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  • Articles  (63)
  • 61.70  (33)
  • 82.65  (30)
  • 2015-2019
  • 1990-1994  (63)
  • 1915-1919
  • Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics  (63)
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  • Articles  (63)
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  • Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics  (63)
  • Philosophy
  • Physics  (68)
  • 1
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    Springer
    Applied physics 58 (1994), S. 121-127 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 07.85 ; 68.55 ; 61.70
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The importance of collecting the distribution of scattered X-rays in two dimensions with the “right probe” will be addressed. The data-collection method will be briefly covered and how this greatly assists the interpretation of structural features giving rise to the distributed X-ray scattering. The combination of diffraction-space mapping with multiple crystal topography will also be presented to show how any region of scattering can be related to lateral structural changes or crystal imperfections. The simulation of the diffraction profiles of structures with defects will be addressed as well as the interpretation of “unusual and strange” diffraction features observed in high resolution, which yield further useful information on the materials under study.
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  • 2
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    Applied physics 58 (1994), S. 191-195 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 42.40 ; 78.20 ; 61.70
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Holograms may be recorded in photorefractive LiNbO3:Cu with pulsed infrared light (wavelength λ=1064 nm, Q-switched Nd:YAG laser), if the crystals are previously or simultaneously illuminated with a green (λ=532 nm) light pulse. We study refractive index changes and time constants of as-grown and thermally treated crystals with different copper concentrations. A model explaining this effect is discussed.
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  • 3
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    Applied physics 59 (1994), S. 163-168 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 78.70. Bj ; 61.70
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Samples of the near equiatomic NiSb compound were irradiated by 3 MeV electrons at 20 K or quenched from 1103 K and 1333 K and subsequently annealed isochronally. The behaviour of defects created by quench or irradiation were studied by the positron annihilation technique. Only one recovery stage was found around 425 K for quenched specimens, but two distinct stages (100 K and 425 K) were observed after irradiation. The 425 K stage is ascribed to the migration of Ni vacancies giving dislocation loops. The recombination of mobile interstitials with vacancies after irradiation is assumed to occur between 100 K and 250 K. Doppler broadening and lifetime variations of positrons as a function of the measuring temperature in these irradiation samples are discussed.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 73.20 ; 81.60 ; 82.65
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The evaluation of the surface state distribution of differently HF-treated Si(111) surfaces during the native-oxide growth in air is investigated by the large-signal field-modulated photovoltage technique. The surface state distribution consisting of intrinsic and extrinsic Si dangling bond defects is directly related to the state of oxidation of the Si surface. It is shown that the kind of HF treatment strongly influences the concentration of extrinsic defects with a lower state of oxidation. Special HF preparations for H termination of the Si(111) surface result in a nearly intrinsic surface state distribution. During the oxidation process three typical phases can be distinguished each characterized by specific defect structures. It was found that native-oxide growth is highly sensitive to the concentration of extrinsic defects directly after HF treatment.
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  • 5
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    Applied physics 59 (1994), S. 563-567 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 61.70 ; 72.40 ; 78.20
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Photoconductivities and photovoltaic currents of ruthenium-doped KNbO3 are orders of magnitude larger than that of undoped and ion-doped crystals. KNbO3:Ru is very sensitive for holographic recording with red light and the photovoltaic current increases sublinearly with light intensity.
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  • 6
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    Applied physics 59 (1994), S. 295-297 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 81.60 ; 82.65 ; 82.80
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A multilayered structure of GaAs and AlGaAs was depth profiled using the technique of digital etching. A single excimer laser (KrF) was used to control the etch rate and to identify each layer by monitoring the Ga ions generated during the desorption process. The Ga ions were the only ions observed and were only generated when the photon flux was in the GaAs layer. The etch rate, 0.9 monolayers (2.5 Å) per pulse, was constant with depth. The overall layer recognition resolution was 45 monolayers.
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  • 7
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    Applied physics 59 (1994), S. 245-251 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 71.00 ; 61.70
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract An electron trap having an energy level of 0.14 eV from the conduction band edge was found in the bulk of copper-diffused VPE-grown n-GaAs0.6P0.4 by conventional DLTS measurements and by pulse-duration dependent capacitance amplitude measurements. The capture cross section at room temperature is about 1.0×10−21 cm2 and has a weak temperature dependence. These properties are attributed to a non-repulsive center having a capturing mechanism which involves multiphonon emission processes with hardly any lattice relaxation. Evolution of the spatial distributions of the traps with time under junction electric field were studied. The results suggest that the trap is positively charged and has a high diffusivity under electric field. The center can thus be identified as positively charged interstitial copper ion rather than some form of copper complexes.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 68.55 ; 61.70 ; 74.70
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Ultrathin epitaxial films of YBa2Cu3O7−δ on SrTiO3 prepared by Direct Current (DC) sputtering and pulsed laser deposition were imaged by Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) to follow the different stages of growth of the thin films. Series of films with thicknesses between 1.2 nm and 12 nm (1–10 monolayers of YBa2Cu3O7−δ) were prepared under identical conditions, optimized with respect to electrical and structural properties, to obtain information on the mechanisms responsible for the formation of growth spirals which are commonly observed in films having a thickness of several 10 nm or more. It could be shown that few layers are formed by a layered growth mode where material is attached laterally to 2D islands which are only one c-axis unit cell in height. In a later stage of growth when about 8–10 layers have been formed, the growth process changes to a mode which is mediated by growth spirals. This could be directly monitored in the AFM images where different defect structures like vertically sheared growth fronts and dendrite-like terraces of stacked islands as well as the resulting growth spirals could be identified.
