ALBERT

Note: Contents Preface and acknowledgments The book website www.cambridge.org/smylie 1 Introduction and theoretical background 1.1 Scalar, vector and tensor analysis 1.2 Separation of vector fields 1.3 Vector spherical harmonics 1.4 Elasticity theory 1.5 Linear algebraic systems 1.6 Interpolation and approximation 2 Time sequence and spectral analysis 2.1 Time domain analysis 2.2 Linear optimum Wiener filters 2.3 Frequency domain analysis 2.4 Fourier series and transforms 2.5 Power spectral density estimation 2.6 Maximum entropy spectral analysis 3 Earth deformations 3.1 Equilibrium equations 3.2 The reciprocal theorem of Betti 3.3 Radial equations: spheroidal and torsional 3.4 Dynamical equations 3.5 Solutions near the geocentre 3.6 Numerical integration of the radial equations 3.7 Fundamental, regular solutions in the inner core 4 Earth's rotation: observations and theory 4.1 Reference frames 4.2 Polar motion and wobble 4.3 The dynamics of polar motion and wobble 4.4 Nutation and motion of the celestial pole 5 Earth's figure and gravitation 5.1 Historical development 5.2 External gravity and figure 5.3 Equilibrium theory of the internal figure 5.4 Gravity coupling 6 Rotating fluids and the outer core 6.1 The inertial wave equation 6.2 Dynamics of the fluid outer core 6.3 Scaling of the core equations 6.4 Compressibility and density stratification 7 The subseisniic equation and boundary conditions 7.1 The subseismic wave equation 7.2 Deformation of the shell and inner core 8 Variational methods and core modes 8.1 A subseismic variational principle 8.2 Representation of the functional 8.3 Finite element support functions 8.4 Boundary conditions and constraints 8.5 Numerical implementation and results 8.6 Rotational splitting and viscosity 8.7 A viscosity profile for the outer core 9 Static deformations and dislocation theory 9.1 The elasticity theory of dislocations 9.2 The theory for realistic Earth models 9.3 Changes in the inertia tensor and the secular polar shift Appendix A Elementary results from vector analysis A.1 Vector identities A.2 Vector calculus identities A.3 Integral theorems Appendix B Properties of Legendre functions B.1 Recurrence relations B.2 Evaluation of Legendre functions Appendix C Numerical Earth models C.1 The Earth models References Fortran index Subject index

Note: Оглавление Роль В.Г. Зольникова в изучении мерзлотных почв Зольников Василий Георгиевич (к столетию со дня рождения) / Л.Г. Еловская Роль В.Г. Зольникова в изучении почвенного покрова Якутии / Д.Д. Саввинов Роль Центрального музея почвоведения им. В.В. Докучаева в исследовании мерзлотных почв России / Б.Ф. Апарин Региональные проблемы изучения мерзлотных почв Микростроение органопрофиля мерзлотных почв криолитозоны Забайкалья / В.М. Корсунов, В.М. Чиркова Криогенные почвы юга Восточной Сибири и вопросы их картографирования / В.А. Кузьмин Микроструктура почвенного покрова северной части О.Большевик (архипелаг Северная Земля) / Б.Ф. Апарин, В.Б. Апарин О количественной оценке разнообразия почв / А.И. Куликов, Е.Д. Канаева, М.А. Куликов К вопросу о мерзлотных почвах Юго-Восточного Алтая / Е.Н. Смоленцева Формы серы в мерзлотных почвах притундровых лесов Енисейского Севера / Т.В. Пономарева Влияние растительного покрова и микрорельефа на азотный фонд почв бугорковой тундры Сибири / К. Биази, В. Ванек, О. Русалимова, К. Кайзер, Х. Мейер, П. Барсуков, А. Рихтер Состав гумуса мерзлотных почв мелкодолинных ландшафтов Лено-Амгинского междуречья / М.В. Оконешникова, Р.В. Десяткин Особенности микробных комплексов островных почв дельты р. Селенга как показатели мерзлотности, обусловленной влиянием оз. Байкал / Э.О. Макушкин, Н.Д. Сорокин, В.М. Корсунов, Е.Ю. Шахматова, Е.Н. Афанасова Проблемы эволюции мерзлотных почв Центральной Якутии / А.П. Чевычелов, В.П. Скрыбыкина, А.А. Перк Особенности распространения доминирующих типов мерзлотных почв бассейна р. Биллях / Я.Р. Герасимов, Г.Н. Саввинов Биохимические и геохимические особенности почв урбанизированных территорий (на примере г. Мирный, Западная Якутия) / М.В. Щелчкова, Я.Б.Легостаева Экология мерзлотных почв Метанообразование в мерзлых почвах / А. Брушков, М. Фукуда Методические проблемы почвенно-геохимических исследований в экологии / Б.С. Ягнышев Криотурбации мерзлотных почв Севера при глобальном изменении климата (разнообразие, экология) / П.П. Гаврильев, Р.Н. Иванова Динамика гидротермических поясов / А.