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  • Chemistry  (88,456)
  • Biochemistry and Biotechnology  (4,892)
  • Physics
  • 2015-2019  (568)
  • 1990-1994  (50,846)
  • 1980-1984  (36,373)
  • 1945-1949  (3,659)
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Keywords
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Year
  • 1
    Unknown
    Advances in Discrete Differential Geometry (2016)
    Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer
    Details
    Keywords: Mathematics ; Computer graphics ; Dynamics ; Ergodic theory ; Functions of complex variables ; Differential geometry ; Physics ; Mathematics ; Differential Geometry ; Functions of a Complex Variable ; Dynamical Systems and Ergodic Theory ; Computer Graphics ; Numerical and Computational Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Discrete conformal maps: Boundary value problems, circle domains, Fuchsian and Schottky uniformization: Alexander I. Bobenko, Stefan Sechelmann, Boris Springborn --- Discrete complex analysis on planar quad-graphs: Alexander I. Bobenko and Felix Günther --- Approximation of conformal mappings using conformally equivalent triangular lattices: Ulrike Bücking --- Numerical Methods for the Discrete Map Za: Folkmar Bornemann, Alexander Its, Sheehan Olver, and Georg Wechslberger --- A variational principle for cyclic polygons with prescribed edge lengths: Hana Kourimská, Lara Skuppin, Boris Springborn --- Complex Line Bundles over Simplicial Complexes and their Applications: Felix Knöppel and Ulrich Pinkall --- Holomorphic vector fields and quadratic differentials on planar triangular meshes: Wai Yeung Lam, Ulrich Pinkall --- Vertex normals and face curvatures of triangle meshes: Xiang Sun, Caigui Jiang, Johannes Wallner, and Helmut Pottmann --- S-conical cmc surfaces. Towards a unified theory of discrete surfaces with constant mean curvature: Alexander I. Bobenko and Tim Hoffmann --- Constructing solutions to the Björling problem for isothermic surfaces by structure preserving discretization: Ulrike Bücking and Daniel Matthes --- On the Lagrangian Structure of Integrable Hierarchies: Yuri B. Suris, Mats Vermeeren --- On the variational interpretation of the discrete KP equation: Raphael Boll, Matteo Petrera, and Yuri B. Suris --- Six topics on inscribable polytopes: Arnau Padrol and Günter M. Ziegler --- DGD Gallery: Storage, sharing, and publication of digital research data: Michael Joswig, Milan Mehner, Stefan Sechelmann, Jan Techter, and Alexander I. Bobenko
    Pages: Online-Ressource (X, 439 pages) , 114 illustrations, 67 illustrations in color
    ISBN: 9783662504475
    URL: https://link.springer.com/openurl?genre=book&isbn=978-3-662-50447-5
    Language: English
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  • 2
    Unknown
    Non-Equilibrium Social Science and Policy : Introduction and Essays on New and Changing Paradigms in Socio-Economic Thinking (2017)
    Cham : Springer
    Details
    Keywords: Physics ; Complexity, Computational ; Economic theory ; Social sciences ; Physics ; Data-driven Science, Modeling and Theory Building ; Methodology of the Social Sciences ; Economic Theory/Quantitative Economics/Mathematical Methods ; Operations Research/Decision Theory ; Complexity ; Computational Social Sciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Non-Equilibrium Social Science & Policy --- Economics --- Social Psychology and Narrative Economy --- Sociology and Non-Equilibrium Social Science --- Geography far from Equilibrium --- Cities in Disequilibrium --- The Evolutionary Theory of Globalization --- Systems, Networks, and Policy --- Towards a Complexity-Friendly Policy: breaking the vicious circle of equilibrium thinking in economic and public policy --- The Information Economy --- Complexity Science & the Art of Policy Making --- The Complexity of Government --- The Room Around the Elephant: Tackling Context-Dependency in the Social Sciences --- Global Systems Science and Policy --- Index.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (VIII, 232 pages)
    ISBN: 9783319424248
    URL: https://link.springer.com/openurl?genre=book&isbn=978-3-319-42424-8
    Language: English
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  • 3
    Unknown
    Optics in Our Time (2016)
    Cham : Springer
    Details
    Keywords: Physics ; Quantum optics ; Physics ; Optics, Lasers, Photonics, Optical Devices ; Quantum Optics ; Popular Science in Physics ; History and Philosophical Foundations of Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: History --- A brief history of light --- Ibn Al-Haitham – Father of modern optics --- Optical Sources --- Femtosecond light --- Laser --- LED light --- Electron optics --- Applications --- Biophotonics --- Optical communication --- Optical astronomy --- Solar cells --- Optics in Remote Sensing --- Optics in nanotechnology --- Optics in art --- Eye --- Optics in medicine --- Optical illusions --- Quantum Optics --- Optical tests of foundations of physics --- Nonlinear Optics: Historical Perspectives and New Opportunities --- Quantum communication --- Nature of photon --- Atom optics --- Coherent effects: From EIT to slow light
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XX, 504 pages) , 355 illustrations, 277 illustrations in color
    ISBN: 9783319319032
    URL: https://link.springer.com/openurl?genre=book&isbn=978-3-319-31903-2
    Language: English
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  • 4
    Unknown
    Mathematical and conceptual foundations of 20th-century physics (1984)
    Amsterdam ; New York : North-Holland Pub. Co
    Details
    Keywords: DDC 530.1 ; LC QC20 ; Mathematical physics ; Physics ; Quantum theory ; Relativity (Physics)
    ISBN: 9780444875853
    URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/publication?issn=03040208&volume=100
    Language: English
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  • 5
    Unknown
    Counteracting Urban Heat Island Effects in a Global Climate Change Scenario (2016)
    Cham : Springer
    Details
    Keywords: Environment ; Climate change ; Remote sensing ; Physics ; Environment ; Climate Change ; Remote Sensing/Photogrammetry ; Energy Efficiency ; Climate Change/Climate Change Impacts ; Applied and Technical Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Part I The Urban Heat Island – Evidence, Measures and Tools --- Forecasting Models for Urban Warming in Climate Change --- Assessment Indication and Gold Standard --- Methodologies for UHI Analysis --- Decision Support Systems for Urban Planning --- Part II Pilot Actions in European Cities --- Counteracting Urban Heat Islands: Solutions for European Cities.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (LIII, 400 pages) , 213 illustrations
    ISBN: 9783319104256
    URL: https://link.springer.com/openurl?genre=book&isbn=978-3-319-10425-6
    Language: English
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  • 6
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    Foundations of Quantum Theory : From Classical Concepts to Operator Algebras (2017)
    Cham : Springer
    Details
    Keywords: Physics ; Matrix theory ; Algebra ; Mathematical physics ; Quantum physics ; Physics ; Quantum Physics ; Mathematical Physics ; History and Philosophical Foundations of Physics ; Linear and Multilinear Algebras, Matrix Theory
    Description / Table of Contents: Introduction --- Part I Co(X) and B(H): Classical physics on a finite phase space --- Quantum mechanics on a finite-dimensional Hilbert space --- Classical physics on a general phase space --- Quantum physics on a general Hilbert space --- Symmetry in quantum mechanics --- Part II Between Co(X) and B(H): Classical models of quantum mechanics --- Limits: Small hbar --- Limits: large N --- Symmetry in algebraic quantum theory --- Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking --- The Measurement Problem --- Topos theory and quantum logic --- Appendix A: Finite-dimensional Hilbert spaces --- Appendix B: Basic functional analysis --- Appendix C: Operator algebras --- Appendix D: Lattices and logic --- Appendix E: Category theory and topos theory --- References
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XXXVI, 861 pages) , 9 illustrations, 8 illustrations in color
    ISBN: 9783319517773
    URL: https://link.springer.com/openurl?genre=book&isbn=978-3-319-51777-3
    Language: English
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  • 7
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    Melting Hadrons, Boiling Quarks - From Hagedorn Temperature to Ultra-Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collisions at CERN : With a Tribute to Rolf Hagedorn (2016)
    Cham : Springer
    Details
    Keywords: Physics ; History ; Nuclear physics ; Heavy ions ; Hadrons ; Particle acceleration ; Physics ; Nuclear Physics, Heavy Ions, Hadrons ; History and Philosophical Foundations of Physics ; Particle Acceleration and Detection, Beam Physics ; History of Science
    Description / Table of Contents: Part I Reminiscences: Rolf Hagedorn and Relativistic Heavy Ion Research.-- Part II The Hagedorn Temperature --- Part III Melting Hadrons, Boiling Quarks Heavy Ion Path to Quark-Gluon Plasma --- Acronyms
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XVI, 441 pages)
    ISBN: 9783319175454
    URL: https://link.springer.com/openurl?genre=book&isbn=978-3-319-17545-4
    Language: English
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  • 8
    Unknown
    Advances in Discrete Differential Geometry (2016)
    Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer
    Details