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  • 9
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    Applied physics 59 (1994), S. 289-293 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 42.55 ; 81.40 ; 82.65
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Structure formation upon 500 fs 248 nm KrF-laser irradiation of PolyEthylene Terephthalate (PET) and PolyImide (PI) has been investigated. The results obtained with fs pulses have been compared to those with ns pulses.
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  • 10
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    Applied physics 57 (1993), S. 499-505 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 68.55 ; 82.65
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The adsorption of CO on a Ni(100) surface has been studied by FT-IRAS in the temperature range from 85 K to 300 K. At 300 K and for Θ=0.5, the CO molecules are predominantly adsorbed in on-top sites with only a minor fraction located at two-fold bridge sites. Measurements on a Ni(100) surface pre-covered with sulphur, oxygen and carbon indicate that the occupation of bridge sites may be caused by small amounts of surface impurities. The relative broadness of the infrared bands is explained by CO molecules occupying intermediate positions at domain walls. Upon lowering the temperature, the bridge sites are increasingly occupied at the expense of terminal sites. This process is completely reversible and is explained by a contribution of the hindered translations of the adsorbed CO molecules to the entropy. At 85 K and for low initial coverages, we observe an unusual high CO stretching frequency at 2205 cm−1 which cannot be explained at present.
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  • 11
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    Applied physics 57 (1993), S. 437-440 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 78.20 ; 61.70 ; 72.40
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Holograms recorded under suitable conditions in photorefractive BaTiO3 exhibit an unusual dark build-up. The diffraction efficiency increases by some orders of magnitude after the recording beams are switched off, and then steadily decreases afterwards. An interpretation of this effect in terms of a two-center charge transport model is given.
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  • 12
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 61.70 ; 68.35 ; 81.40
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The laser-induced solid-state explosive nucleation in amorphous media is studied analytically. The shapes of the temperature switching wave and that of the nucleation front as well as the formula for the front velocity are derived considering also self-consistent medium deformation. Two conditions of explosive nucleation reflecting the roles of latent heat emission and of deformation are formulated. It is shown that, in explosive nucleation, the rate of internal heat emission is proportional to the square of the latent crystallization heat (“superemission”) in analogy to photon superradiance in initially inverted two-level atomic systems.
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  • 13
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    Applied physics 57 (1993), S. 367-374 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 82.65 ; 82.50 ; 42.10
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract UV-laser ablation is described in terms of a two-level system in which the excitation energy is dissipated via stimulated emission, thermal relaxation, and activated desorption of excited species. For thermal relaxation times t T〉10−9 s and ΔE* ≪ ΔE (activation energies for excited-state and ground-state species) the model predicts high ablation rates at moderate surface temperatures, typically below 2000° C.
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  • 14
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    Applied physics 57 (1993), S. 377-383 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 07.80 ; 61.70 ; 81.10 ; 85.30
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HREM) allows to study a wide range of device-relevant topics in heteroepitaxial layer structures. Quantitative HREM may be used to obtain chemical information on a near-atomic scale from interfacial transition zones. The physical background is described and demonstrated on several examples in the Al x Gal1−x As/GaAs system. The HREM contrast of antiphase boundaries in InP grown on Si was studied by image simulations and has been compared to experimental images. Silicon carbide precipitates were identified by HREM at the homoepitaxial Si/Si interface. They stem from carbon contamination prior to Si layer growth.
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  • 15
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    Applied physics 56 (1993), S. 69-72 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 61.70 ; 73.40
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A computer simulation study of the capacitance of a surface space charge layer in undoped n-GaAs grown by metalorganic vapour phase epitaxy is presented. The effect of the deep donor level EL2 on the surface capacitance of epilayers with an ideal free surface is estimated. In order to approach the as-grown layer surface the model used is extended considering MIS and Schottky-barrier structures and their voltage-capacitance curves are analysed. The theoretical C-V dependences are compared with experimental C-V curves of a real structure including N+-GaAs substrate, undoped n-GaAs epitaxial layer containing EL2 levels and thin native oxide. Conditions are determined at which the EL2 levels as well as the native oxide film may influence the capacitance characteristics.
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  • 16
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 68.35 ; 82.20 ; 82.65
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The influence of surface reconstruction on the kinetics of adsorption-desorption processes is studied through a simple two-position model by means of Monte Carlo simulation. Effects due to constraints on the translational motion of activated complexes and to heterogeneity are particularly investigated. Heterogeneity emerges as the most important factor to explain the huge variation of the preexponential Arrhenius parameter with coverage observed in the H/W(001) system. In the present model it is conjectured that heterogeneity originates from additional interactions of H with surface or sub-surface W atoms when hydrogen is adsorbed on sites where surface W atoms are farther apart due to reconstruction.
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  • 17
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    Applied physics 57 (1993), S. 449-455 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 82.65 ; 82.50 ; 42.10
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The stability of a planar surface upon pulsed UV-laser irradiation is studied with special emphasis on polymer ablation. Here, we consider a two-level system in which the excitation energy is dissipated via stimulated emission, non-radiative transitions, and activated desorption of excited species. With thermal relaxation times t T≥10−10 s the ablation front turns out to become stable. This could explain the smooth surfaces obtained after pulsed UV-laser ablation of pure and stress free organic polymers. The situation is quite different for materials, for example metals, where fast thermal relaxation of the excitation energy within times, typically, t T〈10−11 s, gives rise to instabilities which result in surface roughening.
