the efficient immunoprecipitation of the epitope-tagged Rna15 protein, which is involved in Saccharomyces cerevisiae mRNA stability.
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    Yeast 10 (1994), S. 151-157 
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Growth cycle ; mRNA ; Northern analysis ; pulse labeling ; ribosome synthesis ; r-protein ; rRNA ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We have measured the content of ribosomes, the rate of synthesis of ribosomal RNA, and the level of the mRNA for ribosomal proteins as a culture of Saccharomyces cerevisiae passes through the growth cycle. The transcription of both ribosomal RNA and ribosomal protein genes disappears at an unexpectedly early stage in the growth cycle, accompanied by a decline in the total RNA content of the culture by nearly 50% and a decline in the number of ribosomes per cell to less than 25% of the maximum value. During this time the cells continue to grow through more than two doublings, initially at the normal log growth rate, which then decline gradually for several hours. The data suggest that the cell can sense an unfavorable change within the medium and responds by employing regulation of both synthesis and degradation of its ribosomes. We conclude that the cell regulates ribosome synthesis and content according to its estimate of the potential for growth.
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  • 79
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: PFK3 gene ; particulate phosphofructokinase ; nutrient stress ; thermal stress ; trehalose ; glycogen ; S. cerevisiae ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The pfk3 mutation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae causes glucose-negativity in a pfk1 genetic background, the mutant is temperature-sensitive for growth and homozygous diploids do not sporulate. It fails to accumulate trehalose, and has an altered glycogen accumulation profile under glucose-starvation conditions. pfk3-6, one of the alleles of pfk3, has an altered morphology, forming long chain-like structures at 36°C. The PFK3 gene was cloned by complementation of the mutant phenotypes. Integrative transformation demonstrated that the complementing fragment encoded the authentic PFK3 gene. The disruption of the gene does not affect viability. Like the EMS-induced pfk3 mutant, the disruptants are temperature-sensitive and in a pfk1 genetic background are also glucose-negative. The PFK3 transcript is induced by heat-shock. Partial DNA sequence shows that PFK3 is identical to TPS2 (De Virgilio et al., 1993). We demonstrate that, apart from being a structural determinant of trehalose 6-phosphate phosphatase, PFK3 (TPS2) is required for PFKII synthesis and normal regulation of S. cerevisiae response to nutrient and thermal stresses.
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  • 80
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Genome sequencing ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; chromosome XI ; SMY1 ; pre-mRNA splicing factor ; ATPase subunit C ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We report the DNA sequence analysis of a region on the left arm of chromosome XI of Saccharomyces cerevisiae extending over 10 kb. The region contains five open reading frames (ORFs) of greater than 100 amino acids which do not show significant overlap with other ORFs. YKL408 contains a sequence with strong similarity to the RNA helicase pre-mRNA splicing factors PRP2, PRP16 and PRP22 (Burgess et al., 1990; Company et al., 1991; Ruby et al., 1991). YKL409 corresponds to the gene SMY1, the sequence of which was previously reported by Lillie and Brown (1992). YKL410 is identical to ATPase subunit C (Beltran et al., 1992) except for an N-terminal extension. YKL406 and YKL407 show no significant identity with any sequences in the databases searched. The sequence has been entered in the EMBL Data Library under Accession Number X75560.
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  • 81
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    Yeast 10 (1994), S. 271-274 
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Genome sequencing ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; chromosome III ; telomeres ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: A comparison of the sequences of telomere regions from several yeast chromosomes revealed an apparent cloning artifact for the right end of chromosome III. An integrating vector containing G1-3T telomere sequences was used to clone the right end of chromosome III from a strain related to S288C. The sequence of this clone confirmed that the published sequence was incorrect and demonstrated that the right telomere region of chromosome III is similar to other telomeres.
