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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of intelligent manufacturing 8 (1997), S. 191-201 
    ISSN: 1572-8145
    Keywords: Neural networks ; microelectromechanical systems ; automation ; pattern recognition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Visual recognition of microelectromechanical parts is necessary for automation of the assembly process. The visual recognition system that we have developed is based partly on neural networks and partly on digital image-processing techniques. The system takes grey-level microscope images and produces recognition code as the output as well as information about micropart position. The recognition procedure is not sensitive to micropart position. This is ensured by preprocessing based on calculation of the image moment properties. For the recognition, a supervised feedforward neural network is utilized. A combination of standard backpropagation and resilient propagation is chosen for learning the network. The performance of the system is tested on recognition of the parts of a microvalve system. The results are satisfactory with respect to recognition accuracy and recognition time.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1572-8145
    Keywords: Neural networks ; quality engineering ; sensor integration ; machine learning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Artificial neural networks have been shown to have a lot of potential as a means of integrating multi-sensor signals for real-time monitoring of machining processes. However, many questions still remain to be answered on how to optimize the training parameters during the training phase to optimize their subsequent performance, especially in view of the fact that the few published articles have made conflicting recommendations. This paper presents a systematic evaluation of the individual effects of training parameters — learning rate, momentum rate, number of hidden layer nodes, transfer function and learning rule-on the performance of back-propagation networks used for predicting quality characteristics of end-milled parts. Multi-sensor signatures (acoustic emission, spindle vibration, cutting force components and machining time) acquired during circular end-milling of 4140 steel and the corresponding measured quality characteristics (surface roughness and bore tolerance) were used to train the networks. The network is part of a proposed intelligent machining monitoring and diagnostic system for quality assurance of machined parts. The network performances were evaluated using four different criteria: maximum error, rms error, mean error and number of training cycles. One of the results obtained shows that the hyperbolic tangent transfer function gives a better performance than the sigmoid and sine functions respectively. Optimum combinations of training parameters have been observed. The effects of various combinations of training parameters are presented.
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  • 3
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    Journal of intelligent manufacturing 8 (1997), S. 157-165 
    ISSN: 1572-8145
    Keywords: Neural networks ; engineering applications
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract This paper overviews the myths and misconceptions that have surrounded neural networks in recent years. Focusing on backpropagation and the Hopfield network, we discuss the problems that have plagued practical application of these techniques, and review some of the recent progress made. Both real and perceived inadequacies of backpropagation are discussed, as well as the need for an understanding of statistics and of the problem domain in order to apply and assess the neural network properly. We consider alternatives or variants to backpropagation, which overcome some of its real limitations. The Hopfield network's poor performance on the traveling salesman problem in combinatorial optimization has colored its reception by engineers; we describe both new research in this area and promising results in other practical optimization applications. Overall, it is hoped, this paper will aid in a more balanced understanding of neural networks. They seem worthy of consideration in many applications, but they do not deserve the status of a panacea – nor are they as fraught with problems as would now seem to be implied.
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  • 4
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    Journal of intelligent manufacturing 8 (1997), S. 215-226 
    ISSN: 1572-8145
    Keywords: Neural networks ; tool wear monitoring ; flexible manufacturing systems
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract An on-line scheme for tool wear monitoring using artificial neural networks (ANNs) has been proposed. Cutting velocity, feed, cutting force and machining time are given as inputs to the ANN, and the flank wear is estimated using the ANN. Different ANN structures are designed and investigated to estimate the tool wear accurately. An existing analytical model is used to obtain the data for various cutting conditions in order to eliminate the huge cost and time associated with generation of training and evaluation data. Motivated by the fact that the tool wear at a given instance of time depends on the tool wear value at a previous instance of time, memory is included in the ANN. ANNs without memory, with one-phase memory, and with two-phase memory are investigated in this study. The effect of various training parameters, such as learning coefficient, momentum, temperature, and number of hidden neurons, on these architectures is studied. The findings and experience obtained should facilitate the design and implementation of reliable and economical real-time systems for tool wear monitoring and identification in intelligent manufacturing.
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  • 5
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    Journal of intelligent manufacturing 9 (1998), S. 209-224 
    ISSN: 1572-8145
    Keywords: Neural networks ; statistical process control ; quality control charts
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract This paper aims to take stock of the recent research literature on application of Neural Networks (NNs) to the analysis of Shewhart's traditional Statistical Process Control (SPC) charts. First appearing in the late 1980s, most of the literature claims success, great or small, in applying NNs for SPC (NNSPC). These efforts are viewed in this paper as useful steps towards automatic on-line SPC for continuous improvement of quality and for real-time manufacturing process control. A standard NN approach that can parallel the universality of the traditional Shewhart charts has not yet been developed or adopted, although knowledge in this area is rapidly increasing. This paper attempts to provide a practical insight into the issues involved in application of NNs to SPC with the hope of advancing the use of NN techniques and facilitating their adoption as a new and useful aspect of SPC. First, a brief review of control chart analysis prior to the introduction of NN technology is presented. This is followed by an examination and classification of the NNSPC existing literature. Next, an extensive discussion of implementation issues with reference to significant research papers is presented. Finally, after summarising the survey, a set of general guidelines for future applications of NNs to SPC is outlined.
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  • 6
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    Neural computing & applications 5 (1997), S. 99-105 
    ISSN: 1433-3058
    Keywords: Neural networks ; Taxonomic expertise ; Committee classification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract It has been established that committee classifiers, in which the outputs of different, individual network classifiers are combined in various ways, can produce better accuracy than the best individual in the committee. We describe results showing that these advantages are obtained when neural networks are applied to a taxonomic problem in marine science: the classification of images of marine phytoplankton. Significant benefits were found when individual networks, trained on different classes of input, having comparable individual performances, were combined. Combining networks of very different accuracy did not improve performance when measured against the best single network, but nor was it reduced. An alternative architecture, which we term a collective machine, in which the different data types are combined in a single network, was found to have significantly better accuracy than the committee machine architectures. The performance gains and resilience to non-discriminatory types of data suggest the techniques have great utility in the development of general purpose, network classifiers.
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  • 7
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    The international journal of advanced manufacturing technology 10 (1995), S. 269-276 
    ISSN: 1433-3015
    Keywords: Backpropagation ; Neural networks ; Tolerance allocation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The purpose of tolerance allocation is to find a combination of tolerances to individual components such that the assembly tolerance constraint is met with minimum production cost. There are several methods available to allocate or apportion the assembly tolerance to individual parts. Some of the most common methods use linear programming, Lagrange multipliers, exhaustive search and statistical distributions. However, all the methods have some limitations. Moreover, most of these methods cannot account for the frequently observed mean shift phenomena that occur owing to tool wear, chatter, bad coolant, etc. This paper presents a neural networks-based approach for the tolerance allocation problem considering machines' capabilities, and mean shifts. The network is trained using the backpropagation learning method and used to predict individual part tolerances.
