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  • Cooperatives  (41)
  • Internal waves  (22)
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  • 1
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    Mesoscale eddy–internal wave coupling. Part II : energetics and results from PolyMode (2010)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-05-25
    Beschreibung: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2010. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Physical Oceanography 40 (2010): 789-801, doi:10.1175/2009JPO4039.1.
    Beschreibung: The issue of internal wave–mesoscale eddy interactions is revisited. Previous observational work identified the mesoscale eddy field as a possible source of internal wave energy. Characterization of the coupling as a viscous process provides a smaller horizontal transfer coefficient than previously obtained, with vh 50 m2 s−1 in contrast to νh 200–400 m2 s−1, and a vertical transfer coefficient bounded away from zero, with νυ + (f2/N2)Kh 2.5 ± 0.3 × 10−3 m2 s−1 in contrast to νυ + (f2/N2)Kh = 0 ± 2 × 10−2 m2 s−1. Current meter data from the Local Dynamics Experiment of the PolyMode field program indicate mesoscale eddy–internal wave coupling through horizontal interactions (i) is a significant sink of eddy energy and (ii) plays an O(1) role in the energy budget of the internal wave field.
    Schlagwort(e): Eddies ; Internal waves ; Mesoscale processes
    Repository-Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 2
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    Mesoscale eddy-internal wave coupling. Part I : symmetry, wave capture, and results from the Mid-Ocean Dynamics Experiment (2010)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-05-25
    Beschreibung: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2008. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Physical Oceanography 38 (2008): 2556-2574, doi:10.1175/2008JPO3666.1.
    Beschreibung: Vertical profiles of horizontal velocity obtained during the Mid-Ocean Dynamics Experiment (MODE) provided the first published estimates of the high vertical wavenumber structure of horizontal velocity. The data were interpreted as being representative of the background internal wave field, and thus, despite some evidence of excess downward energy propagation associated with coherent near-inertial features that was interpreted in terms of atmospheric generation, these data provided the basis for a revision to the Garrett and Munk spectral model. These data are reinterpreted through the lens of 30 years of research. Rather than representing the background wave field, atmospheric generation, or even near-inertial wave trapping, the coherent high wavenumber features are characteristic of internal wave capture in a mesoscale strain field. Wave capture represents a generalization of critical layer events for flows lacking the spatial symmetry inherent in a parallel shear flow or isolated vortex.
    Beschreibung: Salary support for this analysis was provided by Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution bridge support funds.
    Schlagwort(e): Eddies ; Ocean dynamics ; Internal waves ; Ocean variability
    Repository-Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 3
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    Oceanic internal-wave field : theory of scale-invariant spectra (2011)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-05-25
    Beschreibung: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2010. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Physical Oceanography 40 (2010): 2605–2623, doi:10.1175/2010JPO4132.1.
    Beschreibung: Steady scale-invariant solutions of a kinetic equation describing the statistics of oceanic internal gravity waves based on wave turbulence theory are investigated. It is shown in the nonrotating scale-invariant limit that the collision integral in the kinetic equation diverges for almost all spectral power-law exponents. These divergences come from resonant interactions with the smallest horizontal wavenumbers and/or the largest horizontal wavenumbers with extreme scale separations. A small domain is identified in which the scale-invariant collision integral converges and numerically find a convergent power-law solution. This numerical solution is close to the Garrett–Munk spectrum. Power-law exponents that potentially permit a balance between the infrared and ultraviolet divergences are investigated. The balanced exponents are generalizations of an exact solution of the scale-invariant kinetic equation, the Pelinovsky–Raevsky spectrum. A small but finite Coriolis parameter representing the effects of rotation is introduced into the kinetic equation to determine solutions over the divergent part of the domain using rigorous asymptotic arguments. This gives rise to the induced diffusion regime. The derivation of the kinetic equation is based on an assumption of weak nonlinearity. Dominance of the nonlocal interactions puts the self-consistency of the kinetic equation at risk. However, these weakly nonlinear stationary states are consistent with much of the observational evidence.
    Beschreibung: This research is supported by NSF CMG Grants 0417724, 0417732 and 0417466. YL is also supported by NSF DMS Grant 0807871 and ONR Award N00014-09-1-0515.
    Schlagwort(e): Waves ; Oceanic ; Internal waves ; Spectral analysis
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  • 4
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    Energy transfer from high-shear, low-frequency internal waves to high-frequency waves near Kaena Ridge, Hawaii (2012)
    American Meteorological Society
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    Publikationsdatum: 2022-05-25
    Beschreibung: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2012. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Physical Oceanography 42 (2012): 1524–1547, doi:10.1175/JPO-D-11-0117.1.
    Beschreibung: Evidence is presented for the transfer of energy from low-frequency inertial–diurnal internal waves to high-frequency waves in the band between 6 cpd and the buoyancy frequency. This transfer links the most energetic waves in the spectrum, those receiving energy directly from the winds, barotropic tides, and parametric subharmonic instability, with those most directly involved in the breaking process. Transfer estimates are based on month-long records of ocean velocity and temperature obtained continuously over 80–800 m from the research platform (R/P) Floating Instrument Platform (FLIP) in the Hawaii Ocean Mixing Experiment (HOME) Nearfield (2002) and Farfield (2001) experiments, in Hawaiian waters. Triple correlations between low-frequency vertical shears and high-frequency Reynolds stresses, uiw∂Ui/∂z, are used to estimate energy transfers. These are supported by bispectral analysis, which show significant energy transfers to pairs of waves with nearly identical frequency. Wavenumber bispectra indicate that the vertical scales of the high-frequency waves are unequal, with one wave of comparable scale to that of the low-frequency parent and the other of much longer scale. The scales of the high-frequency waves contrast with the classical pictures of induced diffusion and elastic scattering interactions and violates the scale-separation assumption of eikonal models of interaction. The possibility that the observed waves are Doppler shifted from intrinsic frequencies near f or N is explored. Peak transfer rates in the Nearfield, an energetic tidal conversion site, are on the order of 2 × 10−7 W kg−1 and are of similar magnitude to estimates of turbulent dissipation that were made near the ridge during HOME. Transfer rates in the Farfield are found to be about half the Nearfield values.
    Beschreibung: This work was supported by the National Science Foundation and the Office of Naval Research.
    Beschreibung: 2013-03-01
    Schlagwort(e): Diapycnal mixing ; Energy transport ; Internal waves ; Nonlinear dynamics ; Ship observations ; Spectral analysis/models/distribution
    Repository-Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 5
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    Parametric subharmonic instability of the internal tide at 29°N (2013)
    American Meteorological Society
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    Publikationsdatum: 2022-05-25
    Beschreibung: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2013. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Physical Oceanography 43 (2013): 17–28, doi:10.1175/JPO-D-11-0108.1.
    Beschreibung: Observational evidence is presented for transfer of energy from the internal tide to near-inertial motions near 29°N in the Pacific Ocean. The transfer is accomplished via parametric subharmonic instability (PSI), which involves interaction between a primary wave (the internal tide in this case) and two smaller-scale waves of nearly half the frequency. The internal tide at this location is a complex superposition of a low-mode waves propagating north from Hawaii and higher-mode waves generated at local seamounts, making application of PSI theory challenging. Nevertheless, a statistically significant phase locking is documented between the internal tide and upward- and downward-propagating near-inertial waves. The phase between those three waves is consistent with that expected from PSI theory. Calculated energy transfer rates from the tide to near-inertial motions are modest, consistent with local dissipation rate estimates. The conclusion is that while PSI does befall the tide near a critical latitude of 29°N, it does not do so catastrophically.
    Beschreibung: This work was sponsored by NSF OCE 04-25283.
    Beschreibung: 2013-07-01
    Schlagwort(e): Diapycnal mixing ; Internal waves ; Nonlinear dynamics
    Repository-Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 6
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    Direct breaking of the internal tide near topography : Kaena Ridge, Hawaii (2010)
    American Meteorological Society
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    Publikationsdatum: 2022-05-25
    Beschreibung: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2008. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Physical Oceanography 38 (2008): 380-399, doi:10.1175/2007JPO3728.1.
    Beschreibung: Barotropic to baroclinic conversion and attendant phenomena were recently examined at the Kaena Ridge as an aspect of the Hawaii Ocean Mixing Experiment. Two distinct mixing processes appear to be at work in the waters above the 1100-m-deep ridge crest. At middepths, above 400 m, mixing events resemble their open-ocean counterparts. There is no apparent modulation of mixing rates with the fortnightly cycle, and they are well modeled by standard open-ocean parameterizations. Nearer to the topography, there is quasi-deterministic breaking associated with each baroclinic crest passage. Large-amplitude, small-scale internal waves are triggered by tidal forcing, consistent with lee-wave formation at the ridge break. These waves have vertical wavelengths on the order of 400 m. During spring tides, the waves are nonlinear and exhibit convective instabilities on their leading edge. Dissipation rates exceed those predicted by the open-ocean parameterizations by up to a factor of 100, with the disparity increasing as the seafloor is approached. These observations are based on a set of repeated CTD and microconductivity profiles obtained from the research platform (R/P) Floating Instrument Platform (FLIP), which was trimoored over the southern edge of the ridge crest. Ocean velocity and shear were resolved to a 4-m vertical scale by a suspended Doppler sonar. Dissipation was estimated both by measuring overturn displacements and from microconductivity wavenumber spectra. The methods agreed in water deeper than 200 m, where sensor resolution limitations do not limit the turbulence estimates. At intense mixing sites new phenomena await discovery, and existing parameterizations cannot be expected to apply.
    Beschreibung: This work was funded by the National Science Foundation as a component of the Hawaii Ocean Mixing Program. Added support for FLIP was provided by the Office of Naval Research.
    Schlagwort(e): Pacific Ocean ; Topographic effects ; Internal waves ; Barotropic flows ; Baroclinic flows
    Repository-Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 7
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    Nonlinear disintegration of the internal tide (2010)
    American Meteorological Society
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    Publikationsdatum: 2022-05-25
    Beschreibung: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2008. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Physical Oceanography 38 (2008): 686-701, doi:10.1175/2007JPO3826.1.
