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  • 1
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    Springer
    In:  GEOTECHNOLOGIEN Science Report | Advanced Technologies in Earth Sciences
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
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  • 2
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    In:  Advanced Technologies in Earth Sciences
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: Wissenschaftliche Projekte produzieren große Mengen an Literatur in Form von Artikeln, Büchern, Buchkapiteln, Dissertationen, Diplomarbeiten. Mitunter ist das Sammeln, Auswerten, Analysieren und Anreichern mit neuen Erkenntnissen von Literatur selbst Teil des Projektauftrags. Nach Abschluss des Projekts versinken diese mit großem Aufwand zusammengetragenen wertvollen fachspezifischen Literatursammlungen häufig und geraten, etwa nach Abschalten der entsprechenden Projektwebseiten, aufgrund mangelnder technischer Ausstattung oder veralteter Datenformate, in Vergessenheit und werden somit interessierten Nachnutzern vorenthalten. Die Bibliothekssuchmaschine ALBERT, ein gemeinsames Produkt des KOBV und der Bibliothek des Wissenschaftsparks Albert Einstein, greift diesen Malus auf und macht Sammlungen von Projektliteratur dauerhaft und normiert verfügbar. So werden abgeschlossene oder auch laufende Projekte per Export in ALBERT integriert und als eigene Kollektion dargestellt. Darüber hinaus bietet ALBERT die Möglichkeit, eine eigene permanente Landing Page zu erstellen, die neben generellen Informationen zum Projekt auch als Quereinstieg für Google und Konsorten dient, wodurch ein weitaus höherer Verbreitungsgrad erzeugt wird. Der meist leicht zu realisierende XML-Export beugt zudem veralteten Datenformaten vor. Der Zugang zur Projektliteratur selbst wird dadurch wesentlich erleichtert und verstetigt. So wird offen zugängliche Literatur im Volltext indexiert und direkt über ALBERT angeboten. Andere Inhalte, die lizensiert sind oder deren Urheberschaft unklar ist, werden in der Bibliothek als gedruckte Kopie vorgehalten und können so eingesehen werden. Aus der Vielfalt der sonstigen erschlossenen Quellen sowie der angebotenen Services in ALBERT kann in Verbindung mit institutsassoziierten Projekten so ein sehr umfassendes und einzigartiges Fachportal entstehen, das sonst verstreute Kollektionen gewinnbringend zusammenführt und vor der digitalen Amnesie bewahrt.
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
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  • 4
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    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
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  • 5
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    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: ALBERT würde ohne XML nicht funktionieren. Die Vorlesung thematisiert diese Abhängigkeit und geht neben einer allgemeinen Einführung auf Elemente wie XSLT, XSD, XPath sowie das Build-Tool Apache Ant anhand von praktischen Beispielen ein.
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
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  • 7
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    Community Online Resource for Statistical Seismicity Analysis
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
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  • 11
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: Berichtet wird, wie an der Bibliothek des Wissenschaftsparks Albert Einstein elektronische sowie gedruckte Zeitschriften mit Hilfe eines selbst entwickelten ERMs auf Basis von Open Source Komponenten in einer Spezialbibliothek konsolidiert und verwaltet werden. Dabei wird auf die praktische Anwendung des Systems in Hinsicht auf Herkunft des Zugangs der Ressource, Statistik, Rechnungsverwaltung, Anreicherung der Daten sowie die simple Verwaltung von E-Books eingegangen. Weiterhin werden die Vor- und Nachteile von Eigenentwicklungen diskutiert, auf das Aggregieren von neuesten Zeitschriftenartikeln als RSS Feed eingegangen sowie die Darstellung der genannten Elemente im Frontend - der Suchmaschine ALBERT - aufgezeigt.
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
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  • 12
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
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  • 13
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    Community Online Resource for Statistical Seismicity Analysis
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    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
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  • 14
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The Mw 5.7 earthquake that occurred on 12 May 1802 is the only one with Mw ≥ 5.5 located west of Lake Garda in the central-northern part of the Po Plain, Northern Italy, and the strongest event located in the seismic zone 907 of the ZS9 seismogenic zonation of Italy. Current parametric earthquake catalogs locate the event not far from important cities (e.g., Milan) and to sites where nuclear power plants were to be built in the 1980s or could be built in a near future. Although the earthquake parameters seemed sufficiently well constrained, a detailed investigation of documentary sources was performed, in repositories storing the documents of the Napoleonic departments to which the area affected by the earthquake belonged at that time. In the surviving archival series, we found the officers’ correspondence on all the administrative aspects raised by the earthquake. The newly collected records allowed the authors to significantly increase the number of macroseismic intensity data, including new observations in the most damaged area. The results have been then interpreted in terms of both Mercalli–Cancani–Sieberg and EMS98 macroseismic scales. The earthquake parameters were derived applying two different methods in order to get two independent estimates. Earthquake location is confirmed, although the still scarce data available in the area to the east of the epicenter do not permit to reduce the uncertainty to a minimum. According to the Boxer method, the magnitude is now slightly higher, and the source model shows a good agreement with the tectonic setting of the area.
    Description: Published
    Description: 629-651
    Description: 3.10. Storia ed archeologia applicate alle Scienze della Terra
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: 1802 earthquake ; Northern Italy ; Historical seismology ; Macroseismic intensity ; Earthquake parameters ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.05. Historical seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 15
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    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
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  • 16
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
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  • 17
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  • 18
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
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  • 19
    Publication Date: 2020-11-16
    Description: Earthquake catalogues for Romania supply for 11th–15th century earthquakes located in the region of Vrancea records that consist of a complete set of parameters, including magnitude and depth. Scope of this paper is to verify the reliability and consistency of these parameters with the informative background as explicitly referenced by the catalogues. After retrieving the original sources they mention, the set of data appeared to be related almost exclusively to the Russian plain and too poor to be at the very origin of the parameter assessment. Data for 19th–20th century earthquakes, such as instrumental locations and CMT solutions, added to the understanding of the macroseismic response of the Russian plain to Vrancea earthquakes. On the one hand, the investigation and analysis of historical earthquake records for the fourteen events listed by the catalogues in the 11th–15th centuries has shown that for three earthquakes (1022, 1038, 1258) no primary sources could be traced, and three more earthquakes (1091, 1170 and 1328) are attested only by scarcely reliable records and had to be classified as doubtful, and one (1473) is simply a duplication of the 1471 event. On the other hand, the availability of data on recent earthquakes that may be compared to historical ones in terms of macroseismic effects allowed the authors to agree with the previous catalogue compilers’ solution with regard to both magnitude and depth of the past earthquakes for which do exist reliable primary historical records.
    Description: Published
    Description: 575–604
    Description: 4IT. Banche dati
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: Vrancea earthquakes ; 11th-15th earthquakes ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.05. Historical seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 20
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
    Language: English
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  • 21
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  • 22
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
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  • 23
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Mostly based on traditional catalogues, without further research, several modern parametric catalogues are nevertheless straightforward, without question marks, and easily misleading (chronology, epicentre, epicentral intensity, not to speak of magnitude). The example of an Ionian time-window (1658-1664), with several major events, shows that the historical seismicity of the Ionian Islands, often thought to be well-known, actually needs a more or less drastic revision. A wealth of sources was collected, mostly from the Archives of the Republic of Venice, then ruling the main three islands of the Ionian Archipelago; it was ascertained that there are no important chronological gaps in the surviving documentation. Similarly outstanding, and in fact at the basis of a more balanced and precise view of one of the events in this time-window, are the souvenirs of Christoff von Degenfeld, a German nobleman at the service of the Republic of Venice. His manuscript, discovered at the library of Karlsruhe (Germany) in 1992, has been consulted again in the original, on the occasion of the preparation of this paper. Some question marks remain on the distributions of macroseismic effects of the earthquakes within this time-window, and this is due to the lack of information concerning the mainland. For this reason this study does not propose epicentres and, of course, magnitudes. An unusually long documentary appendix is provided, with the hope that it might contribute in discouraging authors of parametric earthquake catalogues from hasty exploitation and interpretation of often unreliable current catalogues.