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  • 8
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    The international journal of advanced manufacturing technology 12 (1996), S. 153-164 
    ISSN: 1433-3015
    Keywords: Adaptive learning ; Force signal ; Fuzzy associative memory ; Milling ; Neural networks
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract This paper describes a new approach, the fuzzy-nets system, for monitoring tool breakage in end-milling operations. The fuzzy-nets tool-breakage detection (FNTBD) system has a self-learning capability to generate rule bases and to fine tune the term sets of each linguistic variable to the appropriate level of granularity. A self-learning algorithm for developing the FNTBD system consists of five steps: 1. Divide the input space into fuzzy regions. 2. Generate fuzzy rules from given data pairs through experimentation. 3. Avoid conflicting rules based on top-down or bottom-up methodologies. 4. Develop a combined fuzzy rule base. 5. Determine a mapping system based on the fuzzy rule base. Learning is accomplished by fine-tuning the parameters in the fuzzy-nets system within the on-line learning capability. Following establishment of the rule base, the performance of the FNTBD system is examined for an end-milling operation. It was observed and verified experimentally that this new FNTBD approach can successfully detect tool breakage in end-milling operations.
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  • 9
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    The international journal of advanced manufacturing technology 13 (1997), S. 649-657 
    ISSN: 1433-3015
    Keywords: Group technology ; Neural networks ; Part family formation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Most of the part family formation methods are concerned with “how to form” the families as opposed to “how to identify” the families. However, a more appropriate approach would be to identify “naturally occurring” families since these methods are based on the production flow analysis, which uses already implemented routing data. This paper presents a new approach using the memory association of neural networks to identify naturally existing families. The developed system, Feature-Based Memory Association Network (FBMAN), operates by the exhaustive association approach which deals with the difficult problem of exceptional parts. Comparison with the results generated by other methods proves the effectiveness of FBMAN.
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  • 10
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    The international journal of advanced manufacturing technology 13 (1997), S. 666-675 
    ISSN: 1433-3015
    Keywords: Experimental designs ; Multiple responses problems ; Neural networks ; Optimisation ; Taguchi methods ; Welding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract This paper describes an integrated methodology using experimental designs and neural networks technologies for solving multiple response problems. This new methodology consists of an experiment reference template for designing and collecting training data samples and a parallel distributed computational adaptive neural network system to provide a powerful tool for data modelling, guiding experimentation and empirical investigations. While the experiment reference template is for determining the measurements to adopt in order to extract maximum information within minimum experimental efforts, the adaptive neural network provides a nonlinear multivariate data-fitting algorithm for analysing the results of the experimental design and providing decision support. This integrated methodology is used to model and optimise a multiple response metal inert gas (MIG) welding process. The neural network is trained with optimum welding experimental data, tested and compared in an actual welding environment in terms of weld quality. The relevant data is established using experimental design methods and is highlighted in the case study. The implementation for this case study was carried out using a “semi-automatic” welding facility, to mass weld a 20 in.×0.438 in. pin/box onto a 20 in.×0.5 in.×37 ft pipe (tubular drilling products), in an actual workshop which makes oilfield equipment. The entire range of welding combination that the process might be subject to during actual welding operations is included to study the weld quality.
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  • 11
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    The international journal of advanced manufacturing technology 14 (1998), S. 412-422 
    ISSN: 1433-3015
    Keywords: Fourier transform ; Machine vision ; Neural networks ; Surface roughness
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract In this study we use machine vision to assess surface roughness of machined parts produced by the shaping and milling processes. Machine vision allows for the assessment of surface roughness without touching or scratching the surface, and provides the flexibility for inspecting parts without fixing them in a precise position. The quantitative measures of surface roughness are extracted in the spatial frequency domain using a two-dimensional Fourier transform. Two artificial neural networks, which take roughness features as the input, are developed to determine the surface roughness. The first network is for test parts placed in a fixed orientation, which minimises the deviation of roughness measures. The second network is for test parts placed in random orientations, which gives maximum flexibility for inspection tasks. Experimental results have shown that the proposed roughness features and neural networks are efficient and effective for automated classification of surface roughness.
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  • 12
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    Neural computing & applications 3 (1995), S. 73-77 
    ISSN: 1433-3058
    Keywords: Backpropagation ; Classification ; Decision support ; Neural networks ; Thyroid disease
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Backpropagation neural networks have been applied to prediction and classification problems in many real world situations. However, a drawback of this type of neural network is that it requires a full set of input data, and real world data is seldom complete. We have investigated two ways of dealing with incomplete data — network reduction using multiple neural network classifiers, and value substitution using estimated values from predictor networks — and compared their performance with an induction method. On a thyroid disease database collected in a clinical situation, we found that the network reduction method was superior. We conclude that network reduction can be a useful method for dealing with missing values in diagnostic systems based on backpropagation neural networks.
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  • 13
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    Neural computing & applications 4 (1996), S. 27-34 
    ISSN: 1433-3058
    Keywords: Fuzzy logic ; Genetic algorithms ; Knowledge acquisition ; Learning ; Neural networks ; Optimisation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents an automated knowledge acquisition architecture for the truck docking problem. The architecture consists of a neural network block, a fuzzy rule generation block and a genetic optimisation block. The neural network block is used to quickly and adaptively learn from trials the driving knowledge. The fuzzy rule generation block then extracts the driving knowledge to form a knowledge rule base. The driving knowledge rule base is further optimised in the genetic optimisation block using a genetic algorithm. Computer simulations are presented to show the effectiveness of the architecture.
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  • 14
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    Neural computing & applications 5 (1997), S. 33-44 
    ISSN: 1433-3058
    Keywords: Inverted pendulum problem ; Reinforcement learning ; Learning control ; Nonlinear control ; Neural networks ; Neuro-resistive grid method ; Value map
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract A new neural network approach is described for the task of pole-balancing, considered a benchmark learning control problem. This approach combines Barto, Sutton and Anderson's [1] Associative Search Element (ASE) with a Neuro-Resistive Grid (NRG) [2] acting as Adaptive Critic Element (ACE). The novel feature in NRG is that it provides evaluation of a state based on propagation of the failure information to the neighbours in the grid. NRG is updated only on a failure, and provides ASE with a continuous internal reinforcement signal by comparing the value of the present state to the previous state. The resulting system learns more rapidly and with fewer computations than that of Barto et al.[1]. To establish a uniform basis of comparison of algorithms for pole balancing, both the systems are simulated using benchmark parameters and tests specified in Geva and Sitte [3].
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  • 15
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    Neural computing & applications 5 (1997), S. 106-123 
    ISSN: 1433-3058
    Keywords: Image reconstruction ; Neural networks ; Ultrasonic tomography ; Polymer composites
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract A neural network system has been developed which can reconstruct images of defects within fibre reinforced polymer composite samples. This paper discusses the problems associated with the image reconstruction of the ultrasonic data using neural networks, together with various methods adopted to improve the performance of the neural network system, including a modification to the error backpropagation algorithm.
