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  • Articles  (11)
  • Microbial biomass  (11)
  • 2010-2014
  • 2000-2004  (11)
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  • Geosciences  (11)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of long-term waste water irrigation on soil organic matter, soil microbial biomass and its activities in central Mexico (2000)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 31 (2000), S. 414-421 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Waste water irrigation ; Heavy metals ; Soil organic matter ; Microbial biomass ; Microbial activity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  The effect of long-term waste water irrigation (up to 80 years) on soil organic matter, soil microbial biomass and its activities was studied in two agricultural soils (Vertisols and Leptosols) irrigated for 25, 65 and 80 years respectively at Irrigation District 03 in the Valley of Mezquital near Mexico City. In the Vertisols, where larger amounts of water have been applied than in the Leptosols, total organic C (TOC) contents increased 2.5-fold after 80 years of irrigation. In the Leptosols, however, the degradability of the organic matter tended to increase with irrigation time. It appears that soil organic matter accumulation was not due to pollutants nor did microbial biomass:TOC ratios and qCO2 values indicate a pollutant effect. Increases in soil microbial biomass C and activities were presumably due to the larger application of organic matter. However, changes in soil microbial communities occurred, as denitrification capacities increased greatly and adenylate energy charge (AEC) ratios were reduced after long-term irrigation. These changes were supposed to be due to the addition of surfactants, especially alkylbenzene sulfonates (effect on denitrification capacity) and the addition of sodium and salts (effect on AEC) through waste water irrigation. Heavy metals contained in the sewage do not appear to be affecting soil processes yet, due to their low availability. Detrimental effects on soil microbial communities can be expected, however, from further increases in pollutant concentrations due to prolonged application of untreated waste water or an increase in mobility due to higher mineralization rates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003749900188
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Short-term effects of tillage systems on active soil microbial biomass (2000)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 31 (2000), S. 157-161 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Tillage systems ; Microbial biomass ; Carbon mineralization ; Active microbial biomass
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  Conservation tillage, and especially no-tillage, induce changes in the distribution of organic pools in the soil profile. In long-term field experiments, marked stratification of the total soil microbial biomass and its activity have been observed as consequence of the application of no-tillage to previously tilled soils. Our objective was to study the evolution of the total and active soil microbial biomass and mineralized C in vitro during the first crop after the introduction of no-tillage to an agricultural soil. The experiment was performed on a Typic Hapludoll from the Argentinean Pampa. Remaining plant residues, total and active microbial biomass and mineralized C were determined at 0–5 cm and 5–15 cm depths, at three sampling times: wheat tilling, silking and maturity. The introduction of no-tillage produced an accumulation of plant residues in the soil surface layer (0–5 cm), showing stratification with depth at all sampling dates. Active microbial biomass and C mineralization were higher under no-tillage than under conventional tillage in the top 5 cm of the profile. The total soil microbial biomass did not differ between treatments. The active soil biomass was highly and positive correlated with plant residues (r 2=0.617;P〈0.01) and with mineralized C (r 2=0.732;P〈0.01). Consequently, the active microbial biomass and mineralized C reflected immediately the changes in residue management, whereas the total microbial biomass seemed not to be an early indicator of the introduction of a new form of soil management in our experiment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050639
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transformations and recovery of residue and fertilizer nitrogen-15 in a sandy Lixisol of West Africa (2000)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 31 (2000), S. 261-269 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Cover crops ; Mixed residues ; Microbial biomass ; N-mineralization ; Soil organic matter fractions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  The fate of 15N-labeled plant residues from different cover-cropping systems and labeled inorganic N fertilizer in the organic, soil mineral, microbial biomass and soil organic matter (SOM) particle-size fractions was investigated in a sandy Lixisol. Plant residues were from mucuna (legume), lablab (legume), imperata (grass), maize (cereal) and mixtures of mucuna or lablab with imperata or maize, applied as a surface mulch. Inorganic N fertilizer was applied as 15N-(NH4)2SO4 at two rates (21 and 42 mg N kg–1 soil). Total N release from mucuna or lablab residues was 2–3 times higher than from the other residues, whereas imperata immobilized N throughout the study period. In contrast, 15N was mineralized from all the plant residues irrespective of the mineralization–immobilization pattern observed for total N. After 168 days, 69% of soil mineral N in mucuna- or lablab-mulched soils was derived from the added residues, representing 4–8% of residue N, whereas 9–30% of inorganic