И. Дмитриев Влияние температурного режима почвы на радиальный прирост стволов лиственницы в Центральной Якутии / А.Н. Николаев, П.П. Федоров Сезонная динамика теплофизических свойств аласных почв / В.С. Макаров Изменение пространственной структуры растительного покрова аласа как показатель динамики почвенных условий / М.Х. Николаева, А.Р. Десяткин Агрофизические свойства мерзлотных палевых осолоделых почв Центральной Якутии / А.П. Пестерев Связь радиального прироста лиственницы Каяндера с температурным режимом почв / П.П. Федоров, А.Н. Николаев Естественные радионуклиды и радиоцезий в почвах тундровой и таежной зон Якутии / П.И. Собакин, А.П. Чевычелов Средняя годовая температура почвогрунтов на подошве деятельного слоя Западной Якутии и ее зависимость от средней годовой температуры воздуха / И.С. Васильев Баланс органогенного углерода в мерзлотных лесных экосистемах / Т.Х. Максимов, Б.И. Иванов, А.Й. Долман, Е.Й. Муре, А.П. Максимов, А.В. Кононов, Т. Ота, М. Хейманп Исследования динамики промерзания мерзлотных таежных почв около г. Якутска / П.Я. Константинов Охрана и рациональное использование мерзлотных почв Мерзлотно-экологическое районирование агроземель на примере Мегино-Кангаласского улуса / П.В. Ефремов Классификация геокриологических и почвенных процессов по степени опасности и безопасности для сельскохозяйственного освоения / П.П. Гаврильев Влияние погодных условий на солевой режим и продуктивность аласных дерново-луговых почв / А.Р. Десяткин, М.Х. Николаева Ритмика обводнения аласных почв Лено-Амгинского междуречья / Н.П. Босиков Урожайность зерновых в зависимости от варианта обработки и водно-физических свойств мерзлотной палевой осолоделой почвы / С.И. Баишев Почвенный покров и его деградация в окрестностях города Мирный / П.П. Данилов, Г.Н. Саввинов Особенности почвенного покрова территории месторождения "Таборное" / В.Г. Тарабукина, В.С. Макаров, В.С. Боескоров , English translation of Table of contents The role of V.G. Zolnikov in the study of permafrost soils Zolnikov Vasily Georgievich (on the occasion of the centenary of his birth) / L.G. Elovskaya The role of V.G. Zolnikov in the study of the soil cover of Yakutia / D.D. Savvinov The role of the Central Museum of Soil Science named after. V.V. Dokuchaev in the study of permafrost soils in Russia / B.F. Aparin Regional problems of studying permafrost soils Microstructure of the organoprofile of permafrost soils in the permafrost zone of Transbaikalia / V.M. Korsunov, V.M. Chirkova Cryogenic soils of the south of Eastern Siberia and issues of their mapping / V.A. Kuzmin Microstructure of the soil cover in the northern part of O. Bolshevik (Severnaya Zemlya archipelago) / B.F. Aparin, V.B. Aparin On the quantitative assessment of soil diversity / A.I. Kulikov, E.D. Kanaeva, M.A. Kulikov On the issue of frozen soils in South-Eastern Altai / E.N. Smolentseva Forms of sulfur in frozen soils of tundra forests of the Yenisei North / T.V. Ponomareva The influence of vegetation cover and microrelief on the nitrogen pool of soils in the hummock tundra of Siberia / K. Biasi, V. Vanek, O. Rusalimova, K. Kaiser, H. Meyer, P. Barsukov, A. Richter Composition of humus in permafrost soils in shallow valley landscapes of the Lena-Amga interfluve / M.V. Okoneshnikova, R.V. Desyatkin Features of microbial complexes of island soils of the river delta Selenga as indicators of permafrost caused by the influence of the lake. Baikal / E.O. Makushkin, N.D. Sorokin, V.M. Korsunov, E.Yu. Shakhmatova, E.N. Afanasova Problems of evolution of permafrost soils in Central Yakutia / A.P. Chevychelov, V.P. Skrybykina, A.A. Perk Features of the distribution of the dominant types of permafrost soils in the river basin. Billyakh / Ya.R. Gerasimov, G.N. Savvinov Biochemical and geochemical features of soils in urbanized areas (on the example of the city of Mirny, Western Yakutia) / M.V. Shchelchkova, Ya.B.Legostaeva Ecology of frozen soils Methane formation in frozen soils / A. Brushkov, M. Fukuda Methodological problems of soil-geochemical research in ecology / B.S. Yagnyshev Cryoturbation of permafrost soils of the North under global climate change (diversity, ecology) / P.P. Gavrilyev, R.N. Ivanova Dynamics of hydrothermal belts / A.I. Dmitriev The influence of soil temperature on the radial growth of larch trunks in Central Yakutia / A.N. Nikolaev, P.P. Fedorov Seasonal dynamics