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  • Chemistry  (51,082)
  • Male
  • 2015-2019  (836)
  • 1990-1994  (51,246)
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  • 1
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    Ecosystem metabolism in salt marsh tidal creeks and ponds : applying triple oxygen isotopes and other gas tracers to novel environments (2017)
    Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution February 2017
    Description: Salt marshes are physically, chemically, and biologically dynamic environments found globally at temperate latitudes. Tidal creeks and marshtop ponds may expand at the expense of productive grass-covered marsh platform. It is therefore important to understand the present magnitude and drivers of production and respiration in these submerged environments in order to evaluate the future role of salt marshes as a carbon sink. This thesis describes new methods to apply the triple oxygen isotope tracer of photosynthetic production in a salt marsh. Additionally, noble gases are applied to constrain air-water exchange processes which affect metabolism tracers. These stable, natural abundance tracers complement traditional techniques for measuring metabolism. In particular, they highlight the potential importance of daytime oxygen sinks besides aerobic respiration, such as rising bubbles. In tidal creeks, increasing nutrients may increase both production and respiration, without any apparent change in the net metabolism. In ponds, daytime production and respiration are also tightly coupled, but there is high background respiration regardless of changes in daytime production. Both tidal creeks and ponds have higher respiration rates and lower production rates than the marsh platform, suggesting that expansion of these submerged environments could limit the ability of salt marshes to sequester carbon.
    Description: Financial support for my doctoral research was provided by the United States Department of Defense through the National Defense Science and Engineering Graduate Fellowship Program, the National Science Foundation under grant OCE-1233678, and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) under grants from the WHOI Coastal Ocean Institute, Ocean and Climate Change Institute, and Ocean Life Institute. WHOI Academic Programs Office also provided funding support for research, through the Ocean Ventures Fund, and for my stipend, as graduate research assistantships including an assistantship from the United States Geological Survey administered by WHOI.
    Keywords: Marshes ; Chemistry ; Metabolism ; Knorr (Ship : 1970-) Cruise KN210-04
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Thesis
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  • 2
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    Scavenging and transport of thorium radioisotopes in the North Atlantic Ocean (2018)
    Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution September 2018
    Description: Many chemical constituents are removed from the ocean by attachment to settling particles, a process referred to as “scavenging.” Radioisotopes of thorium, a highly particle-reactive element, have been used extensively to study scavenging in the ocean. However, this process is complicated by the highly variable chemical composition and concentration of particles in oceanic waters. This thesis focuses on understanding the cycling of thorium as affected by particle concentration and particle composition in the North Atlantic. This objective is addressed using (i) the distributions 228,230,234Th, their radioactive parents, particle composition, and bulk particle concentration, as measured or estimated along the GEOTRACES North Atlantic Transect (GA03) and (ii) a model for the reversible exchange of thorium with particles. Model parameters are either estimated by inversion (chapter 2-4), or prescribed in order to simulate 230Th in a circulation model (chapter 5). The major findings of this thesis follow. In chapters 2 and 3, I find that the rate parameters of the reversible exchange model show systematic variations along GA03. In particular, 𝑘1, the apparent first-order rate "constant" of Th adsorption onto particles, generally presents maxima in the mesopelagic zone and minima below. A positive correlation between 𝑘1 and bulk particle concentration is found, consistent with the notion that the specific rate at which a metal in solution attaches to particles increases with the number of surface sites available for adsorption. In chapter 4, I show that Mn (oxyhydr)oxides and biogenic particles most strongly influence 𝑘1 west of the Mauritanian upwelling, but that biogenic particles dominate 𝑘1 in this region. In chapter 5, I find that dissolved 230Th data are best represented by a model that assumes enhanced values of 𝑘1 near the seafloor. Collectively, my findings suggest that spatial variations in Th radioisotope activities observed in the North Atlantic reflect at least partly variations in the rate at which Th is removed from the water column.
    Description: This work was supported by the US National Science Foundation. Two US NSF grants have supported the research in this thesis (OCE-1232578 and OCE-155644).