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  • 16
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    Neural computing & applications 5 (1997), S. 160-183 
    ISSN: 1433-3058
    Keywords: Fault detection ; Gearbox vibration ; Machinery diagnostics ; Neural networks ; Pattern recognition ; Pre-processing algorithms
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Classical signal processing techniques when combined with pattern classification analysis can provide an automated fault detection procedure for machinery diagnostics. Artificial neural networks have recently been established as a powerful method of pattern recognition. The neural networkbased fault detection approach usually requires preprocessing algorithms which enhance the fault features, reducing their number at the same time. Various timeinvariant and timevariant signal preprocessing algorithms are studied here. These include spectral analysis, time domain averaging, envelope detection, Wigner-Ville distributions and wavelet transforms. A neural network pattern classifier with preprocessing algorithms is applied to experimental data in the form of vibration records taken from a controlled tooth fault in a pair of meshing spur gears. The results show that faults can be detected and classified without errors.
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  • 17
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    Neural computing & applications 6 (1997), S. 79-90 
    ISSN: 1433-3058
    Keywords: Computer vision ; Neural networks ; Object classification ; On-line training ; Pattern recognition ; Self-organisation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract A self-organising neural network architecture for grey-scale visual object rcognition is presented. The network is composed of three processing layers with an architecture designed to give deformation tolerance. The processing layers involve feature extraction, sub-pattern detection and classification. Training is generally performed on-line in an unsupervised manner, classes being created when objects are presented that cannot be classified. The results given show the effect of the two discrimination parameters when the network is applied to two very different sets of images, namely hand written numerals and hand gestures images. The sensitivity of the network to the parameters that govern the size of detectable patterns and the areas over which they are detected is also tested. The robustness of the network to the order of image presentation is also demonstrated. The results show that parameter choice is not critical and heuristically chosen parameters provide near optimum performance.
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  • 18
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    Neural computing & applications 7 (1998), S. 367-375 
    ISSN: 1433-3058
    Keywords: Breast cancer ; Censoring ; Cox regression ; Neural networks ; Prognosis ; Survival
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Estimating the risk of relapse for breast cancer patients is necessary, since it affects the choice of treatment. This problem involves analysing data of times to relapse of patients and relating them to prognostic variables. Some of the times to relapse will usually be censored.We investigate various ways of using neural network models to extend traditional statistical models in this situation. Such models are better able to model both non-linear effects of prognostic factors and interactions between them, than linear logistic or Cox regression models. With the dataset used in our study, however, the prediction of the risk of relapse is not significantly improved when using a neural network model. Predicting the risk that a patient will relapse within three years, say, is possible from this data, but not when any relapse will happen.
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  • 19
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    Neural computing & applications 4 (1996), S. 143-148 
    ISSN: 1433-3058
    Keywords: Event-knowledge ; Forecasting ; Neural networks ; Selective presentation learning ; Stockprice prediction ; Stopping criterion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract This paper proposes a selective presentation learning technique for improving the learnability and predictability of large changes by back-propagation neural networks. Daily stock prices are predicted as a complicated real-world problem, taking non-numerical factors such as political and international events into account. Training data corresponding to large changes of prediction-target time series are presented more often, and network learning is stopped at the point that has the maximal profit. When this technique is applied to daily stock-price prediction, the prediction error on large-change data was reduced by 11%, and the network's ability to make profits through experimental stock-trading was improved by 67% to 81%, in comparison with results obtained using conventional learning techniques.
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  • 20
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    Neural computing & applications 4 (1996), S. 168-174 
    ISSN: 1433-3058
    Keywords: Backpropagation ; EGARCH-M ; Elman ; Exchange rates ; Neural networks
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract This paper investigates the problem of predicting daily returns based on five Canadian exchange rates using artificial neural networks and EGARCH-M models. First, the statistical properties of five daily exchange rate series (US Dollar, German Mark, French Franc, Japanese Yen and British Pound) are analysed. EGARCH-M models on the Generalised Error Distribution (GED) are fitted to the return series, and serve as comparison standards, along with random walk models. Second, backpropagation networks (BPN) using lagged returns as inputs are trained and tested. Estimated volatilities from the EGARCH-M models are used also as inputs to see if performance is affected. The question of spillovers in interrelated markets is investigated with networks of multiple inputs and outputs. In addition, Elman-type recurrent networks are also trained and tested. Comparison of the various methods suggests that, despite their simplicity, neural networks are similar to the EGARCH-M class of nonlinear models, but superior to random walk models, in terms of insample fit and out-of-sample prediction performance.
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  • 21
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    Neural computing & applications 4 (1996), S. 237-253 
    ISSN: 1433-3058
    Keywords: Cascade correlation ; Dairy breeding ; Neural networks ; Linear regression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The paper recounts the investigation of a dairy sire prediction capability based on Cascade Correlation neural networks to study influences relating the performance of offspring to their parents. The context of the problem is the artificial insemination breeding program for the Australian dairy industry. The networks are used to screen observed information in the database to relate it to best combinations of dam and sire. The voluminous data is quite noisy and is subject to genetic and environmental influences. The intention is to extract linear and nonlinear relationships from among the input variables without specifying their form. A number of scenarios are employed which recast the data into different forms. In particular, it was discovered that the problem could be restructured and the data supplemented with transformed data to produce succinct input patterns of manageable dimensionality, which allowed for a substantially improved predictive capability. It was then found that reasonable daughter predictions could be obtained of about 10%, as measured by her milk production. Results are compared with those obtained using two alternate neural network methods. Crude statistical methods are employed to evaluate the performance of the neural networks.
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  • 22
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    Neural computing & applications 6 (1997), S. 148-157 
    ISSN: 1433-3058
    Keywords: Bayesan interpretation ; Classification ; Neural networks ; Thermal Non-destructive evaluation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract A methodological study on the use of neural networks for defect characterisation by means of a thermal method is presented. Neural networks are used here as defect classifiers, based on the infrared emission of the target object after heating. In this kind of application, there is a high degree of uncertainty in defect class boundaries due to several factors, such as the noise in the measurement, the uneven heating of the target object and the anisotropies in its thermal conductivity. For this reason, the classical ‘1 of N’ coding scheme during training did not provide satisfactory results. Much better results have instead been obtained using a smoother activation function for the output units during training. The non-destructive evaluation of material using neural networks proved extremely satisfactory, especially when compared to the classical procedures of thermographic analysis.
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  • 23
    ISSN: 1433-3058
    Keywords: High risk pregnancy ; Logistic regression ; Neural networks ; Pre-term delivery ; Receiver Operating Characteristic curve
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The aim of this study was to produce models for the prediction of high risk pregnancies, with particular emphasis on pre-term delivery. Neural network and logistic regression models have been developed utilising pregnancy and delivery data spanning a period of seven years. Five input factors were used as explanatory variables: age, number of previous still births, gestational age at first clinical assessment, diabetes and a measure of socio-economic status. There was little difference between average model performance for the two techniques: optimal neural network performance was achieved with a fully connected feed forward network comprising a single hidden layer of three nodes and single output node. This produced a Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve area of 0.700. The ROC area for logistic regression models was 0.695. The performance of these models reflected weak associations within the data. However, performance is encouraging given the relatively limited number of predictive inputs.