    Beschreibung: The disintegration of a first-mode internal tide into shorter solitary-like waves is considered. Since observations frequently show both tides and waves with amplitudes beyond the restrictions of weakly nonlinear theory, the evolution is studied using a fully nonlinear, weakly nonhydrostatic two-layer theory that includes rotation. In the hydrostatic limit, the governing equations have periodic, nonlinear inertia–gravity solutions that are explored as models of the nonlinear internal tide. These long waves are shown to be robust to weak nonhydrostatic effects. Numerical solutions show that the disintegration of an initial sinusoidal linear internal tide is closely linked to the presence of these nonlinear waves. The initial tide steepens due to nonlinearity and sheds energy into short solitary waves. The disintegration is halted as the longwave part of the solution settles onto a state close to one of the nonlinear hydrostatic solutions, with the short solitary waves superimposed. The degree of disintegration is a function of initial amplitude of the tide and the properties of the underlying nonlinear hydrostatic solutions, which, depending on stratification and tidal frequency, exist only for a finite range of amplitudes (or energies). There is a lower threshold below which no short solitary waves are produced. However, for initial amplitudes above another threshold, given approximately by the energy of the limiting nonlinear hydrostatic inertia–gravity wave, most of the initial tidal energy goes into solitary waves. Recent observations in the South China Sea are briefly discussed.
    Beschreibung: KRH was supported by a Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Mellon Independent Study Award and ONR Grant N000140610798.
    Schlagwort(e): Tides ; Internal waves ; Solitary waves ; Inertia–gravity waves ; Rotation
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  • 8
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    The unpredictable nature of internal tides on continental shelves (2012)
    American Meteorological Society
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    Publikationsdatum: 2022-05-25
    Beschreibung: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2012. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Physical Oceanography 42 (2012): 1981–2000, doi:10.1175/JPO-D-12-028.1.
    Beschreibung: Packets of nonlinear internal waves (NLIWs) in a small area of the Mid-Atlantic Bight were 10 times more energetic during a local neap tide than during the preceding spring tide. This counterintuitive result cannot be explained if the waves are generated near the shelf break by the local barotropic tide since changes in shelfbreak stratification explain only a small fraction of the variability in barotropic to baroclinic conversion. Instead, this study suggests that the occurrence of strong NLIWs was caused by the shoaling of distantly generated internal tides with amplitudes that are uncorrelated with the local spring-neap cycle. An extensive set of moored observations show that NLIWs are correlated with the internal tide but uncorrelated with barotropic tide. Using harmonic analysis of a 40-day record, this study associates steady-phase motions at the shelf break with waves generated by the local barotropic tide and variable-phase motions with the shoaling of distantly generated internal tides. The dual sources of internal tide energy (local or remote) mean that shelf internal tides and NLIWs will be predictable with a local model only if the locally generated internal tides are significantly stronger than shoaling internal tides. Since the depth-integrated internal tide energy in the open ocean can greatly exceed that on the shelf, it is likely that shoaling internal tides control the energetics on shelves that are directly exposed to the open ocean.
    Beschreibung: This research was supported by ONR Grants N00014-05-1-0271, N00014-08-1-0991, N00014-04- 1-0146, and N00014-11-1-0194.
    Beschreibung: 2013-05-01
    Schlagwort(e): Internal waves ; Nonlinear dynamics ; Tides
    Repository-Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 9
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    Seasonal kinetic energy variability of near-inertial motions (2010)
    American Meteorological Society
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    Publikationsdatum: 2022-05-25
    Beschreibung: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2009. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Physical Oceanography 39 (2009): 1035-1049, doi:10.1175/2008JPO3920.1.
    Beschreibung: Seasonal variability of near-inertial horizontal kinetic energy is examined using observations from a series of McLane Moored Profiler moorings located at 39°N, 69°W in the western North Atlantic Ocean in combination with a one-dimensional, depth-integrated kinetic energy model. The time-mean kinetic energy and shear vertical wavenumber spectra of the high-frequency motions at the mooring site are in reasonable agreement with the Garrett–Munk internal wave description. Time series of depth-dependent and depth-integrated near-inertial kinetic energy are calculated from available mooring data after filtering to isolate near-inertial-frequency motions. These data document a pronounced seasonal cycle featuring a wintertime maximum in the depth-integrated near-inertial kinetic energy deriving chiefly from the variability in the upper 500 m of the water column. The seasonal signal in the near-inertial kinetic energy is most prominent for motions with vertical wavelengths greater than 100 m but observable wintertime enhancement is seen down to wavelengths of the order of 10 m. Rotary vertical wavenumber spectra exhibit a dominance of clockwise-with-depth energy, indicative of downward energy propagation and implying a surface energy source. A simple depth-integrated near-inertial kinetic energy model consisting of a wind forcing term and a dissipation term captures the order of magnitude of the observed near-inertial kinetic energy as well as its seasonal cycle.
    Beschreibung: Funding to initiate the McLane Moored Profiler observations at Line W were provided by grants from the G. Unger Vetlesen Foundation and the Comer Charitable Fund to the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution’s Ocean and Climate Change Institute. Ongoing moored observations at Line W are supported by the National Science Foundation (NSF Grant OCE-0241354).
    Schlagwort(e): Kinetic energy ; Internal waves ; Intraseasonal variability ; North Atlantic Ocean ; In situ observations
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  • 10
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    Internal waves and turbulence in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (2013)
    American Meteorological Society
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    Publikationsdatum: 2022-05-25
    Beschreibung: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2013. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Physical Oceanography 43 (2013): 259–282, doi:10.1175/JPO-D-11-0194.1.
    Beschreibung: This study reports on observations of turbulent dissipation and internal wave-scale flow properties in a standing meander of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) north of the Kerguelen Plateau. The authors characterize the intensity and spatial distribution of the observed turbulent dissipation and the derived turbulent mixing, and consider underpinning mechanisms in the context of the internal wave field and the processes governing the waves’ generation and evolution. The turbulent dissipation rate and the derived diapycnal diffusivity are highly variable with systematic depth dependence. The dissipation rate is generally enhanced in the upper 1000–1500 m of the water column, and both the dissipation rate and diapycnal diffusivity are enhanced in some places near the seafloor, commonly in regions of rough topography and in the vicinity of strong bottom flows associated with the ACC jets. Turbulent dissipation is high in regions where internal wave energy is high, consistent with the idea that interior dissipation is related to a breaking internal wave field. Elevated turbulence occurs in association with downward-propagating near-inertial waves within 1–2 km of the surface, as well as with upward-propagating, relatively high-frequency waves within 1–2 km of the seafloor. While an interpretation of these near-bottom waves as lee waves generated by ACC jets flowing over small-scale topographic roughness is supported by the qualitative match between the spatial patterns in predicted lee wave radiation and observed near-bottom dissipation, the observed dissipation is found to be only a small percentage of the energy flux predicted by theory. The mismatch suggests an alternative fate to local dissipation for a significant fraction of the radiated energy.
    Beschreibung: SW acknowledges the support of the Grantham Institute for Climate Change, Imperial College London. ACNG acknowledges the support of a NERC Advanced Research Fellowship (Grant NE/C517633/1). KLP acknowledges support from Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution bridge support funds.
    Beschreibung: 2013-08-01
    Schlagwort(e): Diapycnal mixing ; Internal waves ; Turbulence
    Repository-Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 11
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    Subharmonic energy transfer from the semidiurnal internal tide to near-diurnal motions over Kaena Ridge, Hawaii (2013)
    American Meteorological Society
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    Publikationsdatum: 2022-05-25
    Beschreibung: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2013. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Physical Oceanography 43 (2013): 766–789, doi:10.1175/JPO-D-12-0141.1.
    Beschreibung: Nonlinear energy transfers from the semidiurnal internal tide to high-mode, near-diurnal motions are documented near Kaena Ridge, Hawaii, an energetic generation site for the baroclinic tide. Data were collected aboard the Research Floating Instrument Platform (FLIP) over a 35-day period during the fall of 2002, as part of the Hawaii Ocean Mixing Experiment (HOME) Nearfield program. Energy transfer terms for a PSI resonant interaction at midlatitude are identified and compared to those for near-inertial PSI close to the M2 critical latitude. Bispectral techniques are used to demonstrate significant energy transfers in the Nearfield, between the low-mode M2 internal tide and subharmonic waves with frequencies near M2/2 and vertical wavelengths of O(120 m). A novel prefilter is used to test the PSI wavenumber resonance condition, which requires the subharmonic waves to propagate in opposite vertical directions. Depth–time maps of the interactions, formed by directly estimating the energy transfer terms, show that energy is transferred predominantly from the tide to subharmonic waves, but numerous reverse energy transfers are also found. A net forward energy transfer rate of 2 × 10−9 W kg−1 is found below 400 m. The suggestion is that the HOME observations of energy transfer from the tide to subharmonic waves represent a first step in the open-ocean energy cascade. Observed PSI transfer rates could account for a small but significant fraction of the turbulent dissipation of the tide within 60 km of Kaena Ridge. Further extrapolation suggests that integrated PSI energy transfers equatorward of the M2 critical latitude may be comparable to PSI energy transfers previously observed near 28.8°N.
    Beschreibung: This work was supported by the National Science Foundation and the Office of Naval Research.
    Beschreibung: 2013-10-01
    Schlagwort(e): Diapycnal mixing ; Energy transport ; Internal waves ; Nonlinear dynamics ; Topographic effects ; In situ oceanic observations
    Repository-Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 12
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    The modification of bottom boundary layer turbulence and mixing by internal waves shoaling on a barrier reef (2012)
    American Meteorological Society
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    Publikationsdatum: 2022-05-25
    Beschreibung: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2011. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Physical Oceanography 41 (2011): 2223–2241, doi:10.1175/2011JPO4344.1.
    Beschreibung: Results are presented from an observational study of stratified, turbulent flow in the bottom boundary layer on the outer southeast Florida shelf. Measurements of momentum and heat fluxes were made using an array of acoustic Doppler velocimeters and fast-response temperature sensors in the bottom 3 m over a rough reef slope. Direct estimates of flux Richardson number Rf confirm previous laboratory, numerical, and observational work, which find mixing efficiency not to be a constant but rather to vary with Frt, Reb, and Rig. These results depart from previous observations in that the highest levels of mixing efficiency occur for Frt 〈 1, suggesting that efficient mixing can also happen in regions of buoyancy-controlled turbulence. Generally, the authors find that turbulence in the reef bottom boundary layer is highly variable in time and modified by near-bed flow, shear, and stratification driven by shoaling internal waves.
    Beschreibung: Funding was provided by grants from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s National Undersea Research Program, National Science Foundation Grants OCE-0622967 and OCE- 0824972 to SGM, and the Singapore Stanford Program. Kristen Davis was supported by a National Defense Science and Engineering Graduate Fellowship and an ARCS Foundation Fellowship.
    Schlagwort(e): Boundary layer ; Turbulence ; Bottom currents ; Mixing ; Internal waves
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  • 13
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    The impact of finite-amplitude bottom topography on internal wave generation in the Southern Ocean (2014)
    American Meteorological Society
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    Publikationsdatum: 2022-05-25
    Beschreibung: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2014. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Physical Oceanography 44 (2014): 2938–2950, doi:10.1175/JPO-D-13-0201.1.