    Keywords: Thorium ; Chemistry
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Thesis
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  • 3
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    The geochemistry of methane isotopologues (2017)
    Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution June 2017
    Description: This thesis documents the origin, distribution, and fate of methane and several of its isotopic forms on Earth. Using observational, experimental, and theoretical approaches, I illustrate how the relative abundances of 12CH4, 13CH4, 12CH3D, and 13CH3D record the formation, transport, and breakdown of methane in selected settings. Chapter 2 reports precise determinations of 13CH3D, a “clumped” isotopologue of methane, in samples collected from various settings representing many of the major sources and reservoirs of methane on Earth. The results show that the information encoded by the abundance of 13CH3D enables differentiation of methane generated by microbial, thermogenic, and abiogenic processes. A strong correlation between clumped- and hydrogen-isotope signatures in microbial methane is identified and quantitatively linked to the availability of H2 and the reversibility of microbially-mediated methanogenesis in the environment. Determination of 13CH3D in combination with hydrogen-isotope ratios of methane and water provides a sensitive indicator of the extent of C–H bond equilibration, enables fingerprinting of methane-generating mechanisms, and in some cases, supplies direct constraints for locating the waters from which migrated gases were sourced. Chapter 3 applies this concept to constrain the origin of methane in hydrothermal fluids from sediment-poor vent fields hosted in mafic and ultramafic rocks on slow- and ultraslow-spreading mid-ocean ridges. The data support a hypogene model whereby methane forms abiotically within plutonic rocks of the oceanic crust at temperatures above ca. 300 C during respeciation of magmatic volatiles, and is subsequently extracted during active, convective hydrothermal circulation. Chapter 4 presents the results of culture experiments in which methane is oxidized in the presence of O2 by the bacterium Methylococcus capsulatus strain Bath. The results show that the clumped isotopologue abundances of partially-oxidized methane can be predicted from knowledge of 13C/12C and D/H isotope fractionation factors alone.
    Description: The research activities documented in this thesis were made possible by grants to my advisor from the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF award EAR-1250394), the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Astrobiology Institute (NAI, University of Colorado, Boulder, CAN 7 under Cooperative Agreement NNA15BB02A), the Department of Energy (DOE, Small Business Innovation Research program, contract DE-SC0004575), the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation via the Deep Carbon Observatory, and a Shell Graduate Fellowship through the MIT Energy Initiative. I completed the bulk of the work in this thesis while being supported by a National Defense Science and Engineering Graduate (NDSEG) Fellowship awarded through the Office of Naval Research of the U.S. Department of Defense. The StanleyW.Watson Fellowship Fund provided support during my first summer term at WHOI.The Charles M. Vest Presidential Fellowship at MIT supported me in the first year of my Ph.D. studies. I received additional support that year through NSF award EAR-1159318 (to S. Ono and T. Bosak) and theWalter & Adel Hohenstein Graduate Fellowship of Phi Kappa Phi. The MIT Earth Resources Laboratory and PAOC Houghton Fund funded my attendance at several conferences.