N was derived from imperata, maize and the mixed residues. At the end of the study, 4–19% of microbial biomass N was derived from the added residue/fertilizer-N, accounting for 1–3% of added residue-N. Averaged across treatments, particulate SOM fractions accounted for less than 1% of the total soil by weight but contained 20% of total soil C and 8% of soil N. Soils amended with mucuna or lablab incorporated more N in the 250–2000 μm SOM pool, whereas soil amended with imperata or the mixed residues incorporated similar proportions of labeled N in the 250–2000 μm and 53–250 μm fractions. In contrast, in soils receiving the maize or inorganic fertilizer-N treatments, higher proportions of labeled N were incorporated into the 53–250 μm than the 250–2000 μm fractions. The relationship between these differences in residue/fertilizer-N partitioning into different SOM particle-size fractions and soil productivity is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050655
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Soil organic carbon stocks, storage profile and microbial biomass under different crop management systems in a tropical agricultural ecosystem (2000)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 32 (2000), S. 273-278 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Carbon stocks ; Microbial biomass ; Tropical agriculture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  We investigated the soil organic C and N stocks, storage profiles and microbial biomass as influenced by different crop management systems in a tropical agricultural ecosystem. The different crop management systems significantly affected the C and N stocks and microbial biomass C and N at different soil depths. Amongst the systems evaluated, the rice-wheat system maintained a higher soil organic C content. Inclusion of legumes in the system improved the soil organic matter level and also soil microbial biomass activity, vital for the nutrient turnover and long-term productivity of the soil. Irrespective of the cropping system, approximately 58.4%, 25.7% and 15.9% of the C was distributed in 0–15, 15–30 and 30–60 cm depths, respectively.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740000248
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interactions between soil organic matter status, cropping history, method of quantification and sample pretreatment and their effects on measured aggregate stability (2000)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 30 (2000), S. 270-275 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Aggregate stability ; Soil organic matter ; Microbial biomass ; Pasture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  The effects of sample pretreatment (field-moist, air-dried or tension rewetted) on aggregate stability measured by wet sieving or turbidimetry were compared for a group of soil samples ranging in organic C content from 20 to 40 g C kg–1. Concentrations of total N, total and hot-water-extractable carbohydrate and microbial biomass C were linearly related to those of organic C. Aggregate stability measured by wet sieving using air-dried or field-moist samples and that measured by turbidimetry, regardless of sample pretreatment, increased curvilinearly with increasing soil organic C content. However, when tension-rewetted samples were used for wet sieving, aggregate stability was essentially unaffected by soil organic C content. Measurements of aggregate stability (apart from wet sieving using rewetted soils) were closely correlated with one another and with organic C, total and extractable carbohydrate and microbial biomass C content of the soils. The short-term effects of aggregate stability were also studied. Soils from under long-term arable management and those under long-term arable followed by 1 or 3 years under pasture had similar organic C contents, but aggregate stability measured by turbidimetry and by wet sieving using air-dried or field-moist samples increased with increasing years under pasture. Light fraction C, microbial biomass and hot-water-extractable carbohydrate concentrations also increased. It was concluded that both total and labile soil organic C content are important in relation to water-stable aggregation and that the use of tension-rewetted samples to measure stability by wet sieving is unsatisfactory since little separation of values is achieved.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050002
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nitrogen mineralization and microbial activity in permanent pastures amended with nitrogen fertilizer or dung (2000)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 30 (2000), S. 288-293 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Nitrogen mineralization ; Nitrogen immobilization ; Microbial biomass ; Fertilizer ; Specific respiration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  Gross rates of soil processes and microbial activity were measured in two grazed permanent pasture soils which had recently been amended with N fertilizer or dung. 15N studies of rates of soil organic matter turnover showed gross N mineralization was higher, and gross N immobilization was lower, in a long-term fertilized soil than in a soil which had never received fertilizer N. Net mineralization was also found to be higher in the fertilized soil: a consequence of the difference between the opposing N turnover processes of N mineralization and immobilization. In both soils without amendments the soil microbial biomass contents were similar, but biomass activity (specific respiration) was higher in the fertilized soil. Short-term manipulation of fertilizer N input, i.e. adding N to unfertilized soil, or witholding N from previously fertilized soil, for one growing season, did not affect gross mineralization, immobilization or biomass size and activity. Amendments of dung had little effect on gross mineralization, but there was an increase in immobilization in both soils. Total biomass also increased under dung in the unfertilized soil, but specific respiration was reduced, suggesting changes in the composition of the biomass. Dung had a direct effect on the microbial biomass by temporarily increasing available soil C. Prolonged input of fertilizer N increases soil C indirectly as a result of enhanced plant growth, the effect of which may not become evident within one seasonal cycle.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050005