    Description: Published
    Description: 43-91
    Description: 3.10. Sismologia storica e archeosismologia
    Description: open
    Keywords: Historical seismology ; Ionian Islands 1658-1664 ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.05. Historical seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: book chapter
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  • 24
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Most of the ancient town of Tindari (NE, Sicily) was settled on a plateau the most surficial layer of which was made of unconsolidated material. Ongoing excavations at the archaeological site at Tindari uncovered a large portion of the decumanus which suffered deformations preliminarily assigned to coseismic effects. An analysis of the local dynamic response through the simulation of strong seismic shaking to the bedrock and modelling of spectral ratios of the bedrock-soft soil was carried out to verify the susceptibility of superficial terrains of the promontory to coseismic deformations. To perform this simulation the finite element method (FEM) was used. Four accelerometric recordings of three earthquakes of medium-high magnitude, recorded on rocky sites, were chosen to simulate the seismic shaking, using a constitutive law for the materials composing the promontory layers both of linear-elastic type and of elastoplastic type. The analysis of the linear-elastic field allowed the definition of the frequencies for which the spectral ratios of the accelerations recorded the highest amplifications; in particular the frequency range 31.5–37.2 Hz can be combined with deformation of the paved floor of the decumanus. The analysis in the elastoplastic field highlighted the zones of promontory more susceptible to suffer plasticization process. The results show that the topmost layer of the decumanus is the most susceptible to suffer plasticization. Therefore, the performed analysis lends greater support to the hypothesis that the deformations were produced by seismic shaking.
    Description: Published
    Description: 213-222
    Description: 3.10. Sismologia storica e archeosismologia
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Fourier analysis ; Elasticity and anelasticity ; Earthquake ground motions ; Site effects ; Computational seismology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.05. Historical seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 25
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Jean Vogt was born in 1929 in Strasbourg (France), where he attended primary and secondary school. At the University of Strasbourg, he graduated in Geography, and majored in Geomorphology. His professor was the geographer Jean Tricart, who taught him the importance of both geological field work and archive investigation. In 1955 he joined the French West-Africa Geological Service and later the French Bureau for Geology and Mines (BRGM). Along the following 20 years he lived as a “geological” globetrotter in a number of countries, dispensing his time between the field and the archives. In these years, he was concerned mainly with mining geology, geomorphology, superficial deposits, and landslides. This unique experience led him in 1975 to the responsibility of the “Seismo-Tectonic Project”, the BRGM project in relation with the French nuclear power programme. From 1975 to 1984, he gave a substantial impulse to the study of French historical earthquakes, and since then he visited almost every public archive in France, and several major archives and libraries in Europe and abroad. He took care at the same time of the follow-up of macroseismic studies of present-day earthquakes. After he retired in 1984, he continued on a personal basis his investigations of historical earthquakes, in Europe, the Middle East, North Africa, and the Caribbean area. Alongside and for about 50 years, Jean Vogt investigated uninterruptedly the agrarian history of Northeastern France and Southwestern Germany. He published in scientific journals and in local learned societies bulletins more than 500 notes and articles devoted to a variety of subjects, such as soil erosion, agriculture, cattle trade, and social conflicts. Jean Vogt died on 5 June 2005 in Strasbourg. His scientific legacy consists of a wealth of published papers, manuscripts, documentation related to history and seismology, awaiting to be further exploited, as he would have done.
    Description: Published
    Description: 3-16
    Description: 3.10. Sismologia storica e archeosismologia
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Jean Vogt ; biography ; historical seismology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.05. Historical seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: book chapter
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  • 26
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The recent seismological literature recorded three strong earthquakes in Algeria, Libya and Tunisia between 1656 and 1694 AD. The historical evidence for these derives from European sources only (gazettes, journalistic pamphlets, missionary literature). Considering the kind of sources involved, their likely biases and the geographical distances that divided their places of production from the places that they spoke about, it is possible that some of these accounts could be less than reliable, and therefore have little use as materials from which to assess earthquake parameters. To answer these doubts, we have retrieved, cross-checked and critically analysed the original historical sources quoted in previous compilations and studies.
    Description: Published
    Description: 163-184
    Description: 5.1. TTC - Banche dati e metodi macrosismici
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Historical Seismicity ; North Africa Earthquakes ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.05. Historical seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 27
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: While the seismicity of the Southern Alps is high in the Eastern sector, corresponding to the Veneto and Friuli regions, it decreases towards West up to the Adda River. In the sector between the Lessini Mts. and Eastern Friuli the damaging earthquakes are clustered in a well defined seismic belt, where seismogenic sources responsible for earthquakes with Mw 6 have been defined in recent works. In contrast, the knowledge of the Southalpine sector West of this area is sparser; the area experienced some earthquakes with Mw〉5.5 and varied events with 4.8≤Mw≤5.5 the distribution of which is, apparently, random. For the area roughly defined by the basins of the Adda River to the West and the middle Adige River to the East, this paper reappraises the background knowledge of the earthquakes occurred before 1700. The investigation and the results are presented according to two successive periods, up to 1995 and from 1995 on. In the research performed up to 1995, the most important achievements concerned two different aspects: i) the assessement of several “fake quakes”, some of which were the object of paradigmatic case-histories; ii) the resizing and relocation of several, presumed damaging earthquakes. Though this round of investigation changed significantly the picture of the seismicity with respect to the Seventies, the research continued. For the period from 1995 on, the discussion focuses on the reliability of the available information; material that received little or no consideration before, new historical findings and comments to the seismological interpretation as in the most recent literature are also presented. This part includes also the discussion of archaeoseismological evidence of damage related to past earthquakes.
    Description: Published
    Description: 93-129
    Description: 3.10. Sismologia storica e archeosismologia
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: historical seismology ; Adda and Middle Adige River Basins ; Southern Alps ; archaeoseismology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.05. Historical seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 28
    Publication Date: 2017-04-03
    Description: The Valtiberina region (central Italy) has a seismic record going back to the Middle Ages and including five Io 〉 VIII MCS earthquakes, the earliest of which (1352, 1389, 1458). though recently and extensively studied, remain rather poorly known. This makes it all the more important to ensure that the later ones (1789, 1917) are as throughly studied as possible. The 1789 earthquake is listed by the current Italian catalogue (CPTI Working Group 2004) with Io VIII-IX MCS and Mm 5.8. These parameters were assessed from a database of 28 macroseismic intensity data points (Castelli et al. 1996), which is less than plentiful for a late 18th century earthquake. An analysis of the historical context of the 1789 earthquake and its influence on the production of contemporary accounts evidences a few research paths that previous studies either did not or could not take. Following them, the macroseismic database of the 1789 earthquake can be noticeably improved, providing the catalogue compiler with a mean to check the reliability of its current parameters.
    Description: Published
    Description: 249-260
    Description: 5.1. TTC - Banche dati e metodi macrosismici
    Description: open
    Keywords: Historical Seismicity ; 1789 Valtiberina Earthquake ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.05. Historical seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 29
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
    Language: English
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  • 30
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
    Language: German
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    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
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  • 32
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  • 33
    Publication Date: 2020-11-30
    Description: This special issue of Journal of Seismology, dedicated to Archaeoseismology, shows the current trends of research in this young branch of seismology. The beginning of modern archaeoseismological practice during the 1980’s and the investigations made during the 1990’s were in many cases conditioned by the lack of cooperation among the spcialists from different scientific diciplines. Numerous publications resulted from the work of archaeologists, in some cases in collaboration with experts in earthquake-geology or seismology, but rarely such work included a complete and multidisciplinary approach and in situ analysis of the evidence. In many cases, archaeoseismological studies were limited to the detection of traces of past earthquakes in archaeological remains without a seismological perspective aiming to derive quantitative parameters necessary to fully describe a past earthquake (magnitude, etc.). In other cases, such investigations were limited to the analysis of archaeological reports of excavations made years or decades earlier. A step towards the quantification of seismological aspects was represented by the “territorial” approach, trying to reconstruct a picture of an earthquake by detecting its signs over a wider region. This procedure was, however, limited by the scarcity and reliability of published or unpublished archaeological material, usually adopted without a critical review.
