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  • Articles  (369)
  • American Institute of Physics
  • American Physical Society (APS)
  • Oxford University Press
  • 2015-2019  (369)
  • Geography  (369)
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  • Articles  (369)
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  • 1
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    Why did the Portuguese economy stop converging with the OECD? Institutions, politics and innovation (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-08-22
    Description: Underlying the crisis affecting peripheral European countries is their structural, long-term loss of competitiveness (Hadjimichalis, 2011, European Urban and Regional Studies , 18: 254–274). This article will focus on the Portuguese case and discuss the institutional constraints that hindered its economy from transitioning towards the production of higher-value added goods and services. It will discuss institutions as the product of a political process laden with power asymmetries and argue that the dominance of a relatively small community at the heart of economic and political life in Portugal has conditioned the development of the economy as a whole. Using this framework, this article will then contribute to the literatures on innovation and technological modernisation and argue that alongside a technical process of catching up there is a political process that can enable or constrain development.
    Keywords: B52 - Institutional ; Evolutionary, O33 - Technological Change: Choices and Consequences ; Diffusion Processes, P16 - Political Economy
    Print ISSN: 1468-2702
    Electronic ISSN: 1468-2710
    Topics: Geography , Economics
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  • 2
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    The geography of financial inclusion across Europe during the global crisis (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-22
    Description: This article identifies the main determinants of financial inclusion, defined as the probability of using both banking and credit services, across 18 Eastern European economies and 5 Western European ‘comparator’ countries. We elicit demographic and socio-economic information on 25,000 European households from the second round of the Life in Transition Survey undertaken during the 2008–2010 global crisis; the survey also includes several questions on households’ financial decisions collecting data at the regional and local level. Our results show that households hit by negative job or income shocks and without any asset to pledge are less likely to be financially included, especially in Eastern Europe. The individual likelihood of financial inclusion is also affected by the average use of financial services at the local level suggesting the presence of a financial multiplier effect. These results provide useful information for mapping financial inclusion across Europe during the crisis, which in turn can inform policy action at the local level.
    Keywords: D14 - Personal Finance, G21 - Banks ; Other Depository Institutions ; Micro Finance Institutions ; Mortgages
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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  • 3
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    The economic effects of owner distance and local property management in US office markets (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-13
    Description: Using a large dataset of US offices we analyse the relationship between investors’ distance to their assets and the effective rent of these assets, and study the extent to which property managers can influence this relationship. We construct hedonic rent models to control for other known rent determinants. It turns out that proximity matters: holding everything else constant, investors located closely to their office buildings are able to extract significantly higher effective rents from these assets, especially if these buildings are of low quality. This effect is due to significant differences in occupancy levels. Interestingly, property managers can affect this relationship, mitigating the adverse effects of investor distance on effective office rents. Especially if the owner does not reside in the same state as the building, external property management is of importance, most prominently so for class-B office buildings.
    Keywords: G11 - Portfolio Choice ; Investment Decisions, R12 - Size and Spatial Distributions of Regional Economic Activity, R32 - Other Production and Pricing Analysis, R33 - Nonagricultural and Nonresidential Real Estate Markets
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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  • 4
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    Exporting to Russia? Entry barriers for food suppliers in a territory in transition (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-13
    Description: This article draws on extensive fieldwork conducted in Central Asia to explore food exports to Russia. It takes its theoretical starting point in global value chain theory and pinpoints chain entry barriers relating to financing, transportation and standards. The article also proposes rethinking the aspects of territoriality and institutional context, and suggests their integration into one concept, or rather a process of contextualizing territories. In doing so, the article argues for a methodology that not only examines current events, but also captures change as particularly important in what we term the territory in transition examined here.
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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  • 5
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    Regions and material flows: investigating the regional branching and industry relatedness of port traffics in a global perspective (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-13
    Description: This article proposes a quantitative analysis of the interdependencies between port specialization and regional specialization across the world. A global database is elaborated, covering about 360 port regions in both developed and developing countries. One goal is to verify how interdependent port traffic and regional characteristics are, in a context of increasingly flexible commodity and value chains. Despite the aggregated dimension of available data and the heterogeneity of local situations, the main results confirm the affinity between the primary sector and raw materials traffic, and between the tertiary sector and general cargo traffic, whereas the industrial sector offers mixed evidence. This allows us to address fundamental questions raised by both economic geography and regional science about transport and local development. The global typology of port regions points to certain regularities in their spatial distribution, and the article discusses the policy implications of particular cases.
    Keywords: L90 - General, O18 - Regional, Urban, and Rural Analyses, R40 - General
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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  • 6
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    Towards a typology of repositioning strategies of GVC/GPN suppliers: the case of functional upgrading and downgrading (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-13
    Description: This article examines various upgrading and downgrading repositioning firm strategies within global value chains (GVCs) or global production networks (GPNs). It builds upon recent evidence that the mode of governance could vary profoundly among firms engaged in the same GVC/GPN. Therefore, the relevance of particular types of upgrading that were originally derived from the ideal types of GVC/GPN governance will be reconsidered. It is argued that the existing dissonance in the literature over possibilities for functional upgrading can be attributed to the different modes of governance that can exist within a particular GVC/GPN and to the diverse nature of functional upgrading. Consequently, a typology of functional upgrading is outlined, and it is argued that these different types vary significantly according to their probability and potential risk-benefit ratios. The article also introduces passive, adaptive and strategic downgrading and outlines their potential negative and positive effects on firms.
    Keywords: F63 - Economic Development, L23 - Organization of Production, L60 - General
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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  • 7
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    Infrastructure as a traded product: A relational approach to finance in practice (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-13
    Description: As nations continue to grapple with growing infrastructure demand, financial markets will play an increasingly prominent role in the landscape for urban infrastructure. Yet existing literature tends to depict the ‘financialization’ of urban infrastructure assets as a restless move towards market efficiency aided by the growing transparency of financial information. This article offers a different view, showing how the spatial richness of financial data for infrastructure has progressed towards what we term a more permanent state of ‘informational translucency’. We draw on 53 interviews with participants in the market for infrastructure investment to present this more complicated picture of infrastructure finance, thereby elaborating a more granular understanding of how information flows through and shapes financial market geography. From this we propose a relational model that contributes to theoretical understandings of how financial products are intermediated over time and space.
    Keywords: O18 - Regional, Urban, and Rural Analyses
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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  • 8
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    Islamic charitable infrastructure and giving in East London: Everyday economic-development geographies in practice (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-13
    Description: This article extends research exploring progressive models of reproducing economic life by reporting on research into some of the infrastructure, practices and motivations for Islamic charitable giving in London. In so doing the article: (i) makes visible sets of values, practices and institutions usually hidden in an otherwise widely researched international financial centre; (ii) identifies multiple, hard-to-research civic actors who are mobilising diverse resources to address economic hardship and development needs; and (iii) considers how these charitable values, practices and agents contribute to contemporary thinking about progressive economic possibilities.
    Keywords: D14 - Personal Finance, O12 - Microeconomic Analyses of Economic Development
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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  • 9
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    Estimating the impact of Mexican drug cartels and drug-related homicides on crime and perceptions of safety (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-13
    Description: We estimate the impact of drug cartels and drug-related homicides on crime and perceptions of security in Mexico. Since the location where drug cartels operate might be endogenous, we combine the difference-in-difference estimator with instrumental variables. Using surveys on crime victimization we find that people living in areas that experienced drug-related homicides are more likely to take extra security precautions. Yet, these areas are also more likely to experience certain crimes, particularly thefts and extortions. In contrast, these crimes and perceptions of insecurity do not change in areas where cartels operate without leading to drug-related homicides.
    Keywords: C26 - Instrumental Variables (IV) Estimation, K49 - Other, R59 - Other
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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  • 10
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    The evolution of municipal structure (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-13
    Description: In most US states, urban expansions are governed by ‘popular determination’, under which residents make annexation decisions through referendum. Yet little research analyzes how urban spatial structure evolves under this system. We develop a model to examine how urban residents’ collective decisions on annexations and property taxes and their interactions with agricultural landowners affect municipal structure under popular determination. We find that the evolution process of an urban area can be divided into four stages similar to human life stages (infancy, juvenile, adulthood and maturity), characterized by the pace of development. The key parameters that determine urban spatial structure include agricultural rents, construction costs, interest rate, and the rate and uncertainty of income growth. Cities tend to be more spread-out and consist of a large number of smaller municipalities, in regions with lower agricultural land rents, lower construction costs, and lower rate and uncertainty of income growth.
    Keywords: H73 - Interjurisdictional Differentials and Their Effects, Q24 - Land, R14 - Land Use Patterns
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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  • 11
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    Railroads, factor channelling and increasing returns: Cleveland and the emergence of the American manufacturing belt (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-04-14
    Description: American Manufacturing Belt (AMB) emergence has been used by NEG theorists as a prime example of how increasing returns foster industrial concentration. Other studies suggest the AMB was in place before increasing returns became established. This study examines this previously unrecognized contradiction. An analysis of Cleveland, one of the fastest growing of AMB cities, is undertaken using new data sources. This finds the railroad sector crucial in generating direct employment and stimulating related industrial investment through forward and backward linkages. The former are associated with ‘factor channeling’—planned strategies to direct raw material flows to the city. NEG theorists’ under-emphasis on raw material provision and their use of the iceberg model to avoid analysis of the railroad sector is therefore found to be erroneous. The increasing returns hypothesis is evaluated using new data for several industrial sectors and rejected as a valid explanation for early manufacturing growth in Cleveland.
