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  • Springer  (340)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The yield stress myth? (1985)
    Springer
    Rheologica acta 24 (1985), S. 323-326 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Keywords: Yield stress ; viscosity ; Cross model
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract New experimental data obtained from constant stress rheometers are used to show that the yield stress concept is an idealization, and that, given accurate measurements, no yield stress exists. The simple Cross model is shown to be a useful empiricism for many non-Newtonian fluids, including those which have hitherto been thought to possess a yield stress.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01333960
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Solidification behavior of the theta system 2-propanol/poly(n-butyl methacrylate) (1995)
    Springer
    Rheologica acta 34 (1995), S. 172-181 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Keywords: Thermoreversible gelation ; glass transition ; viscosity ; storage modulus ; loss modulus ; activation energies of flow ; entanglement molecular weights ; poly(n-butyl methacrylate) ; 2-propanol ; concentration and temperature influences
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Thermoreversible gelation of the system 2-propanol/poly (n-butyl methacrylate) — as detected by D'SC or dielectric experiments — does not manifest itself in a straightforward manner in the dynamic-mechanical properties. Its occurrence can, however, be seen in many ways: i) For constant composition of the system and a reference temperature lower than T gel, the storage modulus G′ is larger than the loss modulus G″ in the glass transition zone of the master curve and both vary in an almost parallel manner with the angular frequency ω over almost two decades (whereas this feature is normally found for other gelling systems within the rubber plateau or the flow region). ii) The entanglement molecular weight obtained from G″max is markedly less max than the entanglement molecular weight in the melt divided by ϕ2, the volume fraction of the polymer. iii) The temperature influences change from WLF like to Arrhenius-like behavior as T is lowered in the case of highly concentrated polymer solutions; analogous considerations hold true as ϕ2 is increased at constant T. iv) For sufficiently low temperatures, the activation energy of flow exhibits a maximum in the concentration range where the gelation is — according to DSC experiments — most pronounced. Like with ordinary non-gelling systems it is possible to construct master curves. On the basis of Graessley's theory identical dependencies are obtained for the variation of the entanglement parts of the stationary viscosity with shear rate and for the dependence of the entanglement part of the complex viscosity on the frequency ω of oscillation. Zero shear viscosity and limiting value of the complex viscosity for vanishing ω as a function of ϕ2 match smoothly and exhibit two points of inflection.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00398437
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The relaxation of concentrated polymer solutions (1996)
    Springer
    Rheologica acta 35 (1996), S. 168-185 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Keywords: Polymer solution ; relaxation ; viscosity ; scaling ; polystyrene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The focus of this paper is on the viscoelastic properties of concentrated polymer solutions and polymer melts. Dynamic mechanical measurements were performed on various polystyrene/ethylbenzene solutions with polymer concentrations ranging from 40% up to 100% and temperatures from Tg+30°C up to 70°C (230°C for polymer melts). The basis polymers are two commerical grade polystyrenes (BASF) with M W = 247 kg/mol and 374 kg/mol, respectively. To avoid solvent loss due to evaporating during the measurements, a special sealing technique was used. A phenomenological model which describes quantitatively the relaxation spectrum of concentrated polymer solutions from the flow regime up to the glass transition regime is developed. The relaxation data of the respective polymer melt and the glass transition temperature of the solution are the only input parameters needed. The temperature dependence is described by a universal, concentration invariant WLF-equation. The relaxation spectra are divided into two parts accounting for the entanglement and the segmental relaxation modes, respectively. The relaxation strength related to the flow and entanglement regime scale with c 2.3, whereas the segmental relaxation strength does not alter with concentration. All relaxation times change with concentration proportional to c 3.5. Flow curves can be calculated from these relaxation spectra and thus, our results are useful for engineering applications.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00396044
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Self-pulsing and bichromatic emission in homogeneously broadened bidirectional ring lasers (1987)
    Springer
    Applied physics 44 (1987), S. 211-220 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.50 ; 42.65
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We study the effects of saturation-induced Bragg gratings on the mode structure and dynamics of bidirectional homogeneously broadened ring lasers. The grating is viewed as a distributed feedback medium in a ring cavity and modes appropriate to such a structure are used. A Fourier decomposed rate equation model is developed to study the behavior of these modes above threshold. The difference in the properties of these solutions from the modes of an unfilled ring cavity lead to the possibility of bichromatic emission and both regular undamped and irregular damped self-pulsing.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00692124
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Coherent spectroscopy with a distributed feedback dye laser (1987)
    Springer
    Applied physics 44 (1987), S. 221-233 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.60 ; 42.65 ; 78.30
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract A simple and flexible distributed feedback dye laser source pumped by the harmonic of a mode-locked YAG laser is described. Measurements of dephasing times of isotopic and hot bands in CS2 liquid exploiting both the frequency and time-resolution of this source are reported.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00692125
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Analysis of Raman gain for focussed Gaussian pump beams (1988)
    Springer
    Applied physics 45 (1988), S. 37-44 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.65 ; 78.30j
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Several theoretical and numerical models have been published which describe the evolution of a Stokes beam in a Raman medium excited by a focussed pump beam. Generally, the published theoretical departures from the plane-wave theory of Raman scattering are based on assumptions about the power of the pump beam. In this paper we present a theoretical model which is shown to be in excellent agreement with an exact numerical treatment, and which is valid without restrictions on the pump power. Its predictions are used to indicate the range of validity of earlier theories.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00692339
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Observation of laser-induced off-resonance intermolecular electronic energy transfer (1989)
    Springer
    Applied physics 49 (1989), S. 109-112 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 33 ; 42.65 ; 42.70
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We report the observation of off-resonance electronic energy transfer from an excited rhodamine 6G molecule to an azulene molecule in solution. The process requires the coupling of the radiation field in the transfer process. We demonstrate that the relation Y A ∝ I 1/2 between the acceptor's induced fluorescence intensity and the laser intensity, predicted by Jortner et al. is observed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00332269
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    CARS spectroscopy of molecules and clusters in supersonic jets (1988)
    Springer
    Applied physics 45 (1988), S. 205-214 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.65 ; 33.20.Fb ; 36.40.+d ; 34.50.Ez
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Supersonic molecular beams of D2, CH4, NH3, and C2H4 are investigated in the expansion region employing collinear coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy (CARS). The analysis of rotationally resolved CARS spectra allows the determination of temperatures in the beam. The rotational relaxation as a function of stagnation pressure and separation from the nozzle is studied by recording theQ branch for D2 and the ν3 R andS branches for CH4. Rotational temperatures for NH3 are determined by investigating the complete ν3 band. At strong stagnation conditions broad structures arise which can be attributed to the formation of NH3 clusters. For C2H4 the ν5 band with resolved rotational structure is reported. Again, at larger distances from the nozzle, broad structures are observed. They are assigned to the ν1 and ν5 vibrations in the C2H4 cluster.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00687148
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Coherent vacuum ultraviolet generation by frequency mixing in glass hollow waveguides (1988)
    Springer
    Applied physics 45 (1988), S. 293-299 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.65
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Efficiency for vuv generation in a glass hollow waveguide has been compared with that obtained by tight focussing of the primary radiation. Coherent vuv radiation is generated by resonant four-wave difference frequency mixing and four-wave parametric processes in xenon. At vuv wavelengths close to the 5p-6s resonance, the efficiency of generation was found to be enhanced by a factor of up to 2.5 under phase-matched conditions. The measured enhancement is limited by losses due to absorption of the generated radiation and by propagation losses of the primary beams along the waveguide.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00687159
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The influence of phase-modulation on femtosecond time-resolved coherent Raman spectroscopy (1988)
    Springer
    Applied physics 47 (1988), S. 307-312 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.65 ; 42.80
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The influence of phase-modulation on femtosecond time-resolved coherent Raman scattering is investigated theoretically and experimentally. The coherent Raman signal taken as a function of the spectral position shows unexpected temporal oscillations close to time zero. A theoretical analysis of the coherent Raman scattering process indicates that the femtosecond light pulses are amplitude and phase modulated. The pulses are asymmetric in time with more slowly decaying trailing wings. The phase of the pulse amplitude contains quadratic and higher-order contributions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00716091
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Intense ultrashort pulse generation in a two-photon pumped generator-amplifier system (1989)
    Springer
    Applied physics 48 (1989), S. 115-124 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.55 M ; 42.65
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Intense ultrashort light pulses are generated i) by two-photon induced amplified spontaneous emission in a dye generator cell and ii) by two-photon induced seeding pulse amplification of a picosecond light continuum. The generated signals are amplified in a twophoton pumped dye amplifier. A passively mode-locked Nd: glass laser is used as pump source. Ligh pulses in the spectral region between 565 and 630 nm are generated in the dyes rohodamine B, rhodamine 6G, and PYC.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00692136
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pulse formation in synchronously pumped infrared dye lasers (1989)
    Springer
    Applied physics 48 (1989), S. 149-153 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.55M ; 42.60F ; 42.65
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Pulse formation in synchronously pumped dye lasers with fast relaxing dyes is treated by computer simulation. The influence of spontaneous emission and chirp, as well as cavity mismatch, on the pulse characteristics and stability of generation are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00692140
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Study of processes of translational, rotational, and vibrational relaxation based on CARS spectra line shapes (1989)
    Springer
    Applied physics 48 (1989), S. 273-283 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.65 ; 34.00
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract This paper reviews the various physico-chemical processes responsible for actual linewidths encountered in high-resolution coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy (CARS). Most of the experimental data are based on linewidth measurements using a pulseamplified CARS spectrometer with an emission bandwidth (FWHM) of 2×10−3 cm−1. Detailed rotational and vibrational relaxation constants have been obtained from the analysis of theQ-branch profiles of C2H2, N2, CH4, and SiH4.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00694359
