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  • Other Sources  (9)
  • Earth Sciences; Geology; Geophysics/Geodesy  (4)
  • Geosciences; Geoecology/Natural Processes; Soil Science & Conservation ; Applied Geosciences ; Waste Water Technology / Water Pollution Control / Water Management / Aquatic Pollution; Hydrogeology  (3)
  • Geosciences; Geology  (2)
  • Springer-Verlag  (9)
  • 2015-2019  (9)
  • 1950-1954
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  • 2015-2019  (9)
  • 1950-1954
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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: The lattice-preferred orientation (LPOs) of two late-Variscan granitoids, the Meissen monzonite and the Podlesí dyke granite, were determined from high-resolution time-of-flight neutron diffraction patterns gained at the diffractometer SKAT in Dubna, Russia. The results demonstrate that the method is suitable for the LPO analysis of polyphase, relatively coarse-grained (0.1–6 mm) rocks. The Meissen monzonite has a prominent shape-preferred orientation (SPO) of the non-equidimensional minerals feldspar, mica and amphibole, whereas SPO of the Podlesí granite is unapparent at the hand-specimen scale. The neutron diffraction data revealed distinct LPOs in both granitoids. The LPO of the non-equidimensional minerals feldspar, mica and amphibole developed mainly during magmatic flow. In the case of the Meissen monzonite, the magmatic flow was superimposed by regional shear tectonics, which, however, had no significant effect on the LPOs. In both samples, quartz shows a weak but distinct LPO, which is atypical for plastic deformation and different in the syn-kinematic Meissen monzonite and the post-kinematic Podlesí granite. We suggest that, first of all, the quartz LPO of the Meissen monzonite is the result of oriented growth in an anisotropic stress field. The quartz LPO of the Podlesí granite, which more or less resembles a deformational LPO in the flattening field of the local strain field, developed during magmatic flow, whereby the rhombohedral faces of the quartz crystals adhered to the (010) faces of aligned albite and to the (001) faces of zinnwaldite. Due to shape anisotropy of their attachments, the quartz crystals were passively aligned by magmatic flow. Thus, magmatic flow and oriented crystal growth are the major LPO-forming processes in both granitoids. For the Meissen monzonite, the solid-state flow was too weak to cause significant crystallographic re-orientation of the minerals aligned by magmatic flow. Finally, the significance of our results for the evaluation of the regional tectonic environment during magma emplacement is discussed. The discussion on the regional implications of the more methodologically oriented results provides the basis for future, more regionally aimed studies in view of the fabric characteristics of such plutons and their developing mechanisms.
    Keywords: Neutron diffraction; Lattice-preferred orientation; Shape-preferred orientation; Magmatic flow; Podlesí granite; Meissen Massif ; 551 ; Earth Sciences; Geology; Geophysics/Geodesy
    Language: English
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Keywords: 551 ; Geosciences; Geology
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: The Palaeogene was the most recent greenhouse period on Earth. Especially for the Late Palaeocene and Early Eocene, several superimposed short-term hyperthermal events have been described, including extremes such as the Palaeocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum. Major faunal and floral turnovers in the marine and terrestrial realms were recorded in association with these events. High-resolution palynological analysis of the early Middle Eocene maar lake sediments at Messel, near Darmstadt, Germany, provides an insight into the dynamics of a climax vegetation during the Middle Eocene greenhouse climate in a time span without significant climatic excursions. Numerical techniques like detrended correspondence analysis and wavelet analysis have been applied to recognize cyclic fluctuations and long-term trends in the vegetation through a time interval of approximately 640 kyr. Based on the numerical zoning of the pollen diagram, three phases in the development of the vegetation may be distinguished. Throughout these phases, the climax vegetation did not change substantially in qualitative composition, but a trend towards noticeably less humid conditions probably in combination with a drop of the water level in the lake may be recognized. A shift in algal population from the freshwater dinoflagellate cyst Messelodinium thielepfeifferae to a dominance of Botryococcus in the uppermost part of the core is interpreted as a response to changes in acidity and nutrient availability within the lake. Time series analyses of pollen assemblages show that variations in the Milankovitch range of eccentricity, obliquity and precession can be distinguished. In addition, fluctuations in the sub-Milankovitch range are indicated. This demonstrates that floral changes during steady depositional conditions in the Middle Eocene of Messel were controlled by orbital forcing.