    Keywords: N61 - U.S. ; Canada: Pre-1913, N71 - U.S. ; Canada: Pre-1913, R15 - Econometric and Input-Output Models ; Other Models
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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  • 12
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    Global pipelines for innovation: insights from the case of Norway (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-04-14
    Description: Using data on 418 Norwegian firms, the results confirm the hypotheses that innovative/radically innovative firms tend to be more involved in international personal and formal networks than non-innovative/incrementally innovative ones. While regional and national networks are much more widespread than international ones, they are not significantly positively associated with innovation. International personal networks and international links with suppliers and customers and with universities and research institutions, as well as global buzz with strangers, are positively related to innovation. This suggests that innovation management and policy, in particular in countries with a limited national innovation base, could benefit from facilitating certain international networks.
    Keywords: O31 - Innovation and Invention: Processes and Incentives, R00 - General
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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  • 13
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    Culture, spatial diffusion of ideas and their long-lasting imprints--evidence from Froebel's kindergarten movement (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-04-14
    Description: We document the spatial diffusion of Friedrich Froebel’s radical invention of kindergartens in 19th-century Germany. The first kindergarten was founded at Froebel’s birthplace. Early spatial diffusion can be explained by cultural proximity, measured by historical dialect similarity, to Froebel’s birthplace. This result is robust to the inclusion of higher order polynomials in geographic distance and similarity measures with respect to industry, geography or religion. Our findings suggest that a common cultural basis facilitates the spill-over of ideas. We further show that the contemporaneous spatial pattern of child care coverage is still correlated with cultural similarity to Froebel’s place of birth.
    Keywords: J13 - Fertility ; Family Planning ; Child Care ; Children ; Youth, N33 - Europe: Pre-1913, Z13 - Economic Sociology ; Economic Anthropology
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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  • 14
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    Local warming and violent conflict in North and South Sudan (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-04-14
    Description: Our article contributes to the emerging micro-level strand of the literature on the link between local variations in weather shocks and conflicts by focusing on a pixel-level analysis for North and South Sudan between 1997 and 2009. Temperature anomalies are found to strongly affect the risk of conflict, whereas the risk is expected to magnify in a range of 24–31% in the future under a median scenario. Our analysis also sheds light on the competition over natural resources, in particular water, as the main driver of such relationship in a region where pastoralism constitutes the dominant livelihood.
    Keywords: D74 - Conflict ; Conflict Resolution ; Alliances, O13 - Agriculture ; Natural Resources ; Energy ; Environment ; Other Primary Products, Q54 - Climate ; Natural Disasters ; Global Warming, R11 - Regional Economic Activity: Growth, Development, and Changes
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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  • 15
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    Accuracy and efficiency in simulating equilibrium land-use patterns for self-organizing cities (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-06-20
    Description: Lucas and Rossi-Hansberg (L&RH) (2002, Econometrica , 70: 1445–1476) and Fujita and Ogawa (F&O) (1982, Regional Science and Urban Economics , 12: 161–196, 1989, Environment and Planning A , 21: 363–374) develop urban models in which economic activity self-organizes due to spillovers in production. However, F&O (1982, Regional Science and Urban Economics , 12: 161–196, 1989, Environment and Planning A , 21: 363–374) show that rents and employment density are flat or falling as the city center is approached, while in the simulations of L&RH (2002, Econometrica , 70: 1445–1476), rents rise at an increasing rate toward the center suggesting a concentration of employment near the center. For the Lucas and Rossi-Hansberg model, we prove that land rents and density must be flat or falling near the center. We explain how using a polar coordinate system when approximating a two-dimensional integral can create systematic imprecision in their simulations, and then present revised simulations. The proofs and simulations suggest that in urban models where economic activity self-organizes firms do not unduly cluster at the center of a central business district even in monocentric equilibria.
    Keywords: R13 - General Equilibrium and Welfare Economic Analysis of Regional Economies, R14 - Land Use Patterns, R30 - General
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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  • 16
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    Chicken or egg? The PVAR econometrics of transportation (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-10-14
    Description: To analyse the mutually dependent relationship between local economic performance, demand for and supply of transport services, we employ the structural panel VAR method that is popular in the macroeconomic literature, but has not previously been applied to the modelling of the within-city dynamics of transportation. We focus on a within-city panel of Berlin, Germany during the heyday of the construction of its dense public transit network (1890–1914). Our results suggest that economic outcomes and a supply of transport infrastructure mutually determine each other. We find a short-run (long-run) elasticity of property prices with respect to transport supply of 2% (8.5%). Both transport demand and supply seem to be driven more by firms than by residents.
    Keywords: N73 - Europe: Pre-1913, N74 - Europe: 1913-, R12 - Size and Spatial Distributions of Regional Economic Activity, R14 - Land Use Patterns, R41 - Transportation: Demand, Supply, and Congestion ; Safety and Accidents ; Transportation Noise
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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  • 17
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    Transnational corporations shaping institutional change: the case of English law firms in Germany (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-10-14
    Description: Questions remain about the factors that influence the ability of transnational corporations (TNCs) to shape processes of institutional change. In particular, questions about power relations need more attention. To address such questions, this article develops a neo-institutional theory-inspired analysis of the case of English law firms and their impacts on institutional change in Germany. The article shows that the shaping of the direction of institutional change by English legal TNCs was a product of conjunctural moments in which local institutional instability combined with the presence, resources and strategies of the TNCs to redirect the path of institutional evolution. This draws attention to the need to go beyond the TNC and its resources and to consider the way a diverse array of local actors and their generating of instability in existing institutional structures influence the ability of TNCs to become involved in processes of institutional change in particular, conjunctural moments in time.
    Keywords: General, L84 - Personal, Professional, and Business Services, M16 - International Business Administration
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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  • 18
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    Airport cities and metropolitan labor markets: an extension and response to Cidell (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-10-14
    Description: Using Census 2000 CTPP tract-level data for the 51 largest U.S. metropolitan areas, airport cities—agglomerations of employment anchored by airports—are placed in the context of metropolitan spatial form in order to understand their emergence and function. Major airports anchor significant concentrations of employment which average one-third to one-half the size of the respective CBDs, depending upon the operationalization, while 80% of the airports anchor employment agglomerations. Airport cities are anchored by airports but not driven by aviation. The relationship between spatial form and economic function suggests that need for airport access determines the location of transportation-providing employment while spatial employment filtering, based on urban land costs and agglomeration benefits, are responsible for the presence of transportation-supporting and transportation-using employment, such as producer services.
    Keywords: L93 - Air Transportation, O18 - Regional, Urban, and Rural Analyses, R12 - Size and Spatial Distributions of Regional Economic Activity
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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  • 19
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    The role of major infrastructure in subregional economic development: an empirical study of airports and cities (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-10-14
    Description: The link between airports, air service and regional economic development has been well-established and used to justify airport expansion at the expense of local communities because of subsequent region-wide benefits. However, local-level spatial analyses based on US Economic Census data indicate that economic benefits in terms of professional and administrative employment do not necessarily offset local economic and quality of life costs. Furthermore, arguments for an airport city or aerotropolis phenomenon in the US context ignore the individual histories and morphologies of metropolitan areas and overstate the influence an airport has on the economic development of its region.
    Keywords: L93 - Air Transportation, O18 - Regional, Urban, and Rural Analyses, R41 - Transportation: Demand, Supply, and Congestion ; Safety and Accidents ; Transportation Noise, R53 - Public Facility Location Analysis ; Public Investment and Capital Stock
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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  • 20
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    Cities and product variety: evidence from restaurants (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-10-14
    Description: This article measures restaurant variety in US cities and argues that city structure directly increases product variety by spatially aggregating demand. I discuss a model of entry thresholds in which market size is a function of both population and geographic space and evaluate implications of this model with a new data set of 127,000 restaurants across 726 cities. I find that geographic concentration of a population leads to a greater number of cuisines and the likelihood of having a specific cuisine is increasing in population and population density, with the rarest cuisines found only in the biggest, densest cities. Further, there is a strong hierarchical pattern to the distribution of variety across cities in which the specific cuisines available can be predicted by the total count. These findings parallel empirical work on Central Place Theory and provide evidence that demand aggregation has a significant impact on consumer product variety.
    Keywords: L10 - General, R12 - Size and Spatial Distributions of Regional Economic Activity
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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  • 21
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    The New Geography of Capitalism: Firms, Finance, and Society (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-10-14
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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  • 22
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    Econometric modelling of the regional knowledge production function in Europe (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-10-14
    Description: By adopting a semiparametric approach, the ‘traditional’ regional knowledge production function is developed in three complementary directions. First, the model is augmented with region-specific time trends to account for endogeneity due to selection on unobservables . Second, the nonparametric part of the model relaxes the standard assumptions of linearity and additivity regarding the effect of R&D and human capital. Finally, the assumption of homogeneity in the effects of R&D and human capital is also relaxed by explicitly accounting for the differences between developed and lagging regions. The analysis of the genesis of innovation in the regions of the European Union unveils nonlinearities, threshold effects, complex interactions and shadow effects that cannot be uncovered by standard parametric formulations.
    Keywords: C14 - Semiparametric and Nonparametric Methods, C23 - Models with Panel Data, O32 - Management of Technological Innovation and R&D, R11 - Regional Economic Activity: Growth, Development, and Changes
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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  • 23
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    Local variety and firm diversification: an evolutionary economic geography perspective (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-09-20
    Description: The aim of this article is to investigate whether and how local agglomeration forces—related and unrelated variety—influence firm diversification. Using a large dataset of 5112 Italian manufacturing business groups for the year 2001, and estimating Tobit models, we show the ‘consistency’ between the patterns of firm diversification and that of the local system in which the firm is located. Specifically, firms located in local systems dominated by unrelated variety are more likely to show unrelated diversification patterns, while firms located in local systems dominated by related variety are more likely to show related diversification patterns. This supports the Evolutionary Economic Geography prediction of firm similarity ‘within’ the same local system, and firm heterogeneity ‘between’ different local systems.