    Keywords: Methane ; Chemistry ; Isotopes ; Oxidation
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Thesis
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  • 4
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    Survey on health status in aquaculture Sturgeons Centers( Mazandaran, Guilan And Golestan Provinces) (2018)
    Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute | Tehran, Iran
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: Study of survey health management and diseases in hatcheries and fish farms can help us to knowledge and application control methods such as: prevention, treatment and increase high levels of production in hatchery and farms, finally. This survey carried out from 2005 to 2008 for 4 years in sturgeon hatcheries and farms of Golestan province. Sturgeon fishes include Huso Huso, Ship sturgeon, Acipenser persicus collected and for virology, bacteriology, fungius and hematology examined. Also, physicochemical parameters measured and recorded in different stages of culture. Results of this study showed that all of samples in virology was negative and did not observe any doubetful causes. In bacteriology CFU was variation from 3/9 ×105 to 6/9×10. The most parasites that detected in this survey was Cocolanus espherolanus , Sceria binopsulus semiarmatus and Amphilina fuliacea that separates from Acipenser Percicus, especially. The results about hematology parameters some important hematological indices of ship sturgeon include: The total RBC for female and mail specimens measured as 5.3±1.5 ×105, 4.8±0.5 ×105 per mm 3 respectively. The amount of haematocrit and hemoglobin for female and mail determined: 34.3±2.8, 35±1.4 percent and 10.3±0.9, 8.9±0.8 gr/dl .The MCV: 216.3± 96.2, 736.5± 102.5, MCH: 720.2±309.5, 186±0.7 and MCHC: 30±0.8, 25.5±3.4 percent respectively.The total WBC were (female, male): 21320±1054, 20580±777 per mm 3 and neutrophil: 16.4±2.5, 17±1.4 percent and lymphocyte: 74.4±2.4, 73.5± 0.7 percent and eosinophil: 6±1.4, 6.4±0.5 percent, monocyte: 2.8±0.8, 3.5±0.7 percent. There was not any significant differences (p〉0.05) between mentioned parameters in male and female (students t-test). Also evaluation of hematological parameters in bluga ( Huso huso) include: total RBC were (male , female) 5±0.3 ×105 , 4.9±0.6 ×105 per mm 3 ,respectively and hematocrit: 33.2±6.7 , 35.4±3.4 percent and hemoglobin: 11.2±1.5 , 12.2±1gr/dl and MCV: 669.9±172.2, 723.9±982.4 and MCH: 226.2±42.5, 249.5±35.4 and MCHC: 34.1±2.4, 34.6±3.6 percent respectively. The totals WBC were (male, female): 24800±707.1, 23042±1375.4 per mm 3 and neutrophil: 18.5±0.7, 21.4±1.1 percent and lymphocyte: 73.5±1.4, 68.4±1.1 percent and eosinophil: 5±2.8, 7±1.2 percent and monocyte: 3.5±3.5, 3.2±0.8 percent. According to statistically study the count of lymphocyte had significant difference between male and female fish and this count in male was higher than female. (p≥0.05).
    Description: Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Physicochemical ; Hematology ; Fish ; Sturgeon ; Huso huso ; Ship ; Acipenser percicus ; Bacteriology ; Parasitology ; Health management ; Diseases ; Survey ; Aquaculture ; Hatcheries ; Samples ; Sceria binopsulus ; Amphilina fuliacea ; Female ; Male
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Report , Refereed
    Format: 395pp.
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  • 5
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    Investigation of production possibility of monosex female and sterile fish in Rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (2018)
    Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute | Tehran, Iran
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: This investigation carried out for the first time in Iran inorder to prodcution of monosex female and also sterilization in Rainbow trout. In this study, the eggs of general females were fertilized with the sperm of sex reversed male and so monosex female population was produced in second generation and sterilization carried out with oral administration of 17α methy 1 testosterone and immenrsion and oral administiration methods were used in embryonic stage and from commencing of acitve feeding of larvae, respectiverly. For sex reversal , 13 treatments were considered totally, that the most percentage of male (100%) was observedc in a treatment including of orally administration of 0.5 ppm hormone for 60 days after commencing active feeding (P〈0.001). In the other treamtnet, different percentages of sex ratio including male, female, intersex and sterility were observed. The offspring of genral eggs fertilization with the sperm of masculinized fish were 100% female, chisquare test was shown the treatment of orally administration of 30 ppm hormone for 120 days after commencing active feeding that had been considered for sterilization, was produced 90% sterile fish (P〈0.001) and was changed the sex ratio significancthy. Morphological changes of the gonads and sperm ducts in matured fish and also histological changes in the gonads of fish in the treamtints were considerable.
    Description: Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Morphological ; Histological ; Monosex ; Female ; Male ; Sterilization ; Rainbow trout ; Eggs ; Fertilized ; Sperm ; Population ; Sex ; Fish ; Oncorhynchus mykiss ; Rainbow trout
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Report , Refereed
    Format: 58pp.