    Keywords: Mathematics ; Computer graphics ; Dynamics ; Ergodic theory ; Functions of complex variables ; Differential geometry ; Physics ; Mathematics ; Differential Geometry ; Functions of a Complex Variable ; Dynamical Systems and Ergodic Theory ; Computer Graphics ; Numerical and Computational Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Discrete conformal maps: Boundary value problems, circle domains, Fuchsian and Schottky uniformization: Alexander I. Bobenko, Stefan Sechelmann, Boris Springborn --- Discrete complex analysis on planar quad-graphs: Alexander I. Bobenko and Felix Günther --- Approximation of conformal mappings using conformally equivalent triangular lattices: Ulrike Bücking --- Numerical Methods for the Discrete Map Za: Folkmar Bornemann, Alexander Its, Sheehan Olver, and Georg Wechslberger --- A variational principle for cyclic polygons with prescribed edge lengths: Hana Kourimská, Lara Skuppin, Boris Springborn --- Complex Line Bundles over Simplicial Complexes and their Applications: Felix Knöppel and Ulrich Pinkall --- Holomorphic vector fields and quadratic differentials on planar triangular meshes: Wai Yeung Lam, Ulrich Pinkall --- Vertex normals and face curvatures of triangle meshes: Xiang Sun, Caigui Jiang, Johannes Wallner, and Helmut Pottmann --- S-conical cmc surfaces. Towards a unified theory of discrete surfaces with constant mean curvature: Alexander I. Bobenko and Tim Hoffmann --- Constructing solutions to the Björling problem for isothermic surfaces by structure preserving discretization: Ulrike Bücking and Daniel Matthes --- On the Lagrangian Structure of Integrable Hierarchies: Yuri B. Suris, Mats Vermeeren --- On the variational interpretation of the discrete KP equation: Raphael Boll, Matteo Petrera, and Yuri B. Suris --- Six topics on inscribable polytopes: Arnau Padrol and Günter M. Ziegler --- DGD Gallery: Storage, sharing, and publication of digital research data: Michael Joswig, Milan Mehner, Stefan Sechelmann, Jan Techter, and Alexander I. Bobenko
    Pages: Online-Ressource (X, 439 pages) , 114 illustrations, 67 illustrations in color
    ISBN: 9783662504475
    URL: https://link.springer.com/openurl?genre=book&isbn=978-3-662-50447-5
    Language: English
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  • 9
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    International Cooperation for Enhancing Nuclear Safety, Security, Safeguards and Non-proliferation–60 Years of IAEA and EURATOM : Proceedings of the XX Edoardo Amaldi Conference, Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, Rome, Italy, October 9-10, 2017 (2018)
    Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer
    Details
    Keywords: Physics ; Nuclear energy ; International relations ; Physics ; Applied and Technical Physics ; Societal Aspects of Physics, Outreach and Education ; Nuclear Energy ; International Relations
    Description / Table of Contents: This open access book examines key aspects of international cooperation to enhance nuclear safety, security, safeguards, and non-proliferation, thereby assisting in development and maintenance of the verification regime and fostering progress toward a nuclear weapon-free world. The book opens by addressing important political, institutional, and legal dimensions. Current challenges are discussed and attempts made to identify possible solutions and future improvements. Subsequent sections consider scientific developments that have the potential to increase the effectiveness of implementation of international regimes, particularly in critical areas, technology foresight, and the ongoing evaluation of current capabilities. The closing sections examine scientific and technical challenges and discuss the role of international cooperation and actions of the scientific community in leading the world toward peace and security. The book – which celebrates 60 years of IAEA Atoms for Peace and Development and the EURATOM Treaty – comprises contributions presented at the XX Edoardo Amaldi Conference, where eminent scientists, diplomats, and policymakers were able to compare national perspectives and update international collaborations
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XXXVI, 220 pages) , 16 illustrations in color
    ISBN: 9783662573662
    URL: https://link.springer.com/openurl?genre=book&isbn=978-3-662-57366-2
    Language: English
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  • 10
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    Physical (A)Causality : Determinism, Randomness and Uncaused Events (2018)
    Cham : Springer
    Details
    Keywords: Physics ; Epistemology ; Philosophy and science ; Probabilities ; Physics ; History and Philosophical Foundations of Physics ; Theoretical, Mathematical and Computational Physics ; Epistemology ; Probability Theory and Stochastic Processes ; Philosophy of Science
    Description / Table of Contents: Part I Embedded observers, reflexive perception and representation: Intrinsic and extrinsic observation mode --- Embedded observers and self-expression --- Reflexive measurement --- Intrinsic self-representation --- Part II Provable unknowns: On what is entirely hopeless --- Forecasting and unpredictability --- Induction by rule inference --- Other types of recursion theoretic unknowables --- What if there are no laws? Emergence of laws --- Part III Quantum unknowns: "Shut up and calculate" --- Evolution by permutation --- Quantum mechanics in a nutshell --- Quantum oracles --- Vacuum fluctuations --- Radioactive decay --- Part IV Exotic unknowns: Classical continua and infinities --- Classical (in)determinism --- Deterministic chaos --- Partition logics, finite automata and generalized urn models --- Part V Transcendence: Miracles --- Dualistic interfaces --- Part VI Executive summary: Executive summary --- Appendix A: Formal (in)computability and randomness --- B: Two particle correlations and expectations
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XIV, 219 pages) , 32 illustrations, 24 illustrations in color
    ISBN: 9783319708157
    URL: https://link.springer.com/openurl?genre=book&isbn=978-3-319-70815-7
    Language: English
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  • 11
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    Melting Hadrons, Boiling Quarks - From Hagedorn Temperature to Ultra-Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collisions at CERN : With a Tribute to Rolf Hagedorn (2016)
    Cham : Springer
    Details
    Keywords: Physics ; History ; Nuclear physics ; Heavy ions ; Hadrons ; Particle acceleration ; Physics ; Nuclear Physics, Heavy Ions, Hadrons ; History and Philosophical Foundations of Physics ; Particle Acceleration and Detection, Beam Physics ; History of Science
    Description / Table of Contents: Part I Reminiscences: Rolf Hagedorn and Relativistic Heavy Ion Research.-- Part II The Hagedorn Temperature --- Part III Melting Hadrons, Boiling Quarks Heavy Ion Path to Quark-Gluon Plasma --- Acronyms
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XVI, 441 pages)
    ISBN: 9783319175454
    URL: https://link.springer.com/openurl?genre=book&isbn=978-3-319-17545-4
    Language: English
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  • 12
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    The Cellular Automaton Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics (2016)
    Cham : Springer
    Details
    Keywords: Physics ; Mathematical physics ; Quantum physics ; Physics ; Quantum Physics ; Mathematical Applications in the Physical Sciences ; History and Philosophical Foundations of Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: I The Cellular Automaton Interpretation as a general doctrine: Motivation for this work --- Deterministic models in quantum notation --- Interpreting quantum mechanics --- Deterministic quantum mechanics --- Concise description of the CA Interpretation --- Quantum gravity --- Information loss --- More problems --- Alleys to be further investigated and open questions --- Conclusions --- II Calculation Techniques: Introduction to part II --- More on cogwheels --- The continuum limit of cogwheels, harmonic rotators and oscillators --- Locality --- Fermions --- PQ theory --- Models in two space-time dimensions without interactions --- Symmetries --- The discretised Hamiltonian formalism in PQ theory --- Quantum Field Theory --- The cellular automaton --- The problem of quantum locality --- Conclusions of part II --- Some remarks on gravity in 2+1 dimensions --- A summary of our views on Conformal Gravity --- Abbreviations.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XVIII, 298 pages) , 21 illustrations, 19 illustrations in color
    ISBN: 9783319412856
    URL: https://link.springer.com/openurl?genre=book&isbn=978-3-319-41285-6
    Language: English
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  • 13
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    Non-Equilibrium Social Science and Policy : Introduction and Essays on New and Changing Paradigms in Socio-Economic Thinking (2017)
    Cham : Springer
    Details
    Keywords: Physics ; Complexity, Computational ; Economic theory ; Social sciences ; Physics ; Data-driven Science, Modeling and Theory Building ; Methodology of the Social Sciences ; Economic Theory/Quantitative Economics/Mathematical Methods ; Operations Research/Decision Theory ; Complexity ; Computational Social Sciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Non-Equilibrium Social Science & Policy --- Economics --- Social Psychology and Narrative Economy --- Sociology and Non-Equilibrium Social Science --- Geography far from Equilibrium --- Cities in Disequilibrium --- The Evolutionary Theory of Globalization --- Systems, Networks, and Policy --- Towards a Complexity-Friendly Policy: breaking the vicious circle of equilibrium thinking in economic and public policy --- The Information Economy --- Complexity Science & the Art of Policy Making --- The Complexity of Government --- The Room Around the Elephant: Tackling Context-Dependency in the Social Sciences --- Global Systems Science and Policy --- Index.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (VIII, 232 pages)
    ISBN: 9783319424248
    URL: https://link.springer.com/openurl?genre=book&isbn=978-3-319-42424-8
    Language: English
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  • 14