of thermophysical properties of alass soils / V.S. Makarov Changes in the spatial structure of the alas plant cover as an indicator of the dynamics of soil conditions / M.Kh. Nikolaeva, A.R. Desyatkin Agrophysical properties of frozen pale yellow solodized soils of Central Yakutia / A.P. Pesterev Relationship between the radial growth of Cajander larch and the temperature regime of soils / P.P. Fedorov, A.N. Nikolaev Natural radionuclides and radiocesium in soils of the tundra and taiga zones of Yakutia / P.I. Sobakin, A.P. Chevychelov Average annual soil temperature at the base of the active layer of Western Yakutia and its dependence on the average annual air temperature / I.S. Vasiliev Organogenic carbon balance in permafrost forest ecosystems / T.Kh. Maksimov, B.I. Ivanov, A.Y. Dolman, E.Y. Mure, A.P. Maksimov, A.V. Kononov, T. Ota, M. Heymanp Study of the dynamics of freezing of frozen taiga soils near the city of Yakutsk / P.Ya. Konstantinov Protection and rational use of permafrost soils Permafrost-ecological zoning of agricultural lands using the example of the Megino-Kangalassky ulus / P.V. Efremov Classification of geocryological and soil processes according to the degree of danger and safety for agricultural development / P.P. Gavriliev The influence of weather conditions on the salt regime and productivity of alas sod-meadow soils / A.R. Desyatkin, M.Kh. Nikolaev Rhythm of watering of alass soils of the Lena-Amga interfluve / N.P. Bosikov Grain yield depending on the treatment option and water-physical properties of frozen pale-yellow soil / S.I. Baishev Soil cover and its degradation in the vicinity of the city of Mirny / P.P. Danilov, G.N. Savvinov Features of the soil cover of the territory of the Tabornoe deposit / V.G. Tarabukina, V.S. Makarov, V.S. Fighters , In kyrillischer Schrift

Note: Translation of Table of Contents Preface Paleozoic stratigraphy of the southeastern part of the West Siberian plate / V.N. Dubatolov, V.I. Krasnov, O.I. Bogush, V.M. Zadorozhny, S.A. Stepanov, L.S., Ratanov, V.I. Bijakov, N.P. Zapivalov, Z.Ya. Serdyuk, I.P. Mukhina Foraminifera and stratigraphy of the Lower Carboniferous of the West Siberian Plate / O.I. Bogush Findings of Middle Paleoeoic polychaetes in the southeastern part of the West Siberian Plate / R.M. Myannil, N.M. Zaslavskaya Algae of the Middle and Upper Devonian of Western Siberia and the Urals / B.I. Chuvashov, O.V. Yuferev, V.A. Luchinina About the boundary of the Lower and Middle Devonian. Ostracode associations / E.N. Polenova Distribution of foraminifera in typical Devonian sections of the Kuznetsk Basin margins / V.M. Zadorozhny Stratigraphy of Devonian deposits of the Rubtsovsky ore district (Rudny Altai) / V.M. Chekalin, V.A. Zheltonogova Comparison of Devonian deposits of Salair, Altai and the Urals based on materials from the study of crinoids / Yu.A. Dubatolova, E.V. Dubatolova, V.S. Militsina The first finds of spores in the Middle Devonian deposits of the Nazarovo depression of the Minusinsk trough / L.N. Peterson, A.P. Kosorukov On the age and geographical type of fauna from the Upper Paleozoic deposits of the Pavlodar Irtysh region / O.A. Betekhtina Application , СОДЕРЖАНИЕ Предисловие Стратиграфия палеозоя юго-восточной части Западно-Сибирской плиты / В.Н. Дубатолов, В.И. Краснов, О.И. Богуш, В.М. Задорожный, С.А. Степанов, Л.С, Ратанов, В.И. Биджаков, Н.П. Запивалов, З.Я. Сердюк, И.П. Мухина Фораминиферы и стратиграфия нижнего карбона Западно-Сибирской плиты / О.И. Богуш Находки среднепалеоэойских полихет в юго-восточной части Западно-Сибирской плиты / Р.М. Мянниль, Н.М. Заславская Водоросли среднего и верхнего девона Западной Сибири и Урала / Б.И. Чувашов, О.В. Юферев, В.А. Лучинина О границе нижнего и среднего девона. Остракодовые ассоциации / Е.Н. Поленова Распространение фораминифер в типовых разрезах девона окраин Кузнецкого бассейна / В.М. Задорожный Стратиграфия девонских отложений Рубцовского рудного района ( Рудный Алтай) / В.М. Чекалин, В.А. Желтоногова Сопоставление девонских отложений Салаира, Алтая и Урала по материалам изучения криноидей / Ю.А. Дубатолова, Е.В. Дубатолова, В.С. Милицина Первые находки спор в среднедевонских отложениях Назаровской впадины Минусинского прогиба / Л.Н. Петерсон, А.П. Косоруков О возрасте и географическом типе фауны из верхнепалеозойских отложений Павлодарского Прииртышья / О.А. Бетехтина Приложение , In kyrillischer Schrift