    Beschreibung: Direct observations in the Southern Ocean report enhanced internal wave activity and turbulence in a kilometer-thick layer above rough bottom topography collocated with the deep-reaching fronts of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. Linear theory, corrected for finite-amplitude topography based on idealized, two-dimensional numerical simulations, has been recently used to estimate the global distribution of internal wave generation by oceanic currents and eddies. The global estimate shows that the topographic wave generation is a significant sink of energy for geostrophic flows and a source of energy for turbulent mixing in the deep ocean. However, comparison with recent observations from the Diapycnal and Isopycnal Mixing Experiment in the Southern Ocean shows that the linear theory predictions and idealized two-dimensional simulations grossly overestimate the observed levels of turbulent energy dissipation. This study presents two- and three-dimensional, realistic topography simulations of internal lee-wave generation from a steady flow interacting with topography with parameters typical of Drake Passage. The results demonstrate that internal wave generation at three-dimensional, finite bottom topography is reduced compared to the two-dimensional case. The reduction is primarily associated with finite-amplitude bottom topography effects that suppress vertical motions and thus reduce the amplitude of the internal waves radiated from topography. The implication of these results for the global lee-wave generation is discussed.
    Beschreibung: This research was supported by the National Science Foundation under Award CMG-1024198.
    Beschreibung: 2015-05-01
    Schlagwort(e): Circulation/ Dynamics ; Diapycnal mixing ; Internal waves ; Mixing ; Mountain waves ; Topographic effects ; Waves, oceanic
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  • 14
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    Near-inertial internal wave field in the Canada Basin from ice-tethered profilers (2014)
    American Meteorological Society
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    Publikationsdatum: 2022-05-25
    Beschreibung: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2014. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Physical Oceanography 44 (2014): 413–426, doi:10.1175/JPO-D-13-0117.1.
    Beschreibung: Salinity and temperature profiles from drifting ice-tethered profilers in the Beaufort gyre region of the Canada Basin are used to characterize and quantify the regional near-inertial internal wave field over one year. Vertical displacements of potential density surfaces from the surface to 750-m depth are tracked from fall 2006 to fall 2007. Because of the time resolution and irregular sampling of the ice-tethered profilers, near-inertial frequency signals are marginally resolved. Complex demodulation is used to determine variations with a time scale of several days in the amplitude and phase of waves at a specified near-inertial frequency. Characteristics and variability of the wave field over the course of the year are investigated quantitatively and related to changes in surface wind forcing and sea ice cover.
    Beschreibung: The ITP program and J. Toole’s contributions were supported by the National Science Foundation Office of Polar Programs Arctic Observing Network. We acknowledge the support of the Office of Naval Research (Grant N00014-11-1-0454) for this study. Support for H. Dosser was also provided by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada.
    Beschreibung: 2014-08-01
    Schlagwort(e): Geographic location/entity ; Arctic ; Circulation/ Dynamics ; Inertia-gravity waves ; Internal waves ; Observational techniques and algorithms ; Profilers, oceanic
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    Rapid mixed layer depening by the combination of Langmuir and shear instabilities : a case study (2010)
    American Meteorological Society
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    Publikationsdatum: 2022-05-26
    Beschreibung: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2010. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Physical Oceanography 40 (2010): 2381-2400, doi:10.1175/2010JPO4403.1.
    Beschreibung: Langmuir circulation (LC) is a turbulent upper-ocean process driven by wind and surface waves that contributes significantly to the transport of momentum, heat, and mass in the oceanic surface layer. The authors have previously performed a direct comparison of large-eddy simulations and observations of the upper-ocean response to a wind event with rapid mixed layer deepening. The evolution of simulated crosswind velocity variance and spatial scales, as well as mixed layer deepening, was only consistent with observations if LC effects are included in the model. Based on an analysis of these validated simulations, in this study the fundamental differences in mixing between purely shear-driven turbulence and turbulence with LC are identified. In the former case, turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) production due to shear instabilities is largest near the surface, gradually decreasing to zero near the base of the mixed layer. This stands in contrast to the LC case in which at middepth range TKE production can be dominated by Stokes drift shear. Furthermore, the Eulerian mean vertical shear peaks near the base of the mixed layer so that TKE production by mean shear flow is elevated there. LC transports horizontal momentum efficiently downward leading to an along-wind velocity jet below LC downwelling regions at the base of the mixed layer. Locally enhanced vertical shear instabilities as a result of this jet efficiently erode the thermocline. In turn, enhanced breaking internal waves inject cold deep water into the mixed layer, where LC currents transport temperature perturbation advectively. Thus, LC and locally generated shear instabilities work intimately together to facilitate strongly the mixed layer deepening process.
    Beschreibung: This research was supported by the Office of Naval Research through Grants N00014-09-M-0112 (TK) and N00014-06-1-0178 (AP, JT). Author TK also received support from a Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Cooperative Institute for Climate and Ocean Research Postdoctoral Scholarship.
    Schlagwort(e): Mixed layer ; Shear structure/flows ; Wind effects ; Turbulence ; Thermocline ; Internal waves ; Advection
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  • 16
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    Modeling and analysis of internal-tide generation and beamlike onshore propagation in the vicinity of shelfbreak canyons (2014)
    American Meteorological Society
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    Publikationsdatum: 2022-05-26
    Beschreibung: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2014. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Physical Oceanography 44 (2014): 834-849, doi:10.1175/JPO-D-13-0179.1.
    Beschreibung: A hydrostatic numerical model with alongshore-uniform barotropic M2 tidal boundary forcing and idealized shelfbreak canyon bathymetries is used to study internal-tide generation and onshore propagation. A control simulation with Mid-Atlantic Bight representative bathymetry is supported by other simulations that serve to identify specific processes. The canyons and adjacent slopes are transcritical in steepness with respect to M2 internal wave characteristics. Although the various canyons are symmetrical in structure, barotropic-to-baroclinic energy conversion rates Cυ are typically asymmetrical within them. The resulting onshore-propagating internal waves are the strongest along beams in the horizontal plane, with the stronger beam in the control simulation lying on the side with higher Cυ. Analysis of the simulation results suggests that the cross-canyon asymmetrical Cυ distributions are caused by multiple-scattering effects on one canyon side slope, because the phase variation in the spatially distributed internal-tide sources, governed by variations in the orientation of the bathymetry gradient vector, allows resonant internal-tide generation. A less complex, semianalytical, modal internal wave propagation model with sources placed along the critical-slope locus (where the M2 internal wave characteristic is tangent to the seabed) and variable source phasing is used to diagnose the physics of the horizontal beams of onshore internal wave radiation. Model analysis explains how the cross-canyon phase and amplitude variations in the locally generated internal tides affect parameters of the internal-tide beams. Under the assumption that strong internal tides on continental shelves evolve to include nonlinear wave trains, the asymmetrical internal-tide generation and beam radiation effects may lead to nonlinear internal waves and enhanced mixing occurring preferentially on one side of shelfbreak canyons, in the absence of other influencing factors.
    Beschreibung: All three authors were supported by Office of Naval Research (ONR) Grant N00014-11-1-0701. WGZ was additionally supported by the National Science Foundation (NSF) Grant OCE-1154575, and TFD was additionally supported by NSF Grant OCE-1060430.
    Beschreibung: 2014-09-01
    Schlagwort(e): Circulation/ Dynamics ; Baroclinic flows ; Internal waves ; Ocean circulation ; Topographic effects ; Waves, oceanic ; Models and modeling ; Numerical analysis/modeling
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  • 17
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    Suppression of internal wave breaking in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current near topography (2014)
    American Meteorological Society
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    Publikationsdatum: 2022-05-26
    Beschreibung: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2014. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Physical Oceanography 44 (2014): 1466–1492, doi:10.1175/JPO-D-12-0154.1.
    Beschreibung: Simultaneous full-depth microstructure measurements of turbulence and finestructure measurements of velocity and density are analyzed to investigate the relationship between turbulence and the internal wave field in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. These data reveal a systematic near-bottom overprediction of the turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate by finescale parameterization methods in select locations. Sites of near-bottom overprediction are typically characterized by large near-bottom flow speeds and elevated topographic roughness. Further, lower-than-average shear-to-strain ratios indicative of a less near-inertial wave field, rotary spectra suggesting a predominance of upward internal wave energy propagation, and enhanced narrowband variance at vertical wavelengths on the order of 100 m are found at these locations. Finally, finescale overprediction is typically associated with elevated Froude numbers based on the near-bottom shear of the background flow, and a background flow with a systematic backing tendency. Agreement of microstructure- and finestructure-based estimates within the expected uncertainty of the parameterization away from these special sites, the reproducibility of the overprediction signal across various parameterization implementations, and an absence of indications of atypical instrument noise at sites of parameterization overprediction, all suggest that physics not encapsulated by the parameterization play a role in the fate of bottom-generated waves at these locations. Several plausible underpinning mechanisms based on the limited available evidence are discussed that offer guidance for future studies.
    Beschreibung: The SOFine project is funded by the United Kingdom’s Natural Environmental Research Council (NERC) (Grant NE/G001510/1). SW acknowledges the support of anARCDiscovery Early CareerResearchAward (Grant DE120102927), as well as the Grantham Institute for Climate Change, Imperial College London, and the ARC Centre of Excellence for Climate System Science (Grant CE110001028). ACNG acknowledges the support of a NERC Advanced Research Fellowship (Grant NE/C517633/1).KLP acknowledges support fromWoods Hole Oceanographic Institution bridge support funds.
    Beschreibung: 2014-11-01
    Schlagwort(e): Circulation/ Dynamics ; Diapycnal mixing ; Internal waves ; Small scale processes ; Turbulence ; Observational techniques and algorithms ; In situ oceanic observations ; Profilers, oceanic
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  • 18
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    Global patterns of diapycnal mixing from measurements of the turbulent dissipation rate (2014)
    American Meteorological Society
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    Publikationsdatum: 2022-05-26
    Beschreibung: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2014. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Physical Oceanography 44 (2014): 1854–1872, doi:10.1175/JPO-D-13-0104.1.
    Beschreibung: The authors present inferences of diapycnal diffusivity from a compilation of over 5200 microstructure profiles. As microstructure observations are sparse, these are supplemented with indirect measurements of mixing obtained from (i) Thorpe-scale overturns from moored profilers, a finescale parameterization applied to (ii) shipboard observations of upper-ocean shear, (iii) strain as measured by profiling floats, and (iv) shear and strain from full-depth lowered acoustic Doppler current profilers (LADCP) and CTD profiles. Vertical profiles of the turbulent dissipation rate are bottom enhanced over rough topography and abrupt, isolated ridges. The geography of depth-integrated dissipation rate shows spatial variability related to internal wave generation, suggesting one direct energy pathway to turbulence. The global-averaged diapycnal diffusivity below 1000-m depth is O(10−4) m2 s−1 and above 1000-m depth is O(10−5) m2 s−1. The compiled microstructure observations sample a wide range of internal wave power inputs and topographic roughness, providing a dataset with which to estimate a representative global-averaged dissipation rate and diffusivity. However, there is strong regional variability in the ratio between local internal wave generation and local dissipation. In some regions, the depth-integrated dissipation rate is comparable to the estimated power input into the local internal wave field. In a few cases, more internal wave power is dissipated than locally generated, suggesting remote internal wave sources. However, at most locations the total power lost through turbulent dissipation is less than the input into the local internal wave field. This suggests dissipation elsewhere, such as continental margins.