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    Counteracting Urban Heat Island Effects in a Global Climate Change Scenario (2016)
    Cham : Springer
    Details
    Keywords: Environment ; Climate change ; Remote sensing ; Physics ; Environment ; Climate Change ; Remote Sensing/Photogrammetry ; Energy Efficiency ; Climate Change/Climate Change Impacts ; Applied and Technical Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Part I The Urban Heat Island – Evidence, Measures and Tools --- Forecasting Models for Urban Warming in Climate Change --- Assessment Indication and Gold Standard --- Methodologies for UHI Analysis --- Decision Support Systems for Urban Planning --- Part II Pilot Actions in European Cities --- Counteracting Urban Heat Islands: Solutions for European Cities.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (LIII, 400 pages) , 213 illustrations
    ISBN: 9783319104256
    URL: https://link.springer.com/openurl?genre=book&isbn=978-3-319-10425-6
    Language: English
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  • 15
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    The Cellular Automaton Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics (2016)
    Cham : Springer
    Details
    Keywords: Physics ; Mathematical physics ; Quantum physics ; Physics ; Quantum Physics ; Mathematical Applications in the Physical Sciences ; History and Philosophical Foundations of Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: I The Cellular Automaton Interpretation as a general doctrine: Motivation for this work --- Deterministic models in quantum notation --- Interpreting quantum mechanics --- Deterministic quantum mechanics --- Concise description of the CA Interpretation --- Quantum gravity --- Information loss --- More problems --- Alleys to be further investigated and open questions --- Conclusions --- II Calculation Techniques: Introduction to part II --- More on cogwheels --- The continuum limit of cogwheels, harmonic rotators and oscillators --- Locality --- Fermions --- PQ theory --- Models in two space-time dimensions without interactions --- Symmetries --- The discretised Hamiltonian formalism in PQ theory --- Quantum Field Theory --- The cellular automaton --- The problem of quantum locality --- Conclusions of part II --- Some remarks on gravity in 2+1 dimensions --- A summary of our views on Conformal Gravity --- Abbreviations.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XVIII, 298 pages) , 21 illustrations, 19 illustrations in color
    ISBN: 9783319412856
    URL: https://link.springer.com/openurl?genre=book&isbn=978-3-319-41285-6
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  • 16
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    Collider Physics within the Standard Model : A Primer (2017)
    Cham : Springer
    Details
    Keywords: Physics ; Quantum field theory ; String theory ; Elementary particles (Physics) ; Physics ; Elementary Particles, Quantum Field Theory ; Quantum Field Theories, String Theory
    Description / Table of Contents: Preface --- Gauge Theories and the Standard Model --- QCD: The Theory of Strong Interactions --- The Theory of Electroweak Interactions --- References
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XIV, 173 pages) , 60 illustrations, 34 illustrations in color
    ISBN: 9783319519203
    URL: https://link.springer.com/openurl?genre=book&isbn=978-3-319-51920-3
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  • 17
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    [In Depth] Long-delayed nuclear center looks set for construction (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-08
    Description: After many years of delays, the €1.7 billion Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research, an extension of the GSI Helmholtz Center for Heavy Ion Research near Darmstadt, Germany, may finally get built. At a council meeting on 27 and 28 June, the partner countries—eight European Union members plus India and Russia—concluded that they have enough money to cover a €320 million budget gap; they will now seek building permits from the German government. Still, some countries have yet to commit their share of the missing cash, including Russia, which had agreed to bear about 18% of FAIR's total construction cost, the second largest contribution after Germany's 70%. Author: Edwin Cartlidge
    Keywords: Physics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 18
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    [Perspective] Molecular sieves for gas separation (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-08
    Description: Separation and purification are critical industrial processes for separating components of chemical mixtures, and these processes account for about half of industrial energy usage (1). Gas mixtures of compounds with very similar physical properties are particularly difficult to separate. On pages 137 and 141 of this issue, Cadiau et al. (2) and Cui et al. (3), respectively, show that microporous materials can be designed to have high adsorption capacity and selectivity for particular hydrocarbons, enabling energy-efficient separation. Author: Jerry Y. S. Lin
    Keywords: Chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    [Perspective] How to break down crystalline cellulose (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-05-27
    Description: Biomass-degrading microorganisms use lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase (LPMO) enzymes to help digest cellulose, chitin, and starch. By cleaving otherwise inaccessible crystalline cellulose chains, these enzymes provide access to hydrolytic enzymes. LPMOs are of interest to biotechnology because efficient depolymerization of cellulose is a major bottleneck for the production of biologically based chemicals and fuels. On page 1098 of this issue, Kracher et al. (1) compare LPMO-reducing substrates in fungi from different taxonomic groups and lifestyles, based on both biochemical and genomic evidence. The results provide insights into reductive activation of LPMO that are important for developing more efficient industrial enzymes for lignocellulose biorefineries. Author: Angel T. Martínez
    Keywords: Chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    [Editors' Choice] Watching phonons propagate (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-05-27
    Description: Author: Jelena Stajic
    Keywords: Physics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    [Editors' Choice] Shaping the interaction potential (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
    Description: Author: Jelena Stajic
    Keywords: Physics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 22
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    [This Week in Science] Imaging electromagnetic waveforms (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-22
    Description: Author: Ian S. Osborne
    Keywords: Physics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 23
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    [Editors' Choice] Making sense of transport in WSe2 (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-04-08
    Description: Author: Jelena Stajic
    Keywords: Physics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    [Editors' Choice] Engineering open structures using DNA (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-03-25
    Description: Author: Marc S. Lavine
    Keywords: Chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 25
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    [Perspective] A benchmark for materials simulation (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-03-25
    Description: Density functional theory (DFT) stands out from all first-principles quantum mechanical methods for the simulation of materials, as it enables very good approximations for the complicated components of electronic motion called exchange and correlation. DFT is the method of choice for many materials simulations because of the availability of general-purpose programs that can perform calculations on any material. Results obtained with one DFT program need to be reproducible by any of the other DFT programs, and this has not been straightforward up to now. On page 10.1126/science.aad3000 of this issue, Lejaeghere et al. (1) describe an extensive effort by developers of the major solid-state DFT codes to provide a unified and reproducible benchmark of precision for their calculations based on a reliable criterion, the so-called Δ gauge. Using the Δ gauge, the authors found that the level of precision that can be achieved today in DFT calculations of elemental crystalline solids is comparable to the precision of the most advanced techniques for experimental measurement of the properties of materials. The work leads to the conclusion that the DFT simulation of elemental crystalline solids is a (computationally) solved problem, but also poses the question of whether we can achieve the same levels of validation and reproducibility for more complex simulations of materials involving several elements and/or several methods. Author: Chris-Kriton Skylaris
    Keywords: Physics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    [Perspective] Timing photoemission—Final state matters (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-01
    Description: The photoemission of electrons from atoms, molecules, and condensed matter provides the experimental basis of our understanding of electronic structure. During the process of photoemission, a sufficiently large quantum of electromagnetic radiation (a photon) is absorbed by matter and converted into an electronic excitation, promoting a bound electron into a final state above the vacuum energy Evac. In photoemission spectroscopy, the kinetic energy and momentum of electrons in such final states are analyzed after their propagation to a distant detector. To determine the electronic structure of the sample, the “sudden approximation” has to be fulfilled, whereby the photoelectron leaves the sample fast enough, without further interaction with the remaining electronic structure. On page 62 of this issue, Tao et al. (1) provide unprecedented insight into final-state dynamics by measuring the time a photoelectron takes to leave a solid material for characteristically different final states. By comparing an electron excited to a final state of a nickel solid Ψ Nif with one excited to a state of vacuum Ψ vacf, they establish that a photoelectron resides in the final state for 200 attoseconds (as) (2 × 10−16 s) before it leaves the nickel (see the figure). Such time scales would still allow for the electron to interact with its surroundings and, thus, are relevant for the validity of the sudden approximation. Authors: Uwe Bovensiepen, Manuel Ligges