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Wavelength dependence of high-efficiency second-harmonic generation in CdGeAs2 (1985)
    Springer
    Applied physics 36 (1985), S. 17-20 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.65 ; 42.70 ; 42.80
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The frequency-doubling performance of CdGeAs2 as a function of wavelength has been characterised using a representative selection of lines from the 9 and 10 μm bands of a single mode TEA CO2 laser. Results are shown to be in good agreement with theory in which wavelength dependent absorption, most significant for the generated signal, is taken into account.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00698031
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Subnanosecond pulse measurements of 10.6 μm radiation with tellurium (1988)
    Springer
    Applied physics 46 (1988), S. 103-109 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.60 ; 42.65
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Subnanosecond infrared pulses have been measured by noncollinear secondharmonic generation in tellurium. The method is very practical because due to the high refractive index the fine tuning of the phase matching is easily obtained by rotating the crystal around the optic axis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00698659
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Surface structure of cubic ionic crystals studied by optical second-harmonic generation (1988)
    Springer
    Applied physics 46 (1988), S. 131-138 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.65 ; 68.20
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Polarization and azimuthal dependencies of optical second-harmonic generation at the surface of cubic ionic crystals have been measured on polished surfaces of BaF2 (111) and (100), CaF2 (111) and NaCl (111), using a fundamental wavelength of 532 nm. The results are interpreted in terms of available theory, which shows that for transparent cubic media only the dipolar surface contribution depends on the crystal orientation. For BaF2 (111) and NaCl (111) the crystallineC 3vgeometry could be identified but not for CaF2 (111). Although the nature of the electronic surface structure giving rise to a dipolar polarizability remains undetermined, the experimental result suggests that it may be due to impurity or defect states in the band gap at the surface.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00686465
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Analytic evaluation of high-order susceptibilities in multiwave mixing (1988)
    Springer
    Applied physics 46 (1988), S. 185-190 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 45.20 ; 42.65
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract A dynamical system consisting of a multilevel atomic gas medium subject to an electromagnetic field is analyzed by the density-matrix equations of motion. All stochastic processes such as elastic and inelastic atomic collisions and spontaneous emission are described by a damping matrix. Analytical expressions for the density-matrix elements to any order of perturbation theory (without any multipolar and rotating wave approximations) are obtained by means of the Laplace-transform method in a diagonal representation of the damping matrix. Closed formulae for the high-order susceptibilities are derived.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00686474
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Detection of atomic oxygen by laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy at 130 nm (1986)
    Springer
    Applied physics 39 (1986), S. 91-95 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 52.70 ; 42.65 ; 32.50
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract VUV radiation generated by stimulated Raman scattering from H2 and tunable around 130 nm is applied to the detection of atomic oxygen produced in a flow-tube. Concentrations in the range to the detection of atomic oxygen produced in a flow-tube. Concentrations in the range of 1010 to 1011 O-atoms per cm3 lead to fluorescence signals that can easily be detected on a nanosecond timescale. We deduce that oxygen impurities generated by plasma-wall interaction in present-day tokamak experiments should be measurable with spatial and temporal resolution applying this vuv source.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00694803
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Theoretical investigation of Kleinman symmetry in molecules (1986)
    Springer
    Applied physics 41 (1986), S. 169-172 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 31.20 ; 42.65
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract From measurements of the electric-field-induced second-harmonic generation with different polarizations of incident light, direct information should be obtainable on the extent to which Kleinman symmetry is obeyed in single molecules.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00693918
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Numerical analysis of pulse generation in synchronously mode-locked cw dye lasers (1988)
    Springer
    Applied physics 45 (1988), S. 101-108 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.55M ; 42.60F ; 42.65
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We present theoretical results on the characteristics of pulses generated by a synchronously pumped dye laser. Our analysis indicates the important influence of spontaneous emission on shape and frequency chirp of the pulse. Dye-laser operation is possible within a wide range of cavity mismatch. A large mismatch of the lengths of the dye and the pump-laser cavity results in the generation of “noise bursts” caused by the influence of spontaneous emission. At small cavity mismatch pulse profile and frequency chirp of the pulse are directly generated in the steady-state regime by algebraic equations. Our formulas indicate that the sign of the pulse chirp depends only on the sign of the shift between laser frequency and centre frequency of the amplifying transition.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00694324
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transient effects in four-wave mixing in photorefractive Passive Phase Conjugate Mirrors (1988)
    Springer
    Applied physics 45 (1988), S. 129-135 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.65 ; 42.80
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Partial differential equations are set up and solved partly analytically, partly numerically for the spatial and temporal variation of the amplitudes and phases of the four beams participating in four-wave mixing in a linear Passive Phase Conjugate Mirror. The instantaneous frequency of the resonating beam is also determined. It is shown that the duration and main features of the transient regime are determined not only by the properties of the photorefractive crystal but also by the external optical circuit, in particular by the quality factor and detuning of the resonator.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00695281
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  • 22
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    Determination of temperature and concentration of molecular nitrogen, oxygen and methane with coherent anti-stokes raman scattering (1988)
    Springer
    Applied physics 45 (1988), S. 183-190 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 33.20 ; 37.70 ; 42.65
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Temperature and concentration measurements by Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering (CARS) of molecular nitrogen, oxygen and methane were carried out. A comparison of corrected thermocouple and CARS temperature measurements in a high-temperature furnace up to 2000 K is presented. The temperature dependent CARS spectra of N2 and O2 are evaluated by a simulation program. Agreement between CARS and thermocouple temperatures is obtained within 40 K for N2 and 80 K for O2. Good agreement is found between measurements and calculations of the decrease of CARS intensity with temperature. Various “quick-fit” methods for N2-and O2-temperature measurements from temperature sensitive spectral parameters were tested. Temperature dependent CARS spectra of thev 1-fundamental of methane are recorded and the methane CARS intensity as function of temperature is measured.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00695289
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  • 23
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    Intensity dependence of thermal nonlinear optical activity in crystals (1989)
    Springer
    Applied physics 49 (1989), S. 65-67 
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    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.65 ; 42.70
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The thermal contribution to nonlinear optical activity in a BSO crystal was studied at 514.5 nm. The results show that the effect is only weakly dependent on laser intensity for constant beam power. By varying the laser spot size in the sample the electronic and thermal contributions to nonlinear optical activity may be separated.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00332127
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  • 24
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    Surface second-harmonic generation: A novel technique for ps-pulse duration measurements (1985)
    Springer
    Applied physics 36 (1985), S. 133-135 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.65
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Second-harmonic generation from dye adsorbates has been successfully used to measure the duration of ps pulses. In the red and in the blue-green spectral range pulse durations of 2.4 and 6.1 ps—in agreement with streak camera measurements — have been obtained from collinear, slow autocorrelation traces.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00691777
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  • 25
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    Spectral and temporal study of picosecond-pulse propagation in a single-mode optical fibre (1986)
    Springer
    Applied physics 39 (1986), S. 43-46 
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    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.10 ; 42.65
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The power-dependent pulsewidth variations for input 85 ps pulses from a cw mode-locked Nd: YAG laser propagating through 125 m of single-mode optical fibre have been examined using a Synchroscan streak camera. Simultaneous spectral and temporal measurements provide information as to the optimum parameters for pulse compression in fibres.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00695591
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  • 26
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    Molecular enhanced four-wave parametric generation in sodium atom (1986)
    Springer
    Applied physics 39 (1986), S. 65-72 
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    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.60 ; 42.65
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract A number of resonances have been observed in the excitation spectrum of the uv resonance lines of sodium. The mechanism proposed includes absorption by molecular states, energy transfer to excited atomic levels and four-wave parametric generation enhanced by radiative decay of the excited states.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00695595
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  • 27
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    Optical harmonic generation in media with positive dispersion (1986)
    Springer
    Applied physics 41 (1986), S. 69-71 
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    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.65
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Third-harmonic generation in gaseous media with positive dispersion is investigated. Using the example of the 351.7–117.2 nm conversion process in rare gases the possibility of optical harmonic generation in media with positive dispersion was first experimentally obtained and theoretically substantiated. Unusual dependence of the thirdharmonic generation efficiency on the intensity of incident beam (η∼W 4) is explained due to the second-order Kerr effect.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00697531
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  • 28
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    Selective laser heating and nonlinear light scattering in a homogeneous medium (1986)
    Springer
    Applied physics 41 (1986), S. 131-133 
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    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.65 ; 65
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Observation of light scattering on the laser-produced temperature inhomogeneities, the centres of which are connected with some absorbing molecules, is reported. The experimentally observed scattering intensity agrees well theory.