    Beschreibung: This research was funded by the Climate Process Team (CPT) on internal wave–driven mixing throughNSF GrantOCE-0968721. GSC acknowledges support from NSF Grants OCE-0825266 (EXITS), OCE-1029483 (SPAM), and OCE-1029722 (MIXET). LDT and CBW acknowledge support from NSF Grant OCE-0927650. SWand ACNG acknowledge support from NERC Grant NE/G001510/1 (SOFine).
    Beschreibung: 2015-01-01
    Schlagwort(e): Circulation/ Dynamics ; Diapycnal mixing ; Internal waves
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    Acoustical measurement of nonlinear internal waves using the inverted echo sounder (2010)
    American Meteorological Society
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    Publikationsdatum: 2022-05-26
    Beschreibung: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2009. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 26 (2009): 2228-2242, doi:10.1175/2009JTECHO652.1.
    Beschreibung: The performance of pressure sensor–equipped inverted echo sounders for monitoring nonlinear internal waves is examined. The inverted echo sounder measures the round-trip acoustic travel time from the sea floor to the sea surface and thus acquires vertically integrated information on the thermal structure, from which the first baroclinic mode of thermocline motion may be inferred. This application of the technology differs from previous uses in that the wave period (30 min) is short, requiring a more rapid transmission rate and a different approach to the analysis. Sources of error affecting instrument performance include tidal effects, barotropic adjustment to internal waves, ambient acoustic noise, and sea surface roughness. The latter two effects are explored with a simulation that includes surface wave reconstruction, acoustic scattering based on the Kirchhoff approximation, wind-generated noise, sound propagation, and the instrument’s signal processing circuitry. Bias is introduced as a function of wind speed, but the simulation provides a basis for bias correction. The assumption that the waves do not significantly affect the mean stratification allows for a focus on the dynamic response. Model calculations are compared with observations in the South China Sea by using nearby temperature measurements to provide a test of instrument performance. After applying corrections for ambient noise and surface roughness effects, the inverted echo sounder exhibits an RMS variability of approximately 4 m in the estimated depth of the eigenfunction maximum in the wind speed range 0 ≤ U10 ≤ 10 m s−1. This uncertainty may be compared with isopycnal excursions for nonlinear internal waves of 100 m, showing that the observational approach is effective for measurements of nonlinear internal waves in this environment.
    Beschreibung: This project was supported by the ONR Nonlinear Wave Program under Contract N0014-05-1-0286.
    Schlagwort(e): Acoustic measurements/effects ; Internal waves ; Instrumentation/sensors ; Temperature
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  • 20
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    Sensitivity of the ocean state to the vertical distribution of internal-tide-driven mixing (2013)
    American Meteorological Society
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    Publikationsdatum: 2022-05-26
    Beschreibung: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2013. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Physical Oceanography 43 (2013): 602–615, doi:10.1175/JPO-D-12-055.1.
    Beschreibung: The ocean interior stratification and meridional overturning circulation are largely sustained by diapycnal mixing. The breaking of internal tides is a major source of diapycnal mixing. Many recent climate models parameterize internal-tide breaking using the scheme of St. Laurent et al. While this parameterization dynamically accounts for internal-tide generation, the vertical distribution of the resultant mixing is ad hoc, prescribing energy dissipation to decay exponentially above the ocean bottom with a fixed-length scale. Recently, Polzin formulated a dynamically based parameterization, in which the vertical profile of dissipation decays algebraically with a varying decay scale, accounting for variable stratification using Wentzel–Kramers–Brillouin (WKB) stretching. This study compares two simulations using the St. Laurent and Polzin formulations in the Climate Model, version 2G (CM2G), ocean–ice–atmosphere coupled model, with the same formulation for internal-tide energy input. Focusing mainly on the Pacific Ocean, where the deep low-frequency variability is relatively small, the authors show that the ocean state shows modest but robust and significant sensitivity to the vertical profile of internal-tide-driven mixing. Therefore, not only the energy input to the internal tides matters, but also where in the vertical it is dissipated.
    Beschreibung: This work is a component of the Internal- Wave Driven Mixing Climate Process Team funded by the National Science Foundation Grant OCE-0968721 and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce, Award NA08OAR4320752.
    Beschreibung: 2013-09-01
    Schlagwort(e): Diapycnal mixing ; Internal waves ; Subgrid-scale processes ; Ocean models ; Parameterization
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  • 21
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    Ekman veering, internal waves, and turbulence observed under Arctic sea ice (2014)
    American Meteorological Society
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    Publikationsdatum: 2022-05-26
    Beschreibung: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2014. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Physical Oceanography 44 (2014): 1306–1328, doi:10.1175/JPO-D-12-0191.1.
    Beschreibung: The ice–ocean system is investigated on inertial to monthly time scales using winter 2009–10 observations from the first ice-tethered profiler (ITP) equipped with a velocity sensor (ITP-V). Fluctuations in surface winds, ice velocity, and ocean velocity at 7-m depth were correlated. Observed ocean velocity was primarily directed to the right of the ice velocity and spiraled clockwise while decaying with depth through the mixed layer. Inertial and tidal motions of the ice and in the underlying ocean were observed throughout the record. Just below the ice–ocean interface, direct estimates of the turbulent vertical heat, salt, and momentum fluxes and the turbulent dissipation rate were obtained. Periods of elevated internal wave activity were associated with changes to the turbulent heat and salt fluxes as well as stratification primarily within the mixed layer. Turbulent heat and salt fluxes were correlated particularly when the mixed layer was closest to the freezing temperature. Momentum flux is adequately related to velocity shear using a constant ice–ocean drag coefficient, mixing length based on the planetary and geometric scales, or Rossby similarity theory. Ekman viscosity described velocity shear over the mixed layer. The ice–ocean drag coefficient was elevated for certain directions of the ice–ocean shear, implying an ice topography that was characterized by linear ridges. Mixing length was best estimated using the wavenumber of the beginning of the inertial subrange or a variable drag coefficient. Analyses of this and future ITP-V datasets will advance understanding of ice–ocean interactions and their parameterizations in numerical models.
    Beschreibung: Support for this study and the overall ITP program was provided by the National Science Foundation and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. Support for S. Cole was partially though the Postdoctoral Scholar Program at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, with funding provided by the Devonshire Foundation.
    Beschreibung: 2014-11-01
    Schlagwort(e): Geographic location/entity ; Arctic ; Sea ice ; Circulation/ Dynamics ; Ekman pumping/transport ; Internal waves ; Turbulence ; Atm/Ocean Structure/ Phenomena ; Oceanic mixed layer
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    Combined effect of rotation and topography on shoaling oceanic internal solitary waves (2014)
    American Meteorological Society
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    Publikationsdatum: 2022-05-26
    Beschreibung: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2014. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Physical Oceanography 44 (2014): 1116–1132, doi:10.1175/JPO-D-13-0194.1.
    Beschreibung: Internal solitary waves commonly observed in the coastal ocean are often modeled by a nonlinear evolution equation of the Korteweg–de Vries type. Because these waves often propagate for long distances over several inertial periods, the effect of Earth’s background rotation is potentially significant. The relevant extension of the Kortweg–de Vries is then the Ostrovsky equation, which for internal waves does not support a steady solitary wave solution. Recent studies using a combination of asymptotic theory, numerical simulations, and laboratory experiments have shown that the long time effect of rotation is the destruction of the initial internal solitary wave by the radiation of small-amplitude inertia–gravity waves, and the eventual emergence of a coherent, steadily propagating, nonlinear wave packet. However, in the ocean, internal solitary waves are often propagating over variable topography, and this alone can cause quite dramatic deformation and transformation of an internal solitary wave. Hence, the combined effects of background rotation and variable topography are examined. Then the Ostrovsky equation is replaced by a variable coefficient Ostrovsky equation whose coefficients depend explicitly on the spatial coordinate. Some numerical simulations of this equation, together with analogous simulations using the Massachusetts Institute of Technology General Circulation Model (MITgcm), for a certain cross section of the South China Sea are presented. These demonstrate that the combined effect of shoaling and rotation is to induce a secondary trailing wave packet, induced by enhanced radiation from the leading wave.
    Beschreibung: KH was supported by Grants N00014-09-10227 and N00014-11-0701 from the Office of Naval Research.
    Beschreibung: 2014-10-01
    Schlagwort(e): Circulation/ Dynamics ; Internal waves ; Solitary waves ; Models and modeling ; Nonlinear models
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    Product quality in the agri-food chain: do cooperatives offer high-quality wine? (2012)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publikationsdatum: 2012-12-28
    Beschreibung: We investigate the impact of decentralised decision-making on product quality. Comparing a cooperative and an investor-owned firm suggests that members of the cooperative have an incentive to produce too much and to free-ride on quality. Whether or not cooperatives deliver higher quality products depends on the way in which the quality of the final product is determined from the quality levels of the inputs delivered (quality aggregation) as well as the number of members of the cooperative. Empirical evidence on the Austrian wine market suggests that wines produced by cooperatives tend to be of significantly lower quality, ceteris paribus .
    Schlagwort(e): D22 - Firm Behavior: Empirical Analysis, D23 - Organizational Behavior ; Transaction Costs ; Property Rights, Q13 - Agricultural Markets and Marketing ; Cooperatives ; Agribusiness
    Print ISSN: 0165-1587
    Digitale ISSN: 1464-3618
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Publiziert von Oxford University Press
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    Farmers' satisfaction and intention to continue membership in agricultural marketing co-operatives: neoclassical versus transaction cost considerations (2013)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publikationsdatum: 2013-02-26
    Beschreibung: The survival of agricultural marketing co-operatives depends on their capability of satisfying and maintaining their base of farmer members. Hypotheses regarding these two success factors are developed in neoclassical economics and transaction cost economics. They are tested with a survey of 321 members of marketing co-operatives specialising in fresh fruits and vegetables. Our results show support for both perspectives. Price paid to farmers is important for their satisfaction with the co-operative. Farmers' perceptions of transaction costs are even more important.
