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  • Chemistry
  • Physics
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)  (596)
  • 2015-2019  (540)
  • 2000-2004  (22)
  • 1980-1984  (34)
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  • 1
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    [In Depth] Long-delayed nuclear center looks set for construction (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-08
    Description: After many years of delays, the €1.7 billion Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research, an extension of the GSI Helmholtz Center for Heavy Ion Research near Darmstadt, Germany, may finally get built. At a council meeting on 27 and 28 June, the partner countries—eight European Union members plus India and Russia—concluded that they have enough money to cover a €320 million budget gap; they will now seek building permits from the German government. Still, some countries have yet to commit their share of the missing cash, including Russia, which had agreed to bear about 18% of FAIR's total construction cost, the second largest contribution after Germany's 70%. Author: Edwin Cartlidge
    Keywords: Physics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 2
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    [Perspective] Molecular sieves for gas separation (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-08
    Description: Separation and purification are critical industrial processes for separating components of chemical mixtures, and these processes account for about half of industrial energy usage (1). Gas mixtures of compounds with very similar physical properties are particularly difficult to separate. On pages 137 and 141 of this issue, Cadiau et al. (2) and Cui et al. (3), respectively, show that microporous materials can be designed to have high adsorption capacity and selectivity for particular hydrocarbons, enabling energy-efficient separation. Author: Jerry Y. S. Lin
    Keywords: Chemistry
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
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    [Perspective] How to break down crystalline cellulose (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-05-27
    Description: Biomass-degrading microorganisms use lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase (LPMO) enzymes to help digest cellulose, chitin, and starch. By cleaving otherwise inaccessible crystalline cellulose chains, these enzymes provide access to hydrolytic enzymes. LPMOs are of interest to biotechnology because efficient depolymerization of cellulose is a major bottleneck for the production of biologically based chemicals and fuels. On page 1098 of this issue, Kracher et al. (1) compare LPMO-reducing substrates in fungi from different taxonomic groups and lifestyles, based on both biochemical and genomic evidence. The results provide insights into reductive activation of LPMO that are important for developing more efficient industrial enzymes for lignocellulose biorefineries. Author: Angel T. Martínez
    Keywords: Chemistry
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
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    [Editors' Choice] Watching phonons propagate (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-05-27
    Description: Author: Jelena Stajic
    Keywords: Physics
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
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    [Editors' Choice] Shaping the interaction potential (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
    Description: Author: Jelena Stajic
    Keywords: Physics
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
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    [This Week in Science] Imaging electromagnetic waveforms (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-22
    Description: Author: Ian S. Osborne
    Keywords: Physics
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
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    [Editors' Choice] Making sense of transport in WSe2 (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-04-08
    Description: Author: Jelena Stajic
    Keywords: Physics
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
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    [Editors' Choice] Engineering open structures using DNA (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-03-25
    Description: Author: Marc S. Lavine
    Keywords: Chemistry
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 9
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    [Perspective] A benchmark for materials simulation (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-03-25
    Description: Density functional theory (DFT) stands out from all first-principles quantum mechanical methods for the simulation of materials, as it enables very good approximations for the complicated components of electronic motion called exchange and correlation. DFT is the method of choice for many materials simulations because of the availability of general-purpose programs that can perform calculations on any material. Results obtained with one DFT program need to be reproducible by any of the other DFT programs, and this has not been straightforward up to now. On page 10.1126/science.aad3000 of this issue, Lejaeghere et al. (1) describe an extensive effort by developers of the major solid-state DFT codes to provide a unified and reproducible benchmark of precision for their calculations based on a reliable criterion, the so-called Δ gauge. Using the Δ gauge, the authors found that the level of precision that can be achieved today in DFT calculations of elemental crystalline solids is comparable to the precision of the most advanced techniques for experimental measurement of the properties of materials. The work leads to the conclusion that the DFT simulation of elemental crystalline solids is a (computationally) solved problem, but also poses the question of whether we can achieve the same levels of validation and reproducibility for more complex simulations of materials involving several elements and/or several methods. Author: Chris-Kriton Skylaris
    Keywords: Physics
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 10
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    [Perspective] Timing photoemission—Final state matters (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-01