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  • 82
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Saccharomyces douglasii ; evolution ; ARG4 ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: A 3·6 kb DNA fragment from Saccharomyces douglasii, containing the ARG4 gene, has been cloned, sequenced and compared to the corresponding region from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The organization of this region is identical in both yeasts. It contains besides the ARG4 gene, another complete open reading frame (ORF) (YSD83) and a third incomplete one (DED81). The ARG4 and the YSD83 coding regions differ from their S. cerevisiae homologs by 8.1% and 12·5%, respectively, of base substitutions. The encoded proteins have evolved differently: amino acid replacements are significantly less frequent in Arg4 (2·8%) than in Ysc83 (12·4%) and most of the changes in Arg4 are conservative, which is not the case for Ysc83. The non-coding regions are less conserved, with small AT-rich insertions/deletions and 20% base substitutions. However, the level of divergence is smaller in the aligned sequences of these regions than in silent sites of the ORFs, probably revealing a higher degree of constraints. The Gcn4 binding site and the region where meiotic double-strand breaks occur, are fully conserved. The data confirm that these two yeasts are evolutionarily closely related and that comparisons of their sequences might reveal conserved protein and DNA domains not expected to be found in sequence comparisons between more diverged organisms.
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    Yeast 10 (1994), S. 481-490 
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: THI4 (MOL1) ; thiamine biosynthesis ; thiamine uptake ; regulation ; molasses ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: THI4, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae gene originally identified as a result of transient expression in molasses medium and named MOL1 is regulated by thiamine. Using a THI4 promoter-lacZ fusion on a centromeric yeast vector, we have shown that the THI4 is completely repressed throughout batch culture by thiamine at a concentration around 1 μM, but shows high level constitutive expression in thiamine-free medium. The transient expression pattern observed in molasses medium can be mimicked by the addition of 0·15 μM-thiamine to defined minimal medium. Cells grown in thiamine-free medium have an intracellular thiamine concentration of around 9 pmol/107 cells. A low level (1 μM) of exogenous thiamine is completely sequestered from the medium within 30 min; intracellular thiamine concentrations rise rapidly, followed by a gradual decrease as a result of dilution during growth. A saturating extracellular level of thiamine leads to a maximal intracellular concentration of around 1600 pmol/107 cells, at which point the transport system is shut down. After transfer from repressing to non-repressing medium, THI4 becomes induced when the intracellular concentration of thiamine falls to 20 pmol/107 cells. A thi4::UARA3 disruption strain is auxotrophic for thiamine, but can grow in the presence of hydroxyethyl thiazole, indicating that the gene product is involved in the biosynthetic pathway leading to the formation of the thiazole precursor of thiamine.
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  • 84
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Ca2+ sensitive mutants ; cross-complementation ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; chromosome XII ; CCC1 ; calcium regulation ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We have isolated, sequenced, mapped and disrupted a novel gene, CCC1, from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This gene displays non-allelic complementation of the Ca2+-sensitive phenotype conferred by the csg1 mutation. The ability of this gene, in two copies per cell, to reverse the csg1 defect suggests it may have a role in regulating Ca2+ homeostasis. The sequence of CCC1 indicates that it encodes a 322 amino acid, membrane-associated protein. The CCC1 gene is located on the right arm of chromosome XII. The sequence has been deposited in the GenBank data library under Accession Number L24112.
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    Yeast 10 (1994) 
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
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    Yeast 10 (1994), S. 595-601 
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Schizosaccharomyces pombe ; M-factor ; pheromone ; peptide synthesis ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Conjugation in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe is controlled by the reciprocal action of mating pheromones. We recently showed that M-factor, the pheromone released by cells of the cellular mating type Minus, is a nonapeptide in which the C-terminal cysteine residue is carboxyl-methylated and S-alkylated, probably with a farnesyl residue (Davey, 1992): Tyr-Thr-Pro-Lys-Val-Pro-Tyr-Met-Cys(S-farnesyl)-OCH3. Here we describe the chemical synthesis of this modified peptide and show that it exhibits all of the properties of the native pheromone. These results confirm the structure of the M-factor while the production of relatively large amounts of pure pheromone will be invaluable for studying the mating response in this yeast.