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    Neural computing & applications 7 (1998), S. 65-70 
    ISSN: 1433-3058
    Keywords: Data visualisation ; Decision support ; Fracture ; Neural networks ; Osteoporosis ; Self-organising maps
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The clinical process often involves comparisons of how one set of measurements is related to previous, similar, data and the use of this information to take decisions concerning possible courses of action, often with insufficient data to make meaningful calculations of probabilities. Self-organising maps are useful devices for data visualisation. To illustrate how visualisation with self-organising maps might be used in the clinical process, this paper describes the investigation of an osteoporosis data set using this technique. The data set had previously been used to show that backpropagation neural networks were capable of distinguishing between patients who had suffered a fracture, and those who had not using measured bone mineral density values; illustrating the power of these networks to model relationships in data. However, we had realised that this was somewhat of an academic exercise given that in reality a non-fracture case might be a fracture case waiting to happen. We felt it would be more productive to examine the data itself rather than model an imposed classification. As part of this investigation, the data set was examined using self-organising maps. From the results of the investigation, we conclude that it is possible to create a map, a compressed data representation, using BMD values which may then be partitioned into low and high fracture risk areas. Using such a map may be a useful screening mechanism for detecting people at risk of osteoporotic fracture.
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    Neural computing & applications 4 (1996), S. 10-20 
    ISSN: 1433-3058
    Keywords: Constructive algorithms ; Multi-outputlayer perceptrons ; Neural networks
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract This paper investigates the possibility of improving the classification capability of single-layer and multilayer perceptrons by incorporating additional output layers. This Multi-Output-Layer Perceptron (MOLP) is a new type of constructive network, though the emphasis is on improving pattern separability rather than network efficiency. The MOLP is trained using the standard back-propagation (BP) algorithm. The studies are concentrated on realizations of arbitrary functions which map from an x-dimensional input MOLP, all problems existing in an original n-dimensional space in the hidden layer are transformed to a higher (n +1)-dimensional space, so that the possibility of linear separability is increased. Experimental investigations show that the classification ability of the MOLP is superior to that of an equivalent MLP. In general, this performance increase can be achieved with shorter training times and simpler network architectures.
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    Neural computing & applications 4 (1996), S. 64-71 
    ISSN: 1433-3058
    Keywords: Neural networks ; Vector quantizers ; Fast discrete cosine transform ; Adaptation algorithm ; Loosely coupled architecture ; Parallel processing
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    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The process of reconstructing an original image from a compressed one is a difficult problem, since a large number of original images lead to the same compressed image and solutions to the inverse problem cannot be uniquely determined. Vector quantization is a compression technique that maps an input set of k-dimensional vectors into an output set of k-dimensional vectors, such that the selected output vector is closest to the input vector according to a selected distortion measure. In this paper, we show that adaptive 2D vector quantization of a fast discrete cosine transform of images using Kohonen neural networks outperforms other Kohonen vector quantizers in terms of quality (i.e. less distortion). A parallel implementation of the quantizer on a network of SUN Sparcstations is also presented.
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    Neural computing & applications 5 (1997), S. 2-13 
    ISSN: 1433-3058
    Keywords: Global optimisation ; Clustering ; Unsupervised learning ; Neural networks ; Random optimisation ; EEG processing
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    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The utilisation of clustering algorithms based on the optimisation of prototypes in neural networks is demonstrated for unsupervised learning. Stimulated by common clustering methods of this type (learning vector quantisation [LVQ, GLVQ] and K-means) a globally operating algorithm was developed to cope with known shortcomings of existing tools. This algorithm and K-means (for the common methods) were applied to the problem of clustering EEG patterns being pre-processed. It can be shown that the algorithm based on global random optimisation may find an optimal solution repeatedly, whereas K-means provides different sub-optimal solutions with respect to the quality measure defined as objective function. The results are presented. The performance of the algorithms is discussed.
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    Neural computing & applications 5 (1997), S. 215-223 
    ISSN: 1433-3058
    Keywords: Neural networks ; Cognitive modelling ; Language disorders ; Multi-network architectures ; Simulation of change ; Self-organisation ; LISA ; Complex systems
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    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract This paper describes a novel approach to the simulation of language disorders, based upon the notion of a multi-network architecture —a set of autonomous neural networks which have been linked in some manner to perform a complex function that cannot readily be performed by any one network alone. The merits of this approach have been assessed by mapping a neuropsychological model of single-word language processing onto a multi-network architecture. Language disorders may be simulated by damaging, or ‘lesioning’, one or more component networks. Our attempts to simulate two specific language disorders, semantic dementia and deep dysphasia, are described. The relative success of our simulation work is encouraging, and leads us to conclude that a multi-network approach to the simulation of cognitive function and dysfunction offers a valid alternative to the ‘traditional’ single-network based perspective.
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    Neural computing & applications 6 (1997), S. 127-141 
    ISSN: 1433-3058
    Keywords: Adaptive noise cancellation ; Blind separation ; FIR filters ; ICA ; Learning algorithms ; Neural networks
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    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract On-line adaptive learning algorithms for cancellation of additive, convolutive noise from linear mixtures of sources with a simultaneous blind source separation are developed. Associated neural network architectures are proposed. A simple convolutive noise model is assumed, i.e. the unknown additive noise in each channel is a (FIR) filtering version of environmental noise, where some convolutive reference noise is measurable. Two approaches are considered: in the first, the noise is cancelled from the linear mixture of source signals as pre-processing, after that the source signals are separated; in the second, both source separation and additive noise cancellation are performed simultaneously. Both steps consist of adaptive learning processes. By computer simulation experiments, it was found that the first approach is applicable for a large amount of noise, whereas in the second approach, a considerable increase of the convergence speed of the separation process can be achieved. Performance and validity of the proposed approaches are demonstrated by extensive computer simulations.
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    Neural computing & applications 6 (1997), S. 193-200 
    ISSN: 1433-3058
    Keywords: Economic modelling ; Finance ; Neural networks
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    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The financial industry is becoming more and more dependent on advanced computer technologies in order to maintain competitiveness in a global economy. Neural networks represent an exciting technology with a wide scope for potential applications, ranging from routine credit assessment operations to driving of large scale portfolio management strategies. Some of these applications have already resulted in dramatic increases in productivity. This paper brings together, from diverse sources, a collection of current research issues on neural networks in the financial domain. It examines a range of neural network systems related to financial applications from different levels of maturity to fielded products. It discusses the success rate of the neural network systems, and their performance in resolving particular financial problems.
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    Neural computing & applications 6 (1997), S. 238-244 
    ISSN: 1433-3058
    Keywords: Adaptive algorithms ; Back propagation ; Fuzzy control ; Improved learning ; Neural networks
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    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract This paper reports on studies to overcome difficulties associated with setting the learning rates of backpropagation neural networks by using fuzzy logic. Building on previous research, a fuzzy control system is designed which is capable of dynamically adjusting the individual learning rates of both hidden and output neurons, and the momentum term within a back-propagation network. Results show that the fuzzy controller not only eliminates the effort of configuring a global learning rate, but also increases the rate of convergence in comparison with a conventional backpropagation network. Comparative studies are presented for a number of different network configurations. The paper also presents a brief overview of fuzzy logic and backpropagation learning, highlighting how the two paradigms can enhance each other.