    Description: Published
    Description: 393–394
    Description: 2TM. Divulgazione Scientifica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: Archaeoseismology, ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.05. Historical seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 34
    Publication Date: 2012-02-03
    Description: Archaeoseismic research contributes important data on past earthquakes. A limitation of the usefulness of archaeoseismology is due to the lack of continuous discussion about the methodology. The methodological issues are particularly important because archaeoseismological investigations of past earthquakes make use of a large variety of methods. Typical in situ investigations include: (1) reconstruction of the local archaeological stratigraphy aimed at defining the correct position and chronology of a destruction layer, presumably related to an earthquake; (2) analysis of the deformations potentially due to seismic shaking or secondary earthquake effects, detectable on walls; (3) analysis of the depositional characteristics of the collapsed material; (4) investigations of the local geology and geomorphology to define possible natural cause(s) of the destruction; (5) investigations of the local factors affecting the ground motion amplifications; and (6) estimation of the dynamic excitation, which affected the site under investigation. Subsequently, a ‘territorial’ approach testing evidence of synchronous destruction in a certain region may delineate the extent of the area struck by the earthquake. The most reliable results of an archaeoseismological investigation are obtained by application of modern geoarchaeological practice (archaeological stratigraphy plus geological–geomorphological data), with the addition of a geophysicalengineering quantitative approach and (if available) historical information. This gives a basic dataset necessary to perform quantitative analyses which, in turn, corroborate the archaeoseismic hypothesis. Since archaeoseismological investigations can reveal the possible natural causes of destruction at a site, they contribute to the wider field of environmental archaeology, that seeks to define the history of the relationship between humans and the environment. Finally, through the improvement of the knowledge on the past seismicity, these studies can contribute to the regional estimation of seismic hazard.
    Description: Published
    Description: 395-414
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: archaeoseismology ; historical seismology ; geoarchaeology ; environmental archaeology ; natural catastrophes ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.01. Earthquake geology and paleoseismology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.05. Historical seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 35
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The southernmost sector of the Italian peninsula is crossed by an almost continuous seismogenic belt capable of producing M ~ 7 earthquakes and extending from the Calabrian Arc, through the Messina Straits, as far as Southeastern Sicily. Though large earthquakes occurring in this region during the last Millennium are fairly well known from the historical point of view and seismic catalogues may be considered complete for destructive and badly damaging events (IX £ Io £ XI MCS), the knowledge and seismic completeness of moderate earthquakes can be improved by investigating other kinds of documentary sources not explored by the classical seismological tradition. In this paper, we present a case study explanatory of the problem, regarding the Ionian coast between the Messina Straits and Mount Etna volcano, an area of North-eastern Sicily lacking evidence of relevant seismic activity in historical times. Now, after a systematic analysis of the 18th century journalistic sources (gazettes), this gap can be partly filled by the rediscovery of a seismic sequence that took place in 1780. According to the available catalogues, the only event on record for this year is a minor shock (Io = VI MCS, Mw = 4.8) recorded in Messina on March 28, 1780. The newly discovered data allow to reinstate it as the mainshock (Io = VII–VIII MCS, Mw = 5.6) of a significant seismic period, which went on from March to June 1780, causing severe damage along the Ionian coast of North-eastern Sicily. The source responsible for this event appears located offshore, 40-km south of the previous determination, and is consistent with the Taormina Fault suggested by the geological literature, developing in the low seismic rate zone at the southernmost termination of the 1908 Messina earthquake fault.
    Description: Published
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Historical seismology ; Macroseismic data ; MCS-EMS intensity scales ; 1780 Seismic sequence ; Seismotectonics ; NE Sicily ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.03. Earthquake source and dynamics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.05. Historical seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    Publication Date: 2017-04-03
    Description: The aim of this study is to shed light ontwo important destructive seismicsequences, about 20 years apart (1138–1139and 1156–1159), which hit the northernsector of the Dead Sea transform faultsystem (DSTFS), in the easternMediterranean region. Although some ofthese earthquakes were already known to thescholarly tradition, the interpretationsprovided until today have largely beenpartial and characterised by uncertaintiesand discrepancies among the variousauthors. Our study has developed throughresearch into the original Arabic, Syriac,Armenian and Latin texts and a criticalanalysis relating to a territory fragmentedby the presence of the Christian-Latinstates. This analysis has allowed us toshed light on the already existing, albeitoften uncertain, information and to add newelements of these two important series ofearthquake shocks to our knowledge base.As regards the first seismic sequence(October 1138–June 1139), apart from havingdefined the date with greater accuracy,eight new locations affected have beenidentified, unknown to previous studies.The shocks jolted a vast area withdestructive effects, including theterritory of Aleppo (modern Halab, Syria)and the western part of the region ofEdessa (modern Urfa, Turkey).The second seismic sequence (September1156–May 1159) was much longer anddevastating, and hit a huge area, includedbetween the present-day territories ofnorth-western Syria, northern Lebanon andthe region of Antioch (modern Antakya, insouthern Turkey). A detailed analysis ofthe primary sources has allowed toreconstruct the series of shocks withchronological detail of the effects,improving our previous knowledge. Lastly,the authors formulate an hypothesis as tothe possible seismogenic zones affected.
    Description: Published
    Description: 105-127
    Description: 3.10. Sismologia storica e archeosismologia
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Historical earthquakes ; seismic sequences ; Lebanon ; Syria ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.05. Historical seismology
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    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The recent seismological literature recorded three strong earthquakes in Algeria, Libya and Tunisia between 1656 and 1694 AD. The historical evidence for these derives from European sources only (gazettes, journalistic pamphlets, missionary literature). Considering the kind of sources involved, their likely biases and the geographical distances that divided their places of production from the places that they spoke about, it is possible that some of these accounts could be less than reliable, and therefore have little use as materials from which to assess earthquake parameters. To answer these doubts, we have retrieved, cross-checked and critically analysed the original historical sources quoted in previous compilations and studies.
    Description: Unpublished
    Description: 3.10. Sismologia storica e archeosismologia
    Description: open
    Keywords: Historical Seismology ; North Africa Earthquakes ; Early journalistic sources ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.05. Historical seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
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    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
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    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: In Südostalaska wird eine relative Meeresspiegelabsenkung von bis zu 4 cm/ a beobachtet. Da dieses Gebiet während der letzten Kaltperiode durch das Kordillerische Eisschild bedeckt war und noch heute von Vergletscherung geprägt ist, liegt die Vermutung nahe, daß die Meeresspiegeländerungen zumindest teilweise durch isostatische Ausgleichsvorgänge hervorgerufen werden. Um diese Hypothese zu prüfen, werden für dieses Gebiet eislastinduzierte Vertikalbewegungen und Geoidänderungen mit Hilfe viskoelastischer Erdmodelle berechnet. Insbesondere werden sechs siebenschichtige Erdmodelle verwendet, die unterschiedliche Viskostitätsprofile berücksichtigen und die Bandbreite der plausiblen Lithosphärenmächtigkeiten abdecken. Das globale Lastmodell ICE-3G wird erweitert und das regionale Lastmodell AL-1 entwickelt, welches die rezente Vergletscherung Südostalaskas berücksichtigt. Weiterhin werden die Ozeane als Last einbezogen. Ein Vergleich der berechneten mit den beobachteten Meeresspiegeländerungen zeigt, daß die Beobachtungen nur zu einen geringen Anteil von wenigen Millimetern pro Jahr durch Isostasie erklärt werden können.