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    Intense spontaneous amplified emission of Li2 diffuse violet bands in the 4400 Å region (1987)
    Springer
    Applied physics 43 (1987), S. 225-230 
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    Keywords: 42.60 ; 42.65 ; 33.80K
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    Notes: Abstract We report observation of intense spontaneous amplified radiation of Li2 diffuse violet band in the 4100–4900 Å region. The radiation is strongly enhanced when the lithium vapor in a heat pipe is optically pumped with a pulsed dye laser with the output wavelength tuned to near the Li 2s–4s two-photon resonance transition. The diffuse violet band can probably be assigned to a recently reported triplet bound-free (23 Π g →a 3 Σ u + ) transition. It is found that the productions of the molecular diffuse band are contributed from Li atoms as well as Li2 molecules. The excitation functions and their dependence on laser power density are presented and the mechanisms for producing the diffuse bands are discussed.
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    Second-harmonic generation in centro-symmetric media (1987)
    Springer
    Applied physics 44 (1987), S. 5-10 
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    Notes: Abstract We have studied the magnetic-dipole and electric-quadrupole contributions to second-harmonic generation (SHG) of centro-symmetric media. It can be shown that the phenomenological parameters α, β, γ can be arranged to form an effective $$\bar \chi _s^{(2)} $$ -tensor, which describes dipole-forbidden SHG as the effect of a surface layer upon excitation with a single plane electromagnetic wave. An experimental technique is proposed allowing a determination of the usually very small γ term due to magnetic-dipole interaction using coherent compensation of its contribution by a coverage with an appropriate dye monolayer.
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    Laser-induced helical structure in the isotropic phase of nematic liquid crystal (1987)
    Springer
    Applied physics 44 (1987), S. 51-56 
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    Keywords: 42.65 ; 78.20
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    Notes: Abstract We report on the first observation of laser-induced helical structure in the isotropic phase of a nematic liquid crystal. The helical structure was induced by two nearly counter-propagating waves circularly polarized in the same sense. Bragg reflection in the optical tunneling region was studied. We made an extensive investigation on the analogy between Bragg reflection from a cholesteric liquid crystal slab and four-wave mixing. It provides a deeper insight into the physics of the optical properties of cholesteric liquid crystal.
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    Raman and parametric emission from excited states induced by collisions (1987)
    Springer
    Applied physics 44 (1987), S. 235-240 
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    Notes: Abstract A collisional energy transfer in the wings of Na 3p and between Na2 A 1Σ u + and na 3p states has been used to excite a number of stimulated emissions in the near-ir region of 800–850 nm. The detailed study reveals Raman and parametric emission involving 3p, 3d, 4p, and 4d levels of Na. Two tunable dye lasers in the visible provide the pump waves.
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    Amplification in photorefractive materials via a higher order wave (1988)
    Springer
    Applied physics 45 (1988), S. 125-128 
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    Notes: Abstract It is shown that power exchange is possible in photorefractive materials even though the grating produced by the two incident waves is in phase with their interference pattern. The reason is that the interaction of the principal waves will produced higher order waves and their presence will form further gratings which assist power transfer between the principle beams. Under favourable conditions significant amounts of power may be transferred.
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    Switching dynamics of optical bistable devices (1988)
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    Applied physics 45 (1988), S. 157-162 
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    Notes: Abstract The switching dynamics of optical bistable devices is studied and some recent results are reviewed.
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    H2 vibrational CARS thermometry (1988)
    Springer
    Applied physics 47 (1988), S. 41-46 
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    Notes: Abstract TheQ-branch spectra of molecular hydrogen have been used to determine rotational temperatures bycoherentanti-StokesRamanscattering (CARS). A supersonic jet expansion through a constant flow nozzle of adjustable temperature served as hydrogen source in the temperature range 300 to 2500 K. The analysis of the high-temperature data reveals details of the internal energy transfer in jet expansion.
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    Full pump energy conversion at parametric amplification (1988)
    Springer
    Applied physics 47 (1988), S. 359-360 
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    Notes: Abstract The full conversion of the modulated wave energy is shown to be possible and can be reached at mutually simple conformity between the spatial-temporal, modulation forms of interaction waves.
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    Magnetic Q-switching of a photolytic iodine laser (1989)
    Springer
    Applied physics 48 (1989), S. 357-364 
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    Notes: Abstract The Zeeman effect has been utilized in a switching technique of an atomic iodine laser. Magnetic fields up to a kilogauss have been applied to atomic iodine, prepared by thermally dissociating molecular iodine, that was situated inside the laser cavity. The absorption of the 1.315 μm light by atomic iodine was reduced by approximately 90% when the field was applied. This effect is used here to demonstrate a gas phase, self-healing Q-switch for a small (1 mW) cw photolytic iodine laser. Enhancement ratios of pulse power over cw power on the order of 55 to 1 were achieved.
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    High-speed N2-CARS thermometry (1989)
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    Applied physics 49 (1989), S. 33-38 
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    Notes: Abstract Using an excimer laser-pumped CARS spectrometer, single-pulse temperature measurements have been performed with a repetition rate of up to 80 Hz in a 3-dimensional, phase-matched geometry. Single-pulse temperature data measured in a furnace typically fluctuated by ± 50 K within the temperature range 300–1300 K. The CARS spectra were analyzed by the G-matrix formalism with inclusion of cross coherence effects.
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    Transients in photorefractive two-wave mixing: A numerical study (1989)
    Springer
    Applied physics 49 (1989), S. 339-342 
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    Notes: Abstract The complete description of two-wave interaction in photorefractive crystals involves two sets of differential equations: the materials equations and the field equations, although, when calculating the transients, the field equations are often omitted. The accuracy of these approximations is studied by calculating numerically the diffraction efficiency from both the exact and approximate equations for a set of coupling coefficients. It is shown that for large coupling, the discrepancy may be quite large. In particular, the time required for erasure will substantially increase when beam coupling is taken into account.
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    Parametrically induced light diffraction in crystals with second-order susceptibility (1995)
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    Applied physics 60 (1995), S. 421-426 
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    Notes: Abstract The theoretical description of parametric cascaded processes produced by intersecting beams in crystals with second-order susceptibility is presented. A common system of equations in the Slowly Varying Amplitude (SVA) approximation is used to treat the phenomenon. This approach provides a description of overall self-diffraction processes and the equations are well suited for numerical simulations. A relation between phase-matching conditions for parametric cascading processes and diffraction efficiency is found. Pump depletion influence is analysed. The results of numerical simulations are in good agreement with experimental data.