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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  • 24
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    Globalization and local profiles of economic growth and industrial change (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-09-20
    Description: The aggregate German economy is characterized by a secular decline of manufacturing and a rise of modern service industries. This trend of structural change is not uniform across space, however. Some regions exhibit it at an accelerated pace, while other regions reinforced their manufacturing specializations. We first categorize all German regions into one of three groups, with ‘pro-trend’, ‘anti-trend’ or ‘featureless’ growth and provide a detailed comparison of these groups. Afterwards we propose an explanation why a particular region ended up in one of those groups: We argue that the profiles of regional growth and change are systematically related to the initial sizes, and the import and export exposures of the local manufacturing sectors.
    Keywords: F16 - Trade and Labor Market Interactions, O14 - Industrialization ; Manufacturing and Service Industries ; Choice of Technology, R11 - Regional Economic Activity: Growth, Development, and Changes
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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  • 25
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    On firms product space evolution: the role of firm and local product relatedness (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-09-20
    Description: We explore the role of firm- and local product-specific capabilities in fostering the introduction of new products in the Turkish manufacturing. Firms’ product space evolution is characterised by strong cognitive path dependence that, however, is relaxed by firm heterogeneity in terms of size, efficiency and international exposure. The introduction of new products in laggard Eastern regions, which is importantly linked to the evolution of their industrial output, is mainly affected by firm’s internal product- specific resources. On the contrary, product innovations in Western advanced regions hinge relatively more on the availability of local technological- related competencies.
    Keywords: D22 - Firm Behavior: Empirical Analysis, O12 - Microeconomic Analyses of Economic Development, O53 - Asia including Middle East
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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  • 26
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    Measuring industry coagglomeration and identifying the driving forces (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-09-20
    Description: Understanding industry agglomeration and its driving forces is critical for the formulation of industrial policy in developing countries. Crucial to this process is the definition and measurement of agglomeration. We construct a new coagglomeration index based purely on the location of firms. We examine what this index reveals about the importance of transport costs, labour market pooling and technology transfer for agglomeration processes, controlling for overall industry agglomeration. We compare the results based on our new measure to existing measures in the literature and find very different underlying stories at work. We conclude that in conducting analyses of this kind giving consideration to the source of agglomeration economies, employees or entrepreneurs, and finding an appropriate measure for agglomeration, are both crucial to the process of identifying agglomerative forces.
    Keywords: L14 - Transactional Relationships ; Contracts and Reputation ; Networks, L60 - General, O14 - Industrialization ; Manufacturing and Service Industries ; Choice of Technology, O33 - Technological Change: Choices and Consequences ; Diffusion Processes
    Print ISSN: 1468-2702
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    Geography and intra-national home bias: U.S. domestic trade in 1949 and 2007 (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-04-14
    Description: This article examines home bias in U.S. domestic trade in 1949 and 2007. We use a unique data set of 1949 carload waybill statistics produced by the Interstate Commerce Commission, and 2007 Commodity Flow Survey data. The results show that home bias was considerably smaller in 1949 than in 2007 and that home bias in 1949 was even negative for several commodities. We argue that the difference between the geographical distribution of the manufacturing activities in 1949 and that of 2007 is an important factor explaining the differences in the magnitudes of home-bias estimates in those years.
    Keywords: F14 - Country and Industry Studies of Trade, F18 - Trade and Environment
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    Financial networks and the globalization of transnational corporations: the case of educational services (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-04-14
    Description: In this article, I advance understandings of the intersection between financial and educational services from an economic geographical perspective by examining the importance of financial networks in shaping the internationalization activities of for-profit business education service firms. By combining relational approaches to the globalization of transnational corporations (TNCs) with work on monetary networks I argue that extra-firm networks with financial services are an important element in understanding how, where and why business education service firms internationalize. Theoretically, this argument responds to calls for firm finances to be more fully incorporated into understandings of wider economic geographies and, in particular, addresses the neglect of finance in extant understandings of the internationalization of TNCs. Empirically, I position educational services as an overlooked business services sector that deserves greater attention within economic geography.
    Keywords: G20 - General, I22 - Educational Finance, L80 - General
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    Industrial development in thin regions: trapped in path extension? (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-04-14
    Description: Recent theorizing of path dependence supplements the traditional view of regional path-dependent industrial development characterized by lock-in effects with paths dealing with change, that is, path renewal and path creation. Few studies, however, examine why different types of regions experience diverse path-dependent development. This article examines why organizationally thin regions are much less likely to achieve path renewal and path creation than core regions. By use of a case study of industrial development in an organizationally thin and rather peripheral region in Norway the article contends that thin regions often need external investments to avoid being trapped in path extension.
    Keywords: R11 - Regional Economic Activity: Growth, Development, and Changes
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    Single-firm case studies in economic geography: some methodological reflections on the case of Zara (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-04-14
    Description: In this article, I reassess the undeserved reputation of Inditex’s Zara as a ‘home-sewn exception to globalization’ for supposedly keeping manufacturing at home despite larger trends; and I use the occasion to make a case for rigorous, evidentially strong single-firm case studies. In the process, I draw attention to the manner in which the value-adding qualities of scholarly work are being judged in economic geography; and argue that the prioritization of novelty over unenhanced readings of realities may encourage case studies to be presented as more unique and exceptional than they actually are.
    Keywords: D21 - Firm Behavior, F23 - Multinational Firms ; International Business, L14 - Transactional Relationships ; Contracts and Reputation ; Networks, L25 - Firm Performance: Size, Diversification, and Scope, L67 - Other Consumer Nondurables: Clothing, Textiles, Shoes, and Leather
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    The resilience of regional labour markets to economic shocks: Exploring the role of interactions among firms and workers (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-06-20
    Description: To date, theoretical and empirical insights in the determinants of regional resilience are still limited. Using a model, we explore how three regional factors jointly contribute to the resilience of regional labour markets to economic shocks. The localization of the supply network (1) is used to model the propagation of the shock, while possibilities for intersectoral (2) and interregional labour mobility (3) to analyse the recovery. An application of the model to Dutch data suggests that labour markets in centrally located and service-oriented regions have, on average, a higher recovery speed, irrespective of the type of shock hitting the economy.
    Keywords: J61 - Geographic Labor Mobility ; Immigrant Workers, O18 - Regional, Urban, and Rural Analyses, R11 - Regional Economic Activity: Growth, Development, and Changes
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    Migrant and ethnic diversity, cities and innovation: Firm effects or city effects? (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-06-20
    Description: The growing cultural diversity caused by immigration is seen as important for innovation. Research has focused on two potential mechanisms: a firm effect, with diversity at the firm level improving knowledge sourcing or ideas generation, and a city effect, where diverse cities help firms innovate. This article uses a dataset of over 2000 UK small- and medium-sized enterprises to test between these two. Controlling for firm characteristics, city characteristics and firm and city diversity, there is strong evidence for the firm effect. Firms with a greater share of migrant owners or partners are more likely to introduce new products and processes. This effect has diminishing returns, suggesting that it is a ‘diversity’ effect rather than simply the benefits of migrant run firms. However, there is no relationship between the share of foreign workers in a local labour market or fractionalization by country of birth and firm level innovation, nor do migrant-run firms in diverse cities appear particularly innovative. But urban context does matter and firms in London with more migrant owners and partners are more innovative than others. Firms in cities with high levels of human capital are also more innovative.
    Keywords: J61 - Geographic Labor Mobility ; Immigrant Workers, L21 - Business Objectives of the Firm, M13 - New Firms ; Startups, R23 - Regional Migration ; Regional Labor Markets ; Population
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    Spatial patterns of solar photovoltaic system adoption: The influence of neighbors and the built environment (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-06-20
    Description: The diffusion of new technologies is often mediated by spatial and socioeconomic factors. This article empirically examines the diffusion of an important renewable energy technology: residential solar photovoltaic (PV) systems. Using detailed data on PV installations in Connecticut, we identify the spatial patterns of diffusion, which indicate considerable clustering of adoptions. This clustering does not simply follow the spatial distribution of income or population. We find that smaller centers contribute to adoption more than larger urban areas, in a wave-like centrifugal pattern. Our empirical estimation demonstrates a strong relationship between adoption and the number of nearby previously installed systems as well as built environment and policy variables. The effect of nearby systems diminishes with distance and time, suggesting a spatial neighbor effect conveyed through social interaction and visibility. These results disentangle the process of diffusion of PV systems and provide guidance to stakeholders in the solar market.
    Keywords: O33 - Technological Change: Choices and Consequences ; Diffusion Processes, Q42 - Alternative Energy Sources, R11 - Regional Economic Activity: Growth, Development, and Changes, R12 - Size and Spatial Distributions of Regional Economic Activity
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    Trade Shows in the Globalizing Knowledge Economy (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-06-20
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    Quality of government and innovative performance in the regions of Europe (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-06-20
    Description: This article aims to shed light on how institutions shape innovative capacity, by focusing on how regional government quality affects innovative performance in the regions of Europe. By exploiting new data on quality of government, we assess how government quality and its components (control of corruption, rule of law, government effectiveness and government accountability) shape patenting across the regions of the European Union (EU). The results of the analysis—which are robust to controlling for the endogeneity of institutions—provide strong evidence of a link between the quality of government and the capacity of regions to innovate. In particular, ineffective and corrupt governments represent a fundamental barrier for the innovative capacity of the periphery of the EU, strongly undermining any potential effect of any other measures aimed at promoting greater innovation. The results have important implications for the definition of innovation strategies in EU regions.