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  • 18
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    Applied physics 57 (1993), S. 507-511 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 68.35 ; 82.65
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract PhotoEmission Electron Microscopy (PEEM) enables imaging a surface via its work function. If a CO covered Pt(100) surface is exposed to oxygen patches are formed which appear dark in the PEEM image due to their high work function. As the surface is heated to temperatures above 650 K we observe the conversion of these dark islands into very bright ones with work functions much lower than even that of the clean surface. These findings are attributed to a change in the dipole moment of the adsorbed oxygen induced by their migration beneath the surface. A total work-function decrease of up to 1.2 eV has been evaluated independently using a Scanning Photoemission Microscope (SPM). The properties of this new kind of oxygen were also further investigated with thermal desorption spectroscopy and with Auger-electron spectroscopy.
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  • 19
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 68.55 ; 81.15 ; 82.65
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Heteroepitaxial diamond growth has been attempted on mirror-polished monocrystalline (001), (111), and (110) silicon substrates by microwave plasma CVD. The surface morphology and the crystallographic properties of the films were characterized by means of Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and X-ray and Raman pole-figure analysis. The results demonstrate epitaxial growth of diamond on both (001) and (111) oriented silicon substrates. Preliminary results give strong evidence for substrate-induced orientation of the diamond crystallites also on (110) oriented silicon substrate. The heteroepitaxy can be assigned to the oriented covalent bonding across the interface between diamond and silicon.
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  • 20
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    Applied physics 56 (1993), S. 323-327 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 61.70 ; 75.50
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Measurements of the magnetic after-effect in magnetite have been made in the temperature range 200 to 600 K. Important relaxation peaks have been observed in the temperature range 250 to 350 K (peak III) and 400 to 550 K (peak I). A study of both the dynamics and the parameters of the defects are consistent with an interpretation of peak III and peak I in magnetite as a combined after-effect due to octahedrally coordinated vacancies.
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  • 21
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    Applied physics 56 (1993), S. 343-348 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 81.40 ; 82.65
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Laser-induced maskless etching of III–V compound semiconductors (InSb, GaAs, and InP) in a KOH aqueous solution by irradiation with a focused argon-ion laser has been investigated to obtain high etching rates and aspect ratios of etched grooves. The etching rate at low laser power was found to depend on the carrier density of the sample and its type. With the increase of the laser power, the etching reaction becomes primarily a thermochemical reaction. High etching rates and aspect ratios have been achieved with a single scan of the laser beam. The damage induced by laser wet etching is less than that by laser dry etching, and the damage at the etched side wall is less than that at the etched bottom. Grooves with locally controlled depth and slab structures have been fabricated for application.
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  • 22
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    Applied physics 56 (1993), S. 417-423 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 42.60 ; 82.65 ; 73.40
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Ablation of the surface of a polyimide (Kapton™) film by single pulses of 248 nm or 308 nm radiation (∼20 ns) or 9.17 μm laser radiation (∼170 ns) was studied by photographing the emergence of the blast wave and the plume by a pulse (〈1 ns; 596 nm) of visible laser light. The dynamics of the blast wave was similar in the ultraviolet and in the infrared but the composition of the plume was obviously different. A mass of opaque solid material was ejected for as long as 2.6 μs following the IR pulse in contrast to the minute amount of solids that are seen in the ablation by UV laser pulses of ns duration. UV laser pulses of 50–400 μs duration interact with polyimide surfaces in a manner that is similar to IR laser pulses of ns duration or longer. Chemical analysis of the ablation products that are obtained under various conditions of ablation when compared to the known modes of thermal degradation of polyimide show that the reaction is a thermal process when IR laser pulses or UV laser pulses of long (〉10 μs) duration are employed. Ablation by ns UV laser pulses differs fundamentally in the chemistry of the products from all of the cases mentioned above.
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  • 23
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 78.30 ; 68.55 ; 61.70
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Macroscopic defects of the GaAs surface grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) have been investigated by using a micro-probing method of Raman spectroscopy. Especially, the oval defects, the most common macroscopic defects in MBE GaAs, were focused in this study. In Raman spectroscopy for the oval defect on the (100)GaAs surface, TO phonon mode of the 269 cm−1 peak was observed. This indicates that the oval defects can include the (111) growth direction or the amorphized surface. The TO/LO intensity ratios for the defects are in the range from 0.3 to 1.0. In the sample grown under the condition that the substrate temperature is 580° C with the As/Ga ratio of 20, the density of the oval defects is about 200 cm−2 at a growth thickness of 5 μm. With increasing thickness of the epilayer, the density and the size of the α-tye oval defect increased, while the TO/LO ratio decreased. From the spatial measurement by Raman spectroscopy for the α-type oval defect, it is supposed that the α-type oval defect remains in a rather good crystalline state and its orientation along the (100) growth direction is much closer to the (111) direction, but the growth direction of the defect might tend toward the (100) direction with a thicker layer.
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  • 24
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 81.40 ; 61.70 ; 61.80
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Extended lattice damage created by implantation of 3.6 MeV Au2+ ions has been investigated using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS). Systematic observations of damage for Au2+ ions implanted with varying doses into silicon are explained in terms of a model. The origin of two distinct bands of extended defects is explained in terms of annealing of the central region of implant-damage, during the course of the implantation. Two distinct bands of Au precipitates are observed in high-dose implanted samples. This observation is explained as being the result, in part, of segregation of gold in front of a recrystallizing front, and in part, of gettering of dopant-atoms to nodes in a dislocation network. The network arises as a result of dynamic annealing of damaged crystalline silicon.