    Keywords: Physics
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    [Editors' Choice] A partially protected surface state (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-24
    Description: Author: Jelena Stajic
    Keywords: Physics
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    [Book Review] The supercollider that wasn't (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-08-16
    Description: When a multibillion-dollar physics experiment is canceled, it's tempting to look for lessons that can be applied to future megascience projects. A new book on the rise and fall of the Superconducting Supercollider (SSC) by a trio of science historians takes on that challenge. And while the authors do an excellent job of describing what occurred in the decade from its inception to its demise, they stumble when trying to assign blame. Author: Jeffrey Mervis
    Keywords: Physics
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    Quantum interference and diradicals [Chemistry] (2016)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-01-27
    Description: An empirical observation of a relationship between a striking feature of electronic transmission through a π-system, destructive quantum interference (QI), on one hand, and the stability of diradicals on the other, leads to the proof of a general theorem that relates the two. Subject to a number of simplifying assumptions,...
    Keywords: Chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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    Left- or right-handed C-H bond activation (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-02-16
    Keywords: Chemistry
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    Comment on "Selective anaerobic oxidation of methane enables direct synthesis of methanol" (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-02-16
    Description: The comment and response concerning the report of oxidation of methane to methanol by water (Reports, 5 May 2017, p. 523) do not fully capture the implications of thermodynamic limitations. A nonisothermal process in which each cycle requires a large temperature swing and permits only substoichiometric methane conversion surely could not be carried out on any practical scale.
    Keywords: Chemistry
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    Response to Comment on "Selective anaerobic oxidation of methane enables direct synthesis of methanol" (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-02-16
    Description: Labinger argues that stepwise reaction of methane with water to produce methanol and hydrogen will never be commercially feasible because of its substoichiometric basis with respect to the active site and the requirement of a large temperature swing. This comment is not touching any new ground, beyond describing the thermodynamic feasibility, thermal cycling, and the role of water as discussed previously. Most important, it does not have a solid numerical basis.
    Keywords: Chemistry
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    Silicon smooths the way to vinyl cations (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2018-07-27
    Keywords: Chemistry
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Teaching an old carbocation new tricks: Intermolecular C-H insertion reactions of vinyl cations (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-07-27
    Description: Vinyl carbocations have been the subject of extensive experimental and theoretical studies over the past five decades. Despite this long history in chemistry, the utility of vinyl cations in chemical synthesis has been limited, with most reactivity studies focusing on solvolysis reactions or intramolecular processes. Here we report synthetic and mechanistic studies of vinyl cations generated through silylium–weakly coordinating anion catalysis. We find that these reactive intermediates undergo mild intermolecular carbon-carbon bond–forming reactions, including carbon-hydrogen (C–H) insertion into unactivated sp 3 C–H bonds and reductive Friedel-Crafts reactions with arenes. Moreover, we conducted computational studies of these alkane C–H functionalization reactions and discovered that they proceed through nonclassical, ambimodal transition structures. This reaction manifold provides a framework for the catalytic functionalization of hydrocarbons using simple ketone derivatives.
    Keywords: Chemistry
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    Poetic and polemic (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-08-03
    Keywords: Physics
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    Cranking up the field (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-08-03
    Keywords: Physics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Scale-invariant magnetoresistance in a cuprate superconductor (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-08-03
    Description: The anomalous metallic state in the high-temperature superconducting cuprates is masked by superconductivity near a quantum critical point. Applying high magnetic fields to suppress superconductivity has enabled detailed studies of the normal state, yet the direct effect of strong magnetic fields on the metallic state is poorly understood. We report the high-field magnetoresistance of thin-film La 2– x Sr x CuO 4 cuprate in the vicinity of the critical doping, 0.161 ≤ p ≤ 0.190. We find that the metallic state exposed by suppressing superconductivity is characterized by magnetoresistance that is linear in magnetic fields up to 80 tesla. The magnitude of the linear-in-field resistivity mirrors the magnitude and doping evolution of the well-known linear-in-temperature resistivity that has been associated with quantum criticality in high-temperature superconductors.
    Keywords: Physics
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    Time and place of electron exit (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-22
    Keywords: Physics
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Tunable quantum criticality and super-ballistic transport in a "charge" Kondo circuit (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-22
    Description: Quantum phase transitions (QPTs) are ubiquitous in strongly correlated materials. However, the microscopic complexity of these systems impedes the quantitative understanding of QPTs. We observed and thoroughly analyzed the rich strongly correlated physics in two profoundly dissimilar regimes of quantum criticality. With a circuit implementing a quantum simulator for the three-channel Kondo model, we reveal the universal scalings toward different low-temperature fixed points and along the multiple crossovers from quantum criticality. An unanticipated violation of the maximum conductance for ballistic free electrons is uncovered. The present charge pseudospin implementation of a Kondo impurity opens access to a broad variety of strongly correlated phenomena.
    Keywords: Physics
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    Orientation-dependent stereo Wigner time delay and electron localization in a small molecule (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-22
    Description: Attosecond metrology of atoms has accessed the time scale of the most fundamental processes in quantum mechanics. Transferring the time-resolved photoelectric effect from atoms to molecules considerably increases experimental and theoretical challenges. Here we show that orientation- and energy-resolved measurements characterize the molecular stereo Wigner time delay. This observable provides direct information on the localization of the excited electron wave packet within the molecular potential. Furthermore, we demonstrate that photoelectrons resulting from the dissociative ionization process of the CO molecule are preferentially emitted from the carbon end for dissociative 2 states and from the center and oxygen end for the 2 states of the molecular ion. Supported by comprehensive theoretical calculations, this work constitutes a complete spatially and temporally resolved reconstruction of the molecular photoelectric effect.
    Keywords: Physics
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    Separation of enantiomers by their enantiospecific interaction with achiral magnetic substrates (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-22
    Description: It is commonly assumed that recognition and discrimination of chirality, both in nature and in artificial systems, depend solely on spatial effects. However, recent studies have suggested that charge redistribution in chiral molecules manifests an enantiospecific preference in electron spin orientation. We therefore reasoned that the induced spin polarization may affect enantiorecognition through exchange interactions. Here we show experimentally that the interaction of chiral molecules with a perpendicularly magnetized substrate is enantiospecific. Thus, one enantiomer adsorbs preferentially when the magnetic dipole is pointing up, whereas the other adsorbs faster for the opposite alignment of the magnetization. The interaction is not controlled by the magnetic field per se, but rather by the electron spin orientations, and opens prospects for a distinct approach to enantiomeric separations.