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  • 6
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    Correlation of length and weight with Mercury concentration in different tissues of Kutum Roach (Rutilus frisii kutum) in central south of Caspian Sea (2018)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: We used Mercury Analyzer to assess possible correlation between length and weight of the Kutum Roach (Rutilus frisii kutum) and mercury accumulation in different tissues of the fish. We collected fish specimens from central south Caspian Sea from October to December 2005. After biometrical measurement of samples and sex determination, mercury concentration was assessed in muscle, liver and skin tissues of the specimens. The mean concentration of mercury in muscle, liver and skin tissues was 849.9, 670.9 and 493.7ng/g respectively. Statistical analysis of the results showed a significant difference between mercury amounts in different tissues (P〈0.05). No significant difference was found between male and female fishes in terms of mercury concentration (P〉0.05). The mercury amount in muscle of Kutum Roach was lower than permissible limits proposed by FDA (1000ng/g).
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Mercury ; Rutilus frisii kutum ; Length ; Weight ; Tissue ; Kutum Roach ; Specimens ; Muscle ; Liver ; Male ; Female ; FDA
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution , Refereed
    Format: pp.97-102
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  • 7
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    Study on feeding and spawning behavior of Otolithes rubber (Croaker Fish) in Sistan & Baluchestan (Chahbahar) coasts in 1995, Iran (2018)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: Otolithes ruber is one of the valuable commercial fishes in the South coasts of Iran and has been classified at the top level of commercial categorization, so owing to its economic importance, its biological characteristics were studied in Sistan & Baluchestan coasts in 1995. Three landing called Pozm, Bris and Remin were chosen for commercial catch sampling in this respect and 111 male fish and 149 female ones were autopsied within 7 months of evaluation. In feeding evaluation through numerical method, Squilla with 42.8% and Engraulidae with 1.4% consisted maximum and minimum percent of male fish stomach contents, respectively, and for female maximum and minimum percent of stomach contents were unidentified bony fishes with 35.7% and polynemidae family with 7%. The results showed that male fishes mature prior to females as they are smaller than females and no important difference was seen in sexual ratios in various month except March. Spawning was from December to the end of April and an outstanding spawning surge was observed from March to April. However, there was a light surge in November. The least coefficients of fatness in terms of male and female were 0.9 and 1 in April respectively and the most ones were 1.33 for male and 1.20 for female in January.
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Commercial ; Biological ; Feeding ; Spawning ; Otolithes rubber ; Croaker Fish ; Fishes ; Sampling ; Male ; Female ; Squilla ; Engraulidae ; Stomach contents ; Polynemidae
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution , Refereed
    Format: pp.23-34
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  • 8
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    Investigation of heavy metals accumulation in muscle tissue of Mugil auratus in relation to standard length, weight, age and sex (2018)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: We assessed concentration of heavy metals (Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd) in the muscle tissue of Mugil auratus caught from important parts of Caspian Sea in Mazandaran Province in autumn 2002. After biometrical measurements, the muscle tissue of 32 randomly selected fish were separated using standard method MOOPAM 1999. Metals were extracted from the tissues using Closed Digestion method and acidic mixture (Moopam, 1983). Concentrations of the heavy metals were measured by FAAS (AAS4 Zeiss Gennany). Mean concentrations for Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd (14.327, 0.996, 2.337 and 0.321 ppm/dry weight) were compared with the international standards such as WHO, UK (MAFF), and NHMRC. A T. test showed higher than normal concentration of Pb, Cd in the muscle tissues. We found a positive linear relationship between accumulation of Zinc and Cadmium with weight, sex and standard length factors a negative linear relationship between accumulation of Pb with weight, sex and standard length. There was no significant relationship between accumulations of Cu with the biometrical factors of the sampled fish. Also, no relationship was found between sex and accumulation of Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd, while the accumulation of Pb in male samples were more than female ones.