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    Odd and even two-dimensional dark spatial solitons (1995)
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    Applied physics 61 (1995), S. 121-124 
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    Notes: Abstract The formation of two-Dimensional (2D) odd dark spatial solutions is analyzed numerically at an initial helical dark-beam phase distribution. Experimental results are presented for the first time confirming the existence of two-dimensional optical even dark solitons (ring dark solitons). Several aspects of the evolution of input 1D and 2D odd/even dark beams are compared qualitatively.
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    Generation of 6.8–7.7 µm radiation in lithium iodate (1995)
    Springer
    Applied physics 61 (1995), S. 489-491 
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    Keywords: 42.65 ; 63.20 ; 78.30
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    Notes: Abstract Generation of infrared radiation in ts-infrared transmission window (6.8–7.7 µm) is reported for the first time by non-collinear difference-frequency mixing of the Nd: YAG second harmonic and the same-pumped dye (Rh-610) laser radiation in a lithium-iodate crystal. The spectrum of polythene sheets was run with the generated radiation.
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    Effect of three-wave-phase development on the stimulated Raman scatttering in an electron plasma (1996)
    Springer
    Applied physics 62 (1996), S. 309-311 
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    Notes: Abstract The effects of the development of the three-wave phase on the amplitude of the pumping laser light, the scattered light, and the electron plasma wave are studied. Analytical solutions are obtained to describe a pumping laser light decreasing with time and the development of the electron plasma wave and scattered wave from an initial increasing state to saturation and finally to a decaying state which is closely related to the three-wave phase.
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    Birth and evolution of wave-front dislocations in a laser beam passed through a photorefractive LiNbO3: Fe crystal (1996)
    Springer
    Applied physics 62 (1996), S. 465-471 
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    Notes: Abstract We report on an experimental and numerical investigation of the process of spontaneous optical vortices nucleation in a wave front of a laser beam passed through a photorefractive LiNbO3 : Fe crystal with self-induced nonlinear lens. The complex lens structure produces mainly defocusing of the beam passing through the crystal due to a negative variation of the refractive index, whereas side parts of the lens have a positive sign of refractive-index variation and partially focus the beam. The resulting wave-front distortions lead to a phase bifurcation occurring at a certain distance after the crystal when the amplitude of the light wave becomes zero. We study in detail the process of edge dislocation nucleation and its decay in the near field producing a pair of unity-charged opposite-sign screw dislocations. After birth, they spread along dislocation axes as stable objects.
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    Excited-state absorption and third-order optical nonlinearities in symmetric π-electron organic molecules (1996)
    Springer
    Applied physics 63 (1996), S. 47-50 
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    Keywords: 31.20.Nt ; 42.65 ; 42.70
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    Notes: Abstract Excited-State Absorption (ESA), Two-Photon Absorption (TPA) and the third-order polarizability γ(ω;ω,ω, − ω) have been investigated for a model dichloride derivative of a symmetrically substituted benzylidene analine (SBAC), using a multielectron configuration-interaction procedure. The calculations indicate that SBAC exhibits ESA across the visible region of the spectrum, but that it is not as extensive as for molecules such as the phthalocyanines. The magnitude of the third-order polarizability is dominated by resonance enhancement from a very strongA g →B u one-photon absorption. The calculated off-resonance value for γ(ω;ω,ω, − ω) suggests that SBAC is a potential candidate for ultrafast switching applications.
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    Generation of high-order rotational lines by four-wave Raman mixing using a high-power picosecond Ti:Sapphire laser (1996)
    Springer
    Applied physics 63 (1996), S. 121-124 
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    Notes: Abstract More than thirty rotational lines equally spaced by 587 cm−1 are generated simultaneously in the vicinity of the fundamental line by four-wave Raman mixing using a high-power picosecond Ti:Sapphire laser as a pump source and hydrogen as a Raman medium. Since the wavelength of this multifrequency laser emission extends from the near-infrared to the near-ultraviolet, it can be utilized as a tunable light source for picosecond spectroscopy. Because of the wide spectral bandwidth available, this procedure has great potential for the generation of ultrashort laser pulses by mode-locking these emission lines.
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    Photorefraction in the ultraviolet: Materials and effects (1995)
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    Applied physics 61 (1995), S. 351-360 
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    Keywords: 42.25.Bs ; 42.65 ; 78.20
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    Notes: Abstract Doped as well as nominally pure crystals of Lithium Niobate (LiNbO3), ι-Arginine Phosphate (LAP), Lithium Iodate (LiIO3), Potassium Dihydrogen Phosphate (KDP), Lithium Formate (LFM), Beta-Barium Borate (BBO), and lithium tetra borate were grown and investigated for photorefractive effects at ultraviolet wavelengths down to 333 nm. In nominally undoped LiNbO3 crystals strong beam coupling effects were observed. In contrast to the visible we revealed a diffusion-dominated charge transport mechanism based on holes, and a low photovoltaic field in the order of 550 V/cm. With such a crystal we investigated the modulation transfer function of a lensless image projection system based on a phase conjugation scheme. A spatial frequency response beyond 2800 line pairs per millimeter was observed. Photorefractive beam coupling was also obtained in LiIO3. Light-induced scattering was detected in iron-doped LiIO3 whereas as-grown LAP material did not exhibit any observable photorefractive effects. However, 100 kV X-ray irradiation seems to induce material defects which can lead to weak light-induced scattering at 351 nm. In all other above-mentioned materials, doped as well as undoped, light-induced scattering could not be observed. On the other hand, this is appreciated in all the applications where the crystals are used as nonlinear material for optical frequency conversion.
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    Continuous-wave mode-locked solid-state lasers with enhanced spatial hole burning (1995)
    Springer
    Applied physics 61 (1995), S. 429-437 
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    Notes: Abstract We systematically investigate the difference between both actively and passively mode-locked lasers with Gain-at-the-End (GE) and Gain-in-the-Middle (GM) at the example of Nd:YLF lasers. The GE laser generates pulse widths approximately three times shorter than a comparable GM cavity. This is due to enhanced Spatial Hole Burning (SHB) which effectively flattens the saturated gain and allows for a larger lasing bandwidth compared to a GM cavity. We first investigate enhanced SHB by measuring the cw mode spectrum, where we have observed that the mode spacing in GE cavities depends primarily on the crystal length. This was also confirmed for a Nd:LSB crystal, where the pump absorption length was significantly shorter than the crystal length. In mode-locked operation, pulse widths of 4 ps for passive mode locking and 5 ps for active mode locking are demonstrated with GE cavities, compared to 11 ps for passive and 17 ps for active mode locking with GM cavities. Additionally, the time-bandwidth product for the GE cavity is approximately twice the ideal product for a sech2 pulse shape and cannot be improved by dispersion compensation alone, while the GM cavity has nearly ideal time-bandwidth-limited performance. The results for the GM cavity compare well to existing theories taking into account the added effect of pump-power-dependent gain bandwidth which increases the bandwidth of Nd: YLF from 360 to 〉 500 GHz. In a following paper [1] (called Part II) a rigorous theoretical treatment of the effects due to SHB will be presented.
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    Shot-by-shot frequency calibration of CARS spectra: Application to the measurement of the collisional line shift in oxygen (1996)
    Springer
    Applied physics 62 (1996), S. 521-525 
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    Keywords: 07.60 ; 42.65 ; 33.70
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    Notes: Abstract A technique using a Fabry-Perot interferometer has been developed to calibrate high-resolution spectra obtained by Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Spectroscopy (CARS). This technique was used to measure simultaneously the Raman frequency and the Raman signal at each laser shot. We demonstrate the accuracy of the method by measuring theQ(15) line shifts of molecular oxygen due to collisions with oxygen and water vapour.
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    Dispersion of phase response of dye solutions using picosecond excitation (1985)
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    Applied physics 37 (1985), S. 41-45 
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    Notes: Abstract Dispersion of phase response (frequency-dependent light-induced variations of the refractive index) of a solution of bleachable dye 3955 due to variation in the populations of the ground and excited states of molecules is investigated using wavelength-tuned picosecond light pulses. On the wavelengths of the dye absorption band the refractive index increases under bleaching, and in the fluorescence band it decreases, what is in qualitative agreement with the expected picture.
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    Frequency mixing in a gas-filled waveguide for VUV light generation (1985)
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    Applied physics 37 (1985), S. 93-97 
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    Notes: Abstract Advantages of nonlinear frequency-mixing in gas-filled waveguides to generate vuv radiation are analyzed. Under phase-matching conditions the waveguides are shown to provide a much higher conversion efficiency (up to 102÷104 times) as compared to the tight focusing into the bulk gas medium. Estimations of the improvements for cw and pulse vuv generation are presented.