    Keywords: Chemistry
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    Inspiration from a vitamin (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-29
    Keywords: Chemistry
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    Going beyond the first Chern number (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-29
    Keywords: Physics
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    Heterogeneous to homogeneous melting transition visualized with ultrafast electron diffraction (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-29
    Description: The ultrafast laser excitation of matters leads to nonequilibrium states with complex solid-liquid phase-transition dynamics. We used electron diffraction at mega–electron volt energies to visualize the ultrafast melting of gold on the atomic scale length. For energy densities approaching the irreversible melting regime, we first observed heterogeneous melting on time scales of 100 to 1000 picoseconds, transitioning to homogeneous melting that occurs catastrophically within 10 to 20 picoseconds at higher energy densities. We showed evidence for the heterogeneous coexistence of solid and liquid. We determined the ion and electron temperature evolution and found superheated conditions. Our results constrain the electron-ion coupling rate, determine the Debye temperature, and reveal the melting sensitivity to nucleation seeds.
    Keywords: Physics
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    Observation of the topological Anderson insulator in disordered atomic wires (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2018-11-23
    Description: Topology and disorder have a rich combined influence on quantum transport. To probe their interplay, we synthesized one-dimensional chiral symmetric wires with controllable disorder via spectroscopic Hamiltonian engineering, based on the laser-driven coupling of discrete momentum states of ultracold atoms. Measuring the bulk evolution of a topological indicator after a sudden quench, we observed the topological Anderson insulator phase, in which added disorder drives the band structure of a wire from topologically trivial to nontrivial. In addition, we observed the robustness of topologically nontrivial wires to weak disorder and measured the transition to a trivial phase in the presence of strong disorder. Atomic interactions in this quantum simulation platform may enable realizations of strongly interacting topological fluids.
    Keywords: Physics
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    Playing with particle physics (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2018-11-30
    Keywords: Physics
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    Making a practical valleytronics device (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-07
    Keywords: Physics
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    A valley valve and electron beam splitter (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-07
    Description: Developing alternative paradigms of electronics beyond silicon technology requires the exploration of fundamentally new physical mechanisms, such as the valley-specific phenomena in hexagonal two-dimensional materials. We realize ballistic valley Hall kink states in bilayer graphene and demonstrate gate-controlled current transmission in a four-kink router device. The operations of a waveguide, a valve, and a tunable electron beam splitter are demonstrated. The valley valve exploits the valley-momentum locking of the kink states and reaches an on/off ratio of 8 at zero magnetic field. A magnetic field enables a full-range tunable coherent beam splitter. These results pave a path to building a scalable, coherent quantum transportation network based on the kink states.
    Keywords: Physics
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    Observation of the geometric phase effect in the H + HD -〉 H2 + D reaction (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-14
    Description: Theory has established the importance of geometric phase (GP) effects in the adiabatic dynamics of molecular systems with a conical intersection connecting the ground- and excited-state potential energy surfaces, but direct observation of their manifestation in chemical reactions remains a major challenge. Here, we report a high-resolution crossed molecular beams study of the H + HD -〉 H 2 + D reaction at a collision energy slightly above the conical intersection. Velocity map ion imaging revealed fast angular oscillations in product quantum state–resolved differential cross sections in the forward scattering direction for H 2 products at specific rovibrational levels. The experimental results agree with adiabatic quantum dynamical calculations only when the GP effect is included.
    Keywords: Chemistry
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    Photocatalytic upgrading of natural gas (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2018-08-17
    Keywords: Chemistry
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    More to imaging than meets the eye (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2018-08-17
    Keywords: Physics
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    Radically transforming light hydrocarbons (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2018-08-17
    Keywords: Chemistry
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    Stereodivergent synthesis of 1,4-dicarbonyls by traceless charge-accelerated sulfonium rearrangement (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2018-08-17
    Description: The chemistry of the carbonyl group is essential to modern organic synthesis. The preparation of substituted, enantioenriched 1,3- or 1,5-dicarbonyls is well developed, as their disconnection naturally follows from the intrinsic polarity of the carbonyl group. By contrast, a general enantioselective access to quaternary stereocenters in acyclic 1,4-dicarbonyl systems remains an unresolved problem, despite the tremendous importance of 2,3-substituted 1,4-dicarbonyl motifs in natural products and drug scaffolds. Here we present a broad enantioselective and stereodivergent strategy to access acyclic, polysubstituted 1,4-dicarbonyls via acid-catalyzed [3,3]-sulfonium rearrangement starting from vinyl sulfoxides and ynamides. The stereochemistry at sulfur governs the absolute sense of chiral induction, whereas the double bond geometry dictates the relative configuration of the final products.
    Keywords: Chemistry
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    Four varieties of carbonyl sandwich (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2018-08-17
    Keywords: Chemistry
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  • 55
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    Selective functionalization of methane, ethane, and higher alkanes by cerium photocatalysis (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-08-17
    Description: With the recent soaring production of natural gas, the use of methane and other light hydrocarbon feedstocks as starting materials in synthetic transformations is becoming increasingly economically attractive, although it remains chemically challenging. We report the development of photocatalytic C–H amination, alkylation, and arylation of methane, ethane, and higher alkanes under visible light irradiation at ambient temperature. High catalytic efficiency (turnover numbers up to 2900 for methane and 9700 for ethane) and selectivity were achieved using abundant, inexpensive cerium salts as photocatalysts. Ligand-to-metal charge transfer excitation generated alkoxy radicals from simple alcohols that in turn acted as hydrogen atom transfer catalysts. The mixed-phase gas/liquid reaction was adapted to continuous flow, enabling the efficient use of gaseous feedstocks in scalable photocatalytic transformations.
    Keywords: Chemistry
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    Hot lithium-oxygen batteries charge ahead (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2018-08-24
    Keywords: Chemistry
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    A preference for acids (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2018-08-24
    Keywords: Chemistry
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    Cooperative quantum magnetism (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2018-08-24
    Keywords: Physics
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    18 electrons and counting (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2018-08-31
    Keywords: Chemistry
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    Directional control of a processive molecular hopper (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2018-08-31
    Description: Intrigued by the potential of nanoscale machines, scientists have long attempted to control molecular motion. We monitored the individual 0.7-nanometer steps of a single molecular hopper as it moved in an electric field along a track in a nanopore controlled by a chemical ratchet. The hopper demonstrated characteristics desired in a moving molecule: defined start and end points, processivity, no chemical fuel requirement, directional motion, and external control. The hopper was readily functionalized to carry cargos. For example, a DNA molecule could be ratcheted along the track in either direction, a prerequisite for nanopore sequencing.
    Keywords: Chemistry
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  • 61
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    Quantum entanglement of the spin and orbital angular momentum of photons using metamaterials (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2018-09-14
    Description: Metamaterials constructed from deep subwavelength building blocks have been used to demonstrate phenomena ranging from negative refractive index and -near-zero to cloaking, emulations of general relativity, and superresolution imaging. More recently, metamaterials have been suggested as a new platform for quantum optics. We present the use of a dielectric metasurface to generate entanglement between the spin and orbital angular momentum of photons. We demonstrate the generation of the four Bell states on a single photon by using the geometric phase that arises from the photonic spin-orbit interaction and subsequently show nonlocal correlations between two photons that interacted with the metasurface. Our results show that metamaterials are suitable for the generation and manipulation of entangled photon states, introducing the area of quantum optics metamaterials.