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
    Language: German
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    Deutsches GeoForschungsZentrum
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
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    In:  Scientific Technical Report STR
    Publication Date: 2021-02-25
    Description: Die im Norddeutschen Becken vorkommenden hochsalinaren, heißen Tiefenwässer besitzen ein beträchtliches Wärmepotential, das bisher in Neustadt-Glewe, Neubrandenburg und Waren zur Energiegewinnung genutzt wird. Das Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit bestand zum einen darin, die Herkunft und die Genese dieser Solen und der in ihnen gelösten Stoffe zu rekonstruieren. Ein zweiter Schwerpunkt bestand in der Ermittlung geochemischer Parameter, die für einen problemlosen Langzeitbetrieb geothermischer Anlagen und somit für deren Wirtschaftlichkeit von Bedeutung sind. Die untersuchten Solen stammten aus Aquiferen, die durch fünf Bohrungen (Neubrandenburg, Waren, Rheinsberg, Neustadt-Glewe, Hamburg-Allermöhe) in Tiefen von 1250 bis 3250 m (54 bis l28°C) erschlossen wurden. Alle untersuchten Na-Cl-Solen wurden aus Sandsteinaquiferen des Keuper (Contorta!Postera-Schichten) gefördert, für die mit zunehmender Tiefe steigende TDS-Gehalte (134 bis 224 g/1) charakteristisch sind. Die Zusammensetzung der gelösten Feststoffe blieb über einen Zeitraum von 3 Jahren konstant. Die Br/CJ-Verhältnisse der Solen sind kleiner als in eingedampftem Meerwasser. Dies und 811B-Werte von +23.8 %o bis +36.3 %o indizieren die Herkunft des Salzgehaltes durch Auflösung/Laugung von Salzen. Das Gas-Wasser-Volumenverhältnis in Proben geothermisch genutzter Solen liegt bei max. 1:10. Die Gasphase wird von C02, N2 und CH4 dominiert, wobei der Gehalt an C02 und CH4 mit der Tiefe zunimmt. Als Spurengase treten He, Ar, H2 und weitere Kohlenwasserstoffe auf (jeweils 〈1 Vol.-%). Die Gasphase des Thermalwassers Neustadt-Giewe zeigte über einen Zeitraum von 2 Jahren keine Änderung in ihrer Zusammensetzung. Periodische Schwankungen in sehr kleinen Konzentrationsbereichen während einer mehrtägigen Gasmeßkampagne korrelieren mit den Erdgezeiten. Die N2-Ar-He-Verhältnisse zeigen, daß es sich um tiefzirkulierende Oberflächenwässer handelt. Untermauert wird diese Interpretation durch die sehr niedrigen 3HefHe-Verhältnisse (R!Ra:S;O.Ol), die keine Mantelheliumkomponente anzeigen, sowie die gegenüber Luft (295.5) leicht erhöhten 40 Ar/36 Ar-Verhältnisse von bis zu 367.5. He-Akkumulationsalter als scheinbare Verweildauer der Solen von 20 bis 50 Ma wurden berechnet. Das Tiefenwasser von NeustadtGiewe besaß gegenüber den anderen Lokationen erhöhte Kohlenwasserstoffgehalte. Die 813C1,2,3- Werte weisen auf thermogenetische Kohlenwasserstoffe und auf ein marines Ausgangsmaterial mit einer Reife, die einer Vitrinitreflektion von etwa 1.2 % entspricht, hin. Die Herkunft aus Corgreichen Zechstein-Sedimenten ist wahrscheinlich, organisches Material des wesentlich tiefer liegenden Karbons scheidet als Quelle aus. Die 8180- und öD-Werte der Wässer zeigen an, daß meteorisches Wasser bei der Genese eine bedeutende Rolle gespielt hat. Die ermittelte isatopische Zusammensetzung der meteorischen Komponente weicht von heutigen Niederschlagswässern ab und weist einen letztmaligen Kontakt mit der Atmosphäre zu einer Zeit deutlich wärmeren Klimas als das heutige nach. Die in einem Thermalwasser vorhandenen Gase können die technologische Eignung der Sole und den Betrieb einer geothermischen Anlage maßgeblich beinflussen (Scaling, Auftreten brennbarer Gase, Entlösung von Gasen). Bei Vorhandensein Corg-reicher Sedimente nimmt die Wahrscheinlichkeit des Auftretens brennbarer Gase in Wässern aus größerer Tiefe, die durch ihre höhere Temperatur wirtschaftlicher sind, zu. Um die Entgasung eines Tiefenwassers innerhalb einer Anlage zu verhindem und somit Scaling und unkontrolliertes Entgasen zu minimieren, wurde anhand Literaturdaten exemplarisch für den Thermalwasserkreislauf der Anlage Neustadt-Giewe (Sole mit den höchsten Gasgehalten) ein Mindestanlagendruck berechnet. Danach sind etwa 2 bar ausreichend, um ein Entgasen der Sole zu verhindern; Strömungseffekte erfordern jedoch eine Erhöhung des Anlagendrucks auf etwa 4 bar. Die zeitliche Konstanz in der Zusammensetzung der gelösten Feststoffe und der Gasphase über einen Zeitraum von 2 bzw. 3 Jahren zeugt von einer relativ großen räumlichen Homogenität der Aquifere, wodurch der Betrieb der Anlagen durch Änderungen in der chemischen Zusammensetzung der Solen kaum gefährdet zu sein scheint. Die Ergebnisse der vorliegenden Arbeit haben gezeigt, daß sowohl bei der hydrodynamischen Vorerkundung als auch während des Betriebes eines geothermischen Heizwerkes die genaue Kenntnis der Gasmengen und der Gaszusammensetzung von entscheidender Bedeutung ist.
    Description: Deep seated hydrothermal brines in the North German Basin have a considerable heat potential, which is currently used for geothermal energy recovery in Neustadt-Glewe, Neubrandenburg and Waren. One aim of this study was to reconstruct the origin of these brines and their dissolved substances. Another goalwas to determine geochemical parameters which are critically influence the long-term operation, and hence the econornic viability of geothermal plants. The brines come from aquifers which have been accessed by 5 boreholes (Neubrandenburg, Waren, Rheinsberg, Neustadt-Glewe, Hamburg-Allermöhe) in depths from 1250 to 3250 m (54 to 128 °C). All investigated Na-Cl-brines were produced from sandstone aquifers of the Keuper (Contorta!Postera layers). Typically, TDS-values (134 to 224 g/1) increase with depth. The compositions of the dissolved solids were constant during 3 years. The Br/Cl ratios of the brines are lower than evaporated sea water. This, and 811B-values of +23.8 %o up to +36.3 %o indicate dissolution/leaching of salt as the origin of the salt content. The gas-water volume ratio of samples from brines used for geothermal energy recovery are less than around 1:10. The gas phase is dorninated by C02, N2 and C~ with higher C02- and C~ contents with increasing depths. He, Ar, H2 and other hydrocarbons exist as traces ( 〈1 vol.% each). The gas phase of the thermal water from Neustadt-Giewe showed no changes in its composition during 2 years. Small · periodical variations in the concentrations obtained from gas monitaring over several days correlate with the earth tides. The N2-Ar-He ratios show that the waters are deep-circulating meteoric waters. This interpretation is supported by very low 3HefHe ratios (R!Ra:S;O.Ol), which show no mantle helium, and 40 ArP6 Ar ratios up to 367.5, which are slightly enhanced compared to air (295.5). He accumulation ages, taken as the apparent residence time of the brines, were calculated to be 20 to 50 Ma. Compared to the other locations the formation water from Neustadt-Giewe contained enhanced hydrocarbon contents. The 813C1,2,3 values point to thermogenic hydrocarbons and to a marine source rock with a maturity corresponding to about 1.2 % vitrinite reflectivity. An origin from Corg-rich Zechstein sediments seems probable, organic material from significantly deeper-seated Carboniferous formations can be ruled out. The 8180 and ÖD values of the waters confirm that meteoric water played an important role in the brine genesis. The determined isotopic composition of the meteoric component deviates from recent precipitation and indicates a last contact with the atmosphere at a time when climate conditions were significantly warmer than today. Gases dissolved in thermal waters can significantly affect both the technological suitability of a brine and the operation of a geothermal heat plant (scaling, degassing, occurence of flammable gases). If Corg-rich sedimentary rocks occur, the probability of the occurence of flammable gases increases in waters from larger depths, which are more economic due to their higher temperature. The pressure needed to prevent degassing inside a plant and thus to rninirnize scaling and uncontrolled degassing was calculated for the example of the thermal water cycle at Neustadt-Giewe (brine with the highest gas content). About 2 bars are sufficient to prevent degassing; however, flow effects require increasing the pressure up to about 4 bars. The constant composition of both the dissolved solids and gases over a period of 2 to 3 years is a sign of a relatively large spatial uniformity of the aquifers. Therefore the continuous operation of the plants seems unlikely to be endangered by a change in the chernical composition of the brines. The results of this study have shown that during the hydrodynarnic reconnaissance as weil as during the operation of a geothermal heat plant, precise knowlegde of the gas concentration is of essential importance.