    Keywords: Middle Eocene; Maar lake; Palynology; Climate variability; Milankovitch cycles; Multivariate statistics; Time series analysis ; 551 ; Earth Sciences; Geology; Geophysics/Geodesy
    Language: English
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Keywords: Provenance; Heavy minerals; Detrital zircon; U–Pb dating; Rhine River; Alps ; 551 ; Earth Sciences; Geology; Geophysics/Geodesy
    Language: English
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Kurzfassung Die Quantifizierung der Schadstofffrachten an Kontrollebenen ist eine entscheidende Voraussetzung zur Bewertung von Grundwasserschadensfällen und zum Nachweis von Natural Attenuation. Hierzu können zwei verschiedene Erkundungsansätze, die Frachtbestimmung basierend auf der Interpolation von Punktkonzentrationsmessungen sowie Immissionspumpversuche, verwendet werden. Punktkonzentrationsmessungen haben den entscheidenden Nachteil, dass in der Regel nur eine ausreichend große Anzahl sicher stellen kann, dass die gesamte Abstromfahne erfasst wird. Immissionspumpversuche können wiederum relativ hohe Grundwasseraufbereitungs- und Entsorgungskosten verursachen und nur in ausreichend durchlässigen Grundwasserleitern durchgeführt werden. Ein Vergleich der Ergebnisse aus der Anwendung beider Erkundungsansätze kann eine Hilfestellung bei der Konzipierung von Erkundungsmaßnahmen bieten. Daher wurden die Resultate von vier Immissionspumpversuchen mit Messungen in 13, in kurzem Abstand zueinander errichteten, Direct-Push-Messstellen auf dem Gelände eines ehemaligen Gaswerks verglichen. Es konnte festgestellt werden, dass die Vergleichbarkeit der Erkundungsergebnisse je nach Standortsituation stark von der Heterogenität der Verteilung der Schadstoffe im Grundwasserleiter abhängt. Die Studie legt nahe, dass insbesondere bei stark heterogenen Verhältnissen im Grundwasserleiter Immissionspumpversuche bei der Wahl der Erkundungsmethode bevorzugt werden sollten, da die Interpolation von Punktkonzentrationsmessungen selbst im Falle eines relativ engmaschigen Messstellennetzes zu einer großen Erkundungsunsicherheit führen kann.
    Description: The quantification of contaminant mass flow rates at control planes is an essential prerequisite for assessing contaminated sites and for providing evidence of natural attenuation. Two different investigation approaches are usually implemented: mass flow estimation based on interpolation of point scale concentration measurements, and integral pumping tests. Point scale concentration measurements have the crucial disadvantage that in general, only a sufficiently dense monitoring network can ensure that the plume is completely covered. On the other hand, integral pumping tests may require expensive groundwater treatment and disposal and are only applicable in sufficiently conductive aquifers. A comparison of results from the application of both approaches can help with respect to the selection of a subsurface investigation method. A former gasworks site was chosen to compare the results of four integral pumping tests and measurements obtained from 13 direct-push-wells, which were installed at a relatively close spacing. The comparison shows that the correlation of the two methods depends strongly on the heterogeneity of the contaminant distribution within the aquifer. The study suggests that especially in the case of heterogeneous settings, integral pumping tests should be chosen for subsurface investigations, as interpolated point scale concentration measurements, even if densely spaced, can still bear a prohibitively high degree of uncertainty.
    Keywords: contaminant mass flow rate; integral pumping tests; point scale concentration measurements; remediation optimization ; 551 ; Geosciences; Geoecology/Natural Processes; Soil Science & Conservation ; Applied Geosciences ; Waste Water Technology / Water Pollution Control / Water Management / Aquatic Pollution; Hydrogeology
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Fabrics of Cambrian sedimentary dykes formed in Proterozoic granites of the Västervik area (Southeast Sweden) evidence repeated opening/filling and mineralisation/cementation events under varying conditions. Diagnostic features include (1) wall-parallel boundaries between epiclastic fillings and (2) early formed dyke sediments that appear as lithoclasts in subsequently formed sedimentary fillings. The psammitic components mostly consist of well-rounded quartz grains related to a coastal environment and fragments from the granitic host rock. Platy calcitic fragments embedded in the epiclastic matrix originally formed as microveins within already-lithified dyke sediments and the adjacent host rock. Convex downward-pointing, internal sagging structures, together with the preferred orientation of compositional boundaries and long axes of grains/rock fragments parallel to the dyke walls, are interpreted as the result of suction-controlled flow of unconsolidated fillings during episodes of downward dyke growth. Pressure solution of quartz grains are evidence of extensional phases with dyke propagation that were interrupted by phases of horizontal compression normal to the dyke walls. The N–S and NE–SW striking sedimentary dykes formed by opening of a pre-existing joint set during NW–SE oriented rifting during the Cambrian.