    Description: The photoemission of electrons from atoms, molecules, and condensed matter provides the experimental basis of our understanding of electronic structure. During the process of photoemission, a sufficiently large quantum of electromagnetic radiation (a photon) is absorbed by matter and converted into an electronic excitation, promoting a bound electron into a final state above the vacuum energy Evac. In photoemission spectroscopy, the kinetic energy and momentum of electrons in such final states are analyzed after their propagation to a distant detector. To determine the electronic structure of the sample, the “sudden approximation” has to be fulfilled, whereby the photoelectron leaves the sample fast enough, without further interaction with the remaining electronic structure. On page 62 of this issue, Tao et al. (1) provide unprecedented insight into final-state dynamics by measuring the time a photoelectron takes to leave a solid material for characteristically different final states. By comparing an electron excited to a final state of a nickel solid Ψ Nif with one excited to a state of vacuum Ψ vacf, they establish that a photoelectron resides in the final state for 200 attoseconds (as) (2 × 10−16 s) before it leaves the nickel (see the figure). Such time scales would still allow for the electron to interact with its surroundings and, thus, are relevant for the validity of the sudden approximation. Authors: Uwe Bovensiepen, Manuel Ligges
    Keywords: Physics
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  • 11
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    [Editors' Choice] A partially protected surface state (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-24
    Description: Author: Jelena Stajic
    Keywords: Physics
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  • 12
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    [Book Review] The supercollider that wasn't (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-08-16
    Description: When a multibillion-dollar physics experiment is canceled, it's tempting to look for lessons that can be applied to future megascience projects. A new book on the rise and fall of the Superconducting Supercollider (SSC) by a trio of science historians takes on that challenge. And while the authors do an excellent job of describing what occurred in the decade from its inception to its demise, they stumble when trying to assign blame. Author: Jeffrey Mervis
    Keywords: Physics
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  • 13
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    Patent law. Natural substances and patentable inventions (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-05-31
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Demaine, Linda J -- Fellmeth, Aaron X -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 May 30;300(5624):1375-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉RAND, Santa Monica, CA 90401, USA. demaine@rand.org〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12775825" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aluminum Oxide ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Natural Science Disciplines ; Patents as Topic/*legislation & jurisprudence ; Plant Extracts ; Plant Roots ; Titanium ; United States
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  • 14
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    Taiwan. Researchers say new institutes offer them a chance 'to do good science' (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-06-08
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Normile, D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 May 19;288(5469):1165.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10841732" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Academies and Institutes/economics ; Animals ; Astronomical Phenomena ; Astronomy ; Chloroplasts/genetics ; Drosophila/genetics ; Interferometry ; *Molecular Biology/economics ; Physical Phenomena ; Physics ; *Research/economics ; Research Support as Topic ; Taiwan
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 15
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    Free-electron lasers. Status and applications (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-06-09
    Description: A free-electron laser consists of an electron beam propagating through a periodic magnetic field. Today such lasers are used for research in materials science, chemical technology, biophysical science, medical applications, surface studies, and solid-state physics. Free-electron lasers with higher average power and shorter wavelengths are under development. Future applications range from industrial processing of materials to light sources for soft and hard x-rays.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉O'Shea, P G -- Freund, H P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jun 8;292(5523):1853-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Institute for Plasma Research, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11397938" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biochemical Phenomena ; Biochemistry ; Biological Science Disciplines ; Electromagnetic Fields ; Electrons ; Laser Therapy ; *Lasers ; Physical Phenomena ; Physics ; *Research
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 16
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    Breakthrough of the year. The runners-up (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-12-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Dec 21;294(5551):2443-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11752538" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use ; Axons/physiology ; Benzamides ; Carbon ; Climate ; Ecosystem ; Electronics ; Genome, Human ; Humans ; Imatinib Mesylate ; Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/drug therapy ; Physical Phenomena ; Physics ; Piperazines/therapeutic use ; Pyrimidines/therapeutic use ; Rna ; *Research ; *Science
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 17
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    Kleiber and Planck: the missing link? (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-10-09
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Radny, Marian W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Oct 4;298(5591):59; author reply 59.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12365438" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Body Constitution ; Body Weight ; *Carnivora/anatomy & histology/metabolism ; *Ecosystem ; *Food ; Physical Phenomena ; Physics ; Population Density
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 18
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    Underground laboratory. U.S. researchers go for scientific gold mine (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-06-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Malakoff, D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jun 15;292(5524):1979.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11408626" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Bacterial Physiological Phenomena ; Financing, Government ; Geological Phenomena ; Geology ; Gold ; *Laboratories ; *Mining ; *Natural Science Disciplines ; Physical Phenomena ; Physics ; Research ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 19