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Changes in microbial community metabolism and labile organic matter fractions as early indicators of the impact of management on soil biological quality (2000)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 31 (2000), S. 78-84 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Biolog substrate-utilization patterns ; Microbial metabolic diversity ; Light-fraction organic matter ; Microbial biomass ; Agricultural management practices
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  Changes to the metabolic profiles of soil microbial communities could have potential for use as early indicators of the impact of management or other perturbations on soil functioning and soil quality. We compared the relative susceptibility to management of microbial community metabolism with a number of soil organic matter (OM) and microbial parameters currently used as indicators of changes in soil biological quality. Following long-term cereal cropping, plots were subjected to a 16-month treatment period consisting of either a mixed cropping sequence of vetch, spring barley and clover or a continuous grass-clover ley which was periodically mown and mulched. The treatments had no effect on soil biomass N or respiration of microbial populations inoculated into Biolog Gram negative (GN) plates. After 16 months there were no management-induced changes to total OM, light-fraction OM C and N, labile organic N or water-soluble carbohydrates. However, patterns of substrate utilization by the soil microbial population following inoculation into Biolog GN plates were found to be highly sensitive to management practice. In the mixed cropping sequence, substrate utilization changed markedly following plough-in of the vetch crop, with a smaller change occurring after harvesting of the barley. In the ley treatment, substrate utilization was not affected until the onset of mowing, when the pattern changed to become similar to that in the mixed cropping sequence. Metabolic diversity of the Biolog-culturable microbial population was increased by the ley treatment, but was not affected by the cropping sequence. We conclude that patterns of microbial substrate utilization and metabolic diversity are more sensitive to the effects of management than are OM and biomass pools, and therefore have value as early indicators of the impacts of management on soil biological properties, and hence soil quality.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050627
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of vegetation manipulation of abandoned arable land on soil microbial properties (2000)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 31 (2000), S. 121-127 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Permanent set-aside ; Diversity ; Ecosystem functioning ; N mineralization ; Microbial biomass
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  The effect of vegetation composition on various soil microbial properties in abandoned arable land was investigated 2 years after agricultural practice had terminated. Microbial numbers and processes were determined in five replicate plots of each of the following treatments: continued agricultural practice (monoculture of buckwheat in 1997), natural colonization by the pioneer community (arable weeds), and manipulated colonization from low (four species, three functional groups: grasses, forbs and legumes) or high diversity (15 species, three functional groups) seed mixtures from plant species that are characteristic of abandoned fields in later successional stages. The results indicated that differences in above-ground plant biomass, plant species composition and plant species diversity had no significant effect on soil microbial processes (net N mineralization, short-term nitrification, respiration and Arg ammonification), microbial biomass C and N (fumigation-incubation) or colony-forming units of the major microbial groups. Hence, there were no indications that soil microbial processes responded differently within 2 years of colonization of abandoned arable land by later successional plants as compared to that by plants from the natural pioneer weed community. Therefore, it seems that during the first few years after arable field abandonment, plants are more dependent on the prevailing soil microbiological conditions than vice versa.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050634