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  • 87
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 10 (1994), S. 613-624 
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: mae2 ; malic acid ; wine ; Schizosaccharomyces pombe ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Sequence analysis of a 4·6-kb HindIII fragment containing the malic enzyme gene (mae2) of Schizosaccharomyces pombe, revealed the presence of an open reading frame of 1695 nucleotides, coding for a 565 amino acid polypeptide. The mae2 gene is expressed constitutively and encodes a single mRNA transcript of 2·0 kb. The mae2 gene was mapped on chromosome III by chromoblotting. The coding region and inferred amino acid sequence showed significant homology with 12 malic enzyme genes and proteins from widely different origins. Eight highly homologous regions were found in these malic enzymes, suggesting that they contain functionally conserved amino acid sequences that are indispensable for activity of malic enzymes. Two of these regions have previously been reported to be NAD- and NADP-binding sites.
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  • 88
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 10 (1994), S. 659-662 
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Recombinant DNA ; purine salvage enzymes ; conserved sequences ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The nucleotide sequence of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae gene encoding a potential adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (APRT) has been determined. The protein encoded by this gene shows a high degree of similarity with APRTs from a variety of other species. The S. cerevisiae gene, named APT2, has been mapped to chromosome IV. The sequence has been deposited in the GenBank data library under Accession Number L14434.
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  • 89
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 10 (1994), S. 693-695 
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; chromosome VIII ; STE20 ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: STE20 is a newly-discovered element of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae pheromone response pathway. We have isolated a recessive ste20 mutation and have used it to map the gene to the left arm of chromosome VIII, establishing the gene order STE20-CEN8-GPA1-ARG4.
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  • 90
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Transcription factors ; mitochondrial RNA polymerase ; zinc-finger protein ; glutamine domain ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: A yeast strain with a point mutation in the nuclear gene for the core subunit of mitochondrial RNA polymerase was used to isolate new extragenic suppressors. Spontaneously occurring phenotypical revertants were analysed by crosses with the wild-type and tetrad dissection. One of the new nuclear suppressor mutants was characterized by temperature-sensitive growth on non-fermentable carbon sources. This mutant was transformed with a genomic yeast library. Two independent types of DNA clones were isolated which both complemented the temperature-sensitive defect. Subcloning and DNA sequencing identified two novel yeast genes which code for proteins with the characteristic features of transcription factors. Both factors exhibit highly structured protein domains consisting of runs and clusters of asparagine and glutamine residues. One of the proteins contains in addition zinc-finger domains of the C2H2-type. Therefore the genes are proposed to be named AZF1 (asparagine-rich zinc-ffinger protein) and PGD1 (polyglutamine domain protein). Gene disruption of both reading frames has no detectable influence on the vegetative growth on complete glucose or glycerol media, indicating that the genes may act as high copy number suppressors of the mutant defect. Additional transformation experiments showed that AZF1 is also an efficient suppressor for the original defect in the core subunit of mitochondrial RNA polymerase. The DNA sequences for the AZF1 and PGD1 genes were submitted to the EMBL data base (Accession Numbers: Z26253 and Z26254).
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  • 91
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: REB1 ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; random selection ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We have used a random selection protocol to define the consensus and range of binding sites for the Saccharomyces cerevisiae REB1 protein. Thirty-five elements were sequenced which bound specifically to a GST-REB1p fusion protein coupled to glutathione-Sepharose under conditions in which more than 99·9% of the random sequences were not retained. Twenty-two of the elements contained the core sequence CGGGTRR, with all but one of the remaining elements containing only one deviation from the core. Of the core sequence, the only residues that were absolutely conserved were the three consecutive G residues. Statistical analysis of a nucleotide-use matrix suggested that the REB1p binding site also extends into flanking sequences with the optimal sequence for REB1p binding being GNGCCGGGGTAACNC. There was a positive correlation between the ability of the sites to bind in vitro and activate transcription in vivo; however, the presence of non-conformants suggests that the binding site may contribute more to transcriptional activation than simply allowing protein binding. Interestingly, one of the REB1p binding elements had a DNAse 1 footprint appreciably longer than other elements with similar affinity. Analysis of its sequence indicated the potential for a second REB1p binding site on the opposite strand. This suggests that two closely positioned low-affinity sites can function together as a highly active site. In addition, database searches with some of the randomly defined REB1p binding sites suggest that related elements are commonly found within ‘TATA-less’ promoters.