    Keywords: O52 - Europe, R11 - Regional Economic Activity: Growth, Development, and Changes
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    Strategic nodes in investment fund global production networks: The example of the financial centre Luxembourg (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-06-20
    Description: The patterns and dynamics of contemporary financial capitalism are mirrored in micro-production structures of finance in international financial centres (IFCs). Applying the global production network framework allows for analyses of these structures in greater detail, better illuminating the industry’s organization, its locally anchored professional practices, and the far-reaching power relationships between IFCs. The example of the IFC Luxembourg, the world’s largest cross-border investment fund centre, shows that, in particular, advanced business services firms facilitate the global reach of investment funds (i) in their close collaboration with both local and global financial corporations, and (ii) in their exploitation of localized arbitrage assets.
    Keywords: G23 - Pension Funds ; Other Private Financial Institutions, L22 - Firm Organization and Market Structure, L80 - General
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    Spreading big ideas? The effect of top inventing companies on local inventors (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-06-20
    Description: The article investigates whether the patenting activity of the most inventive companies has any causal effect on the number of patents granted to other local inventors in the same metropolitan area in USA. Economic theory predicts that positive agglomeration economies may be counterbalanced by upward pressure on wages, which are stronger within technological classes in the short term. The empirical analysis exploits the panel structure of the dataset to account for various fixed effects, and adopts an instrumental variable approach to prove causality. The results show that the effect is overall positive and stronger with a time lag. In addition, the effect is not bounded within narrow technological categories, suggesting that Jacob-type knowledge spillovers across sectors tend to prevail over other source of agglomeration economies within sectors, including sharing and matching mechanisms. The implications for local development policy are discussed.
    Keywords: O31 - Innovation and Invention: Processes and Incentives, R10 - General
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    The Way of the Gun: Estimating Firearms Trafficking across the US-Mexico Border (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-02-18
    Description: The volume of firearms sold in USA and trafficked across the US–Mexico border is notoriously difficult to estimate. We consider a unique approach using GIS-generated county-level panel data (1993–1999 and 2010–2012) of Federal Firearms Licenses to sell small arms (FFLs) to estimate the realized demand for firearms based on the distance by road from the nearest point on the US–Mexico border. We use a time-series negative binomial model paired with a post-estimation population attributable fraction (PAF) estimator. We do so to control determinants of domestic demand. We are able to estimate a total demand for trafficking, both in terms of firearms and dollar sales for the firearms industry. We find that nearly 2.2% (between 0.9% and 3.7%) of US domestic arms sales are attributable to the US–Mexico traffic in the period 2010–2012, representing 212,887 firearms (between 89,816 and 359,205) purchased annually to be trafficked.
    Keywords: D74 - Conflict ; Conflict Resolution ; Alliances, F14 - Country and Industry Studies of Trade, F52 - National Security ; Economic Nationalism, K14 - Criminal Law, K42 - Illegal Behavior and the Enforcement of Law
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    Screening for collusion: a spatial statistics approach (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-02-18
    Description: We develop a method to screen for local cartels. We first test whether there is statistical evidence of clustering of outlets that score high on some characteristic that is consistent with collusive behavior. If so, we determine in a second step the most suspicious regions where further antitrust investigation would be warranted. We apply our method to build a variance screen for the Dutch gasoline market.
    Keywords: C11 - Bayesian Analysis, D40 - General, L12 - Monopoly ; Monopolization Strategies, L41 - Monopolization ; Horizontal Anticompetitive Practices
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    Corporate social responsibility and labour agency: the case of Nike in Pakistan (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-02-18
    Description: This article examines the circumstances under which corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives facilitate and/or constrain labour agency in global production networks (GPNs). Using a case study of Nike’s CSR approach in the football manufacturing industry of Pakistan, we explore the extent to which the measures advocated in a new, emerging policy paradigm on CSR in GPNs enabled labour agency at Nike’s main football supplier factory in Pakistan. We argue that while such CSR policies can create enhanced space for labour agency, that potential agency is also shaped (i) by wider economic forces within the global economy and (ii) relationships with local/national actors and regulatory frameworks. Understanding the intersection of these dimensions becomes vital to interpreting the potential for, and activation of, labour agency within CSR-influenced GPNs.
    Keywords: F23 - Multinational Firms ; International Business, J31 - Wage Level and Structure ; Wage Differentials, J52 - Dispute Resolution: Strikes, Arbitration, and Mediation ; Collective Bargaining, J80 - General, L67 - Other Consumer Nondurables: Clothing, Textiles, Shoes, and Leather
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    Reformatted: Code, Networks, and the Transformation of the Music Industry Andrew Leyshon (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-02-18
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    Commodity chains, creative destruction and global inequality: a class analysis (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-02-18
    Description: The majority of global commodity chain analysis is concerned with producer firm upgrading, because it is held to engender local-level development. This represents a myopic comprehension of the interaction of firms under capitalism. This article argues, in contrast, that lead firm chain governance and supplier firm upgrading attempts constitute strategies and practices that reproduce global poverty and inequality. Schumpeter’s concept of creative destruction represents a starting point in undertaking this endeavour. However, his formulation of capitalist competition ignores class and global economic relations. A Marxian conception of creative destruction, in contrast, rests upon an understanding of globally constituted class relations, which provides a novel perspective in comprehending and investigating processes that re-produce global poverty and inequality. The article substantiates these claims by examining cases of buyer-driven global commodity chains, and lead firm strategies of increasing labour exploitation throughout these chains.
    Keywords: B14 - Socialist ; Marxist, F50 - General, J01 - Labor Economics: General, J51 - Trade Unions: Objectives, Structure, and Effects
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    The determinants of regional specialisation in business services: agglomeration economies, vertical linkages and innovation (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-02-18
    Description: The article accounts for the determinants of sectoral specialisation in business services (BS) across the EU-27 regions as determined by: (i) agglomeration economies (ii) the region-specific structure of intermediate linkages (iii) technological innovation and knowledge intensity and (iv) the presence of these factors in neighbouring regions. The empirical analysis draws upon the REGIO panel database over the period 1999–2003. By estimating a Spatial Durbin Model, we find significant spatial effects in explaining regional specialisation in BS. Our findings show that, besides urbanisation economies, the spatial structure of intermediate sectoral linkages and innovation, in particular Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs), are important determinants of specialisation in BS. The article contributes to the debate on the global versus local determinants of regional specialisation in BS by restating the importance of the regional sectoral structure besides that of urbanisation. We draw policy implications by rejecting the ‘footloose hypothesis’ for BS.
    Keywords: L80 - General, R12 - Size and Spatial Distributions of Regional Economic Activity
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    Migration and inter-industry mobility of UK graduates (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-02-18
    Description: New university graduates are highly geographically mobile, but, as the literature has shown, often struggle in the labour market, working in non-graduate level jobs or in a field different from the one for which they are qualified. In this context, inter-industry moves can act as complements or substitutes for geographical moves, with graduates reacting to job mismatches by either changing location, industry, or both. Self-selection is also likely; industry movers may differ from non-movers in ways that also affect their career outcomes. We analyse the relationship between migration and inter-industry moves using longitudinal microdata for 7060 recent UK graduates.
    Keywords: I23 - Higher Education Research Institutions, J24 - Human Capital ; Skills ; Occupational Choice ; Labor Productivity, J28 - Safety ; Job Satisfaction ; Related Public Policy, R23 - Regional Migration ; Regional Labor Markets ; Population
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    Local entrepreneurship clusters in cities (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-02-04
    Description: We show that entrepreneurs are co-located within cities. One plausible source of such spatial clustering is local social interactions, where individuals’ decisions to become entrepreneurs are influenced by entrepreneurial neighbors. Using geo-coded matched employer–employee data for Sweden, we find that sharing residential neighborhood with established entrepreneurs has a statistically significant and robust influence on the probability that an individual leaves employment for entrepreneurship. An otherwise average neighborhood with a 5% point higher entrepreneurial intensity, all else equal, produces between six and seven additional entrepreneurs per square kilometer, each year. Our estimates suggest a local feedback-effect in which the presence of established entrepreneurs in a neighborhood influences the emergence of new local entrepreneurs. Our analysis supports the conjecture that social interaction effects constitute a mechanism by which local entrepreneurship clusters in cities develop and persist over time.
    Keywords: J24 - Human Capital ; Skills ; Occupational Choice ; Labor Productivity, L26 - Entrepreneurship, R12 - Size and Spatial Distributions of Regional Economic Activity, R23 - Regional Migration ; Regional Labor Markets ; Population
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    A gravity equation for commuting with an application to estimating regional border effects in Belgium (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-02-04
    Description: This article derives a gravity equation for commuting and uses it to identify the effect of regional borders on commuting. We build on the seminal trade paper by Anderson and Van Wincoop (2003, Gravity with gravitas: a solution to the border puzzle. The American Economic Review , 93: 170–192) and highlight some interesting similarities between our model and Wilson’s doubly constrained gravity equation [Wilson, A. (2010) Entropy in urban and regional modelling: retrospect and prospect. Geographical analysis , 42: 364–394], a workhorse model from spatial interaction theory. The model is estimated by applying a negative binomial regression method on Belgian inter-municipal commuting data. We show that regional borders exert a sizeable residual deterrent effect on commuting, a finding with obvious implications for regional labour market integration. This border effect differs significantly between regions and depends on the direction in which the border is crossed.
    Keywords: F10 - General, J61 - Geographic Labor Mobility ; Immigrant Workers, R12 - Size and Spatial Distributions of Regional Economic Activity
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    Upgrading to lead firm position via international acquisition: learning from the global biomass power plant industry (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-02-04
    Description: This article examines the case of a Chinese firm that has upgraded to lead firm position in the global biomass power plant industry mainly through acquisitions of technological frontier firms in Denmark. Sustaining the lead firm position was, however, challenged by difficulties in developing innovative capability. Drawing on the literature on (i) firm-level technological capability and (ii) knowledge transfer in international acquisitions, we explain the reasons for insufficient innovative capability building. Based on these empirical findings, we suggest maintaining the existing upgrading framework but applying it analytically in a more flexible manner that avoids linearity, hierarchy and segmentation while stressing the co-existence of and inter-relationships between the different types of upgrading.