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  • 25
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    Applied physics 54 (1992), S. 221-224 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 61.70 ; 64 ; 72.20
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The thermal evolution of monoclinic SiAs precipitates at 1050° C in silicon samples implanted with 1 and 1.5×1017 As/cm2 was followed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and secondary neutral mass spectrometry (SNMS). These experiments show, for the first time, the coexistence of two different states of As in silicon, i.e., the electrically active and the inactive mobile dopant, in equilibrium with monoclinic SiAs precipitates. Moreover, they provide, for the saturation concentration of As in silicon, which includes both these states, a value of 3×1021 cm−3 at 1050° C.
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  • 26
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 68.55 ; 61.16D ; 61.70
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract We have used STM to study the surface morphology of thin epitaxial Ge films grown on Si(001) in the presence of the “surfactant” As. The surfactant forces layer-by-layer growth up to 12 ML Ge coverage which could partly be explained by the geometrical surface arrangement of the growing film. Beyond 12 ML coverage we observed a network of trenches which decorate the earlier described V-shaped defects inside the film. Overgrowth of such defects is studied and a mechanism discussed.
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  • 27
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    Applied physics 54 (1992), S. 517-519 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 61.70 ; 62.20.Fe ; 64.70.−p
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A theoretical model is proposed which treats the diffusion-induced decay of fragment boundary disclinations as being a micromechanism for the solid state amorphization in mechanically alloyed materials. Within the framework of the suggested model the kinetics of amorphous-phase nucleation centres (spread cores of the decayed disclinations) is studied. In doing so, kinetic equations are suggested and solved, which describe the evolution of the radius of the amorphous core of the decayed disclination.
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  • 28
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    Applied physics 55 (1992), S. 161-166 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 61.70 ; 81.40
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The electron-deformation-thermal theory of pulsed laser-induced point defect generation in strongly absorbing semiconductors is developed. The theoretical results obtained are in a good agreement with the results of experiments carried out in Ge, GaAs, and GaP.
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  • 29
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    Applied physics 55 (1992), S. 269-273 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 42.60 ; 82.65 ; 73.40
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Continuous wave laser radiation from an argonion laser in the wavelength range 275–330 nm can be used to etch polyethylene terephthalate (PET) films with as little thermal damage as from a pulsed, ultraviolet laser (248 nm or 308 nm) provided the beam is focussed to a spot of 10–100 kW/cm2 of power density and is moved over the surface at speeds at which the transit time over its own diameter (which can be looked upon as a “pulse width”) is on the order of 10–200 μs. In contrast to results which had been obtained previously on the photokinetic etching of polyimide and doped polymethyl methacrylate films under similar conditions, the sensitivity of PET to etching is 〉5-fold greater than either of these polymers and increases steadily with increasing pulse width. There is lateral thermal damage as the pulse widths increase to 〉200 μs. The material that is removed is vaporized in part. More than 20% is probably ejected in a molten state and resolidifies at the edge of the cut. There is no acoustic report similar to that seen in ablative photodecomposition. The process appears to be largely thermal in nature.
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  • 30
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 02.50 ; 81.60.c ; 82.65
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract Si surfaces covered with up to a monolayer of chlorine by exposure to a low chlorine pressure have been irradiated with nanosecond excimer-laser pulses at a fluence just large enough to melt the surface. Angle-resolved time-of-flight (TOF) distributions and surface temperatures have been measured as a function of chlorine dose between laser pulses. The TOF distributions can be fitted well by Maxwell-Boltzmann (MB) distributions for all coverages and at all desorption angles. With increasing coverage, the intensity and kinetic energy distributions become increasingly peaked along the surface normal. Monte-Carlo simulations of the effect of post-desorption collisions, occurring when many molecules are desorbed within a very short time, reproduce the experimental results quite well. It is shown that just a few collisions per molecule are sufficient to convert any initial desorption distribution into a MB one.
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  • 31
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 61.10 ; 61.70 ; 68.55
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    Notes: Abstract The structure of Si implanted with high doses of yttrium has been investigated by varying implantation doses and energies. As implantation doses increase into the low 1017 cm−2 range, silicide precipitates form. The precipitates are thin and long and lie parallel to {111} planes in the Si matrix. As dopant concentrations increase, the precipitates themselves become more equiaxed, aspect ratios decrease, and precipitates densities increase until the precipitates coalesce to form a continuous buried layer of yttrium silicide within the Si matrix. The layer thickness is relatively uneven. As implant doses increase to ∼ 4×1017 cm−2, the layer thicknesses become more uniform although there are still defects present. As the implant doses increase further, the precipitate bands on either side of the continuous layer decrease due to gettering of yttrium to the layer. As the energy of the implant is increased, the appearance of the sample is similar to that of the lower energy implants except that the layer is buried deeper in the Si matrix. Observations of the silicide are consistent with its having the AlB2 structure with ordered vacancies on the Si sublattice.
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  • 32
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 81.40 ; 82.65
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Laser-induced direct writing of silver lines on a ferrite surface from a silver acetate (CH3COOAg) thin layer has been investigated. The deposition is a thermochemical process and the threshold temperature for thermal decomposition of CH3COOAg is about 380° C. About 100% of Ag in the deposited lines has been achieved. The width of the deposited Ag-lines increased with the increase in laser power, and it can be accurately estimated by the temperature profile induced by laser irradiation within the power region below the melting point of ferrite. A line thickness of micron order can be formed both on a ferrite surface and on a deposited SiO2 surface, whereas the line width decreased with the increase in beam dwell time due to the vaporization of both CH3COOAg precursor and deposited Ag material.