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  • 92
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Yeast ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; chromosome X ; COR cluster ; genes CYC1 ; UTR1 ; UTR3 ; OSM1 ; tRNAGly ; RAD7 ; open reading frame: systematic sequencing ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The COR region, a gene cluster located on chromosome X of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and including genes CYC1, UTR1, UTR3, OSM1, tRNAGly and RAD7, was sequenced within the framework of the European Union genome systematic sequencing project. It was compared with previously published sequences to be found in GenBank under the acronym YSCCORA. While some of the discrepancies observed can be readily ascribed to polymorphism, others most probably result from sequencing errors. A revised version of the sequence of the COR cluster is given. The sequence has been deposited in the EMBL Data Library under Accession Number L26347.
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  • 93
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Yeast ; genome ; KRE2/MNT1 ; KTR1 ; KTR2 ; BEM1 ; BUD5 ; CDC24 ; TUP1 ; PRP4 ; MSI1 ; STE4 ; CDC4 ; dTAFII80 ; transducin ; G-β subunit ; WD-40 repeat ; SH3 domain ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: This paper reports the DNA sequence and analysis of an 11·7 kb segment localized on the right arm of Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome II. This fragment contains one incomplete and five long and non-overlapping open reading frames (ORFs) designated from centromere to telomere-proximal side as: YBR1406, 1409, 1410, 1411, 1412 and 1413. YBR1406 corresponds to the 5′ end to PGI1 encoding phosphoglucoisomerase. YBR1410 encodes a polypeptide of 798 amino acids whose C terminus contains five repeats (WD-40 repeat) similar to those found in the β-subunits of G proteins and different yeast proteins such as Tup1, Prp4 and Cdc4. The higher similarity score is obtained with dTAFII80, a component of the RNA polymerase II transcriptional complex TFIID. YBR1411 encodes a polypeptide of 464 amino acids which belongs to the family of α-mannosyltransferases: KRE2/MNT1, KTR1, KTR2, YUR1 and the product of previously sequenced ORF YBR1445. YBR1412 corresponds to BEM1. The two ORFs, YBR1409 and YBR1413, which do not exhibit significant similarity with any known coding sequences, define new genes. The sequence has been deposited in the EMBL Data Library under Accession Number Z21487.
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  • 94
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Fission yeast ; DNA curvature ; gel shift assay ; DNA-binding protein ; cloning and sequencing ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We searched for fission yeast (Schizosaccharomyces pombe) proteins that preferentially bind to a synthetic curved DNA sequence, by means of a DNA-binding gel shift assay in the presence of an excess amount of a non-curved DNA sequence as a competitor. We identified such a protein in S. pombe. The protein, thus purified, has an apparent molecular weight of 42 000, as estimated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. It was suggested that this protein (42 K-protein) recognizes and binds to a curved DNA structure in a given nucleotide sequence, although it also binds to a non-curved DNA sequence with lower affinity. As its putative coding sequence, a 1·9-kilobase genomic DNA from S. pombe was cloned and sequenced. Sequencing of a cDNA clone also revealed the existence of an open reading frame, with no intron, encoding a 381-amino-acid protein with a calculated molecular mass, 41 597. This protein appears to be located in the nucleus. The predicted protein sequence revealed that the 42 K-protein exhibits no significant similarity to any other known proteins, except to a hypothetical protein of Caenorhabditis elegans.