    Keywords: F23 - Multinational Firms ; International Business, L60 - General, O31 - Innovation and Invention: Processes and Incentives, R58 - Regional Development Policy
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    International trade and firm-level markups when location and quality matter (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-02-04
    Description: In this article, we estimate firm-level markups and test some micro-level predictions of a model of international trade with heterogeneous firms and endogenous markups. Our theoretical framework is an extended version of the Melitz and Ottaviano ( 2008 , Review of Economic Studies 75, 295–316) (MO) model that features both quality and spatial differentiation across firms. In line with our model, we find that firm markups are positively related to firm productivity and negatively related to the toughness of local competition. Considering the relationship between firm markups and exports, we find evidence that markups are higher for exporters, what appears to indicate that the quality-enhancing channel overbalances the price-depressing channel of global competition.
    Keywords: F12 - Models of Trade with Imperfect Competition and Scale Economies
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    Inertia and change in multinational enterprise subsidiary capabilities: an evolutionary economic geography framework (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-02-04
    Description: In this article we argue for a process-centred use of the dynamic capabilities-based view of evolution in multinational enterprise (MNE) subsidiary capabilities. In particular, we consider changes in the scale, scope and specialisation of resources and capabilities at subsidiaries over time by drawing on Dodgshon’s (1998) study of change in empires and societal systems. Following Dodgshon, we classify changes at MNE subsidiaries into processes of (i) expansion or contraction, (ii) reduction, (iii) involution, (iv) aggregation upwards and outwards, (v) accretion and (vi) replacement/substitution, illustrating this framework with reference to the extant literature. We suggest that the potential of this framework lies, in part, in its embrace of both change and inertia within MNEs and at their subsidiaries. It is important to consider both change and inertia if we are to understand the implications of MNE subsidiary evolution national and subnational economic development policy.
    Keywords: B52 - Institutional ; Evolutionary, F23 - Multinational Firms ; International Business
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    Historic amenities, income and sorting of households (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-02-04
    Description: We aim to estimate the impact of historic amenities on house prices and sorting of households. Historic district boundaries enable us to measure the external view effect of historic amenities, defined as the effect of a historic amenity on the price of other buildings through an improved view from the other buildings. We use a semiparametric regression-discontinuity approach to control for unobserved location characteristics and focus on houses constructed after 1970. It is shown that the (external) view effect of historic amenities is 3.5% of the house price. Rich households have a higher willingness to pay for a view on historic amenities and therefore sort themselves in historic districts, which contributes to an explanation for the substantial spatial income differences within cities.
    Keywords: R14 - Land Use Patterns, R21 - Housing Demand, R31 - Housing Supply and Markets, R38 - Government Policies ; Regulatory Policies
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    Intervening in globalization: the spatial possibilities and institutional barriers to labours collective agency (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-02-04
    Description: Trade unions are facing a series of challenges around place-based forms of work in industries such as construction, transport and public services. New spatial strategies by employers involving corporate reorganization, increased outsourcing and the use of migrant labour, allied to a deepening of neoliberal governance processes are accelerating a race to the bottom in wages and conditions. Drawing upon the experience of two recent labour disputes in the UK—at Heathrow Airport and Lindsey Oil Refinery—we explore the potential for workers to intervene in such globalizing processes. We highlight both the ability of grassroots workers to mobilize their own spatial networks but also their limitations in an increasingly hostile neoliberal landscape.
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    Defining clusters of related industries (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-02-04
    Description: Clusters are geographic concentrations of industries related by knowledge, skills, inputs, demand and/or other linkages. There is an increasing need for cluster-based data to support research, facilitate comparisons of clusters across regions and support policymakers in defining regional strategies. This article develops a novel clustering algorithm that systematically generates and assesses sets of cluster definitions (i.e., groups of closely related industries). We implement the algorithm using 2009 data for U.S. industries (six-digit NAICS), and propose a new set of benchmark cluster definitions that incorporates measures of inter-industry linkages based on co-location patterns, input–output links, and similarities in labor occupations. We also illustrate the algorithm’s ability to compare alternative sets of cluster definitions by evaluating our new set against existing sets in the literature. We find that our proposed set outperforms other methods in capturing a wide range of inter-industry linkages, including the grouping of industries within the same three-digit NAICS.
    Keywords: C38-Classification Methods ; Cluster Analysis ; Factor Models
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    Location of International Business Activities: Integrating Ideas from Research in International Business, Strategic Management and Economic Geography (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-02-04
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    Global energy dilemmas: energy security and climate change (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-02-04
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    Public housing magnets: public housing supply and immigrants location choices (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-02-04
    Description: This article investigates how a reform allowing immigrants with children in France access to public housing during the 1970s influenced their initial location choices across local labour markets. We find that cities with higher public housing supplies have a large ‘magnetic effect’ on the location choice of new immigrants with children. The estimated effect is substantial and quantitatively similar to the effect of the size of the ethnic group in the urban area. In cities with higher public housing supply, these immigrants tend to benefit from better housing conditions, but non-European immigrants are also more likely to be unemployed.
    Keywords: J15 - Economics of Minorities and Races ; Non-labor Discrimination, R23 - Regional Migration ; Regional Labor Markets ; Population, R53 - Public Facility Location Analysis ; Public Investment and Capital Stock
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    Do rich households live farther away from their workplaces? (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-02-04
    Description: One of the classic predictions of urban economic theory is that high-income and low-income households choose different residential locations and therefore, conditional on workplace location, have different commuting patterns. The effect of household income on commuting distance may be positive, because of an increased demand for housing as house prices are lower further from workplace locations, or negative, because of an increase in the value of travel time. In addition, the sign of this effect may depend on the location of residential amenities relative to workplaces. Empirical tests of this effect are not standard, due to reverse causation and lack of good control variables. To address reverse causation, this effect is derived using changes in household income and distance through residential moves keeping workplace location constant. Our results contradict previous results in the literature. We show that for Denmark, conditional on the workplace location, the income elasticity of distance is negative and in the order of –0.18. This elasticity is larger for single-earner than for dual-earner households. Conditional on that the household moves residence between municipalities, the elasticity is suggested to be around –0.60.
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    Africas information revolution: technical regimes and production networks in South Africa and Tanzania (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-18
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    Dynamics of economic spaces in the global knowledge-based economy--theory and East Asian cases (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-18
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    Evidence on immigrants assimilation into recipient labour markets using UK longitudinal data between 1981 and 2006 (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-18
    Description: How well do immigrants entering the UK assimilate into recipient labour markets? Using the underexploited, sizeable and long Lifetime Labour Market Database between 1981 and 2006, we investigate the evolution of the immigrant–native earnings gap—a measure of immigrants’ assimilation—across the entire earnings distribution, across cohorts and across nationalities. We are able to control for observable and unobservable individual-specific characteristics as well as for specific characteristics of both time periods and recipient labour markets, defined as small geographical areas, and crucially, for the interaction of the two, in a robust empirical model specification anchored in the human capital theory. We also control for cohort-specific effects and nationality-specific effects. Our results show little evidence of large or persistent earnings disparities across the earnings distribution, across cohorts or across nationalities. These findings are supportive evidence of successful assimilation of immigrants into the UK, suggesting that recipient labour markets primarily reward individuals’ characteristics other than, and regardless of, their immigration status. Nevertheless, some distinctive features emerge. When investigating the evolution of the immigrant–native earnings gap over time, our results illustrate how immigrants from different continents and cohorts have very different assimilation trajectories.
    Keywords: F22 - International Migration, J31 - Wage Level and Structure ; Wage Differentials, J71 - Discrimination
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    The emergence of new technology-based industries: the case of fuel cells and its technological relatedness to regional knowledge bases (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-18
    Description: Evolutionary economic geographers propose that regional diversification is a path-dependent process whereby industries grow out of pre-existing industrial structures through technologically related localised knowledge spillovers and learning. This article examines whether this also applies to emerging radical technologies that create the foundation for new industries. The article develops a new measure for technological relatedness between the knowledge base of a region and that of a radical technology based on patent classes. It demonstrates that emerging fuel cell technology develops where the regional knowledge base is technologically related to that of fuel cells and consequently confirms the evolutionary thesis.
    Keywords: C23 - Models with Panel Data, Q55 - Technological Innovation, R11 - Regional Economic Activity: Growth, Development, and Changes
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    Local development that money cannot buy: Italys Contratti di Programma (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-19
    Description: The study evaluates the effectiveness of a major Italian place-based policy ( Contratti di Programma ), by means of which the state approves and finances investment projects proposed by private firms. Using the areas to be exposed to the same policy at a later date as counterfactuals, the study finds little evidence of it having had a positive effect. It estimates a limited impact on plant and employment growth rates, which is confined to a small area (a single municipality) and likely crowds out the economic growth of the surrounding areas.
    Keywords: C14 - Semiparametric and Nonparametric Methods, R11 - Regional Economic Activity: Growth, Development, and Changes, R58 - Regional Development Policy
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    Everyday family experiences of the financial crisis: getting by in the recent economic recession (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-19
    Description: Literature within economic geography on the financialisation of everyday life has so far overlooked the role of family. Using data collected from ethnographic research with six families in the UK before and during the recent financial crisis, this article argues the case for using family as a lens through which to conceptualise everyday experiences of recession and finance. The findings highlight interpersonal family relationships, inter- and intra-generationality, gender responsibilities, reciprocity, shared experiences and memories as essential to conceptualising how people get by in times of financial crisis and relate to finance in everyday life. The conclusions outline the key contributions of the article to literatures on geographies of finance and family.