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    Meccanica 30 (1995), S. 377-388 
    ISSN: 1572-9648
    Keywords: Identification ; Nonlinear systems ; Bilinear systems ; Structural cracks ; Neural networks
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Sommario L'articolo presenta una procedura per la classificazione di sistemi lineari e nonlineari, basata su reti neurali e su eccitazione del tipo sinusoidale variabile in frequenza (swept sine). Una particolare attenzione è rivolta verso la classificazione e l'identificazione di sistemi lineari e bilineari; questi ultimi presentano infatti una caratteristica tipica di sistemi nella cui struttura si sia prodotta una cricca. Le simulazioni mostrano che: (1) mediante la procedura presentata nell'articolo la rete di classificazione, dopo la fase di apprendimento, può classificare in modo affidabile un sistema lineare e differenti sistemi nonlineari; (2) l'useita della rete neurale di classificazione per un sistema lineare ed un sistema bilineare può essere usata come un indicatore quantitativo delle caratteristiche di sistemi bilineari aventi differenti rapporti di rigidezza (k (x〉0)/k (x〈0)) rispetto at sistema bilineare usato nella fase di apprendimento; (3) per sistemi a due gradi di liberta, la rete neurale può non soltanto determinare l'esistenza di una rigidezza bilineare e l'entità del rapporto delle rigidezze, ma anche specificare quale rigidezza è bilineare, cioè indicare la sua posizione. Questi risultati fanno individuare una possibilità di impiego di reti neurali per la rivelazione e localizzazione di crieche strutturali aventi caratteristiche bilineari.
    Notes: Abstract A procedure based on neural networks for the classification of linear and nonlinear systems is presented, using excitation and response data under swept sine excitation. Special attention is paid to the classification and identification of linear and bilinear systems, the latter being considered since they exhibit typical characteristics of cracked systems. The computer simulations show that: (1) using the procedure presented in this paper the trained classification network can reliably classify a linear system and different nonlinear systems; (2) the output of the trained identification neural network for a linear system and a bilinear system can be used as a quantitative indicator of characteristics of bilinear systems having different stiffness ratios (k (x〉0)/k (x〈0)) with respect to the bilinear system used in the training stage; (3) for two-degree-of-freedom systems, the trained network can not only determine the existence of a bilinear stiffness and the magnitude of its stiffness ratio, but also specify which stiffness is bilinear, i.e. indicate its position. These results provide a possibility of using the trained neural networks to detect and locate structural cracks which have the characteristics of bilinear systems.
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    ISSN: 1572-9648
    Keywords: Neural networks ; Combustion control ; Spark ignition ; Internal combustion engines ; Automotive applications
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract To be able to meet the demands of low emissions and fuel consumption ofmodern combustion engines, new ways have to be found to control thecombustion. We use new sensors to measure the pressure in the combustionchamber and analyze this signal with a neural network in order to receiveseveral form factors which can be used to control the ignition timing. Theneural network is trained off line with measured data and used on line toderive the form factors. The proposed algorithm can be computed in real timeon conventional digital signal processors and adapted to new engines withvery little effort.
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    Journal of intelligent and robotic systems 12 (1995), S. 277-299 
    ISSN: 1573-0409
    Keywords: Neural networks ; robots ; robust-adaptive control
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    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract A multilayer neural net (NN) controller for a general serial-link robot arm is developed. The structure of the NN controller is derived using a filtered error approach. It is argued that standard backpropagation tuning, when used for real-time closed-loop control, can yield unbounded NN weights if: (1) the net can not exactly reconstruct a certain required control function, (2) there are bounded unknown disturbances in the robot dynamics, or (3) the robot arm has more than one link (i.e. nonlinear case). On-line weight tuning algorithms including correction terms to backpropagation, plus an added robustifying signal, guarantee tracking as well as bounded weights. The correction terms involve a second-orderforward-propagated wave in the backprop network.
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    Journal of intelligent and robotic systems 15 (1996), S. 153-163 
    ISSN: 1573-0409
    Keywords: Neural networks ; adaptive control ; self-organising networks
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    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Self-organizing neural networks have been implemented in a wide range of application areas such as speech processing, image processing, optimization and robotics. Recent variations to the basic model proposed by the authors enable it to order state space using a subset of the input vector and to apply a local adaptation procedure that does not rely on a predefined test duration limit. Both these variations have been incorporated into a new feature map architecture that forms an integral part of an Hybrid Learning System (HLS) based on a genetic-based classifier system. Problems are represented within HLS as objects characterized by environmental features. Objects controlled by the system have preset targets set against a subset of their features. The system's objective is to achieve these targets by evolving a behavioural repertoire that efficiently explores and exploits the problem environment. Feature maps encode two types of knowledge within HLS — long-term memory traces of useful regularities within the environment and the classifier performance data calibrated against an object's feature states and targets. Self-organization of these networks constitutes non-genetic-based (experience-driven) learning within HLS. This paper presents a description of the HLS architecture and an analysis of the modified feature map implementing associative memory. Initial results are presented that demonstrate the behaviour of the system on a simple control task.
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    Journal of intelligent and robotic systems 16 (1996), S. 45-64 
    ISSN: 1573-0409
    Keywords: Neural networks ; back-propagation training method ; parameter identification ; computed-torque method ; direct drive robots
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    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract A neural approach is proposed to estimate parameters in dynamics of a direct drive robot. Before the estimation, the input-output data for identification are generated in a sequential and term-by-term manner first. Then a two-layer neural network for parameter identification is proposed, in which the back-propagation training method is used to adjust the weights between neurons. The goal is to find the weights that minimize the root-mean-square error between the identification data and output of the network. With the estimated dynamics, existing trajectory-tracking algorithms, such as the well-known computed-torque method, can then be applied to make the robot move along a desired trajectory.
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    Journal of intelligent and robotic systems 14 (1995), S. 303-321 
    ISSN: 1573-0409
    Keywords: Neural networks ; fuzzy logic ; hierarchical control ; redundant robots ; object recognition
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    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract A hierarchical network of neural network planning and control is employed to successfully accomplish a task such as grasping in a cluttered real world environment. In order for the individual robot joint controllers to follow their specific reference commands, information is shared with other neural network controllers and planners within the hierarchy. Each joint controller is initialized with weights that will acceptably control given a change in any of several crucial parameters across a broad operating range. When increased accuracy is needed as parameters drift, the diagnostic node fuzzy supervisor interprets the controller network's diagnostic outputs and transitions the weights to a closest fit specificchild controller. Future reference commands are in turn influenced by the diagnostic outputs of every robot joint neural network controller. The neural network controller and diagnostics are demonstrated for linear and nonlinear plants.
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    Journal of intelligent and robotic systems 15 (1996), S. 3-10 
    ISSN: 1573-0409
    Keywords: Neural networks ; adaptive robot control ; recursive prediction error
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    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Neural network based adaptive controllers have been shown to achieve much improved accuracy compared with traditional adaptive controllers when applied to trajectory tracking in robot manipulators. This paper describes a new Recursive Prediction Error technique for estimating network parameters which is more computationally efficient. Results show that this neural controller suppresses disturbances accurately and achieves very small errors between commanded and actual trajectories.