    Keywords: Physics
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  • 62
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    Quantum metasurface for multiphoton interference and state reconstruction (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2018-09-14
    Description: Metasurfaces based on resonant nanophotonic structures have enabled innovative types of flat-optics devices that often outperform the capabilities of bulk components, yet these advances remain largely unexplored for quantum applications. We show that nonclassical multiphoton interferences can be achieved at the subwavelength scale in all-dielectric metasurfaces. We simultaneously image multiple projections of quantum states with a single metasurface, enabling a robust reconstruction of amplitude, phase, coherence, and entanglement of multiphoton polarization-encoded states. One- and two-photon states are reconstructed through nonlocal photon correlation measurements with polarization-insensitive click detectors positioned after the metasurface, and the scalability to higher photon numbers is established theoretically. Our work illustrates the feasibility of ultrathin quantum metadevices for the manipulation and measurement of multiphoton quantum states, with applications in free-space quantum imaging and communications.
    Keywords: Physics
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    Unlocking P(V): Reagents for chiral phosphorothioate synthesis (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2018-09-21
    Description: Phosphorothioate nucleotides have emerged as powerful pharmacological substitutes of their native phosphodiester analogs with important translational applications in antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) therapeutics and cyclic dinucleotide (CDN) synthesis. Stereocontrolled installation of this chiral motif has long been hampered by the systemic use of phosphorus(III) [P(III)]–based reagent systems as the sole practical means of oligonucleotide assembly. A fundamentally different approach is described herein: the invention of a P(V)-based reagent platform for programmable, traceless, diastereoselective phosphorus-sulfur incorporation. The power of this reagent system is demonstrated through the robust and stereocontrolled synthesis of various nucleotidic architectures, including ASOs and CDNs, via an efficient, inexpensive, and operationally simple protocol.
    Keywords: Chemistry
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  • 64
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    Measurement of a superconducting qubit with a microwave photon counter (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2018-09-21
    Description: Fast, high-fidelity measurement is a key ingredient for quantum error correction. Conventional approaches to the measurement of superconducting qubits, involving linear amplification of a microwave probe tone followed by heterodyne detection at room temperature, do not scale well to large system sizes. We introduce an approach to measurement based on a microwave photon counter demonstrating raw single-shot measurement fidelity of 92%. Moreover, the intrinsic damping of the photon counter is used to extract the energy released by the measurement process, allowing repeated high-fidelity quantum nondemolition measurements. Our scheme provides access to the classical outcome of projective quantum measurement at the millikelvin stage and could form the basis for a scalable quantum-to-classical interface.
    Keywords: Physics
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  • 65
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    Self-assembly of lattices with high structural complexity from a geometrically simple molecule (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2018-09-21
    Description: Here we report an anomalous porous molecular crystal built of C–H···N-bonded double-layered roof-floor components and wall components of a segregatively interdigitated architecture. This complicated porous structure consists of only one type of fully aromatic multijoint molecule carrying three identical dipyridylphenyl wedges. Despite its high symmetry, this molecule accomplishes difficult tasks by using two of its three wedges for roof-floor formation and using its other wedge for wall formation. Although a C–H···N bond is extremely labile, the porous crystal maintains its porosity until thermal breakdown of the C–H···N bonds at 202°C occurs, affording a nonporous polymorph. Though this nonporous crystal survives even at 325°C, it can retrieve the parent porosity under acetonitrile vapor. These findings show how one can translate simplicity into ultrahigh complexity.
    Keywords: Chemistry
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    Making ultrafast cycles of light (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2018-09-28
    Keywords: Physics
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    Two ways out of an oxetane (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2018-09-28
    Keywords: Chemistry
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  • 68
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    Arenes and amides from a single source (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2018-09-28
    Keywords: Chemistry
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  • 69
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    Interrupted carbonyl-olefin metathesis via oxygen atom transfer (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2018-09-28
    Description: Some of the simplest and most powerful carbon-carbon bond forming strategies take advantage of readily accessible ubiquitous motifs: carbonyls and olefins. Here we report a fundamentally distinct mode of reactivity between carbonyls and olefins that differs from established acid-catalyzed carbonyl-ene, Prins, and carbonyl-olefin metathesis reaction paths. A range of epsilon, zeta-unsaturated ketones undergo Brønsted acid–catalyzed intramolecular cyclization to provide tetrahydrofluorene products via the formation of two new carbon-carbon bonds. Theoretical calculations and accompanying mechanistic studies suggest that this carbocyclization reaction proceeds through the intermediacy of a transient oxetane formed by oxygen atom transfer. The complex polycyclic frameworks in this product class appear as common substructures in organic materials, bioactive natural products, and recently developed pharmaceuticals.
    Keywords: Chemistry
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  • 70
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    Arylsulfonylacetamides as bifunctional reagents for alkene aminoarylation (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2018-09-28
    Description: Alkene aminoarylation with a single, bifunctional reagent is a concise synthetic strategy. We report a catalytic protocol for the addition of arylsulfonylacetamides across electron-rich alkenes with complete anti-Markovnikov regioselectivity and excellent diastereoselectivity to provide 2,2-diarylethylamines. In this process, single-electron alkene oxidation enables carbon-nitrogen bond formation to provide a key benzylic radical poised for a Smiles-Truce 1,5-aryl shift. This reaction is redox-neutral, exhibits broad functional group compatibility, and occurs at room temperature with loss of sulfur dioxide. As this process is driven by visible light, uses readily available starting materials, and demonstrates convergent synthesis, it is well suited for use in a variety of synthetic endeavors.
    Keywords: Chemistry
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  • 71
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    Quantum oscillations in an insulator (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2018-10-05
    Keywords: Physics
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    Activating plasmonic chemistry (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2018-10-05
    Keywords: Chemistry
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    Hot carriers reducing thermal barriers (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2018-10-05
    Keywords: Chemistry
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    Insulator or a metal? (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2018-10-05
    Keywords: Physics
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  • 75
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    Quantum oscillations of electrical resistivity in an insulator (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2018-10-05
    Description: In metals, orbital motions of conduction electrons on the Fermi surface are quantized in magnetic fields, which is manifested by quantum oscillations in electrical resistivity. This Landau quantization is generally absent in insulators. Here, we report a notable exception in an insulator—ytterbium dodecaboride (YbB 12 ). The resistivity of YbB 12 , which is of a much larger magnitude than the resistivity in metals, exhibits distinct quantum oscillations. These unconventional oscillations arise from the insulating bulk, even though the temperature dependence of the oscillation amplitude follows the conventional Fermi liquid theory of metals with a large effective mass. Quantum oscillations in the magnetic torque are also observed, albeit with a lighter effective mass.
    Keywords: Physics
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  • 76
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    Quantifying hot carrier and thermal contributions in plasmonic photocatalysis (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2018-10-05
    Description: Photocatalysis based on optically active, "plasmonic" metal nanoparticles has emerged as a promising approach to facilitate light-driven chemical conversions under far milder conditions than thermal catalysis. However, an understanding of the relation between thermal and electronic excitations has been lacking. We report the substantial light-induced reduction of the thermal activation barrier for ammonia decomposition on a plasmonic photocatalyst. We introduce the concept of a light-dependent activation barrier to account for the effect of light illumination on electronic and thermal excitations in a single unified picture. This framework provides insight into the specific role of hot carriers in plasmon-mediated photochemistry, which is critically important for designing energy-efficient plasmonic photocatalysts.
    Keywords: Chemistry
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  • 77
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    An acid inaccessible to aldol products (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2018-10-12
    Keywords: Chemistry
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    Iodine smooths the way to ketyl radicals (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2018-10-12
    Keywords: Chemistry
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  • 79
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    Magnons propagating in graphene (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2018-10-12
    Keywords: Physics
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  • 80
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    Electrical generation and detection of spin waves in a quantum Hall ferromagnet (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2018-10-12
    Description: Spin waves are collective excitations of magnetic systems. An attractive setting for studying long-lived spin-wave physics is the quantum Hall (QH) ferromagnet, which forms spontaneously in clean two-dimensional electron systems at low temperature and in a perpendicular magnetic field. We used out-of-equilibrium occupation of QH edge channels in graphene to excite and detect spin waves in magnetically ordered QH states. Our experiments provide direct evidence for long-distance spin-wave propagation through different ferromagnetic phases in the N = 0 Landau level, as well as across the insulating canted antiferromagnetic phase. Our results will enable experimental investigation of the fundamental magnetic properties of these exotic two-dimensional electron systems.