Note: CONTENTS: Introduction. - I. GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT CRYOGENESIS OF LITHOSPHERE. - I.1. Concept of Lithosphere Cryogenesis and how the book is Structured. - I.2. Development of the Earth Lithosphere Cryogenesis. - I.3. Principle Stages of Development for Recent Permafrost. - II. ZONAL AND REGIONAL REGULARITIES OF SPREADING AND THERMAL REGIME FOR PERMAFROST, TALIKS, SEASONAL FREEZING AND THAWING OF SOILS. - II.l. The Role of Radiation, Climatic and Landscape Factors in the Formation of Thermal Regime for Earth Surface and Soils. - II.2. Causes and Features of Geocryological Latitudinal Zonality and "Sectorality". - II.3. Geocryological Altitudinal Zonality, Its Types and Peculiarities of Manifestation in Connection with Altitude and Geographical Location of Mountain Areas. - II.4. The Influence of Regional Factors on Distibution and Thermal Regime of Permafrost. - II.5. Regularities of Talik Distribution and Existence. - II.6. Principal Regularities of Seasonal Soil Freezing and Thawing. - Ill. ZONAL AND REGIONAL REGULARITIES OF PERIGLACIAL PROCESSES DEVELOPMENT AND SPREADING OF PERIGLACIAL PHENOMENA. - III.l. The Relations Between Periglacial Processes and Phenomena in the System of Cryogenesis. - III.2. Frost Weathering (Zonal and Regional Regularities) Phenomena of Frost Heaving and Its Regional and Zonal Location. - III.3 Regularities of recent spreading of frost heaving. Phenomena of frost heaving and its regional and zonal location. - III.4. Regularities of Frost Cracking and Polygonal-Wedge Structures Formation. - III.5. Spot Medallions and Cryoturbation. - III.6. Solifluction and Solifluction Phenomena. - III.7. Regularities of Kurum Spreading, Composition and Mobility. - III.8. Rock- Glaciers. Regularities of Formation and Distribution. - III.9. Thermocarst Phenomena. Regularities of Formation, Spreading and Mobility. - III.10. Thermoabrasion. Regularities of Spreading and Development. - III.11. Regularities of Icing and Icing Features Formation. - IV. ZONAL AND REGIONAL REGULARITIES OF SYNGENETIC AND EPIGENETIC PERMAFROST STRATA FORMATION. - IV.l. Syngenetic and Epigenetic Permafrost Strata. Their Role in Permafrost Zone Formation. - IV.2. Regional and Zonal Regularities of Syngenetic Perennially Frozen Deposits Formation. - IV.3. Regional and Zonal Regularities of Spreading and Cryogenetic Building of Epigenetic Perennially Frozen Soils. - IV.4. Epigenetic Frozen Rocks and Their Cryogenic Building in Massifs. - IV.5. Taber and Taberlike Deposits. - V. REGIONAL AND ZONAL REGULARITIES OF PERMAFROST BUILDING AND PERMAFROST THICKNESS FORMATION. - V.l. Method of Analysis for Regional and Zonal Features of Permafrost Building and Permafrost Thickness. - V.2. To the Question of Thermal Properties of Soils and Rocks in Massifs. - V.3. Regularities of Influence of Geostructural and Geothermal Conditions on Permafrost Thickness and Permafrost Building. - V.4. Influence of Geomorphology and Topography on Permafrost Thickness and Permafrost Building. - V.5. Influence of Ground Water on Permafrost Distribution, Building and Thickness. - V.6. Gases and Gas Hydrates in Aquasphere and Their Interaction with Permafrost. - V.7. Influence of Arctic Seas Transgression and Regression on Permafrost Building and Thickness. - V.8. Glaciation and Deglaciation. Their Relations and Interaction with Permafrost. - VI. BASIC FEATURES OF CRYGENESIS AND PECULIARITIES OF PLATFORM PERMAFROST. - VI.1. Main Geostructural Features of Platforms. Their influence on Permafrost Conditions. - VI.2. Relief and Late Cepozoic Deposits. Their Influence on Permafrost Conditions. - VI.3. Cryohydrogeological Features of Platforms. - VI.4. Zone of Gas Hydrate Formation of Oil and Gas regions in Permafrost Area. - VI.5. Natural History and Building of Platforms Permafrost. - VII. BASIC FEATURES OF CRYOGENESIS AND PECULIARITIES OF MOUNTAIN AREAS PERMAFROST. - VII.1. Main Geostructural Features of Mountain Areas. Their Influence on Permafrost Conditions. - VII.2. Reliefs and Late Cepozoic Deposits. Their Influence on Permafrost Conditions. - VII.3. Cryohydrogeological Features of Orogenic Areas. - VII.4. Natural History and Features of Mountain Areas Permafrost. - VIII. SUBSEA PERMAFROST OF ARCTIC BASIN. - VIII.1. Types of Offshore Permafrost in Arctic Basin. Hypothesis of Its Formation. - VIII.2. Regularities of Temperature Formation for Near Bottom Water and Deposits in Arctic Basin. - VIII.3. Thickness and Building of Subsea Permafrost. - Conclusion. - References. - Contents. , In kyrillischer Schrift , Inhaltsverzeichnis auch in englischer Sprache