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    Journal of intelligent and robotic systems 15 (1996), S. 333-365 
    ISSN: 1573-0409
    Keywords: Neural networks ; robotics ; intelligent control
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    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The current thrust of research in robotics is to build robots which can operate in dynamic and/or partially known environments. The ability of learning endows the robot with a form of autonomous intelligence to handle such situations. This paper focuses on the intersection of the fields of robot control and learning methods as represented by artificial neural networks. An in-depth overview of the application of neural networks to the problem of robot control is presented. Some typical neural network architectures are discussed first. The important issues involved in the study of robotics are then highlighted. This paper concentrates on the neural network applications to the motion control of robots involved in both non-contact and contact tasks. The current state of research in this area is surveyed and the strengths and weakness of the present approaches are emphasized. The paper concludes by indentifying areas which need future research work.
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    Advances in computational mathematics 5 (1996), S. 233-243 
    ISSN: 1572-9044
    Keywords: Neural networks ; Sobolev spaces ; spline approximation ; ridge functions ; 41A63 ; 41A30 ; 94C99
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    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Lets≥1 be an integer andW be the class of all functions having integrable partial derivatives on [0, 1] s . We are interested in the minimum number of neurons in a neural network with a single hidden layer required in order to provide a mean approximation order of a preassignedε〉0 to each function inW. We prove that this number cannot be $$\mathcal{O}( \in ^{ - s} log(1/ \in ))$$ if a spline-like localization is required. This cannot be improved even if one allows different neurons to evaluate different activation functions, even depending upon the target function. Nevertheless, for anyδ〉0, a network with $$\mathcal{O}( \in ^{ - s - \delta } )$$ neurons can be constructed to provide this order of approximation, with localization. Analogous results are also valid for otherL p norms.
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    Journal of mathematical biology 26 (1988), S. 235-262 
    ISSN: 1432-1416
    Keywords: Depth perception ; Neural networks ; Stability ; Accomodation ; Stereopsis ; Competition and cooperation
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    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper, we offer a stability analysis of “the cue interaction model” of depth perception (House (1984)). Depth estimation using stereopsis suffers from the “matching problem”, the problem of correctly matching the retinal image of a feature in one eye, to its retinal image in the other eye. The Cue Interaction Model overcomes this by using monocular cues to disambiguate between the “correct matches” and the “incorrect matches”. Its decision making is based on the concept of cooperation and competition in a neural network. A general class of cooperative and competitive models has been mathematically analysed by Amari and Arbib (1977), with special attention given to equilibrium states and stability. In this paper we adapt their methods to study the above model. In particular, we prove that if the parameters are correctly tuned, the model successfully achieves its goals by suppressing the cues which represent the “incorrect matches”.
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    Annals of biomedical engineering 27 (1999), S. 88-95 
    ISSN: 1573-9686
    Keywords: Electrogastrography ; Gastric motility ; Stomach ; Filter banks ; Neural networks
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    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Dysrhythmia in gastric myoelectrical activity has been frequently observed in patients with gastric motor disorders and gastrointestinal symptoms. The assessment of the regularity of gastric myoelectrical activity is of great clinical significance. The aim of this study was to develop an automated assessment method for the regularity of gastric myoelectrical activity from the surface electrogastrogram (EGG). The method proposed in this paper was based on the filter bank and neural network. First, the EGG signal was divided into frequency subbands using filter bank analysis. Second, a parameter called the subband energy ratio (SER) was computed for each subband signal. A multilayer perceptron neural network was then used to automatically classify the EGG signal into four categories: bradygastria, normal, tachygastria, and arrhythmia, using the SER as the input. The EGG recording was made using the standard method of electrogastrography by placing electrodes on the abdominal surface. The study was performed in 40 patients with various gastric motor disorders, ten healthy adults, and ten healthy children. The neural network was trained and tested using the EGG data obtained from the patients. The regularity of gastric myoelectrical activity was assessed based on the classification of the minute-by-minute EGG segments. Using the running spectral analysis method as a gold standard, the proposed automated method had an accuracy of 100% for the training set and 97% for the test set. It was concluded that the proposed method provides an accurate and automatic assessment of the regularity of gastric myoelectrical activity from the EGG. © 1999 Biomedical Engineering Society. PAC99: 8780-y, 8717-d, 0705Mh, 0270Hm
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    The international journal of advanced manufacturing technology 13 (1997), S. 56-66 
    ISSN: 1433-3015
    Keywords: Angular measurement ; Dimensional measurement ; Least squares ; Machine vision ; Neural networks
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract In this study a machine vision approach is developed for dimensional and angular measurements of manufactured components comprising straight line segments. We aim at the measurements of distance between two parallel lines and angle between two intersecting lines using both least mean square (LMS) and artificial neural network (ANN) techniques. LMS models estimate the line parameters based on the sum of squared perpendicular distances, rather than the vertical distances, between the observed data points and the line. A set of 23 gauge blocks of varying sizes is used to evaluate the performance of the LMS line estimators. Experimental results show that the measurement errors of the LMS models are affected by the line length and orientation of digital images. ANN techniques are, therefore, used to adjust the measurement errors resulting from the LMS models. Two back-propagation neural networks are developed, one for measuring the distance between two parallel lines, and the other for measuring the angle between two intersecting lines. Experimental results show that the ANNs are very effective for correcting the measurement errors regardless of line lengths and orientations of digital images. A 90% improvement in measurement accuracy for the ANN compared to the LMS was achieved. By using the ANNs, the measurement accuracy and flexibility in manufacturing applications can be significantly improved.
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    The international journal of advanced manufacturing technology 13 (1997), S. 413-418 
    ISSN: 1433-3015
    Keywords: Intelligent assembly system ; Learning mechanism ; Neural networks ; Variable metric direction ; Variable optimal learning rate
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper, a learning mechanism (LM) for parts recognition in an intelligent assembly system is presented. It differs from the mechanism used in the standard back propagation (SBP) neural network in two ways. First, the searching direction is changed from the negative gradient direction to the variable metric direction. Secondly, the constant learning rate is changed to a variable optimal learning rate. The combination of these two improvements leads to the training process being greatly speeded up, and convergence is assured. Several application examples are presented. Results indicate that the proposed LM is superior to the SBP in learning speed, convergence and stability.
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    ISSN: 1433-3058
    Keywords: Comparative study ; Expert systems ; Forecasting ; Genetic algorithm ; Neural networks ; SARIMA models
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    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract This paper aims to discuss the results and conclusions of an extensive comparative study on the forecasting performance between two different techniques: a genetic expert system in which a genetic algorithm carries out the identification stage embraced in the three- phase Box&Jenkins univariate methodology; and a connectionist approach. At the heart of the former, an expert system rules the identification-estimation-diagnostic checking cyclical process to end up with the predictions provided by the SARIMA model which best fits the data. We will present the connectionist approach as technically equivalent to the latter process and due to its, alas, lack of any conclusive existent algorithm able to identify both the optimal model and architecture for a given problem, the three most common models presently at use and 20 different architectures for each model will be examined. It seems natural that if a comparison is to be made in order to provide a straight answer as to whether or not a connectionist approach outperforms the univariate Box&Jenkins methodology, the benchmark should clearly be the set of time series analysed in the work ‘Time Series Analysis. Forecasting and Control’ by G. E. Box and G. M. Jenkins. Series BJA through to BJG give a total of 1200 plus measures to evaluate and compare the predictive power for different models, architectures, prediction horizons and pre-processing transformations.