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  • 33
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    Applied physics 52 (1991), S. 218-221 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 61.70 ; 61.70Ph
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    Notes: Abstract Various dislocations on Ag(111) were imaged with a scanning tunneling microscope, e.g. screw dislocations, Lomer-Cottrell locks and stacking fault tetrahedron. The distortion field near a screw dislocation was measured.
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  • 34
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 73.30 ; 61.70 ; 81.15C
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    Notes: Abstract Magnetron-sputtered CoSi2 and TiSi2 Schottky barriers on n- and p-type GaP were investigated. Their hitherto unknown barrier heights were determined to be 0.98 eV (for CoSi2/n-GaP and CoSi2/p-GaP), 0.91 eV (for TiSi2/n-GaP), and 0.90 eV (for TiSi2/p-GaP). It was found that magnetron-sputtering induced a compensated layer near the surface, both for n- and p-type GaP, with a thickness of about 0.05 μm. As the dependence of the shift of the Mott-Schottky intercept with the V-axis on the substrate dopant concentration obeyed some specific law, we proposed that the defects are neutral complexes of dopant ions and sputter-induced native defects. These native defects were assumed to depend on the Fermi level position, namely the PGa antisite and the VP vacancy for p-GaP and the VGa vacancy for n-GaP. The conversion between these defects occurs by nearest neighbour hopping of a phosphorus atom. The Schottky barrier heights obtained on p-GaP could be explained by Fermi level pinning at the surface due to the PGa defects. This could not be confirmed by n-GaP as the energy level position of the VGa was not available. The defects could be annealed out between 200° C and 300° C and the associated change of the Schottky barrier height corroborated the proposed model.
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  • 35
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    Applied physics 52 (1991), S. 445-447 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 82.65 ; 36.40 ; 73.20
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    Notes: Abstract Desorption of K atoms by laser-excitation of surface plasmons in small K particles is reported. The desorption rate has been measured for different laser wavelengths and particle sizes. Time-of-flight measurements reveal a kinetic energy of the desorbed atoms of Ekin=0.13(3) eV. From the experimental data it is concluded that the desorption mechanism is non-thermal in nature. Comparison of the results reported here with our earlier work on Na desorption is made.
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  • 36
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 68.55.G ; 82.50.-m ; 82.65
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    Notes: Abstract Large area excimer laser induced deposition of titanium on fused silica from TiCl4 is studied with an emphasis on process modeling. We show that several TiCl4 monolayers can be adsorbed if the surface is adequately prepared and that the Ti thin film growth occurs through the photodecomposition of this adsorbed TiCl4 layer. We propose two growth regimes. During an initiation phase, up to 3 nm in thickness, the adsorbed layer is photochemically decomposed giving a growth rate of ∼ 0.015 nm/pulse. In a second phase, the deposition rate increases to between 2 and 7 nm/pulse due to the laser heating of the preceding photochemically deposited titanium film. Between consecutive pulses, TiCl4 molecules primarily from the adsorbed layer diffuse to the reaction zone leading to a new adsorbed layer ready to be transformed to solid titanium.
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  • 37
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    Applied physics 53 (1991), S. 8-19 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 82.45 ; 61.70 ; 68.45
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    Notes: Abstract A number of interesting and still not fully understood phenomena occur if silicon is used as an electrode in an electrochemical cell. Effects include porous silicon layer (PSL) formation with features on a nanometer scale, surface roughening on a micrometer scale, quantum efficiencies for light generated currents much larger than 1, preferential etching of defects, electropolishing, and voltage or current oscillations. It is shown that despite the complexities of chemical reactions involved, a basic understanding of the electrode behavior is possible from a semiconductor physics point of view and that it can be advantageous to use the silicon — electrolyte junction for analytical purposes. Topics such as defect characterization, measurements of minority carrier diffusion length, or surface recombination velocities can be addressed in unique ways by taking advantage of particular properties of the silicon — hydrofluoric acid system. Based on the general description of the Si — electrolyte junction given in this paper, strengths and limitations of some electrochemical methods are discussed in some detail and illustrated by examples.
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  • 38
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    Applied physics 53 (1991), S. 179-184 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 81.15.C ; 79.20.N ; 82.65
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    Notes: Abstract We studied the angular distributions of silicon and nitrogen atoms emitted from a Si target subjected to reactive sputtering by N 2 + ions at primary energies of 0.5 and 2keV. The composition of the deposited material does not depend strongly on the substrate position. From a comparison with nonreactive sputtering, we show that the observed shift of the Si angular distribution is mainly due to the contribution of collision events occurring in the first monolayer. Contrary to the case of noble gas ions, the sharpness of the Si distribution depends on the N 2 + energy. The behavior of the differential sputtering yield of silicon indicates that this effect is likely to be due to a loss of recoil atoms out of the preferential direction. A possible explanation of the observed phenomena consists in assuming an anisotropic emission of Si x N y radicals. This hypothesis is very attractive as it could satisfactorily explain the similarity we observed between the angular distributions of silicon and nitrogen.
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  • 39
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    Applied physics 53 (1991), S. 189-193 
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    Keywords: 61.70 ; 81.40
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    Notes: Abstract The electrical activity of interfacial misfit dislocations in silicon has been examined using the electron beam induced current technique (EBIC) in a scanning electron microscope. “Clean” misfit dislocations, i.e. no EBIC contrast, formed during high-temperature Si(Ge) chemical vapor epitaxy were studied. These defects were subsequently decorated with known metallic impurities (Au and Ni) by diffusion at 400° C to 1130° C from a back-side evaporated layer. Qualitative analysis of the electrical activity in relation to the energy levels anticipated for the clean or decorated dislocations is presented. Of particular interest is the case of defect-induced conductivity type inversion which occurred both at the top surface and at the buried dislocated interfaces of the multilayer. The prospects for using dislocations in a beneficial manner as active elements in electronic devices are discussed.