    Keywords: Physics
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  • 81
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    Ketyl radical reactivity via atom transfer catalysis (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2018-10-12
    Description: Single-electron reduction of a carbonyl to a ketyl enables access to a polarity-reversed platform of reactivity for this cornerstone functional group. However, the synthetic utility of the ketyl radical is hindered by the strong reductants necessary for its generation, which also limit its reactivity to net reductive mechanisms. We report a strategy for net redox-neutral generation and reaction of ketyl radicals. The in situ conversion of aldehydes to α-acetoxy iodides lowers their reduction potential by more than 1 volt, allowing for milder access to the corresponding ketyl radicals and an oxidative termination event. Upon subjecting these iodides to a dimanganese decacarbonyl precatalyst and visible light irradiation, an atom transfer radical addition (ATRA) mechanism affords a broad scope of vinyl iodide products with high Z -selectivity.
    Keywords: Chemistry
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  • 82
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    Confined acids catalyze asymmetric single aldolizations of acetaldehyde enolates (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2018-10-12
    Description: Reactions that form a product with the same reactive functionality as that of one of the starting compounds frequently end in oligomerization. As a salient example, selective aldol coupling of the smallest, though arguably most useful, enolizable aldehyde, acetaldehyde, with just one partner substrate has proven to be extremely challenging. Here, we report a highly enantioselective Mukaiyama aldol reaction with the simple triethylsilyl (TES) and tert -butyldimethylsilyl (TBS) enolates of acetaldehyde and various aliphatic and aromatic acceptor aldehydes. The reaction is catalyzed by recently developed, strongly acidic imidodiphosphorimidates (IDPi), which, like enzymes, display a confined active site but, like small-molecule catalysts, have a broad substrate scope. The process is scalable, fast, efficient (0.5 to 1.5 mole % catalyst loading), and greatly simplifies access to highly valuable silylated acetaldehyde aldols.
    Keywords: Chemistry
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  • 83
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    Breaking through the nitrogen ceiling (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-21
    Keywords: Chemistry
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  • 84
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    Magnetic hysteresis up to 80 kelvin in a dysprosium metallocene single-molecule magnet (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-21
    Description: Single-molecule magnets (SMMs) containing only one metal center may represent the lower size limit for molecule-based magnetic information storage materials. Their current drawback is that all SMMs require liquid-helium cooling to show magnetic memory effects. We now report a chemical strategy to access the dysprosium metallocene cation [(Cp i Pr5 )Dy(Cp*)] + (Cp i Pr5 , penta-iso-propylcyclopentadienyl; Cp *, pentamethylcyclopentadienyl), which displays magnetic hysteresis above liquid-nitrogen temperatures. An effective energy barrier to reversal of the magnetization of U eff = 1541 wave number is also measured. The magnetic blocking temperature of T B = 80 kelvin for this cation overcomes an essential barrier toward the development of nanomagnet devices that function at practical temperatures.
    Keywords: Chemistry
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  • 85
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    Misplaced faith (2015)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2015-06-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉England -- Nature. 2015 Jun 4;522(7554):6. doi: 10.1038/522006a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26040858" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Chemistry ; *Public Opinion ; Research Personnel/*ethics/standards ; Retraction of Publication as Topic ; Science/ethics/*standards ; Scientific Misconduct/*statistics & numerical data ; *Trust
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 86
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    The rapid rise of a research nation (2015)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2015-12-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zhou, Yingying -- England -- Nature. 2015 Dec 17;528(7582):S170-3. doi: 10.1038/528S170a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26673023" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biological Science Disciplines ; Chemistry ; China ; Diffusion of Innovation ; Ecology ; Economic Recession ; Humans ; International Cooperation ; Nobel Prize ; Physics ; Research/economics/manpower/standards/*statistics & numerical data ; Research Personnel/education/standards/supply & distribution ; Time Factors
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
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  • 87
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    The meaning of hydrophobicity (1990)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1990-10-12
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dill, K A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1990 Oct 12;250(4978):297-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of California, San Francisco 94143.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2218535" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Energy Transfer ; Physical Phenomena ; Physics ; *Protein Conformation ; Proteins/*chemistry ; Solutions
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  • 88
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    A base dispute (1990)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1990-08-03
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Waldrop, M M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1990 Aug 3;249(4968):472-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2382127" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; *Information Systems ; Jurisprudence ; Societies, Scientific ; United States
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 89
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    Clathrate hydrate formation in amorphous cometary ice analogs in vacuo (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991-10-25
    Description: The presence of clathrate hydrates in cometary ice has been suggested to account for anomalous gas release at large radial distances from the sun as well as the retention of volatiles in comets to elevated temperatures. However, how clathrate hydrates can form in low-pressure environments, such as in cold interstellar molecular clouds, in the outer reaches of the early solar nebula, or in cometary ices, has been poorly understood. Experiments performed with the use of a modified electron microscope demonstrate that during the warming of vapor-deposited amorphous ices in vacuo, clathrate hydrates can form by rearrangements in the solid state. Phase separations and microporous textures that are the result of these rearrangements may account for a variety of anomalous cometary phenomena.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Blake, D -- Allamandola, L -- Sandford, S -- Hudgins, D -- Freund, F -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Oct 25;254:548-51.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Planetary Biology Branch, Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11538372" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Crystallography ; Earth (Planet) ; Hydrocarbons/chemistry ; Ice/*analysis ; *Meteoroids ; Microscopy, Electron ; *Solar System
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 90
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    Superconducting Super Collider. Senate issues a stay of execution (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-08-07
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hamilton, D P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Aug 7;257(5071):737.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1496387" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Government Agencies ; Physical Phenomena ; Physics ; Politics ; *Research Support as Topic ; United States
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 91
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    Direct measurement of forces between linear polysaccharides xanthan and schizophyllan (1990)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1990-09-14
    Description: Direct osmotic stress measurements have been made of forces between helices of xanthan, an industrially important charged polysaccharide. Exponentially decaying hydration forces, much like those already measured between lipid bilayer membranes or DNA double helices, dominate the interactions at close separation. Interactions between uncharged schizophyllans also show the same kind of hydration force seen between xanthans. In addition to the practical possibilities for modifying solution and suspension properties through recognition and control of molecular forces, there is now finally the opportunity for theorists to relate macroscopic properties of a polymer solution to the microscopic properties that underlie them.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rau, D C -- Parsegian, V A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1990 Sep 14;249(4974):1278-81.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Biochemistry and Metabolism, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institues of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2144663" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Carbohydrate Sequence ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Gels ; *Glycosaminoglycans ; Macromolecular Substances ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Osmosis ; *Polysaccharides, Bacterial ; *Sizofiran ; Solutions ; Viscosity
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 92
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    Common features of protein unfolding and dissolution of hydrophobic compounds (1990)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1990-02-02
    Description: Protein unfolding and the dissolution of hydrophobic compounds (including solids, liquids, and gases) in water are characterized by a linear relation between entropy change and heat capacity change. The same slope is found for various classes of compounds, whereas the intercept depends on the particular class. The feature common to these processes is exposure of hydrophobic groups to water. These observations make possible the assignment of the heat capacity change to hydrophobic solvation and lead to the description of protein stability in terms of a hydrophobic and a nonhydrophobic contribution. A general representation of protein stability is given by the heat capacity change and the temperature.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Murphy, K P -- Privalov, P L -- Gill, S J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1990 Feb 2;247(4942):559-61.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder 80309.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2300815" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; *Protein Denaturation ; *Proteins ; Thermodynamics
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 93
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    Interparticle collisions driven by ultrasound (1990)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1990-03-02