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    Neural computing & applications 3 (1995), S. 171-177 
    ISSN: 1433-3058
    Keywords: Backpropagation ; Coronary heart disease ; Diagnosis ; Neural networks
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract We investigate the application of neural networks for the detection of Coronary Heart Disease (CHD). We have used a Neural Network (NN) on data from a self- applied questionnaire to implement a decision system designed to seek out high risk individuals in a large population. A Multi- Layered Perceptron (MLP) was trained with risk factors to distinguish CHD. We also describe a modification to the architecture of the neural network in which an extra layer of neurons is added at the input. We present possible interpretations of the weights of these neurons, and show how they can be used as a selection criteria for which questions to use as inputs. The technique is compared against other statistical methods. We go on to demonstrate the system's capability for detecting both the symptomatic and asymptomatic patient.
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    Neural computing & applications 3 (1995), S. 192-201 
    ISSN: 1433-3058
    Keywords: Aphasia ; Computer linguistics ; Lingual naming errors ; Neural networks ; Psycholinguistics ; Simulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Aphasia is a language disorder caused by brain damage. Naming errors which are common in aphasia are applied to reveal the type and the effects of a disorder. Naming in this research field refers to psycholinguistic tests where a subject is asked to say the name of an object presented as a picture to him or her. We have earlier presented a simulation model on the basis of neural networks [1,2]. The model is further developed here, and its properties and behaviour are described in the present paper. The simulation model includes a bounded set of Finnish words in their base lingual form. The principle of activation spreading is used to process naming errors with the method to simulate actual aphasic errors. All computation in the model is executed with words as text or with textual components of words, although the system processes naming errors, i.e. human speech.
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    Neural computing & applications 4 (1996), S. 35-43 
    ISSN: 1433-3058
    Keywords: Automation ; Bending ; Forming ; Modelling ; Neural networks ; Sheet-metal ; Springback system
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The springback behaviour of a sheet-metal is dependent on the properties of the metal and the bending conditions, namely the thickness of the sheet-metal, geometry of the tooling and the amount of force used for bending. Sheet-metal component manufacturing often requires near zero springback angle to obtain the correct shape of the product. An attempt has been made to model the non-linear relation between properties of the metal, the springback angle, geometry of the tooling and the bending force applied. Multilayer perceptron neural networks with a backpropagation learning algorithm were used to model the bending process. One set of data from bending experiments in a laboratory environment was used to train the networks. The networks were tested with the remaining set of experimental results. Then, the neural networks were used to predict the forces required for a number of bending experiments to achieve a zero springback angle. Validation of the neural network predictions was performed by trying to apply the predicted amounts of bending force in the physical experiments. The springback angles achieved were within ±1 degree, which is an acceptable range for the work. The research clearly demonstrates the applicability of neural networks to modelling the sheet-metal bending process.
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    Neural computing & applications 4 (1996), S. 58-62 
    ISSN: 1433-3058
    Keywords: Copyright ; Neural networks ; Patents
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    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Two well-known former neural computation researchers explain the legal protection available for neural networks in Europe, and in particular the applicability of patent law to the unique concepts underlying neural research1. The result is an introductory guide for all groups whose projects are approaching, or have taken, the leap from the drawing board, and who wish to make commercial use of their results.
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    ISSN: 1433-3058
    Keywords: Neural networks ; Length-of-stay ; Psychiatry ; Resource utilization ; Back propagation ; Field study
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Demands for health care reform will increase service utilization, much of which will fall on a system of expanded primary care providers, many of whom will not be specialists in psychiatry. These providers will need tools to augment their decision-making process. In this paper, we explore the use of Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) in three different field sites to predict inpatient psychiatric Length-Of-Stay (LOS). This study describes the development and implementation of a runtime system in three different psychiatric facilities. Data was collected at these respective sites using the runtime system, and then this data was used to retrain the networks to determine if site-specific data would improve accuracy of prediction of LOS. The results indicate that ANNs trained with state hospital data could accurately predict LOS in two different community hospital psychiatric units. When the respective ANNs were retrained with approximately 10% new data from these specific hospitals, rates of improvement ranged from 3% to 15%. Our findings demonstrate that an ANN can adapt to different treatment settings and, when retrained, significantly improve prediction of LOS. Prediction rates by the ANN after retraining are comparable to results of a clinical team.
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    Neural computing & applications 4 (1996), S. 83-95 
    ISSN: 1433-3058
    Keywords: Neural networks ; Topographic mappings ; Data analysis ; Feature Extraction ; Sammon mapping ; Multidimensional scaling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract A recent novel approach to the visualisation and analysis of datasets, and one which is particularly applicable to those of a high dimension, is discussed in the context of real applications. A feed-forward neural network is utilised to effect a topographic, structure-preserving, dimension-reducing transformation of the data, with an additional facility to incorporate different degrees of associated subjective information. The properties of this transformation are illustrated on synthetic and real datasets, including the 1992 UK Research Assessment Exercise for funding in higher education. The method is compared and contrasted to established techniques for feature extraction, and related to topographic mappings, the Sammon projection and the statistical field of multidimensional scaling.
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    Neural computing & applications 4 (1996), S. 175-182 
    ISSN: 1433-3058
    Keywords: Neural networks ; Constructive algorithm ; System modelling ; Interpretation ; Cross-validation ; Hybrid networks
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract A new constructive algorithm is presented for building neural networks that learn to reproduce output temporal sequences based on one or several input sequences. This algorithm builds a network for the task of system modelling, dealing with continuous variables in the discrete time domain. The constructive scheme makes it user independent. The network's structure consists of an ordinary set and a classification set, so it is a hybrid network like that of Stokbro et al. [6], but with a binary classification. The networks can easily be interpreted, so the learned representation can be transferred to a human engineer, unlike many other network models. This allows for a better understanding of the system structure than just its simulation. This constructive algorithm limits the network complexity automatically, hence preserving extrapolation capabilities. Examples with real data from three totally different sources show good performance and allow for a promising line of research.
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    Neural computing & applications 5 (1997), S. 248-257 
    ISSN: 1433-3058
    Keywords: Neural networks ; CARS ; Spectroscopy ; Combustors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract A neural network trained with clustered data has been applied to the extraction of temperature from vibrational Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman (CARS) spectra of nitrogen. CARS is a non-intrusive thermometry technique applied in practical combustors in industry. The advantages of clustering of training data over training with unprocessed calculated spectra is described. The method is applied to CARS data from an isothermal furnace and a liquid kerosene fuelled aeroengine combustor sector rig. Resulting temperatures have been compared with values extracted from the data using conventional least squares fitting and, where possible, mean temperatures measured by pyrometer and blackbody cavity probe. The main advantage of the neural network method is speed, with the potential for online temperature extraction at the spectral acquisition rate of 10 Hz using standard PC hardware.