Note: J. B. Dawson, D. A. Carswell, J. Hall, and K.H. Wedepohl: Introduction / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 24:vii-viii, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.024.01.01 --- R. Meissner: Twenty years of deep seismic reflection profiling in Germany—a contribution to our knowledge of the nature of the lower Variscan crust / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 24:1-10, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.024.01.02 --- D. H. Matthews: Seismic reflections from the lower crust around Britain / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 24:11-21, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.024.01.03 --- S. B. Smithson: A physical model of the lower crust from North America based on seismic reflection data / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 24:23-34, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.024.01.04 --- V. Haak and R. Hutton: Electrical resistivity in continental lower crust / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 24:35-49, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.024.01.05 --- J. Hall: The physical properties of layered rocks in deep continental crust / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 24:51-62, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.024.01.06 --- D. S. Chapman: Thermal gradients in the continental crust / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 24:63-70, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.024.01.07 --- J. F. Dewey: Diversity in the lower continental crust / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 24:71-78, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.024.01.08 --- N. J. Kusznir and R. G. Park: Continental lithosphere strength: the critical role of lower crustal deformation / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 24:79-93, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.024.01.09 --- K. Weber: Metamorphism and crustal rheology—implications for the structural development of the continental crust during prograde metamorphism / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 24:95-106, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.024.01.10 --- S. A. F. Murrell: The role of deformation, heat, and thermal processes in the formation of the lower continental crust / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 24:107-117, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.024.01.11 --- K. Fuchs: Intraplate seismicity induced by stress concentration at crustal heterogeneities—the Hohenzollern Graben, a case history / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 24:119-132, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.024.01.12 --- K. Lambeck: Crustal structure and evolution of the central Australian basins / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 24:133-145, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.024.01.13 --- R. W. Kay and S. M. Kay: Petrology and geochemistry of the lower continental crust: an overview / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 24:147-159, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.024.01.14 --- J. Touret: Fluid inclusions in rocks from the lower continental crust / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 24:161-172, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.024.01.15 --- S. R. Taylor and S.M. McLennan: The chemical composition of the Archaean crust / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 24:173-178, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.024.01.16 --- R. L. Rudnick and S. R. Taylor: Geochemical constraints on the origin of Archaean tonalitic-trondhjemitic rocks and implications for lower crustal composition / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 24:179-191, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.024.01.17 --- D. A. Carswell and S.J. Cuthbert: Eclogite facies metamorphism in the lower continental crust / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 24:193-209, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.024.01.18 --- S. Moorbath and P.N. Taylor: Geochronology and related isotope geochemistry of high-grade metamorphic rocks from the lower continental crust / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 24:211-220, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.024.01.19 --- B. F. Windley and J. Tarney: The structural evolution of the lower crust of orogenic belts, present and past / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 24:221-230, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.024.01.20 --- C. Pin and J. D. Sills: Petrogenesis of layered gabbros and ultramafic rocks from Val Sesia, the Ivrea Zone, NW Italy: trace element and isotope geochemistry / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 24:231-249, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.024.01.21 --- S. Robertson: Evolution of the late Archaean lower continental crust in southern West Greenland / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 24:251-260, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.024.01.22 --- L. Schiøtte, D. Bridgwater, K.D. Collerson, A.P. Nutman, and A.B. Ryan: Chemical and isotopic effects of late Archaean high-grade metamorphism and granite injection on early Archaean gneisses, Saglek-Hebron, northern Labrador / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 24:261-273, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.024.01.23 --- D. M. Shaw, J. J. Cramer, M. D. Higgins, and M. G. Truscott: Composition of the Canadian Precambrian shield and the continental crust of the earth / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 24:275-282, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.024.01.24 --- M. Raith and P. Raase: High grade metamorphism in the granulite belt of Finnish Lapland / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 24:283-295, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.024.01.25 --- R. C. Newton and E.C. Hansen: The South India-Sri Lanka high-grade terrain as a possible deep-crust section / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 24:297-307, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.024.01.26 --- H.-G. Stosch, G. W. Lugmair, and H.A. Seck: Geochemistry of granulite-facies lower crustal xenoliths: implications for the geological history of the lower continental crust below the Eifel, West Germany / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 24:309-317, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.024.01.27 --- H. Downes and A. Leyreloup: Granulitic xenoliths from the French Massif Central—petrology, Sr and Nd isotope systematics and model age estimates / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 24:319-330, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.024.01.28 --- J. R. Broadhurst: Mineral reactions in xenoliths from the Colorado Plateau; implications for lower crustal conditions and fluid composition / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 24:331-349, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.024.01.29 --- P. W. C. van Calsteren, N. B. W. Harris, C. J. Hawkesworth, M. A. Menzies, and N. W. Rogers: Xenoliths from southern Africa: a perspective on the lower crust / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 24:351-362, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.024.01.30 --- W. L. Griffin and S. Y. O’Reilly: The lower crust in eastern Australia: xenolith evidence / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 24:363-374, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.024.01.31

Note: СОДЕРЖАНИЕ Предисnовие Новые пути в геоморфологии ее роль в развитии производительных сил Сибири / В. А. Николаев Рельеф и системный подход / О. В. Кашменская Новизна и перспективы системного подхода в геоморфологии (в связи с вопросами rеоморфолоrического картирования) / З. М. Хворостова Геоморфологическая формация и природно-территориалъный комплекс / Л. С. Миляева Корреляция вершинной и базисной поверхностей / Э. Л. Якименко, Н. С. Маковская, В. С. Порядин Особенности геолого-геоморфологическоrо изучения сейсмичности Алтае-Саянской горной области / Г. А. Чернов Рельеф и перспективы сельскохозяйственного использования земельных ресурсов Западно-Сибирской равнины / В. А. Николаев , Д. В. Пучкова , Translation of Table of Contents Preface New paths in geomorphology and its role in the development of the productive forces of Siberia / V. A. Nikolaev Relief and systematic approach / O. V. Kashmenskaya Novelty and prospects of a systematic approach in geomorphology (in connection with issues of geomorphological mapping) / Z. M. Khvorostova Geomorphological formation and natural-territorial complex / L. S. Milyaeva Correlation of vertex and base surfaces / E. L. Yakimenko, N. S. Makovskaya, V. S. Poryadin Features of geological and geomorphological study of seismicity in the Altai-Sayan mountain region / G. A. Chernov Relief and prospects for agricultural use of land resources of the West Siberian Plain / V. A. Nikolaev, D. V. Puchkova , In kyrillischer Schrift