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Biometrical ; Muscle tissue ; Heavy metals ; Mugil auratus ; Size ; Sex ; Length ; Weight ; Male ; Female
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution , Refereed
    Format: pp.1-18
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  • 9
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    Growth pattern and daily growth increment in lanternfish (Benthosema pterotum) of the Oman Sea (2017)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: Lanternfish (Benthosema pterptum) is one of the most important fish species in the Oman Sea. We randomly sampled 300 myctophids from different depths in spring and winter 2009 in the Oman Sea using mid-water trawls. Male to female sex ratio was 0.36:0.64. The thin sections (60-80µm) of sagitta otoliths of the fish were prepared using polishing method. These sections showed that increment growth rings of lanternfish otolith are formed daily and the age condition is distinguishable on a daily basis. We found the life span of the species to be short (with a maximum of 349 micro-increments counted) and probably less than a year. The relationship between standard length (SL) and daily growth increment (D) was expressed as the linear equation: SL=0.87D+12.37 (R 2=0.97). The relationship between lanternfish weight (W) and daily growth increment (D) was expressed as power equation: W=0.00003D1.754 (R2=0.95). Furthermore, morphometrical characteristics of otolith including otolith weight and length and daily growth increment relationships were expressed as linear equation (R2=0.96 and R 2=0.83). The results showed that lanternfish growth rate were in the range 0.241mm/d-1 to 0.138mm/d-1 and decreased by body size and age in this range.
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Pattern ; Daily ; Lanternfish ; Growth ; Otolith ; Morphometric ; Female ; Male ; Sex
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution , Refereed
    Format: pp.147-160
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  • 10
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    Study of some biological characteristics of golden grey mullet (Liza aurata) in Iranian Coastal waters of the Caspian Sea (2018)
    Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute | Tehran, Iran
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: During last 65 years the catch of mullets had increasing trends with some fluctuations in the Iranian coastal water of the Caspian Sea .In this period about 138 thousand tons of mullets have been caught. Mullet’s account for 35% of total catch annually .In recent years species composition of mullets has chanched in the Iranian coastal water of the Caspian Sea and catch composition of golden grey mullet increased from 76% in 1995 to 98% in 2006. In this survey some biological characteristics of golden grey mullet have been studied in Iranian coastal water of the Caspian Sea .Fish samples have been gathered from commercial catch of beach seine cooperatives monthly in Iranian coastal water of the Caspian Sea over 2006 and 2007. In the laboratory fishes have been measured biometrically and biological parameters have been calculated .Also catch statistics of mullets during 2006-2007 have been obtained and discussed. Results showed that the catch of mullets in beach seine cooperatives during 2006 and 2007 was 4181 and 3685 tons respectively that golden grey mullet contribute 99% and 98% of the catch composition of mullets respectively. Length range of golden grey mullet caught by beach seine cooperatives was 19-50.2 cm with mean length of 32.7 ± 6.4 (± SD) and weight range was 67-1475 gr with mean weight of 411 ± 255 gr. The age structure of this species was comprised 2-10 years old fish with mean age of 4.42 years old. In this survey totally the sex ratio of male:female of golden grey mullet was 356: 434 that was significant variation from equal sex ratio. Pick of the spawning in Guilan province was in October and in Mazandaran and Golestan provinces was in November. In October the proportion of spawning females declined from western area (Guilan province) towards eastern parts (Golestan province).The highest proportion of spawning females was in December in Golestan province. The highest GSI index value was observed in September and October and it was decreased in November and December and it was consistent during January till April. The mean absolute fecundity was 700881 ± 429987 eggs with minimum and maximum fecundity of 200112 and 2282862 eggs respectively. The Lm 50% for female golden grey mullet was calculated as 33.6 cm.
    Description: Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Biological ; Commercial ; Golden grey mullet ; Liza aurata ; Species ; Survey ; Samples ; Male ; Female ; Sex ratio ; Spawning ; GSI ; Fecundity ; Coastal waters
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Report , Refereed
    Format: 56pp.
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