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  • 95
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: S. pombe ; sequencing ; arginine ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We report here the cloning and sequencing of the gene encoding arginase (car1) from Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Since no arginase-less strain exists in this organism, we cloned the gene by functional complementation of a car1 mutant strain from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The S. pombe car1 gene encodes a 323 amino acids polypeptide sharing identity with arginases from different organisms. Measurements of arg3, arg11 and car1 mRNA under different growth conditions confirm the very weak repression by arginine of the two anabolic genes and show that the induction of arginase synthesis operates at a transcriptional level. The promoter of S. pombe car1 gene does not contain the ‘arginine boxes’ defined as the target of the ARGR-MCM1 proteins in the promoters of the arginine co-regulated genes in S. cerevisiae. The heterologous expression of S. pombe car1 gene in S. cerevisiae is independent of the ARGRII gene product (ArgRIIp/Arg81p). Determination of arginine, ornithine and citrulline intracellular concentrations shows the efficiency of the different controls operating in S. cerevisiae, and also indicates that in S. pombe enzyme compartmentation is not always sufficient to control the arginine metabolic flux.
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  • 96
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
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  • 97
    Electronic Resource
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 10 (1994), S. 733-745 
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Zygosaccharomyces ; α-galactosidase ; karyotyping ; MEL gene polymorphism ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We cloned and sequenced a Zygosaccharomyces cidri MEL gene with a view to investigating the structure and regulation of yeast MEL genes. The amino acid sequence deduced from the nucleotide sequence showed 78·6% and 78·2% similarity to Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Saccharomyces pastorianus α-galactosidases, respectively. The expression of the MEL gene in several Zygosaccharomyces strains was induced by galactose.An electrophoretic karyotype of several Zygosaccharomyces species was obtained using contour-clamped electric field gel electrophoresis. The minimum number of chromosomes was five for Z. cidri, six for Z. fermentati, three for Z. florentinus, and four for Z. microellipsoides. The sizes of the chromosomes were generally larger than those of S. cerevisiae, the smallest containing approximately 0·4 megabase.The MEL gene was located, using the Z. cidri MEL gene as a probe, on the largest chromosome of the Z. cidri strains. In addition, a smaller chromosome (600 kb) in Z. cidri strain CBS4575 showed hybridization to the homologous MEL probe. This chromosome was absent in Z. cidri strain CBS5666. The probe hybridized to the largest chromosome of Mel+ Z. fermentati strains but failed to hybridize to any chromosome of Mel+ Z. mrakii or Z. florentinus strains. These results suggest the existence of a polymorphic MEL gene family in the yeast Zygosaccharomyces.The sequence has been deposited in the EMBL Data Library under Accession Number L24957.
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  • 98
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Transposon-facilitated DNA sequencing ; SLK1 ; SSP31 ; yeast ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: In the framework of the European BIOTECH project for sequencing the Saccharomyces cerevisiae genome, we have determined the nucleotide sequence of the cosmid clone 233 provided by F. Galibert (Rennes Cedex, France). We present here 9743 base pairs of sequence derived from the left arm of chromosome X. This sequence reveals three new open reading frames and includes the published sequence (5′ end and open reading frame) of the gene BCK1/SLK1/SSP31 also identified as ORFAA. Deletion mutants of two earlier unknown open reading frames J0840 and J0904 are viable and the open reading frame J0902 is essential for yeast growth. The sequence has been entered in the EMBL data library under accession number X77923.
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  • 99
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: REV7 ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; induced mutagenesis ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The function of the REV7 gene is required for DNA damage-induced mutagenesis in budding yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and is therefore thought to promote replication past sites of mutagen damage in the DNA template. We have cloned this gene by complementation of the rev7-2 mutant defect, and determined its sequence. REV7 encodes a predicted protein of Mr 28 759 which is unlike any other protein in the NCBI non-redundant protein sequence data base, and which is inessential for viability. The sequence of the 3·88 kb yeast genomic fragment containing REV7 has been deposited in Genbank accession number U07228.
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  • 100
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: F1F0-ATPase ; ATP1 ; ATP2 ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; chromosomes ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Southern blot analysis showed that ATP1 and ATP2 map on chromosomes II and X, respectively. Physical mapping of ATP1 and ATP2 by chromosome fragmentation showed that ATP1 is at the left end of chromosome II and ATP2 is at the right end of chromosome X. Both are located close to telomere sequences of each chromosome; ATP1 and ATP2 being approximately 30 kb and 85 kb from the respective telomeres.
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