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
    Language: German
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    In:  Scientific Technical Report
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: Seismological models of upper mantle structure provide important constraints on the Earth"s convection system. Resolving the details of the upper mantle discontinuities is important for modelling the composition of the mantle and for understanding the effect that the discontinuities may have on mantle convection. Recently, numerous permanent and temporary seismic stations and networks have been set up around the world. It is possible to get the seismic records for the research needs from data management systems like IRIS, GEOFON, GEOSCOPE, FREESIA, etc. The use of seismograms collected from a large number of stations and earthquakes around the world enable us to study the global and the regional structure of the Earth. In this work, the receiver function technique (e.g. Owens et. Al., 1995) is applied to study the upper mantle structure in the northwest Pacific subduction zone and in the Hawaiian hotspot area. In the northwest Pacific, the Pacific plate is subducted into the upper mantle to more than 600 km depth, indicated by seismicity. In Hawaii, the volcanic edifice of the Hawaiian Islands and seamounts are believed to result from the passage of the oceanic lithosphere over a stationary mantle hotspot (Wilson, 1963; Morgan, 1971; Morgan et. al., 1995). In both regions the upper mantle structure is affected by the cold and warm materials, respectively. To study the extension of the temperature anomaly is important for understanding the Earth"s convection system. The olivine component of the mantle material is intensively studied in laboratories (e.g. Ito and Takahashi, 1989; Irifune, 1987). With increasing temperature and pressure, the olivine crystal undergoes a series of phase transformations which will result in a variation of the seismic structure. The effect of the temperature anomaly on the main upper mantle discontinuities will be discussed in chapter 2. Recently, the receiver function technique is increasingly applied to investigate the upper mantle discontinuities. To isolate the upper mantle conversion phases, newly developed moveout correction and migration methods are applied to separately distributed seismic stations as well as station arrays. The receiver function method used in this study will be introduced in chapter 3. In chapter 4 and 5, receiver function studies in the area of the northwest Pacific subduction zone and the Hawaiian mantle plume are presented. Regional tectonic background and the previous seismological works in these two areas will be first introduced in each chapter, and followed by description of data, processing steps, results and interpretations. In chapter 6, I will summarize the observations of the 410 and 660 topography in the northwest Pacific subduction zone and in the area around the Hawaiian mantle plume.
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
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    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
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    Publication Date: 2022-11-15
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    Publication Date: 2022-11-24
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    In:  Scientific Technical Report STR
    Publication Date: 2022-11-24
    Description: Receiver function analysis is routinely used to isolates P-to-S converted waves from a complex of earthquake recordings s as to explore crustal and upper mantle structures and to infer possible geodynamic processes within the Earth. In the last several years the number of deployments of portable seismic arrays has been greatly increased. The conventional receiver function method, which stacks receiver functions at a single station, is not suitable for such a large amount of data. In this thesis modifications of the receiver function method have been made. Techniques of reflection seismology have been introduced into the receiver function analysis. Modified receiver function method has been successfully applied to the seismological data acquired in Tibet and the Central Andes. In these two Earth"s largest and highest plateaus, data of many available seismic broadband and short-period experiments have been collected. In Tibet, data of the INDEPTH II and GEDEPTH I experiments in southern Tibet and the PASSCAL 91/92 experiment across the central Tibetan Plateau have been combined. A Total number of about 50 stations were distributed roughly in a NNE directed profile. More than 900 receiver functions have been obtained. In the Central Andes, more than 200 stations have been deployed within the experiments of PISCO, CINCA, ANCORP, PUNA and KDS of the project of the SFB 267, and the BANJO and SEDA broadband arrays of the PASSCAL experiments. More than 640 teleseismic receiver functions have been obtained. Results are summarized in the following. (1) Crustal thicknesses under the two plateaus are reliably determined by Teleseismic receiver functions. P-to-S converted waves at the Moho are clearly seen under the Tibetan plateau and under Central Andean plateau. In southern Tibet the Moho is 75-80 km deep. In northern Tibet it becomes shallower to a depth of 55-60 km. In the Central Andes, the continental Moho is 65-70 km deep beneath the Andean Plateau (it appears to be 15 km shallower beneath Puna than beneath Altiplano). The Moho abruptly reduces its depth beneath the eastern edge of the Eastern Cordillera (65-64.5°W) and remains 45-50 km depth in the Sub Andes. Further east there is another abrupt reduction of Moho depth between the Sub Andes and the Chaco Plain. The Moho is 30-35 km beneath the Chaco Plain. (2) Evidence of crustal-scale underthrusting is found in Tibet as well as in the Andes. The INDEPTH data clearly show an intra-crustal phase at a depth of 50-60 km in the southern Tibet. This conversion boundary is probably the evidence of the underthrust Indian crust. In the Andean data a more than 300 km west-dipping intra-crustal converter evidently marks the boundary of the underthrust Brazilian shield crust. This boundary exists across the entire Altiplano and Puna plateau from 20 km depth below the Eastern Cordillera to 40 km depth below the Western Cordillera and the Precordillera. In both plateaus, most of the thickened crust, if not all, can be attributed to the crustal-scale underthrusting. (3) Plate boundaries are found to a depth of about 250 km between the Indian and the Asian lithospheric mantle and to a depth of about 120 km between the Nazca plate and the South American plate. However, the nature of these boundaries is different. In the Central Andes, the plate boundary is interpreted as the oceanic Moho of the Nazca plate, above which a 10 km layer of oceanic crust with lower seismic velocity suggests that the gabbroic rocks do not completely transform to eclogite until a depth of 120 km. Most of the intermediate depth seismicity stops at the same depth, suggesting a relation with phase transformation. In Tibet the observed plate boundary of the two lithosperic mantles probably reflects the temperature difference between the two plates. The cold Indian mantle is subducted under the warm Asian mantle. The Temperature difference can be as high as 500.700 ° resulting in large seismic velocity contrast. (4) Interesting variations have been found in the upper mantle discontinuities which are related to the plate collision and subduction processes. In Tibet, the 410 km discontinuity is clearly seen in its globally average depth in the south, and is disturbed and becomes complicated in the north. The 660 km discontinuity is continuously displayed throughout the Tibetan profile. Similarly, in the Central Andes, the 410 km discontinuity is not imaged coherently, which is obviously attributed to the subduction complexity of the phase transformation of the mantle rocks. It is interesting to see that the 660 km discontinuity is depressed by about 30-40 km in the region of the cold Nazca slab, which corresponds to a temperature reduction of 300-600° within the slab.
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  • 73
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: The new GFZ/GRGS gravity field models GRIM5-S1 and Cl, current initial models for the CHAMP mission, have been compared with other recent models (JGM 3, EGM 96) for radial accuracy (by means of latitude lumped coefficients) in computations on altimetry satellite orbits. The basis for accuracy judgements are extensive (multi-year) averages of crossover sea height differences from Geosat and ERS 1/2 missions. These data are fully independent of the data used to develop these gravity models. We tested how well these observed differences in all the world's oceans agree with projections of the same errors from the scaled covariance matrix of their harmonic geopotential coefficients. It was found that the tentative (model) scale factor of 5 for the formal standard deviations of the harmonic coefficients of the new GRIM fields is justified, i.e. the accuracy estimates, provided together with the geopotential coefficients, are realistic.