    Keywords: H31 - Household, I30 - General, Z13 - Economic Sociology ; Economic Anthropology
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    The geography of learning: Ferrari gestione sportiva 1929-2008 (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-19
    Description: This article considers the mechanisms that permit and enhance the movement of highly tacit component (technical) knowledge and geographically sticky architectural knowledge across borders and between clusters and firms. We address a number of critical research questions that relate to intra- and inter-locational knowledge transfer. We use a theory-driven, longitudinal, single case study to develop a conceptual framework to examine and describe how shifting the geography of knowledge sourcing can facilitate architectural change by following the transformation of one business unit within a specialist global organization through a series of evolutionary steps that involved internalizing new component knowledge from other firms and locations, transforming the company’s architectural knowledge through various transactions with firms and individuals from a foreign cluster, and eventually radically transforming the concept of the firm and its focus. We close by generalizing this model to address the fundamental processes of the spatial aspects of organizational learning.
    Keywords: O32 - Management of Technological Innovation and R&D
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    Anti-congestion policies in cities with public transportation (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-19
    Description: We study how congestion tolls and an urban growth boundary should be designed optimally in a monocentric city with both car and public transit commuting from the suburbs to the central city. The existing monocentric city literature has repeatedly shown that mitigating the congestion externality causes the densification of population toward the city center. In contrast, we find the opposite of densification can occur if public transit mode is present. Modal substitution effect limits the centralizing force of anti-congestion policies. In addition, redistributing tax revenues among residents generates a decentralizing effect by increasing housing demand because marginal utility of income is higher in suburbs. At the optimum, mitigating congestion can cause urban sprawl depending on degree of substitutability between automobile and public transit, relative congestibility of the two modes, tax revenue redistribution and preferences for location and lot size.
    Keywords: D61 - Allocative Efficiency ; Cost-Benefit Analysis, D62 - Externalities, H21 - Efficiency ; Optimal Taxation, H23 - Externalities ; Redistributive Effects ; Environmental Taxes and Subsidies, H44 - Publicly Provided Goods: Mixed Markets, R13 - General Equilibrium and Welfare Economic Analysis of Regional Economies, R14 - Land Use Patterns, R41 - Transportation: Demand, Supply, and Congestion ; Safety and Accidents ; Transportation Noise, R48 - Government Pricing ; Regulatory Policies, R52 - Land Use and Other Regulations
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    Spin-offs: why geography matters (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-19
    Description: Based on unique data covering individuals, firms, industries and regions for the 1999–2005 period, we contribute with new knowledge concerning the impact of regional variables on spin-offs. Implementing a large number of controls, as well as different estimation techniques and robustness tests, we show that Jacobian externalities have a positive effect on spin-offs. Moreover, using an entropy measure to disentangle unrelated and related variety (RV), we conclude that the effect is confined to RV. These findings are likely to be associated with strong welfare effects: a standard deviation increase (decrease) in related (unrelated) variety increases spin-off propensity by approximately 25%. Other variables are shown to have economic effects of a similar magnitude but may have a different effect across sectors. Sensitivity analyses indicate that the impact of other determinants proposed in the literature (e.g., Marshallian externalities and scale effects) is too small to be detected.
    Keywords: D01 - Microeconomic Behavior: Underlying Principles, L26 - Entrepreneurship, R10 - General
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    Asian inward and outward FDI. New challenges in the global economy (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-19
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    Garments without guilt? Uneven labour geographies and ethical trading--Sri Lankan labour perspectives (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-19
    Description: Economic geographers tout social upgrading via economic upgrading as a path that engenders labour conditions, while labour geographers underscore the inherent contradictions of corporate governance initiatives. They point to the conceptual flaws of firm-level analysis, given the limited attentiveness to worker actions and labour voice. Others point to the inherent tensions in global governance initiatives as they traverse along global supply chains, and the absence of labour voice within corporate codes. This neglect underpins my article, which uses Sri Lanka as a litmus case to critically engage with labour voice around ethical codes and analyse its efficacy as a form of social upgrading.
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    Adolescent neighborhood context and young adult economic outcomes for low-income African Americans and Latinos (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-19
    Description: We quantify how young adult employment and educational outcomes for low-income African Americans and Latinos relate to their adolescent neighborhood conditions. Data come from surveys of Denver Housing Authority (DHA) households who lived in public housing scattered throughout Denver County. Because DHA allocations mimic random assignment to neighborhood, this program represents a natural experiment for overcoming geographic selection bias. We use the neighborhood originally offered by DHA to instrument for neighborhood experienced during adolescence. Our control function logistic analyses found that higher percentages of foreign-born neighbors predicted higher odds of no post-secondary education and (less reliably) neither working nor attending school. Neighborhood occupational prestige predicted lower odds of young adults receiving public assistance and (less reliably) neither primarily working nor attending school. Effects differed for African Americans and Latinos. We consider potential causal processes underlying our results and suggest why they differ from those from the Moving To Opportunity demonstration.
    Keywords: I24 - Education and Inequality, R29 - Other, R39 - Other
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    Global production networks: theorizing economic development in an interconnected world (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-19
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    Bringing space back in: towards a geographic perspective on policy mobility (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-19
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    Linkages and spillovers in global production networks: firm-level analysis of the Czech automotive industry (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-19
    Description: The aim of this article is to analyze the linkages between and spillovers from foreign-owned (foreign) to domestic-owned (domestic) firms in the Czech automotive industry. Theoretically and conceptually, our research draws on two strands of literature: spillovers, linkages and effects of foreign direct investment on domestic firms and regional economic development; and literature on global production networks, global value chains and industrial upgrading. Empirical analysis is based upon unique data collected by the authors through a questionnaire completed by 317 foreign and domestic firms in 2009 and on-site interviews with 100 firms conducted between 2009 and 2011. Data analysis has identified a low share of domestic suppliers in the total supplies of Czech-based foreign firms and diverse spillover effects from foreign to domestic firms. Domestic firms vary in their capabilities and absorptive capacity which, along with the particular nature of the contemporary automotive value chain, significantly influence their ability and potential to benefit from linkages and spillovers.
    Keywords: D24 - Production ; Cost ; Capital and Total Factor Productivity ; Capacity, L62 - Automobiles ; Other Transportation Equipment
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    List of Referees Used in 2015 (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-19
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    Symmetric and asymmetric effects of proximities. The case of M&A deals in Italy (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-19
    Description: This article investigates the effect of geographical, industrial, organizational and institutional proximity on the probability that any two firms located in Italy engage in a mergers and acquisitions (M&A) deal. Within a logistic rare event framework, we investigate 4261 actual deals completed over the period 2000–2011 and around 3.8 million potential deals. We find robust evidence that all forms of proximity have a positive effect, especially industrial relatedness. Moreover, we find evidence that proximities generate asymmetric effects on M&A deals, depending on the location of bidders and targets and on whether some specific individual characteristics are featured by the acquirer or by the target firm.
    Keywords: C21 - Cross-Sectional Models ; Spatial Models ; Treatment Effect Models, G34 - Mergers ; Acquisitions ; Restructuring ; Corporate Governance, R12 - Size and Spatial Distributions of Regional Economic Activity
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    Return migration and geography of innovation in MNEs: a natural experiment of knowledge production by local workers reporting to return migrants (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-18
    Description: I study whether return migrants facilitate knowledge production by local employees working for them at geographically distant research and development (R&D) locations. Using unique personnel and patenting data for 1315 employees at the Indian R&D center of a Fortune 500 technology firm, I exploit a natural experiment where the assignment of managers for newly hired college graduates is mandated by rigid HR rules and is uncorrelated to observable characteristics of the graduates. Given this assignment protocol, I find that local employees with returnee managers file disproportionately more US patents. I also find some evidence that return migrants act as a ‘bridge’ to transfer knowledge from the MNE headquarters to the local employees working for them.
    Keywords: F22 - International Migration, F23 - Multinational Firms ; International Business, J24 - Human Capital ; Skills ; Occupational Choice ; Labor Productivity, O34 - Intellectual Property Rights, R12 - Size and Spatial Distributions of Regional Economic Activity
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    Knowledge flows in high-impact firms: How does relatedness influence survival, acquisition and exit? (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-18
    Description: Following the impact on regional renewal and employment ascribed to rapidly growing firms (High impact firms, HIFs) this article argues that little is still known in economic geography and business studies today regarding the mechanisms influencing growth of such firms and, hence, the potential impact on regional employment. The aim of this article is thus to explore how the qualitative content of skills (i.e. the degree of similarity, relatedness and un-relatedness) recruited to a firm during a period of fast growth, which influences its future success. Our findings, based on a sample of 1589 HIFs in the Swedish economy, suggest that it is not only the number of people employed that matters to aid understanding of the future destiny of the firms—but also, more importantly, it is the scope of the skills recruited and their proximity to related industries.
    Keywords: L25 - Firm Performance: Size, Diversification, and Scope, R12 - Size and Spatial Distributions of Regional Economic Activity, R23 - Regional Migration ; Regional Labor Markets ; Population
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    The labour market consequences of hosting refugees (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-18
    Description: During the 1990s, the northwestern region of Tanzania experienced a large inflow of refugees. Using panel data (pre- and post-refugee inflow), we estimate the labour market consequences of hosting those refugees. Results are consistent with immigration affecting the allocation of natives across economic activities. Greater exposure to the refugee shock resulted in Tanzanians having a higher likelihood of working in household shambas or caring for household livestock and a lower likelihood of working outside the household as employees. The latter effect was particularly strong for Tanzanians doing casual work before the shock. This coincides with anecdotal evidence of refugees concentrating in casual waged work in Tanzania and competing directly with Tanzanians for those jobs.
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    Labour market effects of migration-related supply shocks: evidence from internal refugees in Colombia (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-18
    Description: We exploit the exogenous nature of forced migrations in Colombia to understand how migrations from directly affected areas influence labour markets not directly touched by conflict. Using an instrumental variables strategy, we estimate the causal impact of these migrations on the urban labour market. Our estimates suggest that these migrations substantially reduce wages for urban unskilled workers who compete for jobs with forced migrants. Given the widespread problem of civilian displacement during civil wars in the developing world, and the robust relationship between poverty and civil wars, our results have broad implications for economic development.