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  • 40
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    Applied physics 53 (1991), S. 388-402 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 68.35 ; 61.16 ; 61.70
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    Notes: Abstract Low-energy ion backscattering and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) have been used in combination to get better insight into the field of surface crystallography. The synergic effectiveness resulting from the complementing character of the two methods has been exemplified at clean NiAl(111) and for oxygen and nitrogen adsorption on Cu(110). The position of the atom cores is accessible by the low-energy noble gas impact collision ion scattering spectroscopy with neutral detection (NICISS). As a technique averaging over a macroscopic area of the sample, NICISS is better suited to supply information on features of completely developed phases, either on clean or adsorbate saturated surfaces. Additional information, on the other hand, can be gained by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), which as a powerful local probe may be used to image surfaces with atomic resolution and to monitor defects, steps and the growth kinetics of e.g. adsorption-induced phase changes.
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  • 41
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    Applied physics 53 (1991), S. 81-86 
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    Keywords: 61.70 ; 72.40 ; 78.20
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    Notes: Abstract Measurements of photoconductivity and light-induced absorption in KNbO3: Fe are performed at different light intensities and crystal temperatures. The results are interpreted in terms of a two-center charge transport model. Different model parameters may be evaluated from the experimental data. A complete set of parameters is suggested explaining the dependences of photoconductivity and light-induced absorption on light intensity and temperature for the KNbO3: Fe crystal investigated.
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  • 42
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    Applied physics 53 (1991), S. 332-338 
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    Keywords: 42.55P ; 81.40Z ; 82.65
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    Notes: Abstract The results of the numerical analysis of the effects induced by pulsed Nd:YAG and ruby laser on Hg0.8Cd0.2Te are presented. The proposed model facilitates the planning of HgCdTe laser processing and the choice of the processing parameters such as: melt depth, melt duration of the surface layer and melt front velocity, as well as the irradiation parameters. The influence of the optical parameters and the temperature dependence of the HgCdTe thermal parameters on the results of laser irradiation are specially analyzed.
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  • 43
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 61.70 ; 66.30
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    Notes: Abstract The primary species in both solid-state conduction and heterogeneous electrocatalysis of solid oxide electrolytes is the anion vacancy. The nature and effect of the local environment on anion vacancies in 10 m/o yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) and 20 m/o erbia stabilized bismuth oxide (ESB) was studied using uv-visible absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy. Partial reduction of YSZ and ordering of the oxygen sublattice in ESB is discussed. The species common to both of these phenomena, anion vacancies, was found to be luminescent and the absorption and fluorescence spectra attributable to F-center type defects is described.
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  • 44
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    Applied physics 50 (1990), S. 385-396 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 42.5 ; 68 ; 82.65
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    Notes: Abstract Reaction rates, particle densities, and temperature distribution in pyrolytic (photothermal) laser-induced microchemical processing are investigated with respect to temperature and concentration-dependent transport coefficients, and with respect to the effect of thermal diffusion. While the model employed is particularly suitable for laser-induced chemical vapor deposition (LCVD), it can also be applied to many cases of laser-induced surface modification and dry-etching.
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  • 45
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    Applied physics 50 (1990), S. 151-156 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 61.70 ; 17.55
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    Notes: Abstract Electrically active deep levels related to zinc in silicon are investigated in n- and p-type silicon using Deep-Level Transient Fourier Spectroscopy (DLTFS) measurements. While in n-type silicon a level at E C−0.49 eV is observed, the main zinc-related levels in p-type silicon are determined to be E V+0.27 eV and E V+0.60 eV. The latter are associated with zinc situated on regular silicon lattice sites. The emission rate of these centers exhibits a field dependence which cannot be quantitatively explained with the Poole-Frenkel model. On the other hand, a shallow level at E V+0.09 eV is observed only in boron-doped silicon which may be related to a zinc-boron complex. Other zinc-related levels are found at E V+0.23 eV and E V+0.33 eV, their concentration depending on that of zinc on substitutional sites. In addition, the evaluation of depth profiles and the analysis of the field dependence of the emission rate based on the DLTFS method is presented.
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  • 46
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    Applied physics 50 (1990), S. 273-286 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 85.30 ; 72.20 ; 73.40 ; 61.70
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    Notes: Abstract The reproducible, mass production of almost ideal silicon p-n junctions has allowed two new phenomena to be discovered: a pure generation without recombination, and a slow capacitance-free current transient. Our present knowledge of these phenomena is reviewed and speculations about the centres responsible for them are discussed; these centres seem to be connected to ultimate, unavoidable properties of the silicon p-n junction rather than to unwanted impurities.
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  • 47
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 36.40 ; 79.20 ; 82.65 ; 68.45
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    Notes: Abstract Desorption induced by electronic excitation with laser light is discussed. Emphasis is placed on nonthermal desorption where surface plasma excitation in small particles precedes the rupture of the surface chemical bond. A scenario for the mechanism underlying such a process is proposed. In this context, calculations of the electronic spectra of small sodium particles are presented and the influence of different multipole orders of the collective electron oscillation, of different shapes of the clusters and of the substrate are outlined. Furthermore, manipulation of the size distribution of metal particles on supports is described as an application of the effect. This allows the preparation of very special surfaces with novel physical and chemical properties. Methods to characterize such adsorbate-substrate combinations, especially by use of the optical spectra of the particles, are also discussed. Finally, prospects for future experiments in this field are outlined.