    Description: Ultrasound has become an important synthetic tool in liquid-solid chemical reactions, but the origins of the observed enhancements remained unknown. The effects of high-intensity ultrasound on solid-liquid slurries were examined. Turbulent flow and shock waves produced by acoustic cavitation were found to drive metal particles together at sufficiently high velocities to induce melting upon collision. A series of transition-metal powders were used to probe the maximum temperatures and speeds reached during such interparticle collisions. Metal particles that were irradiated in hydrocarbon liquids with ultrasound underwent collisions at roughly half the speed of sound and generated localized effective temperatures between 2600 degrees C and 3400 degrees C at the point of impact for particles with an average diameter of approximately 10 microns.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Doktycz, S J -- Suslick, K S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1990 Mar 2;247(4946):1067-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Chemical Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2309118" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; *Metals ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Microspheres ; *Ultrasonics
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 94
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    Changes in mean concentration, phase shifts, and dissipation in a forced oscillatory reaction (1990)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1990-01-12
    Description: Experiments are presented that confirm earlier predictions that the mode of supply of reactants to a nonlinear (bio)chemical reaction determines or controls concentrations at steady states far from equilibrium. The oxidation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) catalyzed by the enzyme horseradish peroxidase with continuous input of oxygen was studied; NAD+ is continuously recycled to NADH through a glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase system. A comparison of steady-state concentrations is made with an oscillatory oxygen input and a constant input at the same average oxygen input for both modes. By varying the frequency and amplitude of the perturbation (O2 influx), the following may be changed: the average concentration of NADH; the Gibbs free energy difference delta G of the reactants and products at steady state; the average rate of the reaction; the phase relation between the oscillatory rate and delta G; and the dissipation. These results confirm the possibility of an "alternating current chemistry," of control and optimization of thermodynamic efficiency and dissipation by means of external variation of constraints in classes of nonlinear reactions and biological pumps, and of improvements of the yield in such reactions (heterogeneous catalysis, for example).〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lazar, J G -- Ross, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1990 Jan 12;247(4939):189-92.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, CA 94305.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2294601" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenosine Triphosphate/metabolism ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase/*metabolism ; Horseradish Peroxidase/*metabolism ; Kinetics ; NAD/*metabolism ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Oxygen/metabolism ; Peroxidases/*metabolism ; Thermodynamics
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 95
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    An antibody binding site on cytochrome c defined by hydrogen exchange and two-dimensional NMR (1990)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1990-08-17
    Description: The interaction of a protein antigen, horse cytochrome c (cyt c), with a monoclonal antibody has been studied by hydrogen-deuterium (H-D) exchange labeling and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (2D NMR) methods. The H-exchange rate of residues in three discontiguous regions of the cyt c polypeptide backbone was slowed by factors up to 340-fold in the antibody-antigen complex compared with free cyt c. The protected residues, 36 to 38, 59, 60, 64 to 67, 100, and 101, and their hydrogen-bond acceptors, are brought together in the three-dimensional structure to form a contiguous, largely exposed protein surface with an area of about 750 square angstroms. The interaction site determined in this way is consistent with prior epitope mapping studies and includes several residues that were not previously identified. The hydrogen exchange labeling approach can be used to map binding sites on small proteins in antibody-antigen complexes and may be applicable to protein-protein and protein-ligand interactions in general.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3432411/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3432411/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Paterson, Y -- Englander, S W -- Roder, H -- GM 31847/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM 35926/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM031847/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- S07-RR-05415-28/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1990 Aug 17;249(4970):755-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1697101" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology/metabolism ; Antigen-Antibody Complex ; *Binding Sites, Antibody ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Cytochrome c Group/*immunology ; Deuterium ; Epitopes/immunology ; Hydrogen/*metabolism ; Hydrogen Bonding ; Kinetics ; *Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ; Molecular Structure ; Protein Conformation
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 96
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    Manifest destiny at the Scripps Research Institute (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1991-07-12
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Baskin, Y -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Jul 12;253(5016):140-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1853198" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Academies and Institutes ; Biology ; California ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Research Support as Topic
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  • 97
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    Studies of unusual simple molecules by neutralization-reionization mass spectrometry (1990)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1990-02-23
    Description: Reactive or unstable molecules are key intermediates in many important reactions, but can be difficult to prepare for experimental studies. Species with missing (:CH-OH) or extra (H3) substituents can often be formed conveniently in the gas phase by neutralizing a beam of a more stable ionic counterpart (CH = O+H, H3+). Reionization of the neutral after approximately 10(-6) seconds tests its stability, whereas its unimolecular chemistry can be probed by preparing it with different amounts of internal energy. The resulting neutral products are reionized and mass analyzed. Isomers are then characterized by ion dissociation and a third mass-analysis step. Many unusual molecules have been characterized with this technique, which can also be used to probe complex unimolecular chemistry, such as that of cyclobutadiene and ethylene oxide.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉McLafferty, F W -- GM-16609/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1990 Feb 23;247(4945):925-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Cornell University, Baker Laboratory, Ithaca, NY 14853-1301.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2305261" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Butadienes ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Ethylene Oxide ; Free Radicals ; Hydrocarbons ; *Ions ; *Mass Spectrometry ; Methane/analogs & derivatives ; Molecular Structure ; Thermodynamics
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  • 98
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    Inhibition of FKBP rotamase activity by immunosuppressant FK506: twisted amide surrogate (1990)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1990-05-18
    Description: The immunosuppressive agents cyclosporin A and FK506 inhibit the transcription of early T cell activation genes. The binding proteins for cyclosporin A and FK506, cyclophilin and FKBP, respectively, are peptidyl-prolyl-cis-trans isomerases, or rotamases. One proposed mechanism for rotamase catalysis by cyclophilin involves a tetrahedral adduct of an amide carbonyl and an enzyme-bound nucleophile. The potent FKBP rotamase inhibitor FK506 has a highly electrophilic carbonyl that is adjacent to an acyl-pipicolinyl (homoprolyl) amide bond. Such a functional group would be expected to form a stabilized, enzyme-bound tetrahedral adduct. Spectroscopic and chemical evidence reveals that the drug interacts noncovalently with its receptor, suggesting that the alpha-keto amid of FK506 serves as a surrogate for the twisted amide of a bound peptide substrate.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rosen, M K -- Standaert, R F -- Galat, A -- Nakatsuka, M -- Schreiber, S L -- GM-38627/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1990 May 18;248(4957):863-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1693013" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Isomerases/*antagonists & inhibitors ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/metabolism/*pharmacology ; Binding Sites ; Carrier Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Cloning, Molecular ; Cyclosporins/metabolism/pharmacology ; Escherichia coli/genetics ; Gene Expression ; *Immunosuppressive Agents ; Lymphocyte Activation ; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ; Molecular Structure ; Peptidylprolyl Isomerase ; Recombinant Proteins ; T-Lymphocytes/immunology ; Tacrolimus
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 99
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    At the crossroads of chemistry and immunology: catalytic antibodies (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991-05-03
    Description: Immunochemistry has historically focused on the nature of antigenicity and antibody-antigen recognition. However, in the last 5 years, the field of immunochemistry has taken a new direction. With the aid of mechanistic and synthetic chemistry, the vast network of molecules and cells of the immune system has been tapped to produce antibodies with a new function--catalytic antibodies. Because antibodies can be generated that selectively bind almost any molecule of interest, this new technology offers the potential to tailor-make highly selective catalysts for applications in biology, chemistry, and medicine. In addition, catalytic antibodies provide fundamental insight into important aspects of biological catalysis, including the importance of transition-state stabilization, proximity effects, general acid and base catalysts, electrophilic and nucleophilic catalysis, and strain.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lerner, R A -- Benkovic, S J -- Schultz, P G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 May 3;252(5006):659-67.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2024118" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Antibodies/chemistry/immunology/metabolism ; Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology/metabolism ; Antibody Specificity ; Antigens/chemistry/immunology/metabolism ; Binding Sites, Antibody ; *Catalysis ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Haptens ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Hydrolysis ; Metals ; Molecular Conformation ; Recombinant Proteins ; Thermodynamics ; Zinc
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 100
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    Science, citation, and funding (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991-03-22
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Mar 22;251(5000):1408-10.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2006414" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Astronomical Phenomena ; Astronomy ; Physical Phenomena ; Physics ; Publishing/*trends ; Research Support as Topic ; Science/*methods ; Sociology
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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