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    Second harmonic generation as a method for polarizing and analyzing laser light (1987)
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    Applied physics 42 (1987), S. 115-119 
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    Notes: Abstract Second harmonic nonlinear crystals can be successfully used as light polarizers and analyzers. An extinction ratio (ER) of 6×10−9 for a system consisting of a Glan prism and KDP doubler is demonstrated. This nonlinear optical analyzer was used to test ER of calcite Glan air spaced prisms.
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    Time-domain pulse property of stimulated Raman scattering in a multimode optical fiber (1986)
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    Applied physics 39 (1986), S. 107-110 
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    Notes: Abstract The time-domain pulse property of quasi-steady stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) in a multimode optical fiber, pumped by an A-O Q-switched Nd: YAG laser, is studied both experimentally and theoretically. Good agreement has been achieved between theory and experiment. Discussion shows that the variation of the Stokes pulse width (FWHM)t s depends on the shape of input pump pulse.
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    Multiplex rotational CARS of N2, O2, and CO with excimer pumped dye lasers: Species identification and thermometry in the intermediate temperature range with high temporal and spatial resolution (1986)
    Springer
    Applied physics 40 (1986), S. 1-7 
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    Notes: Abstract Pure rotational CARS spectra of N2, O2, air, and CO have been obtained using excimer laser pumped dye-lasers. The combination of the folded BOXCARS phase matching geometry with the broad-band laser multiplex method allowed high spatial and temporal resolution. Species and concentration analysis as well as thermometry up to 700 K is demonstrated, and possible applications are discussed.
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    Undamped undulation superposed on the passive Q-switching pulse of a CO2 laser (1986)
    Springer
    Applied physics 39 (1986), S. 83-90 
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    Keywords: 42.55 ; 42.65
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    Notes: Abstract An undamped undulation superposed on the pulse tail of the passive Q-switching is observed using HCOOH gas as a saturable absorber. The pulse shapes with the undulation are nicely reproduced through the rate-equation analysis in which the laser gain medium is described as a three-level system. Good agreements between the observation and the calculation are also obtained in the dependence of the period and the width of passive Q-switching pulse on laser parameters. The mechanism of the undulation is interpreted as the relaxation oscillation attributed to the relaxation from the lower laser level. The collisional rate constant of HCOOH molecule is also obtained.
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    Exciton-related optical nonlinearities in semiconductors and semiconductor microcrystallites (1988)
    Springer
    Applied physics 46 (1988), S. 19-25 
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    Keywords: 71 ; 42.65 ; 42.70
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    Notes: Abstract We report on large optical nonlinearities due to specific many-body effects in high-density electron-hole pair systems. On bulk CdS we study the effect of free-carrier screening on the absorption and refraction in the vicinity of the band-gap at room temperature. Steady-state saturable absorption at mW-power levels and four-wave mixing with first-order efficiencies as large as 2% of the incoming light are demonstrated on a 1μm slab. On CuBr microcrystallites embedded in glass we investigate the changes of the exciton absorption caused by many-exciton effects both at cryo and room temperature. In contrast to bulk semiconductors, we observe a blue shift of the exciton peak at resonant optical excitation. In addition, strong saturation of absorption with very large contrast shows up. We find Lorentzian saturation intensities in the 100 kW/cm2 range.
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    Nonlinear optical frequency-mixing in dye vapors (1985)
    Springer
    Applied physics 38 (1985), S. 143-146 
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    Keywords: 42.65 ; 42.80
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    Notes: Abstract Application of gas-phase molecular substances in nonlinear optics appears very promising. The paper reports on the experimental two-photon-resonant four-wave frequency-mixing of Nd: YAG laser radiation inp-terphenyl (PTP) vapors. The nonlinear susceptibility calculated from the experimental data made χ(3)≃10−31 ESU. This value is commensurable with the quasiresonant susceptibility of alkali atoms and is considerably higher than the resonant susceptibilities of simple molecules such as NO and CO. The paper seems to be the first devoted to the nonlinear frequency-mixing in dye vapors.
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    Nonresonant tripling and sum-frequency mixing in Hg (1986)
    Springer
    Applied physics 41 (1986), S. 225-230 
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    Keywords: 42.65 ; 42.72
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    Notes: Abstract Nonresonant frequency tripling and sum-frequency mixing of pulsed dye-laser radiation generates in Hg vapor continuously tunable coherent vuv radiation in the wavelength range λvuv=132-185nm. Laser pulse powers of 1–2 MW produce vuv light pulses of 0.6–1.5 W (2–4.8×109 photons/pulse).
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    Spectral and temporal investigations of nonlinearities in a non-polarization preserving single-mode optical fibre (1986)
    Springer
    Applied physics 41 (1986), S. 235-240 
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    Keywords: 42.10 ; 42.65 ; 42.80
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    Notes: Abstract Intense green and red components generated in a non-polarization preserving optical fibre using a Q-switched and mode-locked cw Nd: YAG laser have been examined spectrally and temporally with picosecond resolution. In addition to the red (four-photon interaction) and green (second-harmonic) components, many other frequency mixing processes were detected. From theoretical considerations, the red component (anti-Stokes) which is generated through parametric four photon mixing should be in the same propagation mode as the Stokes component (ir) and this was confirmed experimentally.
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    Optical frequency doubling of a single-mode dye laser in an external ring resonator (1986)
    Springer
    Applied physics 40 (1986), S. 43-47 
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    Keywords: 42.65
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    Notes: Abstract Optical frequency doubling of a single-mode cw Rhodamin 6G ring dye laser is performed with a thin angle-tuned LiIO3 Brewster cut crystal in a stabilized passive ring resonator. A conversion efficiency of η=5 mW uv/320 mW fundamental input power was achieved at λ=603 nm.
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    Saturable absorbers with concentration-dependent absorption recovery time (1986)
    Springer
    Applied physics 40 (1986), S. 85-93 
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    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.65 ; 42.70 ; 42.20
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    Notes: Abstract The ground-state bleaching of highly concentrated rhodamine 6G solutions in methanol is studied with intense picosecond light pulses. The ground-state recovery time changes with concentration from about 3.9 ns at low concentration (10−5 mol/dm3) to about 1 ps at high concentration (0.6 mol/dm3). The shortening of the absorption recovery time is determined by the concentration dependent quenching of theS 1-state population due to unbound dimers and by the intensity dependent longitudinal and transverse amplified spontaneous emission.
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    Coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy (CARS) of thev 3 band of methane in supersonic molecular beams (1986)
    Springer
    Applied physics 41 (1986), S. 173-178 
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    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.65 ; 33.20.Fb ; 34.50. Ez
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Supersonic molecular beams of methane are investigated in the expansion region using coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS). Raman spectra of thev 3 vibration with resolved rotational structure at low temperatures are reported. Comparison with calculated CARS spectra shows that the rotational distribution in the beam may be well described by a Boltzmann distribution. Temperatures are the same for all three nuclear spin modifications within the experimental error.
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    The influence of photoinduced structural distortions on interband absorption in polyacetylene (1988)
    Springer
    Applied physics 45 (1988), S. 21-25 
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    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.65 ; 63.20.Kr
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    Notes: Abstract Picosecond pump and probe experiments were carried out on fully oriented transpolyacetylene. Exciting the sample at 527 nm, photoinduced bleaching and absorption were observed at 527 nm and 1054 nm, respectively. The measurements give an upper limit of 2 ps for the relaxation time of the photogenerated 0.5 eV hot carriers to the band edges. The evaluation of the measured optical processes strongly suggests the conclusion that photoinduced structural distortions of the polyacetylene chain result in observable transient decrease of the interband absorption. This may be ascribed to the reduction of the density of electronic states and to that of the interband transition matrix element of the momentum operator.
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    Atom-density distribution in a metal vapor cell studied by third-harmonic generation (1988)
    Springer
    Applied physics 45 (1988), S. 47-52 
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    Keywords: 42.65 ; 42.80
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    Notes: Abstract The density distribution of Cs atoms in a metal-vapor cell designed for nonlinear optical and spectroscopic measurements has been investigated by the THG technique. For high heater powers the desnity-distribution function was found to display a dip in the central part of the cell. Explanation of the phenomenon and criteria to eliminate it are proposed.