Note: Contents Contents Preface Acknowledgements Part 1: Making Sediment Introduction Clastic sediment as a chemical and physical breakdown product 1.1 Introduction: clastic sediments—'accidents' of weathering 1.2 Silicate minerals and chemical weathering 1.3 Solute flux: rates and mechanisms of silicate chemical weathering 1.4 Physical weathering 1.5 Soils as valves and filters for the natural landscape 1.6 Links between soil age, chemical weathering and weathered-rock removal 1.7 Provenance: siliciclastic sediment-sourcing Further reading 2 Carbonate, siliceous, iron-rich and evaporite sediments 2.1 Marine vs. freshwater chemical composition and fluxes 2.2 The calcium carbonate system in the oceans 2.3 Ooid carbonate grains 2.4 Carbonate grains from marine plants and animals 2.5 Carbonate muds, oozes and chalks 2.6 Other carbonate grains of biological origins 2.7 Organic productivity, sea-level and atmospheric controls of biogenic CaCO3 deposition rates 2.8 CaCO3 dissolution in the deep ocean and the oceanic CaCO3 compensation mechanism 2.9 The carbonate system on land 2.10 Evaporite salts and their inorganic precipitation as sediment 2.11 Silica and pelagic plankton 2.12 Iron minerals and biomineralizers 2.13 Desert varnish 2.14 Phosphates 2.15 Primary microbial-induced sediments: algal mats and stromatolites Further reading 3 Sediment grain properties 3.1 General 3.2 Grain size 3.3 Grain-size distributions 3.4 Grain shape and form 3.5 Bulk properties of grain aggregates Further reading Part 2: Moving Fluid Introduction 4 Fluid basics 4.1 Material properties of fluids 4.2 Fluid kinematics 4.3 Fluid continuity with constant density 4.4 Fluid dynamics 4.5 Energy, mechanical work and power Further reading 5 Types of fluid motion 5.1 Osborne Reynolds and flow types 5.2 The distribution of velocity in viscous flows: the boundary layer 5.3 Turbulent flows 5.4 The structure of turbulent shear flows 5.5 Shear flow instabilities, flow separation and secondary currents 5.6 Subcritical and supercritical flows: the Froude number and hydraulic jumps 5.7 Stratified flow generally 5.8 Water waves 5.9 Tidal flow—long-period waves Further reading Part 3: Transporting Sediment Introduction 6 Sediment in fluid and fluid flow—general 6.1 Fall of grains through stationary fluids 6.2 Natural flows carrying particulate material are complex 6.3 Fluids as transporting machines 6.4 Initiation of grain motion 6.5 Paths of grain motion 6.6 Categories of transported sediment 6.7 Some contrasts between wind and water flows 6.8 Cohesive sediment transport and erosion 6.9 A warning: nonequilibrium effects dominate natural sediment transport systems 6.10 Steady state, deposition or erosion: the sediment continuity equation and competence vs. capacity Further reading 7 Bedforms and sedimentary structures in flows and under waves 7.1 Trinity of interaction: turbulent flow, sediment transport and bedform development 7.2 Water-flow bedforms 7.3 Bedform phase diagrams for water flows 7.4 Water flow erosional bedforms on cohesive beds 7.5 Water wave bedforms 7.6 Combined flows: wave-current ripples and hummocky cross-stratification 7.7 Bedforms and structures formed by atmospheric flows Further reading 8 Sediment gravity flows and their deposits 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Granular flows 8.3 Debris flows 8.4 Turbidity flows 8.5 Turbidite evidence for downslope transformation from turbidity to debris flows Further reading 9 Liquefaction, fluidization and sliding sediment deformation 9.1 Liquefaction 9.2 Sedimentary structures formed by and during liquefaction 9.3 Submarine landslides, growth faults and slumps 9.4 Desiccation and synaeresis shrinkage structures Further reading Part 4: Major External Controls on Sedimentation and Sedimentary Environments