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
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  • 74
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: butterfly ; Formicidae ; food ; growth ; mutualism ; myrmecophily ; parasitism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Caterpillars of the lycaenid butterfly Maculinea rebeli Hirschke (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) live for 11–23 months as social parasites in Myrmica (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) red ant nests, a trait that is believed to have evolved from mutualistic myrmecophilous ancestry. Although Maculinea rebeli caterpillars harm Myrmica larvae, they simultaneously produce copious secretions which the adult worker ants imbibe, perhaps representing a vestige of the ancestral mutualism. We report the results of laboratory experiments designed to test alternative hypotheses: (i) Maculinea rebeli caterpillars provide a beneficial source of sugar in return for being tended by Myrmicaworkers; (ii) Maculinea rebeli harms its host by stressing the workers by competing for available sugar. Comparisons were made of Myrmica worker fitness after 90–450 days under all possible combinations of three experimental treatments: ± M. rebeli caterpillars, ± sucrose and ± ant brood. Caterpillars always reduced the survival of both ant workers and their larvae, even when sugar was not provided, suggesting that M. rebeli is wholly parasitic on all stages in its host colony. The results also confirmed the importance of sucrose in the diet of Myrmica, and showed that M. rebeli caterpillars which eat ant brood to supplement their normal trophallactic feeding by workers develop more quickly - but have the same survival and pupal weights – as caterpillars that are fed solely by worker ants.
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  • 75
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    Journal of polymer research 7 (2000), S. 257-266 
    ISSN: 1572-8935
    Keywords: Poly(ether sulfone) ; Epoxy resin ; Physical aging ; DSC
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The physical aging process of 4-4′-diaminodiphenylsulfone (DDS) cured diglycidyl ether bisphenol-A (DGEBA) blended with various molecular weights of poly(ether sulfone) (PES; Mn = 28,600, 10,600, and 6,137) was studied by DSC. For DGEBA/DDS system blended with a low MW PES-3 (Mn = 6,137), no phase separation of the polymer blend and only one enthalpic relaxation process due to physical aging was observed. Since the high MW PES-1 (Mn = 28,600) had a Tg close to that of fully cured DGEBA/DDS, the fully cured DGEBA/DDS/PES-1 blend had a broader glass transition than a neat DGEBA/DDS system. However, the DSC results showed two enthalpic relaxation processes due to the physical aging of PES-rich and cured epoxy-rich phases as the material was aged at 155 °C (30 °C below Tg). Since the Tgs of PES-1-rich and epoxy-rich phases overlapped with each other, the enthalpic relaxation processes corresponding to each phase coupled to each other in the earlier stage of physical aging. The medium MW PES-2 (Mn = 10,600) has a much lower Tg than that of fully cured DGEBA/DDS, two well separated Tgs were observed for the cured DGEBA/DDS/PES-2 blend, indicating the cured epoxy was immiscible with PES. Aging the polymer blend at 155 °C (24 °C below Tg1 of the PES-2-rich phase and 53 °C below Tg2 of the epoxy-rich phase) produced two well separated relaxation processes due to PES-2-rich and epoxy-rich phases. The experimental results suggested that aging the polymer blend at a suitable temperature would improve the phase separation between PES-1-rich and epoxy-rich phases.
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  • 76
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Keywords: aluminum oxide ; hydroxyl groups ; rhodium ; growth ; scanning tunneling microscopy ; infrared spectroscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract In order to investigate how the presence of surface hydroxyl groups on oxide surfaces affects the interaction with the supported metal, we have modified a well-ordered alumina film on NiAl(110) by Al deposition and subsequent exposure to water. This procedure yields a hydroxylated alumina surface as revealed by infrared and high-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy. By means of scanning tunneling microscopy, we have studied the growth of rhodium on the modified film at 300 K. Clear differences in the particle distribution and density are observed in comparison to the clean substrate. While, in the latter case, decoration of domain boundaries as typical defects of the oxide film governs the growth mode, a more isotropic island distribution and a drastically increased particle density is found on the hydroxylated surface. From infrared data, it can be deduced that the growth is connected with the consumption of the hydroxyl groups due to the interaction between the metal deposit and the hydroxylated areas. This finding is in line with photoemission results published earlier.
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  • 77
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    Small business economics 14 (2000), S. 195-210 
    ISSN: 1573-0913
    Keywords: growth ; manufacturing ; performance ; product innovation ; small firms
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract The paper considers the relative performance [along a number of parameters] of a sample of 228 small manufacturing firms categorised by level of innovation. Whilst innovators appear no more likely to have experienced some form of sales or employment growth, they are significantly more likely to have grown more. In other words, the innovators' growth rate distributions are highly negatively skewed. With regards to export intensities, profitability and productivity levels, the findings are less clear. On the whole, the results reported here are similar to those of other small firm studies, yet vary markedly from large firm equivalents; suggesting that the nature of the returns to innovation may be contingent, at least in part, upon firm size. Moreover, the high levels of variation in firm performance should caution us against proffering innovative imperatives. If we are to counsel firms to "innovate at all costs", we must be clear about, and clearly demonstrate, the nature of the returns they may reasonably expect and the processes through which these may be optimised.
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  • 78
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    Journal of population economics 13 (2000), S. 403-424 
    ISSN: 1432-1475
    Keywords: JEL classification: O41 ; F22 ; Key words: Altruism ; education ; growth ; convergence ; capital mobility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Abstract. The aim of this paper is to discuss the process of regional convergence within the framework of an overlapping generations model in which the engine of growth is the accumulation of human capital. In particular, we consider different education funding systems and compare their performance in terms of growth rates and pace of convergence between two heterogeneous regions. The analysis suggests that the choice of a particular education system incorporates a possible trade-off between long run growth rate and short run convergence. In such choice, the initial capital stock and the extent of regional human capital discrepancy appear as central variables.
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  • 79
    ISSN: 1570-0267
    Keywords: cDNA ; PCR cDNA ; TaqMan Analysis ; gene expression ; Pearson's correlation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Comparative gene expression studies are often limited by low availability of tissue and poor quality of extractable mRNA. Collective PCR amplification of minute quantities of mRNA has great potential for overcoming these limitations. However, there remains significant concern about the effects of amplification on the absolute and relative abundance of individual mRNAs that could complicate subsequent gene expression studies. To address this problem, we systematically compared the relative abundance of many specific mRNAs from complex cDNA preparations (from tissue and cultured cells) both before and after amplification by PCR. Our results demonstrated that, as expected, the absolute abundance of different mRNAs in a cDNA library is altered in an unpredictable manner by PCR amplification. However, we found that the concentration ratios of specific mRNAs among different cDNA preparations were routinely well conserved after PCR amplification. Thus, for the purpose of comparative expression studies for specific mRNAs in two (or more) complex cDNAs, PCR-amplified cDNA is equally useful as unamplified cDNA. These results provide a rigorous experimental validation and offer a theoretical treatment to support the utility of PCR amplified cDNA for differential gene expression studies. We conclude that the inherent difficulties in performing differential screening studies such as gene chip and array analyses on limited amounts of biological materials can be overcome by a PCR amplification step without compromising data quality.
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  • 80
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    Ecological research 15 (2000), S. 101-106 
    ISSN: 1440-1703
    Keywords: comparative ecology ; growth ; marine fish ; patterns ; reproduction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: A number of strong regularities characterize certain very basic biological parameters in marine fishes. For example, the ovulated eggs of fish usually measure approximately 1 mm in diameter. The small, relatively uniform size of the eggs means that almost all fish larvae experience environmental variability at very similar scales, which itself establishes strong constraints for, and links between reproduction and recruitment. Additional constraints emerge from seawater being a poor medium for respiration, which establishes further linkages between growth and mortality. These constraints have produced strongly convergent features, and thence the patterns in reproduction and growth of marine fishes that are presented.