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Microbial responses to fluctuation of soil aeration status and redox conditions (2000)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 31 (2000), S. 315-322 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Aeration status ; Glucose ; Microbial biomass ; Redox potential ; Anoxic conditions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  The response of the microbial community to changes in aeration status, from oxic to anoxic and from anoxic to oxic, was determined in arable soil incubated in a continuous flow incubation apparatus. Soil incubated in permanently oxic (air) and/or anoxic (O2-free N2) conditions was used as the control. Before experiments soil was preincubated for 6 days, then aeration status was changed and glucose added. Glucose concentration, extractable C, CO2 production, microbial biomass, pH and redox potential were determined 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 24, 36 and 48 h after change of aeration status. If oxic conditions were changed to anoxic, the amount of glucose consumed was reduced by about 60%, and CO2 production was 10 times lower at the end of incubation compared to the control (permanently oxic conditions). Microbial biomass increased by 114% in glucose-amended soil but did not change in unamended soil. C immobilization prevailed over C mineralization. Redox potential decreased from +627 mV to –306 mV. If anoxic conditions were changed to oxic, consumption of glucose and CO2 evolution significantly increased, compared to permanently anoxic conditions. Microbial biomass did not change in glucose-amended soil, but decreased by 78% in unamended soil. C mineralization was accelerated. Redox potential increased from +238 to +541 mV. The rate of glucose consumption was low in anoxic conditions if soil was incubated in pure N2 but increased significantly when incubation was carried out in a CO2/N2 mixture.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050662
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Critical sulphur concentration and sulphur requirement of microbial biomass in a glucose and cellulose-amended regosol (2000)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 32 (2000), S. 310-317 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Critical sulphur concentration ; Sulphur requirement ; Microbial biomass ; Glucose ; Cellulose
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  The critical S concentration and S requirement of the soil microbial biomass of a granitic regosol was examined. S was applied at the rate of 0, 5, 10, 20, 30 and 50 μg S as MgSO4·7H2O, together with either 3000 μg glucose-C or 3333 μg cellulose-C, 400 μg N, and 200 μg P g –1 soil and 200 μg K g–1 soil. Microbial biomass, inorganic SO4 2–-S, and CO2 emission were monitored over 30 days during incubation at 25  °C. Both glucose and cellulose decomposition rates responded positively to the S made available for microbial cell synthesis. The amounts of microbial biomass C and S increased with the level of applied S up to 10 μg S g–1 soil and 30 μg S g–1 soil in the glucose- and cellulose-amended soil, respectively, and then declined. Incorporated S was found to be concentrated within the microbial biomass or partially transformed into soil organic matter. The concentration of S in the microbial biomass was higher in the cellulose- (4.8–14.2 mg g–1) than in the glucose-amended soil (3.7–10.9 mg g–1). The microbial biomass C:S ratio was higher in the glucose- (46–142 : 1) than in the cellulose-amended soil (36–115 : 1). The critical S concentration in the microbial biomass (defined as that required to achieve 80% of the maximum synthesis of microbial biomass C) was estimated to be 5.1 mg g–1 in the glucose- and 10.9 mg g–1 in the cellulose-amended soil. The minimum requirement of SO4 2–-S for microbial biomass formation was estimated to be 11 μg S g–1 soil and 21 μg S g–1 soil for glucose- and cellulose-amended soil, respectively. The highest levels of activity of the microbial biomass were observed at the SO4 2–-S concentrations of 14 μg S g–1 soil and 17 μg S g–1 soil, for the glucose and cellulose amendments, respectively, and were approximately 31–54% higher during glucose than cellulose decomposition.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740000253
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nitrogen dynamics in different types of pasture in the Austrian Alps (2000)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 32 (2000), S. 321-327 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Alpine pastures ; Denitrification ; Ion-exchange resins ; Microbial biomass ; Nitrogen cycling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  Soil N dynamics were compared in Alpine pastures on two mountains. N-pool sizes and N fluxes were measured relative to N losses via leaching and denitrification in summer. On each mountain, four types of pasture were studied: (1) forest pastures, (2) recently developed pastures formed by forest clearance ("new pastures"), (3) older established pastures, and (4) pastures planted with clover. At both study sites (Scheuchegg and Teufelstein) we obtained similar results. Compared with forest pasture soils, open pasture soils were found to have greater microbial biomass and faster mineralisation potentials, but net field mineralisation rates were slower. In the forest pastures, highest N losses via denitrification were found. Higher potential leaching of NO3 –, estimated by accumulation of NO3 – on ion-exchange resins, in the forest pasture soils suggests lower N uptake by microbes and herbaceous plants compared with open pastures. N2O-production rates of the forest pasture soils at the Scheuchegg site (11.54 μg N2O-N m–2 h–1) were of similar magnitude to those reported for spruce forests without pastures, but at Teufelstein (53.75 μg N2O-N m–2 h–1) they were higher. However, if forest pastures are not overgrazed, no elevated N loss through N2O production and leaching of NO3 – is expected. Denitrification rates in the open pastures (0.83–7.50 μg N2O-N m–2 h–1) were low compared with reports on lowland pastures. In soils of the new pastures, rates of microbial N processes were similar to those in the established pastures, indicating a high capacity of soils to restore their internal N cycle after forest clearance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740000255
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