    Schlagwort(e): D22 - Firm Behavior: Empirical Analysis, D23 - Organizational Behavior ; Transaction Costs ; Property Rights, P13 - Cooperative Enterprises, Q13 - Agricultural Markets and Marketing ; Cooperatives ; Agribusiness
    Print ISSN: 0165-1587
    Digitale ISSN: 1464-3618
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
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    Combining discrete and continuous mixing distributions to identify niche markets for food (2013)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publikationsdatum: 2013-02-26
    Beschreibung: This paper explores the demand and willingness to pay (WTP) for value-added services to chicken. Since the demand for such services are likely to be highly segmented and often applies only to a market niche, models based on assumptions of homogeneity among consumers are likely to be inappropriate. For this reason, this paper combines discrete and continuous mixing distributions to concurrently identify the size of the niche market and the heterogeneity among consumers within the market niche. Failing to account for the niche market nature of value-added services is shown to have implications for predictions of WTP, demand and total revenue.
    Schlagwort(e): C25 - Discrete Regression and Qualitative Choice Models, D12 - Consumer Economics: Empirical Analysis, Q13 - Agricultural Markets and Marketing ; Cooperatives ; Agribusiness
    Print ISSN: 0165-1587
    Digitale ISSN: 1464-3618
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
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    Modelling pig sector dynamic adjustment to livestock epidemics with stochastic-duration trade disruptions (2011)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-11-24
    Beschreibung: We use a stochastic dynamic programming model to simulate the market implications of alternative foot and mouth disease scenarios in the Finnish pig sector. The model considers the dynamics of animal stock adjustment and price movements when the duration of export disruptions is unknown. Explicit treatment of these issues is crucial in the economic analysis of livestock epidemics, especially if there is a risk of a prolonged export ban. Results suggest that the risk of a prolonged ban increases disease losses considerably. It also increases economic benefits from production adjustments.
    Schlagwort(e): C61 - Optimization Techniques ; Programming Models ; Dynamic Analysis, Q13 - Agricultural Markets and Marketing ; Cooperatives ; Agribusiness, Q18 - Agricultural Policy ; Food Policy
    Print ISSN: 0165-1587
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    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
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    Is embedding entailed in consumer valuation of food safety characteristics? (2011)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-11-24
    Beschreibung: Consumers' preferences for food safety characteristics are investigated with a particular focus on the existence of an embedding effect. Embedding exists if consumer valuation of food safety is insensitive to scope. We conduct between-attribute external tests for embedding in two choice experiments concerning the value of food safety attributes in minced pork and chicken breasts. We find no evidence of embedding neither when using food safety attributes that are not close substitutes and which exhibit both private and public good characteristics, nor when using food safety attributes that are closer substitutes and which have primarily private good characteristics.
    Schlagwort(e): Q10 - General, Q13 - Agricultural Markets and Marketing ; Cooperatives ; Agribusiness, Q18 - Agricultural Policy ; Food Policy
    Print ISSN: 0165-1587
    Digitale ISSN: 1464-3618
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
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    Intangible expenses: a solution to increase the French wine industry performance? (2011)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-11-24
    Beschreibung: This paper presents an empirical investigation of the link between intangible expenses of French wine companies and their financial performance. A flexible moment-based approach is used to analyse the impact of tangible and intangible expenses on the mean, variance and skewness of profit. Econometric evidence shows that a high level of intangible expenses has a positive impact on performance by increasing the expected profit and reducing variance risk. A lower level of intangible expenses reduces risk and mean of profit of corporations. This study provides insights on the use of intangible expenses as a risk management tool.
    Schlagwort(e): G32 - Financing Policy ; Financial Risk and Risk Management ; Capital and Ownership Structure, Q12 - Micro Analysis of Farm Firms, Farm Households, and Farm Input Markets, Q13 - Agricultural Markets and Marketing ; Cooperatives ; Agribusiness
    Print ISSN: 0165-1587
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    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
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    Consumer inferences of food safety and quality (2011)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-11-24
    Beschreibung: Economists frequently use choice experiments (CEs) to evaluate demand for new attributes in food products. Using a split-sample experimental design focused on demand for pork chop attributes, we find consumer inferences regarding food safety and quality to impact estimates of marginal willingness to pay, market participation, policy appropriateness and consumer welfare effects. Our results suggest that interpretation of findings should be noted as conditional on attributes included in original analyses. A split-sample experimental approach involving multiple CE designs is described and suggested to practitioners to better consider consumer inference effects in future studies.
    Schlagwort(e): B40 - General, D12 - Consumer Economics: Empirical Analysis, Q13 - Agricultural Markets and Marketing ; Cooperatives ; Agribusiness, Q18 - Agricultural Policy ; Food Policy
    Print ISSN: 0165-1587
    Digitale ISSN: 1464-3618
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
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    Consumers' preferences for geographical origin labels: evidence from the Canadian olive oil market (2011)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-11-24
    Beschreibung: Geographical origin labels are important information and marketing tools and have recently become a central component of EU agricultural promotion. We consider demand in a non-EU export market for two distinct label types: country of origin (COO) and geographical indications (GIs). Additionally, two types of GIs, ‘protected designations of origin’ (PDOs) and ‘protected GIs’ (PGIs) are considered. Empirical findings indicate consumers’ willingness to pay varies with the oil's COO and is greater for GIs than for non-GIs from a given country. Weaker evidence that consumers value PDOs more than PGIs is also found.
    Schlagwort(e): C25 - Discrete Regression and Qualitative Choice Models, D12 - Consumer Economics: Empirical Analysis, Q13 - Agricultural Markets and Marketing ; Cooperatives ; Agribusiness
    Print ISSN: 0165-1587
    Digitale ISSN: 1464-3618
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Publiziert von Oxford University Press
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    Chain interdependencies, measurement problems and efficient governance structure: cooperatives versus publicly listed firms (2012)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2012-03-08
    Beschreibung: We determine the circumstances when the absence of public listing, often believed to be a disadvantage, makes a cooperative the unique efficient governance structure. This is established in a multi-task principal–agent model, capturing that cooperatives are not publicly listed and their CEOs have to bring the downstream enterprise to value as well as to serve upstream member interests. Not having a public listing prevents the CEO from choosing the level of the downstream activities too high. Cooperatives are uniquely efficient when the upstream marginal product multiplied with a function increasing in the strength of the chain complementarities is higher than the downstream marginal product.
    Schlagwort(e): D21 - Firm Behavior, L23 - Organization of Production, Q13 - Agricultural Markets and Marketing ; Cooperatives ; Agribusiness
    Print ISSN: 0165-1587
    Digitale ISSN: 1464-3618
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Publiziert von Oxford University Press
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  • 32
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    Is producing a private label counterproductive for a branded manufacturer? (2012)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2012-03-08
    Beschreibung: Branded food manufacturers vindicate the use of excess production capacities to justify their production of retailers’ brands. We study the distributor's and food manufacturer's private label (PL) strategy for production within a framework featuring endogenous store brand quality, bargaining power, possible differences in production technology and potential capacity constraints for the branded manufacturer. Depending on the structure of capacity constraint (applying to both products or to the PL only), we find that the retailer may prefer to choose an independent firm for the production of the store brand whereas the branded manufacturer is chosen in the case of excess capacity.
    Schlagwort(e): L11 - Production, Pricing, and Market Structure ; Size Distribution of Firms, L13 - Oligopoly and Other Imperfect Markets, Q13 - Agricultural Markets and Marketing ; Cooperatives ; Agribusiness
    Print ISSN: 0165-1587
    Digitale ISSN: 1464-3618
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Publiziert von Oxford University Press
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  • 33
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    Cooperation against theft: A test of incentives for water management In Tunisia (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-01-22
    Beschreibung: Water theft carried out by manipulating water meters constrains volumetric pricing in semi-arid regions. Cooperative management can reduce theft and improve incentives for efficient water use by inducing peer monitoring. Using a theoretical model, we show that theft is more likely when prices are high, punishments are weak, and cooperatives are large. We also show how cooperative membership and punishment levels are determined endogenously by constraints on monitoring. We test the model on data from Tunisia for the years 2001–2003, relying on instruments that proxy for unobservable monitoring costs. The results confirm that well-designed incentives can reduce theft, and that constraints on monitoring costs affect institutional design.
    Schlagwort(e): D82 - Asymmetric and Private Information, Q13 - Agricultural Markets and Marketing ; Cooperatives ; Agribusiness, Q15 - Land Ownership and Tenure ; Land Reform ; Land Use ; Irrigation, Q25 - Water
    Print ISSN: 0002-9092
    Digitale ISSN: 1467-8276
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Publiziert von Oxford University Press
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  • 34
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    The Behavior of Bid-Ask Spreads in the Electronically-Traded Corn Futures Market (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-03-21
    Beschreibung: This is the first paper to analyze liquidity costs in agricultural futures markets based on the observed bid-ask spread (BAS) faced by market participants. The results reveal a highly liquid corn market that mostly offers order execution at minimum cost. The BAS responds negatively to volume and positively to price volatility, but also affects volume traded and price volatility. While statistically significant, these responses on a cents/bushel or a percentage basis are generally small. Liquidity costs are also virtually impervious to short-term changes in demand for spreading and trend-following trader activity, as well as differences from day-of-the-week changes in market activity. Much larger cents/bushel and percentage changes in BAS occur during commodity index trader roll periods and on USDA report release days. The roll period findings indicate a sunshine trading effect, while announcement effects identify the importance of unexpected information and adverse selection on order execution costs. Overall, our research demonstrates that the transition to electronic trading in the corn futures market has led to low and stable liquidity costs, despite the market turbulence in 2008–2009.
    Schlagwort(e): C36- Instrumental Variables (IV) Estimation, G12 - Asset Pricing ; Trading volume ; Bond Interest Rates, Q13 - Agricultural Markets and Marketing ; Cooperatives ; Agribusiness
    Print ISSN: 0002-9092
    Digitale ISSN: 1467-8276
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Publiziert von Oxford University Press
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  • 35
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    Angel Investment and Collective Agricultural Marketing: The Case of the Minnesota Food Network (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-03-21
    Beschreibung: The Minnesota Food Network is a limited liability company comprised of 52 farmers producing a variety of high-quality, sustainably produced agricultural products in southern Minnesota. The network's goal is to develop a regional food system to provide locally grown food at a price that "is fair" to both consumers and producers. This case outlines the challenges that the network faces in their efforts to expand to take advantage of a market opportunity. One of their biggest challenges is that they face high operating costs because of their disaggregated distribution system and need to purchase a distribution and storage facility and two vehicles. They will fund the purchase of a building through an angel investor. An angel investor is necessary because the network cannot sustain traditional loan payments in its current form. Students are asked to consider a number of questions pertaining to the decisions in this case outlined in the final section of the case study.