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  • 81
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    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 59 (2000), S. 83-92 
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: cationic and photoinitiated polymerization ; DSC ; interfacial mixing ; interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) ; glass transition temperature ; NMR ; quantitative thermal analysis of phases ; reactive epoxy and acrylate systems ; Tg broadening
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract In this study NMR and DSC are used to probe the structure, thermal characteristics and morphology of a network formed from a diepoxide/acrylate system. Separate chemistries are employed to polymerize the diepoxide and acrylate components. The cationic polymerization of the diepoxide exhibits excellent selectivity in producing a crosslinked polyether network without affecting the acrylate monomer. Subsequent photoinitiated free-radical polymerization of the acrylate produces a phase separated, semi-interpenetrating polymer network (SIPN).
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  • 82
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    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 59 (2000), S. 93-100 
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: catalyst ; cure kinetics ; DSC ; HTPB ; kinetic compensation effect ; urethane
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The kinetics of theurethane-forming cure reaction of hydroxyl terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) with isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) in presence of ferric tris (acetyl acetonate) (FeAA) catalyst was investigated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The Arrhenius activation parameters, viz., activation energy E and pre-exponential factor A were evaluated using the non-isothermal integral Coats-Redfern equation. The cure reaction was catalysed by ferric acetyl acetonate (FeAA), as revealed from the decrease in reaction temperatures and the increase in rate constants; however, the computed activation energy did not show any correlation to the catalyst concentration. The values of E and A for the uncatalysed reaction at different heating rates showed interdependence through kinetic compensation (KC) effect. Using KC correction, E values were normalised for the value of A for the uncatalysed reaction under identical conditions. The normalised E values decreased exponentially with increase in concentration of FeAA, showing high propensity of the HTPB-IPDI system for catalysis.
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    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 59 (2000), S. 157-168 
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: cellulose acetate ; DSC ; glass transition ; melting ; polycaprolactone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Cellulose acetate-based polycaprolactones (CAPCL's) were synthesized by the polymerization of ε-caprolactone which was initiated by non-substituted OH group in cellulose acetate. The CL/OH (mol mol−1) ratios of the CAPCL's were changed from 2 to 20. Thermal and viscoelastic properties of the CAPCL sheets were studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). Glass transition, cold crystallization and melting were determined by DSC. Dynamic modules (E'), dynamic loss modules (E'') and tanδ were measured in a temperature range from −150 to 50°C by DMA. Apparent activation energy of a dispersion was calculated from the frequency dependency of E'' peak temperature. It was found that the main chain motion of both CA and PCL is observed in a CL/OH ratio from 0 to 10 mol mol−1. However, when CL/OH ratio exceeds 10 mol mol−1, the crystalline region which is rearranged by the PCL chain association is observed and only the main chain motion of PCL can be detected.
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  • 84
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    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 59 (2000), S. 245-255 
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: DSC ; metallocene ; polyethylenes ; SAXS ; synchrotron radiation ; thermal fractionation ; WAXD ; Ziegler-Natta
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract In this study, the stepwise isothermal crystallization or thermal fractionation of Ziegler—Natta and metallocene based polyethylenes (ZN-PE and m-PE) with two kinds of branch lengths (ethyl and hexyl) and branch compositions were studied using simultaneous synchrotron small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS)/wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The crystal long period and the invariant were determined by SAXS, and the variations of crystal unit cell parameters and the degree of crystallinity were determined by WAXD. The arithmetic mean length (Ln), the weightedmean length (Lw) and the broadness index (Lw/Ln) of the studied polyethylenes were previously determined by DSC. Results from these studies were interpreted using the model of branch exclusion, which affects the ability of the chain-reentry into the crystal phase. Multiple SAXS peaks and step-change in crystallinity change (WAXD) were seen during heating, which corresponded well with the crystal thickness distribution induced by stepwise crystallization. The effects of the heterogeneity of the 1-olefin branch length and the distribution on the crystal long period and the invariant as well as the degree of crystallinity were discussed.
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  • 85
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: annealing ; DSC ; self-nucleation ; SSA ; thermal fractionation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A new technique to thermally fractionate polymers using DSC has been recently developed in our laboratory. The applications of the novel successive self-nucleation and annealing (SSA) technique to characterize polyolefins with very dissimilar molecular structures are presented as well as the optimum conditions to thermally fractionate any suitable polymer sample with SSA. For ethylene/α-olefin copolymers, the SSA technique can give information on the distribution of short chain branching and lamellar thickness. In the case of functionalized polyolefins, detailed examinations of SSA results can help to establish possible insertion sites of grafted molecules. The application of the technique to characterize crosslinked polyethylene and crystallizable blocks within ABC triblock copolymers is also presented.
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    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 59 (2000), S. 497-508 
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: Avrami equation ; crystallization ; dibenzylidene sorbitol ; DSC ; isothermal kinetics ; nucleating agents ; nucleation ; pine crystal ; polypropylene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The effects of nucleating agents such as dibenzylidene sorbitol (DBS) (a derivative of sorbitol), pine crystal 1500, sodium and potassium benzoates in commercial grade isotactic polypropylene iPP are studied using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Isothermal crystallization kinetics of polypropylene to the alpha phase have been analyzed using Avrami's model. Results indicate that dibenzylidene sorbitol and pine crystal are very effective in increasing the crystallization temperature of the polymer and number of nuclei formed during crystallization.
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  • 87
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    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 59 (2000), S. 559-570 
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: adhesive ; composition analysis ; curing kinetics ; DMA ; DSC ; TGA ; thermal cure ; thermoplastic/thermoset blend
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract DSC, TGA and DMA thermal analysis techniques are used to characterize a complex adhesive blend. The chemical and thermomechanical property development shown to follow a two-stage process. Beneficial synergy between these analysis tools is demonstrated in this study.
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    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 59 (2000), S. 23-31 
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: DSC ; fullerene ; glass transition ; star-like polystyrene ; segmental dynamics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Segmental dynamics around Tg in the 4- and 6-arm fullerene (C60) core star-like polystyrenes with different preset arm lengths was studied by DSC as compared to that in the linear PS and PS/C60 blend. The ‘anomalies’ in glass transition behavior were found for the stars including both suppression and facilitation of segmental motion, and pronounced dynamic heterogeneity within a transition range. The results are interpreted in terms of breakdown of intermolecular cooperativity of segmental motions and PS-C60 interactions.
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    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 59 (2000), S. 675-680 
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: conducting polymer ; DSC ; kinetic analysis ; PPV ; TG
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The title polymer was obtained electrochemically by the reduction of 4,4'-bis(dibromomethyl)-2,2'-dimethoxybiphenyl under very smooth conditions. The DSC and TG/DTG curves registered at four different heating rates showed that the polymer is stable in air up to 150°C, where smooth degradation starts. Above 300°C, decomposition is fast and exothermic (ΔH= –323 J g–1) . The activation energy (116±4 kJ mol–1 ) was determined by Ozawa's method.
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    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 59 (2000), S. 721-727 
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: ageing ; annealing ; DSC ; polyaniline ; relaxation transition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Thermally treated films of polyaniline-emeraldine base (PANI-EB) cast from NMP solution were studied by using differential scanning calorimetry. Dependence of the thermodynamic parameters of the relaxation transitions on temperature and annealing period as well as the effect of the thermal history of the samples upon the crosslinking processes were investigated. For the first time DSC analysis of PANI-EB films after prolonged ageing was performed. It was found that relaxation transitions can be registered only for crosslinked PANI-EB. The crosslinking processes proceed both upon short-time heating of the polymer studied over80°C and during long-time storage at room temperature.