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    Neural computing & applications 6 (1997), S. 12-18 
    ISSN: 1433-3058
    Keywords: Flow systems ; Genetic algorithms ; Neural networks ; Real-time control ; Reinforcement learning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The use of genetic algorithms to design neural networks for real-time control of flows in sewerage networks is discussed. In many control applications, standard supervised learning techniques (such as back-propagation) cannot be used through lack of training data. Reinforcement learning techniques, such as genetic algorithms, are a computationally-expensive but viable alternative if a simulator is available for the system in question. The paper briefly describes why genetic algorithms and neural networks were selected, then reports the results of a feasibility study. This demonstrates that the approach does indeed have merits. The implications of high computational cost are discussed, in terms of scaling up to significantly complex problems.
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    Neural computing & applications 6 (1997), S. 57-62 
    ISSN: 1433-3058
    Keywords: Cascade correlation learning algorithm ; Neural networks ; Pattern recognition ; Predictive methods ; Protein secondary structure prediction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract A Cascade Correlation Learning Architecture (CCLA) of neural networks is tested on the task of predicting the secondary structure of proteins. The results are compared with those obtained with Neural Networks (NN) trained with the back-propagation algorithm (BPNN) and generated with genetic algorithms. CCLA proceeds towards the global minimum of the error function more efficiently than BPNN. However, only a slight improvement in the average efficiency value is noticeable (61.82% as compared with 61.61% obtained with BPNN). The values of the three correlation coefficients for the discriminated secondary structures are also rather similar (Ct8,C α ,C β and Ccoil are 0.36, 0.29 and 0.36 with CCLA, and 0.36, 0.31 and 0.35 with BPNN). This indicates that the efficiency of the prediction does not depend upon the training algorithm, and confirms our previous observation that when single sequences are used as input code to the network system, different NN architectures can perform similarly.
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    Neural computing & applications 7 (1998), S. 195-215 
    ISSN: 1433-3058
    Keywords: Active vision ; Classification ; Neural networks ; Recognition ; Representation ; Pose estimation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract We advance new active computer vision algorithms based on the Feature space Trajectory (FST) representations of objects and a neural network processor for computation of distances in global feature space. Our algorithms classify rigid objects and estimate their pose from intensity images. They also indicate how to automatically reposition the sensor if the class or pose of an object is ambiguous from a given viewpoint and they incorporate data from multiple object views in the final object classification. An FST in a global eigenfeature space is used to represent 3D distorted views of an object. Assuming that an observed feature vector consists of Gaussian noise added to a point on the FST, we derive a probability density function for the observation conditioned on the class and pose of the object. Bayesian estimation and hypothesis testing theory are then used to derive approximations to the maximum a posterioriprobability pose estimate and the minimum probability of error classifier. Confidence measures for the class and pose estimates, derived using Bayes theory, determine when additional observations are required, as well as where the sensor should be positioned to provide the most useful information.
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    Neural computing & applications 7 (1998), S. 295-308 
    ISSN: 1433-3058
    Keywords: Adaptive ; Backpropagation ; Multivariable ; Neural networks ; Optimal control ; Submarine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Recently, there have been many attempts to use neural networks as a feedback controller. However, most of the reported cases seek to control Single-Input Single-Output (SISO) systems using some sort of adaptive strategy. In this paper, we demonstrate that neural networks can be used for the control of complex multivariable, rather than simply SISO, systems. A modified direct control scheme using a neural network architecture is used with backpropagation as the adaptive algorithm. The proposed algorithm is designed for Multi-Input Multi-Output (MIMO) systems, and is similar to that proposed by Saerens and Soquet [1] and Goldenthal and Farrell [2] for (SISO) systems, and differs only in the form of the gradient approximation. As an example of the application of this approach, we investigate the control of the dynamics of a submarine vehicle with four inputs and four outputs, in which the differential stern, bow and rudder control surfaces are dynamically coordinated to cause the submarine to follow commanded changes in roll, yaw rate, depth rate and pitch attitude. Results obtained using this scheme are compared with those obtained using optimal linear quadratic control.
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  • 58
    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Keywords: Allocation ; Design ; Downtime ; Expert systems ; Machine learning ; Neural networks ; Nuclear engineering ; in-core fuel management ; Refueling ; Reload
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract FUELCON is an expert system in nuclear engineering. Its task is optimized refueling-design, which is crucial to keep down operation costs at a plant. FUELCON proposes sets of alternative configurations of fuel-allocation; the fuel is positioned in a grid representing the core of a reactor. The practitioner of in-core fuel management uses FUELCON to generate a reasonably good configuration for the situation at hand. The domain expert, on the other hand, resorts to the system to test heuristics and discover new ones, for the task described above. Expert use involves a manual phase of revising the ruleset, based on performance during previous iterations in the same session. This paper is concerned with a new phase: the design of a neural component to carry out the revision automatically. Such an automated revision considers previous performance of the system and uses it for adaptation and learning better rules. The neural component is based on a particular schema for a symbolic to recurrent-analogue bridge, called NIPPL, and on the reinforcement learning of neural networks for the adaptation.
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    Mathematics of control, signals, and systems 8 (1995), S. 27-49 
    ISSN: 1435-568X
    Keywords: Neural networks ; Realization theory ; Parametrization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The problem of parametrizing single hidden layer scalar neural networks with continuous activation functions is investigated. A connection is drawn between realization theory for linear dynamical systems, rational functions, and neural networks that appears to be new. A result of this connection is a general parametrization of such neural networks in terms of strictly proper rational functions. Some existence and uniqueness results are derived. Jordan decompositions are developed, which show how the general form can be expressed in terms of a sum of canonical second order sections. The parametrization may be useful for studying learning algorithms.
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    Annals of biomedical engineering 23 (1995), S. 436-444 
    ISSN: 1573-9686
    Keywords: Baseball bats ; Softball bats ; Ideal Bat Weight ; Coefficient of restitution ; Neural networks ; Missing data
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Baseball players swung very light and very heavy bats through our instrument and the speed of the bat was recorded. These data were used to make mathematical models for each person. Then these models were coupled with equations of physics for bat-ball collisions to compute the Ideal Bat Weight for each individual. However, these calculations required the use of a sophisticated instrument that is not conveniently available to most people. So, we tried to find items in our database that correlated with Ideal Bat Weight. However, because many cells in the database were empty, we could not use traditional statistical techniques or even neural networks. Therefore, three new methods were used to estimate the missing data: (i) a neural network was trained using subjects that had no empty cells, then that neural network was used to predict the missing data, (ii) the data patching facility of a commercial software package was used, and (iii) the empty cells were filled with random numbers. Then, using these fully populated databases, several simple models were derived for recommending bat weights.
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    Annals of biomedical engineering 23 (1995), S. 399-408 
    ISSN: 1573-9686
    Keywords: Biomimetics ; Pneumatic artificial muscles ; Neural networks ; Motor control ; Human movment control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper reports the design, construction, and testing of a replica of the human arm, which aims to be dynamically as well as kinematically accurate. The arm model is actuated with McKibben pneumatic artificial muscles, and controlled by a special purpose digital signal processing system designed to simulate spinal neural networks in real time. An artificial muscle spindle has also been designed and tested. Design and test data are reviewed, and the paper describes how we hope to use the system to improve our understanding of the reflexive control of human movement and posture.
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