    Schlagwort(e): A22 - Undergraduate, Q13 - Agricultural Markets and Marketing ; Cooperatives ; Agribusiness, Q18 - Agricultural Policy ; Food Policy
    Print ISSN: 0002-9092
    Digitale ISSN: 1467-8276
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Publiziert von Oxford University Press
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  • 36
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    Social Networks and New Product Choice (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-03-21
    Beschreibung: To successfully market new products in a social network it is essential to identify influential individuals whose product recommendations influence the consumption choices of their peers. In this study, we use spatial econometric methods to determine how individuals revise their preferences for product attributes when exposed to product recommendations from peers, and how different individuals who vary in their degree of network connectedness exert influence on the product choices of others. We find evidence that consumers look to others for guidance from peers in their preference for subjective, taste-specific parameters, but tend not to respond to peer price choices. Our spatial methods allow us to empirically determine the influence exerted by individual members on the consumption choices of other members of the social network. We find that connected members of the social network are not always the most influential in revising the consumption choices of others. Our estimates reveal that network proximity explains only 8.8% of influence.
    Schlagwort(e): D12 - Consumer Economics: Empirical Analysis, Q13 - Agricultural Markets and Marketing ; Cooperatives ; Agribusiness
    Print ISSN: 0002-9092
    Digitale ISSN: 1467-8276
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Publiziert von Oxford University Press
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  • 37
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    Behavioral Responses and the Impact of New Agricultural Technologies: Evidence from a Double-blind Field Experiment in Tanzania (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-04-05
    Beschreibung: Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in the social sciences are typically not double-blind, so participants know they are "treated" and will adjust their behavior accordingly. Such effort responses complicate the assessment of impact. To gauge the potential magnitude of effort responses we implement a conventional RCT and double-blind trial in rural Tanzania, and randomly allocate modern and traditional cowpea seed varieties to a sample of farmers. Effort responses can be quantitatively important—for our case they explain the entire "treatment effect on the treated" as measured in a conventional economic RCT. Specifically, harvests are the same for people who know they received the modern seeds and for people who did not know what type of seeds they got; however, people who knew they had received the traditional seeds did much worse. Importantly, we also find that most of the behavioral response is unobserved by the analyst, or at least not readily captured using coarse, standard controls.
    Schlagwort(e): Q13 - Agricultural Markets and Marketing ; Cooperatives ; Agribusiness
    Print ISSN: 0002-9092
    Digitale ISSN: 1467-8276
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Publiziert von Oxford University Press
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  • 38
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    Structural change in European calf markets: decoupling and the blue tongue disease (2011)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-12-27
    Beschreibung: European cattle markets have recently undergone significant change. We explore the simultaneous impacts of agricultural policy reform and the occurrence of an animal health crisis on spatial interdependencies of calf prices of four major European Union markets. The markets are found to be integrated. Price shocks are rapidly absorbed. We find that the member state specific implementations of the 2003 Common Agricultural Policy reforms significantly affected prices of both the national market and of other member states. The blue tongue disease further induced structural change. Using counterfactual scenarios, we show that the decoupling of payments from production led to reduced calf prices.
    Schlagwort(e): C32 - Time-Series Models, Q13 - Agricultural Markets and Marketing ; Cooperatives ; Agribusiness, Q18 - Agricultural Policy ; Food Policy
    Print ISSN: 0165-1587
    Digitale ISSN: 1464-3618
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Publiziert von Oxford University Press
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  • 39
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    Gone in Ten Minutes: Intraday Evidence of Announcement Effects in the Electronic Corn Futures Market (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-09-06
    Beschreibung: This article investigates the announcement effects of major USDA reports using intraday Chicago Board of Trade corn futures prices and trading volume from the electronic trading platform for July 2009 to May 2012. Focusing on intraday market reactions, we analyze the extent to which new information impacts and is rapidly reflected in prices. Results show that USDA reports contain substantial information for market participants. Strongest price reactions to the releases are found immediately after the market opens, and market reactions persist for approximately ten minutes. The electronic corn futures market quickly incorporates this new public information, and little evidence exists to support systematic under- or overreactions in prices. Other more subtle reactions occur in the last trading session before USDA announcements as traders adjust their market exposure in anticipation of the release.
    Schlagwort(e): D80 - General, G14 - Information and Market Efficiency ; Event Studies, Q11 - Aggregate Supply and Demand Analysis ; Prices, Q13 - Agricultural Markets and Marketing ; Cooperatives ; Agribusiness
    Print ISSN: 2040-5790
    Digitale ISSN: 2040-5804
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Publiziert von Oxford University Press
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  • 40
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    Determinants of Occupational Safety for Agribusiness Workers (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-09-06
    Beschreibung: Increases in crop yields and changing cropping patterns have placed stress on agribusiness handling and storage facilities. The objective of this research is to gain insight into the relationship between safety culture and safety performance, and to identify the determinants of safety culture in agribusinesses. The research suggests that investments in labor inputs such as increased training, consistent discipline, and recognition of safety achievements all increase safety culture. Furthermore, improvements in employee perceptions of safety culture have a positive impact on reducing employee injuries. Congress has recently funded nine centers to work on occupational health and safety research in agriculture, fisheries, and forestry.
    Schlagwort(e): J43 - Agricultural Labor Markets, L66 - Food ; Beverages ; Cosmetics ; Tobacco ; Wine and Spirits, Q13 - Agricultural Markets and Marketing ; Cooperatives ; Agribusiness
    Print ISSN: 2040-5790
    Digitale ISSN: 2040-5804
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Publiziert von Oxford University Press
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  • 41
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    Futures Market Failure? (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-12-13
    Beschreibung: In a well-functioning futures market, the futures price at expiration equals the price of the underlying asset. This condition failed to hold in grain markets for most of 2005-2010, calling into question the ability of these markets to perform their price discovery and risk management functions. During this period, futures contracts expired up to 35% above the cash grain price. We develop a dynamic rational expectations model of commodity storage that explains how these recent convergence failures were generated by the institutional structure of the delivery system. When delivery occurs on a grain futures contract, the firm on the short side of the market provides a delivery instrument (a warehouse receipt or shipping certificate) to the firm on the long side of the market. The firm taking delivery may hold the delivery instrument indefinitely, providing it pays a daily storage rate. The futures exchange sets the maximum allowable storage rate at a fixed value. We show that non-convergence arises in equilibrium when the market price of physical grain storage exceeds the maximum storage rate on delivery instruments. We call the difference between the price of carrying physical grain and the maximum storage rate the wedge , and demonstrate theoretically and empirically that the magnitude of the non-convergence equals the expected present discounted value of a function of future wedges.
    Schlagwort(e): G13 - Contingent Pricing ; Futures Pricing, G14 - Information and Market Efficiency ; Event Studies, Q11 - Aggregate Supply and Demand Analysis ; Prices, Q13 - Agricultural Markets and Marketing ; Cooperatives ; Agribusiness
    Print ISSN: 0002-9092
    Digitale ISSN: 1467-8276
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Publiziert von Oxford University Press
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  • 42
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    Price Explosiveness, Speculation, and Grain Futures Prices (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-12-13
    Beschreibung: A recently developed testing procedure is used to detect and date-stamp explosive episodes ("bubbles") in corn, soybean, and wheat futures markets during 2004–2013. We find that the markets experienced price explosiveness only approximately two percent of the time and, when bubbles do occur, they are generally short-lived and small in magnitude. The correspondence between observed price spikes and bubbles is rather low, with a large portion of the price explosiveness occurring during downward price movements. Commodity index trader positions do not significantly affect the probability of a positive bubble occurring in grain futures markets, which directly contradicts the argument (the "Masters Hypothesis") that waves of index investment distorted underlying supply-and-demand relationships and led to a series of massive bubbles in agricultural futures markets. In addition, commodity index trader positions tend to reduce negative bubble occurrence, while general speculative activity as measured by Working's T reduces the probability of a positive bubble. There is some evidence that the positions of noncommercial traders have a direct effect on positive bubble occurrence, but the effect declines when accounting for the composition of other traders in the market. Overall, speculation has little effect or negative effects on price explosiveness. Finally, positive bubbles are more likely to occur in the presence of low inventories, strong exports, a weak U.S. dollar, and booming economic growth, whereas negative bubbles are more likely to occur with large inventories, weak exports, and stagnant economic growth.
    Schlagwort(e): D84 - Expectations ; Speculations, G12 - Asset Pricing ; Trading volume ; Bond Interest Rates, G13 - Contingent Pricing ; Futures Pricing, G14 - Information and Market Efficiency ; Event Studies, Q13 - Agricultural Markets and Marketing ; Cooperatives ; Agribusiness, Q41 - Demand and Supply
    Print ISSN: 0002-9092
    Digitale ISSN: 1467-8276
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Publiziert von Oxford University Press
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  • 43
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    Adapting Contract Theory to Fit Contract Farming (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-09-02
    Beschreibung: This article discusses the current state of contract theory and its usefulness for conceptualizing issues related to agricultural contracting. The paper will explore the limitations of existing theory for applied work, and what methodological improvements are needed to enhance the usefulness of the theory to agricultural economists. One pervasive problem is that the economic literature on contracts is rather fragmented and the various methodological strands are narrow in their focus. As such, agricultural economists should engage in methodological research to develop applied contracting models that can capture higher-order features of real-world agricultural contracts while delivering generalizable comparative statics predictions because contracting continues to expand along the entire modern food marketing channel. In the latter part of this article, a simple model is developed to illustrate how classic methodological approaches can be combined with recent developments in contract and game theory to construct applied theory models that are useful for capturing some important features of agricultural contracts.
    Schlagwort(e): D43 - Oligopoly and Other Forms of Market Imperfection, D82 - Asymmetric and Private Information, D86 - Economics of Contract: Theory, Q12 - Micro Analysis of Farm Firms, Farm Households, and Farm Input Markets, Q13 - Agricultural Markets and Marketing ; Cooperatives ; Agribusiness
    Print ISSN: 0002-9092
    Digitale ISSN: 1467-8276
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Publiziert von Oxford University Press
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  • 44
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    Information, Mobile Telephony, and Traders' Search Behavior in Niger (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-09-02
    Beschreibung: Information and communications technologies have spread rapidly in developing countries. We investigate the impact of mobile phones on traders' search behavior in Niger by constructing a theoretical model of search in which traders engage in sequential search for the optimal sales price. Using a trader panel dataset spanning 2005–2007, we find empirical support for the model in that the duration of mobile phone coverage is associated with increased search activity. This effect evolves dynamically over time and is stronger for larger traders, who engage in arbitrage over longer distances. Results provide empirical evidence for the observed linkages between mobile telephony and price dispersion.