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    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 59 (2000), S. 711-719 
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: cure ; dicyandiamide ; DSC ; epoxy ; hermetic ; solvent
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The curing characteristics of adicyandiamide-cured epoxy system under the influence of solvents in a closed environment were studied by means of isothermal differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The DSC analyses revealed that the presence of solvent results in decreases in the curing exotherm, the initial curing rate, the glass transition temperature, the reaction rate and the reaction order of the epoxy resin. The greatest decreases were caused by the solvent with the highest boiling temperature. A change in temperature-dependent curing route due to the heat absorbed during solvent evaporation is responsible for the difference. The FTIR analyses confirmed that the composition of the cured resin is affected by the solvent, the curing temperature and the specimen configuration. As compared with those obtained from open systems, specimens produced in a closed environment have an enhanced curing exotherm, initial curing rate, glass transition temperature, reaction rate and reaction order because of the retention of volatile catalytic by-products.
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    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 59 (2000), S. 837-846 
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: DSC ; γ-irradiation ; laser Raman ; microelectrophoresis ; XRD ; zeta-potential ; zirconium hydroxide ; ZrO2
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Zirconium hydroxide particles produced by rapid precipitation at pH 10.4, 7 or 2 were subjected toγ-irradiation up to a final dose of 20 MGy. The effects of the γ-irradiation were examined by X-ray powder diffraction, laser Raman spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry and microelectrophoretic measurements. It was found that γ-irradiation had no influence on the behaviour of zirconium hydroxide during calcination and subsequent cooling. The results of microelectrophoretic measurements showed that γ-irradiation influences the surface properties of zirconium hydroxide as a function of the precipitation pH. Zirconium hydroxide precipitated at pH 2 proved to be the most susceptible to γ-irradiation, while the sameγ-irradiation had very little (if any) effect on the surface properties of zirconium hydroxide precipitated at pH 10.5. After γ-irradiation, the electrophoretic mobility of zirconium hydroxide precipitated at pH 2 was increased at both low and high pH, thereby indicating an increase in its adsorption capacity. The analogy observed between the pH-dependence of the effects of γ-irradiation on the electrokinetic behaviour of zirconium hydroxide and the influence of ball-milling on the thermal behaviour of zirconium hydroxide [8] suggested that the susceptibility of amorphous zirconium hydroxide increases with decrease of the precipitation pH.
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    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 61 (2000), S. 607-614 
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: composted materials ; DSC ; thermal characterization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was applied to the study of material composted from sawdust, used coffee, farmyard manure and the organic fraction of domestic solid waste. Composting trials were carried out in Morocco and samples were collected after different periods of composting. The results obtained provided evidence that sawdust substrate is not a suitable source for composting due to the high content of lignin; samples from used coffee are characterized by a degree of aromaticity that is lower and a functional group heterogeneity that is higher than those of organic wastes from manure and the organic fraction of domestic wastes. The latter organic waste substrates appear to be easily degraded and humified and to give DSC curves that at the end of composting are vary close to those of native soil humic acids.
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    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 61 (2000), S. 711-718 
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: DSC ; PEG ; T-CR-T
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A modified isoconversional method is applied to perform the kinetic analysis of non-isothermal processes. The solidification process of a polyethylene glycol with a mean molecular of 4000 (PEG 4000) was here analyzed. It was stated that the Avrami model provides a good description of the solidification process. Temperature-cooling rate-transformation diagrams were constructed and there was a good agreement between experimental data and the calculated T-CR-T curves. Moreover, morphological qualitative analysis has been performed by means of scanning electron microscopy.
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  • 95
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: chiral complex ; DSC ; hydrate ; optical resolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Thermal behaviour of O,O'-dibenzoyl-(2R,3R)-tartaric acid (DBTA), its monohydrate, and its potential supramolecular compounds with achiral alcohols and phenols were investigated with TG, DSC, EGD. The structural differences among the anhydrous DBTA, its monohydrate, and the supramolecular derivatives were investigated with X-ray powder diffraction. The thermal behaviour of DBTA-supramoleculars with isopropyl, tert-butyl, and 5-cyclohexyl alcohols is found to be similar to each other but essentially different from that of both DBTA and its monohydrate. On heating they melt and decompose between 60–180°C while they loose in one or two steps the bound alcohol. The thermal stability of the supramolecular compounds increases with the boiling point of the alcohol component. According to the X-ray powder diffraction patterns each supramolecular substance has different structure, that may also result in the different thermal stability of the compounds. The molar ratio of DBTA:achiral alcohol samples is 1:1.01–1:1.57 estimated from the corresponding mass losses. The XRD patterns of the prepared two DBTA-phenol materials are different from those of DBTA-achiral alcohol samples. The phenol compounds melt with slow mass losses and give an endothermic peak between 73–83°C but the melting point of the anhydrous DBTA cannot be observed. DBTA:phenol molar ratio is estimated to be 1:0.41 and 1:0.65 for phenol and 2-methylphenol, respectively.
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    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 61 (2000), S. 771-778 
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: burning rate ; DATH ; DSC ; TG ; thermal decomposition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The thermal decomposition characteristics of1,7-diazido-2,4,6-trinitrazaheptane (DATH) and multi-component systems containing DATH were studied by using DSC, TG and DTG techniques. Three –NO2 groups in the DATH molecule break away first from the main chain when DATH is heated up to 200°C. Following this process, the azido groups and the residual molecule decompose rapidly to release a great deal of heat within a short time. In the multi-component systems, DATH undergoes a strong interaction with the binder of the double-base propellant and a weak interaction with RDX. The burning rates of the two propellants were determined by using a Crawford bomb. The results showed that the burning rate rises by about 19–66% when 23.5%DATH is substituted for RDX in a minimum smoke propellant. Meanwhile, the N2 level in the combustion gases is enhanced, which is valuable for a reduction of the signal level of the solid propellant.
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    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 62 (2000), S. 51-62 
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: DSC ; kinetic models ; protein denaturation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract New approaches to the analysis of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) data relating to proteins undergoing irreversible thermal denaturation have been demonstrated. The experimental approaches include obtaining a set of DSC curves at various scanning rates and protein concentrations, and also reheating experiments. The mathematical methods of analysis include construction of a linear anamorphosis and simultaneous fitting of a theoretical expression for the dependence of the excess heat capacity on temperature to a set of experimental DSC curves. Different kinetic models are discussed: the one-step irreversible model, the model including two consecutive irreversible steps, the Lumry and Eyring model with a fast equilibrating first step, and the whole kinetic Lumry and Eyring model.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 98
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 60 (2000), S. 117-121 
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: biopol/polyamide 6 blends ; DSC
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Blends obtained from Biopol D600G and polyamide 6 reveal in DSC investigations multiphase structure with a distinct crystalline polyamide 6 phase. Due to rapid crystallization of the polyamide 6 the crystallization of the Biopol D600G is retarded. The grade of crystallization of Biopol D600G is lower in the blends than in the pure state, as calculated from the melting enthalpies. Crystallization of polyamide 6 in the blends is faster and results in increasing of the grade of crystallization of polyamide 6 phase comparing to the unblended component.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 99
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: cyanazine ; DSC ; kinetics ; thermal stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Cyanazine was taken as an example for investigations under the influence of different conditions on thermal decomposition of triazine herbicides. DSC measurements were carried out under atmospheric pressure and hermetically closed, under pressure 1.3 kPa. The influence of the pressure on the constant reaction rate of decomposition of cyanazine was discussed. It was also proved that the predicted reaction constant rates from isothermal and non-isothermal measurements are consistent.
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 60 (2000), S. 111-116 
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: DMTA ; DSC ; HMDI ; mesogenic chain extender ; polyurethane
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract New polyurethanes with mesogenic units in the main chain due to the use of a liquid crystalline chain extender were synthesized from 4,4'-methylenebis(cyclohexyl isocyanate) (HMDI)using diisocyanates of different trans, trans isomer content, a low molecular diol4,4'-bis(6-hydroxyhexoxy)biphenyl (BHHBP) and a high molecular poly(hexyleneadipate)diol (PHA). The growth of trans, trans isomer content in HMDI used to syntheses of PU induces monotonic growth of melting point, rectilinear growth of crystallization temperatures and the growth of crystallization enthalpy, both for hard segment polyurethanes and block polyurethanes. The increase of trans, trans isomer content in HMDI increases also glass transition temperatures and dynamic storage modulus of the polyurethanes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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