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  • 48
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    Applied physics 50 (1990), S. 349-352 
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    Keywords: 68.55 ; 82.65
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    Notes: Abstract A quantitative treatment of the crystallization kinetics in MBE growth of vicinal surfaces results the relation l 2=2D sτK between the surface diffusion coefficient D s, the time τ for a monolayer deposition and the interstep distance l at which the RHEED intensity oscillations disappear. The correction factor K depends on the size and the energy of the two-dimensional critical nucleus and it is estimated to be smaller than 10−2. The currently used interpretation of the RHEED intensity oscillations ignores the correction factor K and, therefore, the calculated values of D s are several orders of magnitude smaller than its real values. The surface transport during the time of growth interruption is discussed in connection with the tendency to three dimensional growth at every second interface (where a deposition of the material with strong intermolecular bonds starts) of a small period superlattice.
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  • 49
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    Applied physics 51 (1990), S. 13-17 
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    Keywords: 61.70 ; 72.40 ; 78.20
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    Notes: Abstract A charge transport model including deep and shallow traps explains both the nonlinear relation between photoconductivity and light intensity and the light-induced absorption in BaTiO3. A correlation between measurements of photoconductivity and light-induced absorption as a function of temperature yields parameters for the shallow center, among them thermal activation energy and generation rate.
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  • 50
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    Applied physics 50 (1990), S. 215-220 
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    Keywords: 68.55 ; 82.65
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    Notes: Abstract Simple models for the thermally activated dissociation reaction of silane and silicon growth on a polycrystalline silicon surface are presented. The models are fitted to recent experimental molecular beam scattering data for the low-pressure reactive sticking coefficient. Thermally activated few-step models fit the data reasonably well, and thus, we are able to explain the temperature and pressure dependencies of the observed deposition rate.
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  • 51
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    Applied physics 50 (1990), S. 531-540 
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    Keywords: 61.70 ; 78.55 ; 78.65
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    Notes: Abstract Two attractive methods for materials characterization are applied and discussed: (a) light scattering topography for fast and nondestructive testing of structural perfection, and (b) photoluminescence topography for evaluating the light emission characteristics of photoluminescent materials. Among the examples presented are semiconductor substrates and films of silicon, silicon-on-insulators of different kind, and III–V materials.
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  • 52
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    Applied physics 51 (1990), S. 498-507 
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    Keywords: 42.5 ; 68 ; 82.65
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    Notes: Abstract The influence of counterdiffusion on the reaction rate in non-equimolecular laser-induced gas-phase processing is investigated.
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  • 53
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    Keywords: 61.70
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    Notes: Abstract A method is proposed for the determination of dislocation density depth profiles in the thin surface layers comparable to the penetration depth of X-rays, with no need to remove the surface layers by chemical or electrolytic polishing. The dislocation density depth profile is modelled mathematically and the parameters determining the profile can be evaluated from the Fourier transform of the X-ray diffracted profiles with various wavelengths of radiation.
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  • 54
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    Applied physics 50 (1990), S. 131-139 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 81.60 ; 82.65 ; 42.60
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    Notes: Abstract The present status of experimental and theoretical work on continuous wave laser-assisted reaction of metals with oxygen is presented. Differences between this and normal isothermal oxidation of metals are emphasized. Available theoretical models are discussed. They deal with roles of thermal history, feedback effects between optical absorption and reaction rate. The nature of so-called “non-purely thermal” effects is discussed. Hints for further research are presented.
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  • 55
    ISSN: 1432-0630
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    Notes: Abstract We present experimental data for vanadium and copper oxidation by cw CO2 laser light in an external electric field. Direct influence of the external field on the crystallisation process has been demonstrated in both vanadium and copper cases; the oxidation rate and surface morphology depend sensitively on the sign and strength of the external field.
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  • 56
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    Applied physics 50 (1990), S. 197-205 
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    Keywords: 61.70 ; 66.30
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    Notes: Abstract Gold diffusion in silicon is investigated using Rapid Optical Annealing at temperatures in the range of 800°C to 1200°C and annealing times from 300 s down to 1 s. The resulting content of substitutional gold is determined by spreading resistance measurements and analyzed by comparison with extensive numerical simulations. The profiles obtained show a broader spectrum as compared to the U-shapes after long time diffusion. The cooling process affects the profiles significantly, since they depend on the wafer thickness. An unexpected penetration depth was found after 1200°C diffusion in thick wafers, which are subject to small cooling rates. This phenomenon is due to a special combination of reverse kick-out, deep diffusion of highly supersaturated interstitial gold, and again an incorporation in lattice sites, termed the RDI effect. Numerical calculations allow us to reproduce the experimentally observed profiles only if a sensitive balance between the different temperature dependencies is obeyed. These investigations, therefore, yield new information about the equilibrium concentration and diffusion of silicon interstitials. A best set of parameters is presented. The time constant of the kick-out process is quantified for the first time.
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  • 57
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    Applied physics 51 (1990), S. 340-343 
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    Keywords: 81.40 ; 82.65
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    Notes: Abstract Maskless etching of n-type GaAs in a KOH aqueous solution by irradiation of an argonion laser has been investigated to obtain high etching rates and aspect-ratios of etched grooves. High etching rates of up to 805 μm/s and an aspect ratio of 8 have been achieved by a single scan of a laser beam. Microprobe photoluminescence (PL), Raman scattering, and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) measurements were carried out on the trench surface to characterize damage induced by laser wet etching.