    Schlagwort(e): O10 - General, O30 - General, Q13 - Agricultural Markets and Marketing ; Cooperatives ; Agribusiness
    Print ISSN: 0002-9092
    Digitale ISSN: 1467-8276
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Publiziert von Oxford University Press
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  • 45
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    Distinguishing beliefs from preferences in food choice (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-08-02
    Beschreibung: In the past two decades, there has been an explosion of studies eliciting consumer willingness-to-pay for food attributes; however, this work has largely refrained from drawing a distinction between preferences for health, safety and quality on the one hand and consumers' subjective beliefs that the products studied possess these attributes, on the other. Using data from three experimental studies, along with structural economic models, we show that controlling for subjective beliefs can substantively alter the interpretation of results and the ultimate implications derived from a study. The results suggest the need to measure subjective beliefs in studies of consumer choice and to utilise the measures when making policy and marketing recommendations.
    Schlagwort(e): C91 - Laboratory, Individual Behavior, D83 - Search ; Learning ; Information and Knowledge ; Communication ; Belief, Q13 - Agricultural Markets and Marketing ; Cooperatives ; Agribusiness, Q18 - Agricultural Policy ; Food Policy
    Print ISSN: 0165-1587
    Digitale ISSN: 1464-3618
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Publiziert von Oxford University Press
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  • 46
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    Consumer preferences for local production and other value-added label claims for a processed food product (2012)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2012-05-29
    Beschreibung: Using stated preference data from Kentucky and Ohio, USA, we estimate consumer willingness-to-pay for varieties of a processed food product (blackberry jam) that are differentiated with respect to their local production labelling and a series of other value-added claims. Results show that consumers were willing to pay more for the product indicating locally produced, produced in their state or in a well-identified multi-state region. Consumers were willing to purchase organic products, although there might be some confusion as to the meaning of the organic logo. Our results also supported the notion that consumers are willing to support small family farms.
    Schlagwort(e): Q11 - Aggregate Supply and Demand Analysis ; Prices, Q13 - Agricultural Markets and Marketing ; Cooperatives ; Agribusiness
    Print ISSN: 0165-1587
    Digitale ISSN: 1464-3618
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Publiziert von Oxford University Press
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  • 47
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    Dairy supply chain modernisation in Poland: what about those not keeping pace? (2012)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2012-05-29
    Beschreibung: This paper studies the determinants and consequences of heterogeneous market participation among Polish dairy farmers using a unique data set on supply chain characteristics and individuals with different market relationships. It investigates factors that cause households not to participate in the market and then estimates farm orientation effects on revenues, using semi-parametric methods. The key finding is that farms maintaining commercial dairy business were better off than those who ceased milk sales. However, detailed analysis shows that this difference could be attributed to supply chain modernisation and becomes insignificant once subsistence farmers are compared to commercial farms supplying the traditional marketing channel.
    Schlagwort(e): D22 - Firm Behavior: Empirical Analysis, Q12 - Micro Analysis of Farm Firms, Farm Households, and Farm Input Markets, Q13 - Agricultural Markets and Marketing ; Cooperatives ; Agribusiness
    Print ISSN: 0165-1587
    Digitale ISSN: 1464-3618
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Publiziert von Oxford University Press
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  • 48
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    The Impact of Credit Constraints on Farm Households: Survey Results from India and China (2013)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2013-11-22
    Beschreibung: India and China have the largest farm-household populations in the world—populations that are also among the poorest. Among the many factors that affect farm livelihoods, access to credit has been identified as a significant barrier preventing the escape from poverty. While there has been significant research on credit constraints in developing countries, there is surprisingly little information pertaining to the actual impacts of credit constraints on household well-being. The objective of this paper is to investigate the impacts of credit constraints on various factors affecting farm households, such as physical and human capital formation, agricultural inputs applications, consumption smoothing, and wage-seeking behavior using direct elicitation. This paper contributes to the literature and policy debates by comparing the effects of credit constraints in China and India as surveyed in 2008–2009. The analytical results and data demonstrate that binding credit constraints adversely affect a broad range of production and livelihood choices. We empirically show that credit constraints negatively affect food consumption, farm input applications, and health and educational attainments.
    Schlagwort(e): O13 - Agriculture ; Natural Resources ; Energy ; Environment ; Other Primary Products, O17 - Formal and Informal Sectors ; Shadow Economy ; Institutional Arrangements, Q12 - Micro Analysis of Farm Firms, Farm Households, and Farm Input Markets, Q13 - Agricultural Markets and Marketing ; Cooperatives ; Agribusiness
    Print ISSN: 2040-5790
    Digitale ISSN: 2040-5804
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Publiziert von Oxford University Press
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  • 49
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    Consumer Response to "Contains" and "Free of" Labeling: Evidence from Lab Experiments (2013)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2013-11-22
    Beschreibung: Using a lab experiment with 351 adult non-student subjects, we investigate the impact of labels and secondary information on willingness to pay (WTP) for foods that use various ingredients and processes that have been the subject of food policy discussions. We find a distinct asymmetry of WTP sensitivity between "Contains X" and "Free of X" labels with negatively-framed secondary information. The "Free of X" label has an impact only when secondary information is provided, and the negative impact of "Contains X" is mitigated by secondary information. We also consider how the results of our study can inform the ongoing debate about mandatory food labeling regulations in the United States: if mandatory labeling is adopted, providing additional information about what the product contains would significantly lessen the negative impact on demand.
    Schlagwort(e): M31 - Marketing, Q13 - Agricultural Markets and Marketing ; Cooperatives ; Agribusiness, Q18 - Agricultural Policy ; Food Policy
    Print ISSN: 2040-5790
    Digitale ISSN: 2040-5804
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Publiziert von Oxford University Press
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  • 50
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    Road Block to Risk Management -- Investigating Class I Milk Cross-Hedging Opportunities (2013)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2013-11-22
    Beschreibung: This study examines the risk management opportunities for fluid milk market participants in the United States through the use of milk futures contracts. We estimate the nature of basis risk from 2002–2011 using modern time-series and econometric techniques. The results of this investigation reveal that at sufficient hedging intervals, using class III manufacturing milk futures contracts to cross-hedge fluid milk has the ability to reduce risk and provide revenue stability to market participants. When used in conjunction with milk futures, prediction algorithms for the closing basis facilitate more direct management of fluid milk price risk.
    Schlagwort(e): Q13 - Agricultural Markets and Marketing ; Cooperatives ; Agribusiness, Q14 - Agricultural Finance, Q18 - Agricultural Policy ; Food Policy
    Print ISSN: 2040-5790
    Digitale ISSN: 2040-5804
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Publiziert von Oxford University Press
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  • 51
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    Tails Curtailed: Accounting for Nonlinear Dependence in Pricing Margin Insurance for Dairy Farmers (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-07-23
    Beschreibung: Livestock Gross Margin Insurance for Dairy Cattle (LGM-Dairy) is a risk management tool for protecting milk income over feed cost margins. In this article, we examine the assumptions underpinning the method used to determine LGM-Dairy premiums. Analysis of the milk–feed dependence structure is conducted using copula methods, a rich set of tools that allow modelers to capture nonlinearities in dependence among variables of interest. We find a significant relationship between milk and feed prices that increases with time-to-maturity and severity of negative price shocks. Extremal, or tail, dependence is the propensity of dependence to concentrate in the tails of a distribution. A common theme in financial and actuarial applications and in agricultural crop revenue insurance is that tail dependence increases the risk to the underwriter and results in higher insurance premiums. We present, to our knowledge, the first case in which tail dependence may actually reduce actuarially fair premiums for an agricultural risk insurance product. We examine hedging effectiveness with LGM-Dairy and show that, even in the absence of basis or production risk, hedging horizon plays an important role in the ability of this tool to smooth farm income over feed cost margins over time. Rating methodology that accounts for tail dependence between milk and feed prices extends the optimal hedging horizon and increases hedging effectiveness of the LGM-Dairy program.
    Schlagwort(e): G13 - Contingent Pricing ; Futures Pricing, Q13 - Agricultural Markets and Marketing ; Cooperatives ; Agribusiness, Q18 - Agricultural Policy ; Food Policy
    Print ISSN: 0002-9092
    Digitale ISSN: 1467-8276
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Publiziert von Oxford University Press
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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    Impact of Third-party Contract Enforcement in Agricultural Markets--A Field Experiment in Vietnam (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-07-23
    Beschreibung: We study the effect of alleviating the information asymmetry regarding product quality that is widespread in contracts between agricultural producers and buyers in developing countries. Opportunistic buyers may underreport quality levels to farmers to reduce the price that they have to pay. In response, farmers may curb investment, thereby negatively affecting farm productivity. In an experiment, we entitle randomly selected smallholder dairy farmers in Vietnam, who are contracted by a large company, to independently verify milk testing results. Results indicate that treatment farmers use 12% more inputs, and they also increase their output significantly. Some wider research and policy implications are discussed.
    Schlagwort(e): C93 - Field Experiments, D82 - Asymmetric and Private Information, O13 - Agriculture ; Natural Resources ; Energy ; Environment ; Other Primary Products, Q13 - Agricultural Markets and Marketing ; Cooperatives ; Agribusiness
    Print ISSN: 0002-9092
    Digitale ISSN: 1467-8276
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Publiziert von Oxford University Press
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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    Strength of Protection for Geographical Indications: Promotion Incentives and Welfare Effects (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-07-23
    Beschreibung: We address the question of how the strength of protection for geographical indications (GIs) affects the GI industry's promotion incentives, equilibrium market outcomes, and the distribution of welfare. Geographical indication producers engage in informative advertising by associating their true quality premium (relative to a substitute product) with a specific label emphasizing the GI's geographic origin. The extent to which the names/words of the GI label can be used and/or imitated by competing products—which depends on the strength of GI protection—determines how informative the GI promotion messages can be. Consumers’ heterogeneous preferences (vis-à-vis the GI quality premium) are modeled in a vertically differentiated framework. Both the GI industry and the substitute product industry are assumed to be competitive (with free entry). The model is calibrated and solved for alternative parameter values. Results show that producers of the GI and of the lower-quality substitute good have divergent interests: GI producers are better off with full protection, whereas the substitute good's producers prefer intermediate levels of protection (but they never prefer zero protection because they benefit indirectly if the GI producers’ incentives to promote are preserved). For consumers and aggregate welfare, the preferred level of protection depends on the model's parameters, with an intermediate level of protection being optimal in many circumstances.