    Keywords: J22 - Time Allocation and Labor Supply, J40 - General, J41 - Labor Contracts, J61 - Geographic Labor Mobility ; Immigrant Workers
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    Space and knowledge spillovers in European regions: the impact of different forms of proximity on spatial knowledge diffusion (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-18
    Description: Usually, knowledge spillovers (KS) are related to geographic proximity. In the present study, we measure KS on the basis of different proximity matrices, focusing on the relational, social, cognitive and technological preconditions for knowledge diffusion. In the light of previous studies on KS, we examine: (i) which types of proximity enhance or hamper knowledge flows, and (ii) whether local absorptive capacity favour such flows. Our results indicate that KS across European NUTS2 regions measured through geographic, relational, social, cognitive and technological proximity channels increase with local absorptive capacity. This finding points towards the emergence of large clusters of regions ( absorptive capacity clubs ) where relational, cognitive, social and technological proximity lock-in maximizes the returns to local investment in R&D.
    Keywords: O33 - Technological Change: Choices and Consequences ; Diffusion Processes, R11 - Regional Economic Activity: Growth, Development, and Changes
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    International retailing as embedded business models (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-18
    Description: As retailers internationalize they interact with diverse socio-political-economic environments and the activities, processes, behaviours and outputs underpinning their business models evolve over time and space. Retailers are not passive, and through managerial agency they interpret the environment to compete and further their own commercial aims. Consequently, mutual interaction with the host environment means that changes may also occur in the established institutional norms in a market. Most existing studies have focused on the implications of territorial embeddedness for internationalizing retailers. In this article we also consider the societal and network forms of embeddedness identified by Hess, and illustrate how retailers transfer, negotiate and adapt their business model as they embed themselves in different institutional environments. A case study of IKEA is used to illustrate the synthesis of these two frameworks.
    Keywords: D22 - Firm Behavior: Empirical Analysis, F23 - Multinational Firms ; International Business, L81 - Retail and Wholesale Trade ; e-Commerce, M16 - International Business Administration
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    The economic value of local social networks (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-09-20
    Description: The idea that local social capital yields economic benefits is fundamental to theories of agglomeration, and central to claims about the virtues of cities. However, this relationship has not been evaluated using methods that permit confident statements about causality. This article examines what happens to firms that become affiliated with ‘dealmakers’—individuals who are unusually well connected in local social networks. We adopt a quasi-experimental approach, which examines firms that added exactly one new individual to their firm, combining difference-in-differences and propensity score matching to address selection and\ identification challenges. The results indicate that when compared to a control group, firms which link to a dealmaker are rewarded with substantial gains in employment and sales.
    Keywords: L14 - Transactional Relationships ; Contracts and Reputation ; Networks, O12 - Microeconomic Analyses of Economic Development, O18 - Regional, Urban, and Rural Analyses, R11 - Regional Economic Activity: Growth, Development, and Changes
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    Highways, local economic structure and urban development (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-09-20
    Description: Transport costs are widely considered as a key driver of competitive advantage of countries, regions and cities. Their relevance is even greater when scale economies are at work since production is concentrated and goods must be shipped. Recent literature has found that highways, by decreasing transport costs, are crucial in influencing agglomeration economies and ultimately urban development. In this article, we contribute to this literature by studying the effect of highway construction on the structure of local economies. In particular, we consider the effect of highways in Italian cities in terms of firm location by explicitly recognizing the pivotal role played by the transport sector and by intersectoral linkages in promoting development. The main research hypothesis is that the location of an highway exit in a given city attracts firms operating in the transport service sector and consequently transport-intensive firms. Our empirical evidence concerns Italian cities over the period 1951–2001 and exploits variation in employment, population and plants induced by the construction of the highway network. To deal with the endogeneity of the geography of highways exits, we propose as an instrument the geography of Roman roads. To this end, we have coded the whole network of Roman roads in Italy. We have found that the location of highway exits increases employment and the number of plants and that this growth is concentrated in transport service-intensive sectors. This result is robust to a number of checks, including eventual instrument non-validity and selection into treatment.
    Keywords: L91 - Transportation: General, N70 - General, International, or Comparative, R11 - Regional Economic Activity: Growth, Development, and Changes, R49 - Other
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    Toward a Polanyian network analysis: market and non-market forms of coordination in the rice economy of Vietnam (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-12-07
    Description: The study proposes a network-based methodology linking Polanyi’s ideal types of coordination and deductive blockmodeling to identify different forms of coordination within an economy. Using the proposed methodology, the economy of rice in post-socialist Vietnam is interpreted as a double movement responding to market liberalization. Qualitative and relational data were collected from 323 households and firms in two communes of the Mekong River Delta of Vietnam. Results show that in one case markets and redistribution co-existed as competing forms of coordination, entailing different relations of production and labor conditions; while in the other they blended and constituted a hybrid house-holding system.
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    Structure and evolution of global cluster networks: evidence from the aerospace industry (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-12-07
    Description: We use a new panel dataset to study the network of formal firm linkages within and across 52 aerospace clusters in North America and Europe. Our theoretical framework, built upon the knowledge-based cluster and global value chains literature, suggests that a reduction in spatial transaction costs has induced clusters to specialize in increasingly fine-grained value chain stages. This should cause the overall network to evolve from a geographically localized structure to a trans-local hierarchical structure that is stratified along value chain stages. Applying community structure detection techniques and organizing sub-networks by linkage type, we find empirical evidence in support of this proposition.
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    How social network role, geographical context and territorial mobility mediate the adoption of transgressive styles in the jazz field (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-12-07
    Description: We explore the relationship between network role, territorial location and the adoption of transgressive styles on jazz music between 1950 and 1969. Our study contributes to the literature on the role of networks in the adoption of innovations, employing the following analytic strategies: (1) we use regular equivalence to identify clusters hierarchically related to each other; (2) classify these clusters into role types; (3) we determine the extent to which territory moderates the relationship between role and the adoption of innovation and (4) we show that territorial location and mobility emerge as an alternative mechanism to network role.
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    Relational upgrading in global value networks (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-12-07
    Description: This article takes a geographical interest in the upgrading of countries by adopting a micro-perspective of firms and inter-firm networks. We propose the concept of relational upgrading as complementary to the traditional upgrading of activities such as products, processes or functions. Based on a core–periphery model, we argue that countries may reap additional benefits when moving from peripheral to more central market positions. Drawing on methods of generalized blockmodeling, we demonstrate how formerly peripheral countries in the trade of stock photography have successfully upgraded their market positions over a period of 12 years through increasing integration of their firms in the global value network. The analysis contributes to a relational and comprehensive understanding of upgrading, which suggests combining the upgrading of both, activities and relational positions in global networks to reap additional benefits.
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    Dynamics of networks in trade fairs--A multilevel relational approach to the cooperation among competitors (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-12-07
    Description: Trade fairs mobilise multiple levels of agency, particularly individual and organisational. However, the multilevel character of these events is often oversimplified or ignored in the literature. This article uses multilevel network analysis to explore how temporary proximity during trade fairs facilitates enduring multilevel relational configurations that shape the economic structure of a particular industry. Using the concept of multilevel and multisided triad, I demonstrate that cooperation is also dependent on context and on the opposing side of the market, and because these triads are used disproportionately by employees from the largest companies, they contribute to increased socio-economic inequalities between market actors.
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    River deep, mountain high: of long run knowledge trajectories within and between innovation clusters (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-12-07
    Description: We bring together the topics of geographical clusters and technological trajectories, and shift the focus of the analysis of regional innovation to main technological trends rather than firms. We define a number of inventive clusters in the US space and show that long chains of citations mostly take place between these clusters. This is reminiscent of the idea of global pipelines of knowledge transfer that is found in the geographical literature. The deep citations are used to identify technological trajectories, which are the main directions along which incremental technological progress accumulates into larger changes. While the origin and destination of these trajectories are concentrated in space, the intermediate nodes travel long distances and cover many locations across the globe. We conclude by calling for more theoretical and empirical attention to the ‘deep rivers’ that connect the ‘high mountains’ of local knowledge production.
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    The changing economic geography of large U.S. law firms (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-12-07
    Description: The number of lawyers working for large U.S. law firms has increased dramatically. One important manifestation of this is the growing network of branch offices. Informed by three theories of spatial change—law firms (i) following the geographic expansion of their clients, relying on (ii) traditional agglomeration economies and relying on (iii) agglomeration benefits emerging from a location’s connectivity to other important geographies—we analyze longitudinal data on large U.S. law firms and the global urban network in which they are embedded. We find that, after the late 2000s, geographic expansion was less connected to organic market growth in U.S. domestic markets and London, a plausible explanation being the global financial crisis. At the same time, growth has continued in key foreign markets. We demonstrate how network analysis and a relational approach to organizations and organizational fields can yield insights into the structure and dynamics of industries.
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    Shocking aspects of monetary union: the vulnerability of regions in Euroland (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-08-22
    Description: The economic recession in Europe, triggered by the financial crisis of 2008–2009, has rekindled the debate over whether Europe constitutes a viable single currency area. A key issue concerns the relationship between regional economic cyclicity and monetary union: in the absence of a common automatic fiscal stabilization mechanism and with limited geographical mobility of factors, the greater the asymmetry of shocks across the regions making up a currency area, the more that area departs from an optimal single currency space as far as monetary policy is concerned. Our aim in this article is to investigate whether the regions in the Eurozone have become more or less similar in their vulnerability and resilience to economic shocks since the monetary union. Using predictions based on a spatial panel model with random effects, an endogenous spatial lag and spatially autoregressive errors, we find that a common contractionary shock across the Eurozone has its biggest impact on the most geographically isolated regions, which are precisely those peripheral regions in Euroland that are suffering the most acute sovereign debt crisis, and which are among the lowest productivity regions of the European Union. The implications of these results for the debate over European monetary and fiscal integration are discussed.