    Keywords: Sedimentary dykes; Proterozoic; Southeast Sweden; Microfabrics; Passive infill; Cambrian geodynamics ; 551 ; Earth Sciences; Geology; Geophysics/Geodesy
    Language: English
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: The bowing of natural stone panels is especially known for marble slabs. The bowing of granite is mainly known from tombstones in subtropical humid climate. Field inspections in combination with laboratory investigations with respect to the thermal expansion and the bowing potential was performed on two different granitoids (Cezlak granodiorite and Flossenbürg granite) which differ in the composition and rock fabrics. In addition, to describe and explain the effect of bowing of granitoid facade panels, neutron time-of-flight diffraction was applied to determine residual macro- and microstrain. The measurements were combined with investigations of the crystallographic preferred orientation of quartz and biotite. Both samples show a significant bowing as a function of panel thickness and destination temperature. In comparison to marbles the effect of bowing is more pronounced in granitoids at temperatures of 120°C. The bowing as well as the thermal expansion of the Cezlak sample is also anisotropic with respect to the rock fabrics. A quantitative estimate was performed based on the observed textures. The effect of the locked-in stresses may also have a control on the bowing together with the thermal stresses related to the different volume expansion of the rock-forming minerals.
    Keywords: Granitoids; Bowing; Residual strain; Texture; Thermal expansion ; 551 ; Geosciences; Geology
    Language: English
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Kurzfassung Auf dem Gelände eines ehemaligen Gaswerks (Testfeld Süd) wurden Immissionspumpversuche (IPVs) zur Quantifizierung der Fracht und der mittleren Konzentration gaswerkstypischer Schadstoffe entlang von drei Kontrollquerschnitten durchgeführt. Die daraus resultierenden Konzentrationsganglinien wurden mithilfe des Inversionsprogramms CSTREAM und eines Strömungs- und Transportmodells des hydraulisch extrem heterogenen Grundwasserleiters numerisch ausgewertet. Die den gesamten Abstrombereich der Verdachtsfläche erfassenden Kontrollquerschnitte ermöglichen Aussagen über die Position und Ausbreitung der Schadstofffahne auf dem Gelände des Testfeldes Süd. Bisherige Auswertungen von IPVs konnten die Verteilung der Schadstofffahne um den IPV-Brunnen für genau drei Fälle berechnen: entweder befindet sich die Fahne links vom Brunnen, rechts davon oder ist symmetrisch um ihn verteilt. Um eine realistischere Vorstellung von der Fahnenposition zu ermöglichen, wurden in dieser Studie zusätzlich Direct-Push-Messstellen entlang einer Kontrollebene installiert. Die in diesen Messstellen gemessenen Konzentrationen wurden zur Konditionierung der numerischen Inversionslösung herangezogen. Die Ergebnisse ermöglichen eine genauere Eingrenzung des Fahnenzentrums sowie des Fahnenrandes, was insbesondere die Erarbeitung angepasster und optimierter Sanierungsstrategien unterstützt.
    Description: A series of integral pumping tests (IPTs) were conducted at a former gasworks site to quantify the contaminant mass flux and average concentration in groundwater along three control planes. The resulting concentration-time series were analysed numerically with the help of the inversion code CSTREAM and a flow and transport model representing the highly heterogeneous aquifer. Since the control planes cover the entire downstream width of the potentially contaminated area, they allow conclusions to be drawn about the current location and spread of the contaminant plume. Previous evaluations of integral pumping tests could calculate three scenarios concerning the spread of the plume around the IPT well: (i) the plume is located to the right of the well, (ii) to the left, or (iii) is distributed symmetrically around it. To create a more realistic picture of the plume position, a series of direct-push monitoring wells were installed along one control plane. The concentrations found in these wells were included in the numerical analysis to condition the inversion results, and resulted in a more pronounced plume centre and fringe, which supports the development of optimised remediation strategies.
    Keywords: integral pumping tests; conditioning; plume delineation; remediation optimisation ; 551 ; Geosciences; Geoecology/Natural Processes; Soil Science & Conservation ; Applied Geosciences ; Waste Water Technology / Water Pollution Control / Water Management / Aquatic Pollution; Hydrogeology
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Keywords: 551 ; Geosciences; Geoecology/Natural Processes; Soil Science & Conservation ; Applied Geosciences ; Waste Water Technology / Water Pollution Control / Water Management / Aquatic Pollution; Hydrogeology
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