    Schlagwort(e): D23 - Organizational Behavior ; Transaction Costs ; Property Rights, L15 - Information and Product Quality ; Standardization and Compatibility, M37 - Advertising, Q13 - Agricultural Markets and Marketing ; Cooperatives ; Agribusiness
    Print ISSN: 0002-9092
    Digitale ISSN: 1467-8276
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Publiziert von Oxford University Press
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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    Pass-Through and Consumer Search: An Empirical Analysis (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-07-23
    Beschreibung: Retail-price pass-through is one of the most important issues facing manufacturers of consumer packaged goods. Although retailers tend to pass higher wholesale prices through to consumers quickly and completely, they often do not pass on trade promotions. Currently, asymmetric pass-through is commonly thought to result from retailers’ exercise of market power. Alternatively, it may be because of consumer search behavior and retailers’ competitive response. We test this theory using a panel threshold asymmetric error-correction model applied to wholesale and retail scanner data for ready-to-eat cereal for a number of retailers in the Los Angeles metropolitan market. We find that consumer search behavior contributes significantly to imperfect pass-through. By allowing pass-through to depend on market power and consumer search costs, we find results that are contrary to the conventional wisdom. Namely, market power causes retail prices to fall quickly and rise slowly, whereas consumer search behavior causes retail prices to rise quickly and fall slowly—precisely the "rockets and feathers" phenomenon.
    Schlagwort(e): C35 - Discrete Regression and Qualitative Choice Models, L13 - Oligopoly and Other Imperfect Markets, L66 - Food ; Beverages ; Cosmetics ; Tobacco ; Wine and Spirits, Q13 - Agricultural Markets and Marketing ; Cooperatives ; Agribusiness
    Print ISSN: 0002-9092
    Digitale ISSN: 1467-8276
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Publiziert von Oxford University Press
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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    Measuring Benefits from a Marketing Cooperative in the Copper River Fishery (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-07-23
    Beschreibung: The degradation of product quality is one form of rent dissipation resulting from incomplete property rights in fisheries. Industry structure and information asymmetries can also lead to underinvestment in product quality, even when property rights are well defined. In this article we empirically examine whether the voluntary formation of a marketing cooperative was able to mitigate market failures that led to the production of inferior-quality fish. Specifically, we use a difference-in-differences estimation strategy to measure the impact that the Copper River Fishermen's Cooperative, an Alaskan salmon marketing cooperative, had on ex-vessel salmon prices and salmon quality measures. We find that the cooperative was able to improve product quality, as well as attract and sustain a higher price for its salmon. Our findings provide empirical support for many of the key tenets of cooperative theory. Specifically, we find evidence that marketing cooperatives can address existing market failures, that marketing cooperatives can have advantages in high-quality product markets, and that over time, as a result of their success, marketing cooperatives may lead to lasting producer benefits even though they become obsolete due to nonmember free-riding.
    Schlagwort(e): Q13 - Agricultural Markets and Marketing ; Cooperatives ; Agribusiness, Q22 - Fishery ; Aquaculture
    Print ISSN: 0002-9092
    Digitale ISSN: 1467-8276
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Publiziert von Oxford University Press
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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    Does Organic Command a Premium When the Food is Already Local? (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-07-23
    Beschreibung: The emergence of community supported agriculture (CSA) farms has been recognized as a new way for small farms to remain competitive while engaging in their local community through direct marketing. In this study, we report on first revealed preference valuation of CSA attributes using data on share prices and CSA characteristics for the summer 2012 growing season. Using data covering 453 CSA farms in Michigan, New York, Ohio, and Pennsylvania, we develop a hedonic model based on firm-level prices to reveal consumer valuations of CSA attributes, including various types of organic certification. We also test for competition in the CSA market using a model of firm entry to evaluate whether firms appear perfectly competitive, which is a requirement when using firm-level prices in our hedonic analysis. Our results reveal a price premium of approximately 7% for USDA organic certification, although this value is heterogeneous across states. We find no premium associated with competing certified naturally grown programs. Finally, we find that CSA farms exhibit little market power and appear to act competitively even with few market entrants.
    Schlagwort(e): Q13 - Agricultural Markets and Marketing ; Cooperatives ; Agribusiness, Q51 - Valuation of Environmental Effects
    Print ISSN: 0002-9092
    Digitale ISSN: 1467-8276
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Publiziert von Oxford University Press
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 57
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    Will geographical indications supply excessive quality? (2012)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2012-08-03
    Beschreibung: This study investigates the choice of quality by producer organisations (POs) in charge of defining product specifications for geographical indications. The model assumes that the PO chooses the quality level that maximises joint producer profits in anticipation of the competitive equilibrium that arises once quality is set. Using a fairly general variant of the vertical differentiation model and a flexible specification of production costs, we show that the PO has an incentive to supply quality in excess of the socially optimal level.
    Schlagwort(e): L15 - Information and Product Quality ; Standardization and Compatibility, L44 - Antitrust Policy and Public Enterprises, Nonprofit Institutions, and Professional Organization, Q13 - Agricultural Markets and Marketing ; Cooperatives ; Agribusiness
    Print ISSN: 0165-1587
    Digitale ISSN: 1464-3618
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Publiziert von Oxford University Press
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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    Who are consuming food away from home and where? Results from the Consumer Expenditure Surveys (2012)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2012-12-28
    Beschreibung: This paper investigates household expenditures on food away from home by type of facility. A system of expenditures at full-service restaurants, fast-food restaurants and other facilities are estimated with a multivariate sample selection procedure, for three types of households by household composition. Statistical significance of error correlations suggests endogeneity of sample selectivity and justifies estimation of the equations in a system to improve statistical efficiency. Differentiated effects of economic and demographic factors are found on expenditures at different facilities and across household types. Findings on the roles of economic and socio-demographic factors can inform marketing strategies and policy deliberations.
    Schlagwort(e): C31 - Cross-Sectional Models ; Spatial Models ; Treatment Effect Models, D12 - Consumer Economics: Empirical Analysis, Q13 - Agricultural Markets and Marketing ; Cooperatives ; Agribusiness
    Print ISSN: 0165-1587
    Digitale ISSN: 1464-3618
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Publiziert von Oxford University Press
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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    Quality labels and firm survival: some first empirical evidence (2013)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2013-05-31
    Beschreibung: European Union regulation on quality food products (protected designations of origin (PDO) labelling) is expected to sustain competitiveness within the agricultural sector. This paper examines the impact of this policy on the survival of cheese firms over the period 1990–2006 in France. We show that such a policy (Appellation d'Origine Controlée) reduces exiting risk for smaller firms. However, smaller firms still have a lower survival rate compared with larger ones that cannot be compensated by the quality label effect.
    Schlagwort(e): L10 - General, Q13 - Agricultural Markets and Marketing ; Cooperatives ; Agribusiness, Q18 - Agricultural Policy ; Food Policy
    Print ISSN: 0165-1587
    Digitale ISSN: 1464-3618
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Publiziert von Oxford University Press
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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    Testing hypothetical bias with a real choice experiment using respondents' own money (2013)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2013-12-24
    Beschreibung: The investigation of hypothetical bias in choice experiments (CEs) has typically been conducted in the laboratory with only minimal field experiments. Moreover, it is common practice to provide an initial endowment (money or coupons) to respondents. In this research, we employed a between-subject CE in a supermarket with three different treatments (i.e. hypothetical, hypothetical with cheap talk script and real). With the ‘real’ treatment, we required respondents to use their own money when making a payment. The proposed incentive-compatible mechanism mimics as close as possible the everyday purchasing situation. Results confirm the presence of hypothetical bias and the mixed effectiveness of a cheap talk script.
    Schlagwort(e): D12 - Consumer Economics: Empirical Analysis, Q13 - Agricultural Markets and Marketing ; Cooperatives ; Agribusiness
    Print ISSN: 0165-1587
    Digitale ISSN: 1464-3618
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Publiziert von Oxford University Press
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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    Demand for food-away-from-home: a multiple-discrete-continuous extreme value model (2013)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2013-12-24
    Beschreibung: Policymakers have suggested the use of taxes to raise the relative cost of buying fast food. Yet, little is known of the structure of demand for food-away-from-home (FAFH) in general. This study provides estimates of the price-elasticity of demand for four different types of FAFH using a new data set from NPD, Inc. and an econometric approach that accounts for the multiple-discrete–continuous nature of FAFH demand. We find that cross-price elasticities of demand are small, so consumers are unwilling to substitute between food-at-home and any type of FAFH or among types of FAFH. Therefore, taxing fast food may be effective in reducing the number of fast food visits and shifting consumption to at-home meals.
    Schlagwort(e): C35 - Discrete Regression and Qualitative Choice Models, D12 - Consumer Economics: Empirical Analysis, I18 - Government Policy ; Regulation ; Public Health, Q13 - Agricultural Markets and Marketing ; Cooperatives ; Agribusiness, Q18 - Agricultural Policy ; Food Policy
    Print ISSN: 0165-1587
    Digitale ISSN: 1464-3618
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Publiziert von Oxford University Press
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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    Willingness to pay for pesticide reduction in the EU: nothing but organic? (2013)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2013-12-24
    Beschreibung: Using experimental auctions carried out on apples in different European countries, this paper contributes to the assessment of consumer willingness to pay for the reduction of pesticides. We study several systems of good agricultural practices, possibly signalled to consumers, ranging from Integrated Pest Management certifications to organic production methods. The results show a relatively homogeneous behaviour of European consumers and reveal that improving the information on pesticide reduction may have unintended consequences. Results also suggest that taste characteristics and reference to a Protected Denomination of Origin should not be overlooked.
    Schlagwort(e): C91 - Laboratory, Individual Behavior, D12 - Consumer Economics: Empirical Analysis, Q01 - Sustainable Development, Q13 - Agricultural Markets and Marketing ; Cooperatives ; Agribusiness
    Print ISSN: 0165-1587
    Digitale ISSN: 1464-3618
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Publiziert von Oxford University Press
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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    Capitalisation of Single Farm Payment on farm price: an analysis of Swedish farm prices using farm-level data (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-03-07
    Beschreibung: This paper estimates capitalisation effects of farm attributes with a particular focus on the decoupled Single Farm Payment (SFP) on prices. The spatial analysis employs a sample of mainly small- and medium-sized Swedish farm transactions sold all across Sweden; the results from a spatial multiple-membership model suggest that decoupled SFP has no influence on farm prices. Prices are profoundly influenced by residential characteristics and accessibility to urban amenities. Spatial heterogeneity is found for both regional and local levels, and a large spatial spillover effect is found between neighbouring farms. Results are confirmed by sensitivity analyses.
    Schlagwort(e): Q12 - Micro Analysis of Farm Firms, Farm Households, and Farm Input Markets, Q13 - Agricultural Markets and Marketing ; Cooperatives ; Agribusiness, R38 - Government Policies ; Regulatory Policies
    Print ISSN: 0165-1587
    Digitale ISSN: 1464-3618
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Publiziert von Oxford University Press
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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