    Keywords: F44 - International Business Cycles, F55 - International Institutional Arrangements, R11 - Regional Economic Activity: Growth, Development, and Changes
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    The effects of the global financial crisis on European regions and cities (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-22
    Description: Growth before and especially after the crisis differed from large-city-led growth pattern. The crisis has led to big contractions especially in urban regions and in remote rural regions, while intermediate and rural regions close to a city displayed more resilience. In some countries, the capital metro region had much higher economic growth prior to the crisis, but this pattern was inverted by the crisis. Capital cities are now central to the problems faced by national economies in Europe, and appear to have exacerbated the adverse effects of the crisis. This implies that a development strategy primarily focused on the capital city can lead to more volatile and potentially lower growth, than a more a balanced development strategy. The article uses data from the OECD regional database to investigate the performance of rural, intermediate and urban regions and Eurostat data to investigate metro regions.
    Keywords: F63 - Economic Development, R11 - Regional Economic Activity: Growth, Development, and Changes, R23 - Regional Migration ; Regional Labor Markets ; Population
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    Introduction: the Euro crisis and the future of Europe (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-22
    Description: Coming on the heels of the global financial crisis, the Euro crisis was first an issue of banking solvency, then an issue of sovereign indebtedness, and then an issue of the stability and integrity of the Eurozone and its currency. Market agents take bets on the future of the Euro, how it might be saved (or not), and the likely interventions (or not) of leading politicians and their governments as well as the European Central Bank. The integrity, powers and governance structure of the ECB are fundamental issues for the Eurozone, its members and the stability of global financial markets. Just as important are the geographical manifestations of the Euro crisis, since the national and urban and regional effects of the crisis often translate directly into political movements that question the legitimacy of the European project. This special issue brings together a set of papers that provide an overarching perspective on the Euro crisis and maps the uneven spatial effects of the crisis across countries, cities and regions.
    Keywords: G15 - International Financial Markets, R12 - Size and Spatial Distributions of Regional Economic Activity
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    The geography of the European Central Bank: form, functions and legitimacy (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-22
    Description: In their different ways, the European Central Bank (ECB) and the US Fed combine expertise with representation: key members of these institutions along with their staff are appointed on the basis of their expertise and professional qualifications whereas each organization is conceived, in part, so as to represent the constituent nation-states or regions that make up their currency zones. In this article, the tension between expertise and representation apparent in the constitution of each institution is explored with emphasis on the ways in which geography is represented in monetary policy decision-making. The formal representation of nation-states in the ECB, their voting rights, and the significance or otherwise of large Eurozone countries is also considered. Being an analytical assessment of the effectiveness of the ECB compared with the Fed, the effectiveness of each institution is assessed in the light of financial risk and uncertainty and the complex interplay between monetary policy-making and fiscal federalism. Implications are drawn as regards the management of the Euro crisis has been managed, and the ways in which the welfare of peripheral countries have been discounted.
    Keywords: E58 - Central Banks and Their Policies, G28 - Government Policy and Regulation
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    Spatial heterogeneity in the costs of the economic crisis in Europe: are cities sources of regional resilience? (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-22
    Description: This article measures the spatial heterogeneity of the costs of the economic crisis and assesses the role of cities as sources of regional resilience in Europe. Cities hosting financial activities have been severely hit during the crisis; however, they also host hard and soft territorial capital elements—high physical accessibility, access to information and knowledge, advanced functions, agglomeration economies—generating inter-sectoral productivity growth and the ability to adjust to the crisis. A scenario approach is used to capture the long term costs of the crisis, applying a new version of a macroeconometric regional growth forecasting model (MASST), recently updated to take account of the crisis. Results show that cities play a role in the resilience of regions; the quality of production factors hosted, the density of external linkages and cooperation networks and the quality of urban infrastructure give greater economic resilience to cities, and to the regions hosting them.
    Keywords: R11 - Regional Economic Activity: Growth, Development, and Changes, R12 - Size and Spatial Distributions of Regional Economic Activity
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    The British and the German financial sectors in the wake of the crisis: size, structure and spatial concentration (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-08-22
    Description: We use employment data for 2008–2012 to analyse the impact of the subprime and Eurozone crises on the British and German financial sector. In the UK, the sector contracted and its spatial concentration increased across regions and urban hierarchy, with London as the sole winner. In Germany there has been no contraction overall, and no significant change in the spatial distribution of financial employment. We argue that while in both countries forced consolidation and financial re-regulation have acted as centripetal forces, in Germany they have been offset by strong regional and local banking, underpinned by a decentralized state.
    Keywords: G20 - General, P16 - Political Economy, R11 - Regional Economic Activity: Growth, Development, and Changes, R38 - Government Policies ; Regulatory Policies
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    Unemployment in European regions: structural problems versus the Eurozone hypothesis (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-22
    Description: Unemployment rates differ dramatically across European regions. This article analyses these differences by integrating institutional and spatial perspectives into a unified dynamic framework distinguishing between slow and fast processes of change. The framework forms the basis for an econometric model that is used to analyse labour market differences among European Nomenclature des unités territoriales statistiques 2 regions. The results of random-effects models indicate that four key factors—all of which are of the slowly changing type—explain a large part of the variation in unemployment as well as employment rates. Flexible labour market regulations and above-average levels of interpersonal trust are institutional factors that reduce unemployment. Accessibility factors such as inter-regional transport connectivity and local access to skilled workers have similarly substantial effects. Whether a region belongs to the Eurozone or not seems to be less important.
    Keywords: H73 - Interjurisdictional Differentials and Their Effects, J38 - Public Policy, R10 - General
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    The asymmetrical impact of the economic crisis on unemployment and welfare in Greek urban economies (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-22
    Description: The article analyses the impact of the ongoing economic crisis on Greek urban economies. Utilizing a dataset of socio-economic, demographic and policy variables at the municipal level and applying spatial econometric techniques, it provides strong statistical evidence of heterogeneous effects on regional-municipal labour markets and welfare with the cities/municipalities that performed best in the pre-crisis period suffering more than the lagging municipalities and with urban agglomerations more vulnerable to crisis, thus questioning the length of bottoming. However, exogenously set variables, tourism and policy related, the inherent features of urban economies, such as the specialization of industry, and their inter-linkages with their peri-rural municipalities, act as stabilizers that ease the crisis effects and may support recovery. Fiscal policy has been cyclical to the economic downturn. The findings have substantial policy implications for crisis management, recovery policy measures and the country's cohesion.
    Keywords: O18 - Regional, Urban, and Rural Analyses, R11 - Regional Economic Activity: Growth, Development, and Changes, R12 - Size and Spatial Distributions of Regional Economic Activity, R50 - General
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    Editorial: social network analysis and economic geography--positional, evolutionary and multi-level approaches (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-12-07
    Description: Although social network analysis has gained popularity in economic geography over the last decade, most of these applications focused on analyzing the characteristics of and opportunities for single actors or regions within networks. Yet, many contemporary research challenges in economic geography center on questions regarding structural dynamics and their implications in entire networks for the collective outcomes involving social actors. This special issue portrays three areas of structural methods for the analysis of entire networks: positional analysis and generalized blockmodeling, network evolution and dominant path analysis and multi-level network analysis. Moreover, these methods offer new ways of theorizing the organization and evolution of the space economy so as to enhance relational thinking in this field. Finally, we suggest there is value in having more intensive exchanges, collaboration and cross-fertilization between economic geography and social network studies.
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    Does ethnic segregation matter for spatial inequality? (2018)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2018-03-06
    Description: The article examines the link between ethnic segregation and spatial inequality in 71 countries with different levels of economic development. The results reveal that ethnic segregation is associated with significantly higher levels of spatial inequality. This finding is not affected by the inclusion of various covariates that may influence both spatial inequality and the geographical distribution of ethnic groups, and is confirmed by a number of robustness tests. The results also suggest that political decentralisation and government quality could act as transmission channels linking ethnic segregation and spatial inequality.
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    The external cruising costs of parking (2018)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2018-03-06
    Description: Existing work emphasizes the importance of traffic congestion externalities, but typically ignores cruising-for-parking externalities. We estimate the marginal external cruising costs of parking—that is, the time costs that an additional parked car imposes on drivers by inducing them to cruise for parking—which is one of the main components of cruising-for-parking externalities. The level of cruising is identified by examining to what extent the car inflow rate into a parking location falls with parking occupancy level. For a commercial street in Istanbul, we demonstrate that a marginal car parking for an hour induces 3.6 other cars to cruise for parking. This translates into an external cruising cost that is in the same order of magnitude with the external traffic congestion cost created by the trip.
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    The impact of aircraft noise on apartment prices: a differences-in-differences hedonic approach for Frankfurt, Germany (2018)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-03-06
    Description: This paper assesses the implicit valuation of aircraft noise by looking at changes in list offer prices for owner-occupied apartments around the airport of Frankfurt, Germany. A differences-in-differences research design permits circumvention of typical endogeneity problems in hedonic price estimations: Namely, the construction of the northwest runway in 2011 led to new aircraft noise exposure and subsequent price decreases in some southern parts of Frankfurt. The paper compares price changes in differentially affected areas around the announcement of the runway location in December 2007 and around its commissioning in October 2011. Noise changes are measured using publicly known noise projections as well as detailed noise assessment data for 2007 and 2012. The results suggest very little realization of externality costs before noise is actually apparent. Once aircraft noise came into effect, a price devaluation of around 1.7% per decibel of additional noise due to the new runway is measured.
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