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    Pump-pulse induced chirp production in semiconductors (1988)
    Springer
    Applied physics 45 (1988), S. 71-75 
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    Keywords: 42.10 ; 42.65
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    Notes: Abstract Nonlinear absorption and refractive index changes in wide-gap semiconductors (CdS, CdSSe, and GaSe) after ps light irradiation are determined with an excite-and-probebeam spectrometer. Based on a simple model pump-pulse induced chirp parameters on a signal pulse of different wavelength are calculated. Possible applications are discussed.
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    Optical bistability in fluorescein dyes (1988)
    Springer
    Applied physics 45 (1988), S. 137-144 
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    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 33 ; 42.65 ; 42.70
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    Notes: Abstract Optical bistability has been observed in highly concentrated fluorescein dye solutions and in thin (≈1 μm) doped polymeric films. At concentrations larger than 10−5 mole/l dye dimers are formed. For fluorescein dye, the dimer-monomer equilibrium constant is 105 l/mole so that most of the dye species are in the dimer form. At 480 nm the dimer absorption cross section is 10−18 cm2/molecule, while that for the dye monomer molecule is 7.6×10−17 cm2/molecule. Upon laser excitation dimers dissociate to form monomers thus providing a highly nonlinear laser induced absorption. This high nonlinear absorption coefficient can be utilized for optically bistable response of the dye system. Optical bistability was observed by placing dye solutions or dye thin films inside a Fabry-Perot resonator and exciting it with 480 nm dye laser pulses of 10 ns duration. The effect is more pronounced in 10−4 mole/l fluorescein than in 10−6 mole/l fluorescein in which dimer formation is not that efficient. In disodium fluorescein no significant dimer formation is observed even at 10−3 mole/l dye concentration. The observed bistability both in solution and in thin films can be explained in terms of recent models for optical bistability in nonlinearly absorbing molecular systems.
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    A mirror with an intensity-dependent reflection coefficient (1988)
    Springer
    Applied physics 45 (1988), S. 191-195 
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    Keywords: 42.65 ; 42.55
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    Notes: Abstract A device exhibiting a power-dependent reflection coefficient with fast time response and no frequency shift is proposed and analysed. It utilizes a combination of a nonlinear crystal for second harmonic generation and a dichroic mirror with high reflectivity for the second harmonic and partial transmission for the fundamental wavelenth. This device has been successfully used in a preliminary experiment to modelock a Nd:YAG laser.
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    Nonlinear optical properties of organic dye dimer-monomer systems (1988)
    Springer
    Applied physics 45 (1988), S. 237-243 
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    Keywords: 33 ; 42.65 ; 42.70
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    Notes: Abstract An analysis is provided for the discussion of nonlinear optical properties of aggregated dye systems. The intensity-dependent transmission of fluorescein solutions excited by nanosecond dye laser pulses is shown to fit a monomer-dimer equilibrium shifted towards monomer formation by excitation. The implications for spatial light modulation and other nonlinear optical applications are discussed.
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    Semiconductor-laser amplifier as an optically controlled switch (1988)
    Springer
    Applied physics 45 (1988), S. 171-174 
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    Keywords: 42.65 ; 42.80
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    Notes: Abstract The application of a semiconductor-laser amplifier with reduced facet reflectivity as all-optical switch is described. An optical data signal is switched on and off with an extinction ratio of 10 dB when an optical control signal is turned on and off. The two optical signals are polarized perpendicularly to each other. The device was operated up to 100 MHz.
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    The application of incoherent light for the study of femtosecond-picosecond relaxation in condensed phase (1988)
    Springer
    Applied physics 47 (1988), S. 107-125 
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    Keywords: 36.00 ; 42.65 ; 42.80
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    Notes: Abstract A convenient technique for the ultrashort-relaxation-time measurement using temporally incoherent light instead of short pulses can be applied to the studies of relaxation processes. Theoretical studies on measuring various types of relaxation times by this method are summarized. We have applied this technique to the studies of the electronic dephasing in a polydiacetylene film, the vibrational dephasing in dimethylsulfoxide and the relaxation of optical Kerr effect in CS2 and nitrobenzene.
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    Higher diffracted orders in a BSO crystal: An experimental study of transients (1989)
    Springer
    Applied physics 49 (1989), S. 431-433 
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    Keywords: 42.40 ; 42.65 ; 42.80
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    Notes: Abstract The emergence of higher diffracted orders when a slightly wedged BSO crystal is illuminated by a single coherent beam is studied with input power and applied voltage as parameters. It is shown that the power spreads gradually towards the higher orders and that the temporal variation of the power in each beam is qualitatively the same as in the case of two-wave interaction.
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    Laser-induced self-phase modulation in polymeric films (1989)
    Springer
    Applied physics 49 (1989), S. 393-396 
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    Keywords: 42.65 ; 42.80
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    Notes: Abstract Self phase modulation is observed in a polymeric thin film for the first time. It is found that this effect can occur at relatively low laser intensity. Experimental results obtained are compared with theoretical predictions.
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    Polarization effects in femtosecond time-resolved coherent scattering from molecules in liquids (1989)
    Springer
    Applied physics 49 (1989), S. 425-429 
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    Keywords: 33.20 ; 42.65
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    Notes: Abstract We present a description of the phenomena involved in a time-resolved coherent stimulated scattering experiment of molecules in the liquid state. The case of diiodomethane is used to demonstrate the ability of a polarization analysis to discriminate among the various processes evidenced by a transient grating technique. Oscillatory and nonoscillatory modes are independently revealed, as well as the anisotropic parts of the nonlinear susceptibility tensors associated with each motion. We address the problem of the puzzling signal which may appear at zero time delay, even when the wavelength of the pump and probe pulses is not the same.
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    Third-order nonlinear susceptibilities of dye solutions determined by third-harmonic generation (1985)
    Springer
    Applied physics 36 (1985), S. 25-31 
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    Keywords: 42.65 ; 42.65B
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The third-order nonlinear susceptibilities ϰ xxx (3) (−ω3; ω1, ω1, ω1) versus concentration are determined for rhodamine 6G, fuchsin, and methylene blue in methanol. Third-harmonic generation of a modelocked Nd-glass laser is applied. The real and imaginary part of the nonlinear susceptibility are measured. A resonance enhancement due to absorption bands is observed.
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    Light-induced scattering in photorefractive crystals (1986)
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    Applied physics 39 (1986), S. 223-229 
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    Keywords: 42.40 ; 42.70 ; 42.65
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    Notes: Abstract Light-induced scattering features in LiNbO3- and BaTiO3-crytals are compared with theories on holographic writing in photorefractive crystals. It is shown that they describe the experimental facts concerning the expected main scattering directions for a given incident polarization, the time development, the thickness and the wavelength dependence. Time records of the transmission offer a useful alternative for the determination of the photoconductivity. Furthermore, a new method for birefringence measurements is established. The high accuracy of this method is based on the automatic fulfillment of a phase matching condition by the anisotropically scattered radiation.
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    Tuning ranges of KrF and ArF excimer laser amplifiers and of associated vacuum ultraviolet anti-Stokes Raman lines (1987)
    Springer
    Applied physics 42 (1987), S. 67-72 
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    Keywords: 42.65 ; C ; 42.60.B
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    Notes: Abstract Measurements of tuning ranges for narrow-bandwidth ( $$\Delta \tilde v \approx 0.3cm^{ - 1}$$ ) radiation amplified in KrF and ArF laser amplifiers are reported. Generation of high-order anti-Stokes Raman lines in H2 down to 116 nm is described as well as measurements of the corresponding tuning ranges. Generation of rotational side-bands opens the possibility to tune most of the vacuum-ultraviolet (vuv) lines over intervals in excess of 1400 cm−1. Absolute values of the power measured for the various vuv lines are communicated.
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    Thermally-induced optical bistability with two holding beams (1987)
    Springer
    Applied physics 42 (1987), S. 85-89 
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    Keywords: 42.65 ; 42.80
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    Notes: Abstract Thermally-induced optical bistability with two holding beams has been experimentally investigated in a metal-dielectric-metal interference mirror. Steady-state responses different from the usual S-shaped curve and with potential interest for composite logic operations are reported.