Introduction 10 Major external controls on sedimentation 10.1 Climate 10.2 Global climates: a summary 10.3 Sea-level changes 10.4 Tectonics 10.5 Sediment yield, denudation rate and the sedimentary record Further reading Part 5: Continental Sedimentary Environments Introduction 11 Rivers 11.1 Introduction 11.2 River networks, hydrographs,patterns and long profiles 11.3 Channel form 11.4 Channel sediment transport processes, bedforms and internal structures 11.5 The floodplain 11.6 Channel belts, alluvial ridges and avulsion 11.7 River channel changes, adjustable variables and equilibrium 11.8 Alluvial architecture: product of complex responses 11.9 Alluvial architecture: scale, controls and time Further reading 12 Subaerial Fans: Alluvial and Colluvial 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Controls on the size (area) and gradient of fans 12.3 Physical processes on alluvial fans 12.4 Debris-flow-dominated alluvial fans 12.5 Stream-flow-dominated alluvial fans 12.6 Recognition of ancient alluvial fans and talus cones Further reading 13 Aeolian Sediments in Low-Latitude Deserts 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Aeolian system state 13.3 Physical processes and erg formation 13.4 Erg margins and interbedform areas 13.5 Erg and draa evolution and sedimentary architecture 13.6 Erg construction, stasis and destruction: climate and sea-level controls 13.7 Ancient desert facies Further reading 14 Lakes 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Lake stratification 14.3 Clastic input by rivers and the effect of turbidity currents 14.4 Wind-forced physical processes 14.5 Temperate lake chemical processes and cycles 14.6 Saline lake chemical processes and cycles 14.7 Biological processes and cycles 14.8 Modern temperate lakes and their sedimentary facies 14.9 Lakes in the East African rifts 14.10 Lake Baikal 14.11 The succession of facies as lakes evolve 14.12 Ancient lake facies Further reading 15 Ice 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Physical processes of ice flow 15.3 Glacier flow, basal lubrication and surges 15.4 Sediment transport, erosion and deposition by flowing ice 15.5 Glacigenic sediment: nomenclature and classification 15.6 Quaternary and modern glacial environments and facies 15.7 Ice-produced glacigenic erosion and depositional facies on land and in the periglacial realm 15.8 Glaciofluvial processes on land at and within the ice-front 15.9 Glacimarine environments 15.10 Glacilacustrine environments 15.11 Glacial facies in the pre-Quaternary geological record: case of Cenozoic Antarctica Further reading Part 6: Marine Sedimentary Environments Introduction 16. Estuaries 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Estuarine dynamics 16.3 Modern estuarine morphology and sedimentary environments 16.4 Estuaries and sequence stratigraphy Further reading 17. River and Fan Deltas 17.1 Introduction to river deltas 17.2 Basic physical processes and sedimentation at the river delta front 17.3 Mass movements and slope failure on the subaqueous delta 17.4 Organic deposition in river deltas 17.5 River delta case histories 17.6 River deltas and sea-level change 17.7 Ancient river delta deposits 17.8 Fan deltas Further reading 18. Linear Siliciclastic Shorelines 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Beach processes and sedimentation 18.3 Barrier-inlet-spit systems and their deposits 18.4 Tidal flats, salt marsh and chenier ridges 18.5 Ancient clastic shoreline facies Further reading 19 Siliciclastic Shelves 19.1 Introduction: shelf sinks and lowstand bypass 19.2 Shelf water dynamics 19.3 Holocene highstand shelf sediments: general 19.4 Tide-dominated, low river input, highstand shelves 19.5 Tide-dominated, high river input, highstand shelves 19.6 Weather-dominated highstand shelves Further reading 20 Calcium-carbonate-evaporite Shorelines, Shelves and Basins 20.1 Introduction: calcium carbonate 'nurseries' and their consequences 20.2 Arid carbonate tidal flats, lagoons and evaporite sabkhas 20.3 Humid carbonate tidal flats and marshes 20.4 Lagoons and bays 20.5 Tidal delta and margin-spillover carbonate tidal sands 20.6 Open-shelf carbonate ramps 20.7 Platform margin reefs and carbonate build-ups 20.8 Platform margin slopes and basins 20.9 Carbonate sediments, cycles and sea-level change 20.10 Displacement and destruction of carbonate environments: silicicl