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  • 58
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    Applied physics 51 (1990), S. 281-288 
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    Keywords: 68.35 ; 73.20 ; 82.65
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    Notes: Abstract The present theoretical understanding of imaging clean and adsorbate covered metal surfaces in scanning tunneling microscopy is examined with special emphasis on a possible theoretical foundation for the observed unexpectedly large corrugation on close-packed metal surfaces. Several suggestions for explaining these experimental findings are investigated. Resonance tunneling via tip d-orbitals might be a possible mechanism of amplifying small lateral structure of electronic or elastic origin. Two complementary theoretical methods are applied. The first one concentrates on a realistic description of the potential and wave functions of the sample surface whereas the second one attempts to model a more realistic transition metal tip. In the first approach the tip is represented by a Gaussian protrusion on an otherwise planar free-electron metal surface. The sample surface is built from muffin-tin potentials accounting for the atomic structure and the d-electrons. The spatial current distribution near the tip region is obtained by summing the contributions of all scattered waves. The method has been applied to study the current to Al(111) and Pd(100) surfaces. The corrugation obtained is rather small and cannot explain the experimental observations. The second approach studies two transition metal tips consisting of a single tungsten atom adsorbed on a flat W(110) surface and on a group of four other W atoms. The cluster of four W atoms is coupled to a flat W(110) surface by using an embedding method. The basis set on the W atoms includes 6s-, 6p-, and 5d-orbitals. The electronic structure of the tip exhibits a 5 d 2-resonance near the Fermi level. The effects of tip d-orbitals and resonance tunneling on the lateral contrast in STM are analyzed.
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  • 59
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    Applied physics 50 (1990), S. 479-484 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 61.70T ; 79.20D ; 42.60K ; 82.65
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract UV excimer lasers have been used to dope semiconductors by a one-step process in which the laser serves both to melt a controlled thickness of a sample placed in dopant ambient and to photodissociate the dopant molecules themselves. Here we report the boron doping of silicon by means of an ArF (193 nm) excimer laser. Dopant atoms are obtained by photolysis of BCl3 or pyrolysis of BF3 molecules. The doping is performed both in gas ambient and using only an adsorbed layer. We have investigated the dependence of doping parameters such as laser pulse repetition and gas pressure on the subsequent boron impurity profiles and the dopant incorporation rate. These results indicate that the laser doping process is dopant-flux limited for BF3 and externally rate limited for BCl3.
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  • 60
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    Applied physics 50 (1990), S. 609-615 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 82.65
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) has been used to study the KrF* excimer laser-induced etching of titanium by bromine-containing compounds. The experiment consists of focusing the pulsed UV laser beam at normal incidence onto the surface of a quartz crystal coated with 1 μm of polycrystalline titanium. The removal of titanium from the surface is monitored in real time by measuring the change in the frequency of the quartz crystal. The dependence of the etch rate on etchant pressure and laser fluence was measured and found to be consistent with a two-step etching mechanism. The initial step in the etching of titanium is reaction between the etchant and the surface to form the etch product between laser pulses. The etch product is subsequently removed from the surface during the laser pulse via a laser-induced thermal desorption process. The maximum etch rate obtained in this work was 6.2 Å-pulse−1, indicating that between two and three atomic layers of Ti can be removed per laser pulse. The energy required for desorption of the etch product is calculated to be 172 kJ-mole−1, which is consistent with the sublimation enthalpy of TiBr2 (168 kJ-mole−1). The proposed product in the etching of titanium by Br2 and CCl3Br is thus TiBr2. In the etching of Ti by Br2, formation of TiBr2 proceeds predominantly through the dissociative chemisorption of Br2. In the case of etching with CCl3Br, TiBr2 is formed via chemisorption of Br atoms produced in the gas-phase photodissociation of CCl3Br.
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  • 61
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    Applied physics 51 (1990), S. 61-63 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 81.60 ; 82.65
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The etching of n-GaAs in aqueous solutions of hydroxides stimulated by HeNe and HeCd laser light was studied. It was found that at low laser-power densities (5–10 W · cm−2) the etched depths do not depend on the wavelength of the incident light. This conclusion is related to the concentration of the photogenerated holes on the semiconductor surface. The diffusion length and absorption depths for HeNe and HeCd lasers are compared.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 62
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    Applied physics 51 (1990), S. 141-145 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 78.70 Bj ; 61.70
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Positron lifetime measurements have been made in quenched or irradiated pure Pb and in quenched Pb(Ag) alloys. From positron investigation of annealing behaviour, the precipitation of silver atoms in dilute alloys should be understood in terms of (Ag-Pb) interstitially migrating pairs. The presence of di-interstitials (Ag-Ag) or complexes [Ag(S)-V] as mobile defects responsible for the Ag transport process in concentrated alloys is discussed.
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  • 63
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    Applied physics 50 (1990), S. 241-247 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 61.70 ; 78.30
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The resistivity of boron-doped silicon can be significantly increased by polishing such material with an appropriate amine- and copper-containing slurry. This effect is ascribed to a passivation of the boron acceptors by a defect produced or introduced by the polishing process. Three new, so far unknown localized vibrational modes at 691, 720, and 1038 cm−1 are observed in highly boron-doped silicon samples after such a polishing treatment. Two of these localized modes can be identified as due to a boron-containing defect. High concentrations of copper found in the samples after appropriate polishing indicate a participation — either directly or indirectly — of this metal in the passivation process.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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