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    Improved conversion efficiency of XeCl radiation to the first stokes at high pump energy (1988)
    Springer
    Applied physics 47 (1988), S. 101-105 
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    Keywords: 42.55 ; 42.60 ; 42.65
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    Notes: Abstract An XeCl laser beam has been used to investigate stimulated Raman scattering in H2 and in various H2-foreign gas mixtures. Helium, neon, argon, and nitrogen have been tested as foreign gases. In all the investigated mixtures with 50% of H2, the energy conversion efficiency to the first Stokes (353 nm) was more than 70% higher than that obtained in H2 at the same total pressure (40 bar) and pump energy (60 mJ). The dependence of the energy conversion efficiency on pump beam divergence has also been investigated.
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    Coherent tunable far infrared radiation (1989)
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    Applied physics 48 (1989), S. 311-313 
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    Keywords: 42.65 ; 42.55E
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    Notes: Abstract Tunable, cw, far infrared (FIR) radiation has been generated by nonlinear mixing of radiation from two CO2 lasers in a metal-insulator-metal, (MIM) diode. The FIR difference-frequency power was radiated from the MIM diode antenna to a calibrated indium antimonide bolometer. Two-tenths of a microwatt of FIR power was generated by 250 mW from each of the CO2 lasers. Using the combination of lines from a waveguide CO2 laser, with its larger tuning range, with lines from CO2, N2O, and CO2 isotope lasers promises complete coverage of the entire far infrared band from 100 to 5000 GHz (3–200 cm−1) with stepwise-tunable cw radiation.
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    Three-wave and four-wave forward mixing in photorefractive materials (1989)
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    Applied physics 48 (1989), S. 395-400 
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    Keywords: 42.50 ; 42.65
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    Notes: Abstract An amplification mechanism relying mainly on the real part of the arising space charge field in the presence of two strong pump beams is described. The dependence of amplification on frequency detuning, applied electric field and pump beam ratio are investigated in the undepleted beam approximation.
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    Calculation of nonlinear optical polarization and phase matching in biaxial crystals (1989)
    Springer
    Applied physics 49 (1989), S. 419-423 
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    Keywords: 42.65
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    Notes: Abstract We present a general, analytical formula for the calculation of the unit vectors of the direction of vibration of the electric field strength in biaxial crystals. By means of this formula it is possible to calculate the effective nonlinearity for second-order nonlinear optical frequency conversion processes in biaxial crystals. For two highly efficient nonlinear optical crystals we have calculated the effective nonlinear susceptibility and walk-off angles. The results have been compared with numerical as well as experimental data of previous papers.
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    Determination of nonlinear refractive indices by external self-focusing (1989)
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    Applied physics 49 (1989), S. 513-519 
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    Keywords: 42.65 ; 42.65.J
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    Notes: Abstract The nonlinear refractive index of benzene is determined by measuring the reduction of the beam divergence of picosecond ruby laser pulses when passing through a benzene sample. Time-integrated spatial beam profiles give an effective refractive index while time-resolved beam profiles measured with a streak camera allow the determination of the temporal evolution of the nonlinear refractive index.
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    Phase conjugation via unequal amplitude multiple gratings in photorefractives: A simple shooting method for numerical solution (1989)
    Springer
    Applied physics 49 (1989), S. 557-564 
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    Keywords: 42.65 ; 78.20 ; 42.40
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    Notes: Abstract We present a simple shooting method to obtain numerical solutions of the nonlinear coupled-wave equations for degenerate four-wave mixing in photorefractive crystals when four different types of the index gratings of unequal amplitudes are responsible for phase-conjugation. Our analysis includes the effects of pump depletion and absorption in the medium. Intensities of the four beams, both inside and at the output surface, are obtained as a function of four unequal coupling strengths and absorption coefficient. Intensity of the generated phase-conjugate beam is shown as a function of both the small and wide ranges of signal beam intensity. It is found that the multigrating operation with a careful choice of coupling constants and their combinations may improve the phase-conjugate wave generation. Also the presence of absorption reduces the phase-conjugate intensity more significantly when all the gratings are operative than when a single grating is allowed. Numerical results obtained from the computer calculations are presented in graphical form.
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    Two-photon excitation of atomic oxygen using a Raman-shifted ArF-excimer laser (1995)
    Springer
    Applied physics 60 (1995), S. 61-65 
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    Keywords: 32.00 ; 42.65 ; 82.50
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    Notes: Abstract A novel method for exciting the two-photon 2p 3 3p 3 P ←2p 4 3 P atomic oxygen transition is reported. The transition energy is provided by the combined photon energies of the second and third Stokes orders of a deuterium-filled Raman shifter pumped by an ArF-excimer laser. The ArF-excimer-pumped Raman shifter performance is characterized and the approach is demonstrated in an atomic oxygen population created by molecular oxygen absorption and predissociation in room air.
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    SBS mirrors for XeCl lasers with a broad spectrum (1995)
    Springer
    Applied physics 61 (1995), S. 73-80 
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    Keywords: 42.65 ; 42.60. Da
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    Notes: Abstract The stimulated Brillouin scattering threshold of focused broad-band XeCl laser radiation depends on the ratio of the coherence length to the Rayleigh range, which is affected by the transverse beam quality. With reduction of the focal length, the threshold decreases first and then reaches a nearly constant value. In addition, the energy reflectivity is increased. On the other hand, pulse shortening occurs and the phase conjugation fidelity is decreased. Separation of single lines from the structured XeCl laser spectrum improves the SBS efficiency.
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    Three-photon absorption and its limitation of third-order nonlinear optical effects in rutile (1995)
    Springer
    Applied physics 61 (1995), S. 127-134 
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    Keywords: 42.65 ; 42.65 ; 78.20
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Three-photon absorption and three-photon-induced excited-state absorption of rutile are studied by transmission measurements using picosecond pulses of a mode-locked Nd: glass laser. The nonlinear absorption limits efficient stimulated Raman scattering. It reduces the efficiency of two-photon absorption of a picosecond probe continuum. Three-photon absorption coefficients, excited-state absorption cross sections, a Raman gain factor, and two-photon absorption cross-section spectra are determined. The arrangementsE⊥c andE ∥c are considered.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01090933
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  • 87
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    Characterization of the KNSBN: Cu crystal with two-wave coupling at visible and infrared wavelengths (1995)
    Springer
    Applied physics 61 (1995), S. 207-211 
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    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.70.Gz ; 42.30.Va ; 42.40.Kw ; 42.65
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We have optically characterized the newly-developed photorefractive crystal KNSBN: Cu by two-wave coupling at visible and near-infrared wavelengths. The effective electrooptic coefficientsξ(k g)r 13 andξ(k g)r 33, the effective charge carrier densityN eff, the dark conductivityσ d, the product of mobility and electron-trap recombination timeμτ R, the formation and decay rate of index grating and the absorption coefficientα of the crystal were determined from visible to near-infrared wavelengths. Their wavelength dependences were also studied. It is interesting to notice that the KNSBN: Cu crystal has a very largeN eff and large gain coefficientΓ for ordinary ray (o-ray) in the visible region, and the photorefractive properties of the crystal are very different in the visible and near-infrared spectral regions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01090945
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  • 88
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    Development of a dual-wavelength dye-laser system for the UV and its application to simultaneous multi-element detection (1995)
    Springer
    Applied physics 61 (1995), S. 339-343 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.60 ; 42.65 ; 82.80
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper, the design and performance characteristics of a pulsed tunable dye laser system for the simultaneous generation of two UV wavelengths are presented. The system is composed of an oscillator and an amplifier stage, pumped by the second harmonic of a commercial Nd:YAG laser. Dual-wavelength operation is achieved with one additional tuning mirror introduced to the prism expanded grazing incidence oscillator. The two obtained wavelengths are independently tunable, their separation is only limited by the gain profile of the dye. Both wavelengths are frequency doubled by Second-Harmonic Generation (SHG) in two KDP or BBO crystals. Performance characteristics such as bandwidth, efficiency, tuning range and wavelength separation are reported. As application two such systems are used for the simultaneous detection of the four elements cadmium, nickel, manganese and lead by Laser-Excited Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry in a graphite furnace (ETA-LEAFS).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01081533
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  • 89
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    Thermometry of an oxy-acetylene flame using multiplex degenerate four-wave mixing of C2 (1996)
    Springer
    Applied physics 62 (1996), S. 39-44 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.65 ; 33.20
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Thermometry of an oxy-acetylene flame using multiplex Degenerate Four-Wave Mixing (DFWM) of C2 is demonstrated. More than 100 rotational transitions in thed 3 Π g ←a 3 Π u (0,0) Swan band of C2 could be recorded simultaneously by use of a pulsed, broad bandwidth “modeless” laser. Temperatures were inferred by fitting temperature-dependent synthetic spectra of single- or multiple-shot averaged spectra. The strength and reliability of recorded signals together with the large number of rotational lines observed suggest that multiplex DFWM is a promising technique for minor species detection and for temporally resolved temperature measurements in luminous environments. Factors influencing the accuracy and precision of single-shot thermometry using the technique are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01081245
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  • 90
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    Optical restoration of photorefractive holograms (1995)
    Springer
    Applied physics 61 (1995), S. 511-514 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.30 ; 42.40 ; 42.65
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We consider the possibility of restoration and/or enhancement of decaying holograms in photorefractive media by using a simple optical readout in conjunction with a phase conjugator. The results indicate that extremely weak holograms can be enhanced provided that the two-beam coupling is sufficiently strong. Steady-state photorefractive holograms can be maintained continuously without decay by using a self-enhanced readout scheme. The results also provide an explanation for the formation of mutually pumped phase conjugation in terms of the amplification of an initial noise grating. The results are presented and discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01081282
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  • 91
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    Design of a compact blue-green stimulated hydrogen Raman shifter (1996)
    Springer
    Applied physics 62 (1996), S. 479-483 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 78.30 ; 78.32 ; 42.70 ; 42.65
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract A design of a compact blue-green stimulated Raman shifter pumped by the third harmonic of a Nd:YAG laser is presented. Design parameters given here are based on our experimental investigation of various optimization techniques involving parametric studies. Blue-green energy conversion of up to 66% is achieved. The problem of optical breakdown is addressed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01081047
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  • 92
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    Temperature measurements in CO2-laser-induced pyrolysis flames for SiC and ternary SiC/C/B powder synthesis by means of CARS (1996)
    Springer
    Applied physics 62 (1996), S. 609-612 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 36.40 ; 42.65
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The hot luminescent reaction zones of CO2-laser-induced pyrolysis flames using SiH4/C2H2 gas mixtures with different silane to acetylene ratios and with and without diborane additives were investigated by means of H2 Q-branch CARS spectroscopy, leading to spatial temperature profiles in gas flow direction. In the case of B2H6 additive to the stoichiometric SiH4/C2H2 mixture a high temperature plateau (≈ 800–1000 K) of the reactant gas volume develops already several millimetres before reaching the CO2-laser focus line. This precursor preheating zone could be explained by the catalytic effect of boron atoms or boron-containing intermediate species in the flame. A similar behaviour for acetylene-rich flames operating at half laser power was not observed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01081699
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  • 93
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    Parallel guiding of signal beams by a ring dark soliton (1996)
    Springer
    Applied physics 63 (1996), S. 145-150 
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    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.65
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Guiding of multiple signal beams in an induced all-optical cable is studied theoretically. A balance relation is derived for the interaction geometry and undistorted propagation of bright elliptical signal beams nested in a single ring dark soliton. The numerical analyses show a remarkable misalignment stability of the parallel guiding scheme.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01095265
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  • 94
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    Grating feedback in a 810 nm broad-area diode laser (1996)
    Springer
    Applied physics 63 (1996), S. 117-120 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.60B ; 42.60D ; 42.65
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Narrow linewidth, single spectral mode operation has been obtained in a high power, 810 nm broad-area diode laser in an extended cavity configuration with a grating as external reflector (grating feedback). For stable operation it was necessary to misalign the feedback slightly in the plane of the laser junction. Characteristics of the thus obtained laser system are a linewidth below 5 MHz, an output intensity of about 50% of the free running power, a large-scale tuning range of 15 nm and continuous scanning over 4 GHz. In the spatial domain, the laser remains multimode and astigmatic. To show the practical applicability of this system, saturated absorption of a krypton line is demonstrated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01095259
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  • 95
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    The effect of mid-infrared and far-infrared emission, generated at NH3 excitation by intense radiation of a TEA CO2 laser, on ammonia absorption (1996)
    Springer
    Applied physics 63 (1996), S. 355-361 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 33.00 ; 42.55 ; 42.65
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The effect of Mid-InfraRed (MIR) (λ ≅ 12 μm) and Far-InfraRed (FIR) (λ ≽ 100 μm) emission from excited ammonia on the absorption of intense radiation of a TEA CO2 laser has been studied experimentally under collisional and collisionless excitation conditions with ammonia pressures from 0.5 to 0.03 Torr. The energy of MIR and FIR emission was studied as a function of NH3 pressure and laser energy fluence. Particular emphasis was given to the kinetics of MIR and FIR emission generation at different NH3 pressures and to the measurement of the time delay of re-emitted pulses relative to the exciting CO2 laser pulse. It has been found that the re-emission in the MIR range is highly collisional in nature. The intensity of MIR emission drops sharply (asp 3) with decreasing NH3 pressure and its delay time relative to the exciting laser pulse increases. At the same time, re-emission in the FIR range (in the case of resonant excitation of NH3 at the 9R (30) line of CO2 laser) is observed during an exciting pulse up top 〈 0.03 Torr. When binding the rotational sub-levels of a molecule with transitions, FIR emission acts as rotational relaxation and thus leads to an increase in NH3 IR absorption even at collisionless excitation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01828738
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  • 96
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    A continuously tunable long-wavelength cw IR source for high-resolution spectroscopy and trace-gas detection (1996)
    Springer
    Applied physics 63 (1996), S. 437-441 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 7.65 ; 33.00 ; 42.60 ; 42.65 ; 42.80
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract A new widely tunable source in the infrared for use in high-resolution spectroscopy and trace-gas detection is described. This spectroscopic source is based on Difference Frequency Generation (DFG) in gallium selenide (GaSe) and is continuously tunable in the 8.8–15.0 μm wavelength region. Such a DFG source operates at room temperature which makes it a useful alternative to a lead-salt diode-laser- based detection system that requires cryogenic temperatures and numerous individual diode lasers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01828938
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  • 97
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    Phase-controlled nonlinear interferometry (1989)
    Springer
    Applied physics 49 (1989), S. 283-289 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.65
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We have studied the influence of (relative) phases between fundamental and generated harmonic in a variety of nonlinear optical experiments. The concomitant large coherence length and the various methods of phase-control known from linear optics facilitate amplitude superposition and the generation of novel interference patterns, which may be used to determine phase and amplitude of the constituent processes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00714649
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  • 98
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    Generation of more than 40 laser emission lines from the ultraviolet to the visible regions by two-color stimulated raman effect (1989)
    Springer
    Applied physics 49 (1989), S. 389-392 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.65 ; 51.70
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract An intense and monochromatic laser beam consisting of more than 40 vibrational and rotational lines is generated by the stimulated Raman effect, when two-color laser beams separated by ∼590 cm−1 are tightly focused into pressurized hydrogen. This phenomenon is reasonably explained by four-wave mixing; one beam is used for two-step excitation (ω1+ω1) to an imaginary level and another beam (ω2) acts as a seed beam, generating a fourth beam (2ω1−ω2). Through cascade processes, so many laser emissions appear with a frequency difference of (ω1−ω2) in entire ultraviolet and visible regions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00324191
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  • 99
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    Coupled cavity modelocking of a Nd:YAG laser using second-harmonic generation (1989)
    Springer
    Applied physics 49 (1989), S. 323-325 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.60 ; 42.65
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The modelocking of a Nd:YAG laser using second-harmonic generation in an external cavity as the only pulse shortening process is reported. The output of a long pulse Nd:YAG laser was simultaneously modelocked and Q-switched. The average pulse duration was 30–50 ps and the peak power was in the range 60–160 kW.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00324180
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  • 100
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    Interference effects between raman and parametric stimulated emission (1989)
    Springer
    Applied physics 49 (1989), S. 521-525 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 32 ; 42.65
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The interaction between stimulated electronic Raman scattering and four wave parametric emission in potassium has been studied on the basis of common real states and emission channels. The modified intensity Stokes dependence and higher saturation pump intensity have been accounted for by the model developed. Two tunable pump waves are used to initiate the two steps, involving a dipole forbidden 4S − 3D transition.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00324951
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