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    Chemical ecology: missed opportunities? (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-03-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Eisner, Thomas -- Berenbaum, May -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Mar 15;295(5562):1973.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11896239" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biochemical Phenomena ; *Biochemistry ; *Biological Factors/chemistry ; *Biology ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; *Ecology ; Ecosystem ; *Molecular Biology ; Research Support as Topic ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 20
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    Machine learning for science: state of the art and future prospects (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-09-15
    Description: Recent advances in machine learning methods, along with successful applications across a wide variety of fields such as planetary science and bioinformatics, promise powerful new tools for practicing scientists. This viewpoint highlights some useful characteristics of modern machine learning methods and their relevance to scientific applications. We conclude with some speculations on near-term progress and promising directions.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mjolsness, E -- DeCoste, D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Sep 14;293(5537):2051-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Machine Learning Systems Group, Jet Propulsion Laboratory/California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA. mjolsness@jpl.nasa.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11557883" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Algorithms ; Animals ; *Artificial Intelligence ; Astronomical Phenomena ; Astronomy ; Cluster Analysis ; *Computational Biology ; Computer Simulation ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted ; Neural Networks (Computer) ; Physical Phenomena ; Physics ; Robotics
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  • 21
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    Toward self-organization and complex matter (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-03-30
    Description: Beyond molecular chemistry based on the covalent bond, supramolecular chemistry aims at developing highly complex chemical systems from components interacting through noncovalent intermolecular forces. Over the past quarter century, supramolecular chemistry has grown into a major field and has fueled numerous developments at the interfaces with biology and physics. Some of the conceptual advances and future challenges are profiled here.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lehn, Jean-Marie -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Mar 29;295(5564):2400-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institut de Science et d'Ingenierie Supramoleculaires (ISIS), Universite Louis Pasteur, 67000 Strasbourg, and College de France, 75005 Paris, France. lehn@chimie.u-strasbg.fr〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11923524" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biology ; Chemical Phenomena ; *Chemistry ; Chemistry, Physical ; Molecular Structure ; Nanotechnology ; Physical Phenomena ; Physicochemical Phenomena ; Physics ; *Polymers/chemistry
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  • 22
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    Left- or right-handed C-H bond activation (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-02-16
    Keywords: Chemistry
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  • 23
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    Comment on "Selective anaerobic oxidation of methane enables direct synthesis of methanol" (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-02-16
    Description: The comment and response concerning the report of oxidation of methane to methanol by water (Reports, 5 May 2017, p. 523) do not fully capture the implications of thermodynamic limitations. A nonisothermal process in which each cycle requires a large temperature swing and permits only substoichiometric methane conversion surely could not be carried out on any practical scale.
    Keywords: Chemistry
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  • 24
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    Response to Comment on "Selective anaerobic oxidation of methane enables direct synthesis of methanol" (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-02-16
    Description: Labinger argues that stepwise reaction of methane with water to produce methanol and hydrogen will never be commercially feasible because of its substoichiometric basis with respect to the active site and the requirement of a large temperature swing. This comment is not touching any new ground, beyond describing the thermodynamic feasibility, thermal cycling, and the role of water as discussed previously. Most important, it does not have a solid numerical basis.
    Keywords: Chemistry
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  • 25
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    Silicon smooths the way to vinyl cations (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-07-27
    Keywords: Chemistry
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  • 26
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    Teaching an old carbocation new tricks: Intermolecular C-H insertion reactions of vinyl cations (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-07-27
    Description: Vinyl carbocations have been the subject of extensive experimental and theoretical studies over the past five decades. Despite this long history in chemistry, the utility of vinyl cations in chemical synthesis has been limited, with most reactivity studies focusing on solvolysis reactions or intramolecular processes. Here we report synthetic and mechanistic studies of vinyl cations generated through silylium–weakly coordinating anion catalysis. We find that these reactive intermediates undergo mild intermolecular carbon-carbon bond–forming reactions, including carbon-hydrogen (C–H) insertion into unactivated sp 3 C–H bonds and reductive Friedel-Crafts reactions with arenes. Moreover, we conducted computational studies of these alkane C–H functionalization reactions and discovered that they proceed through nonclassical, ambimodal transition structures. This reaction manifold provides a framework for the catalytic functionalization of hydrocarbons using simple ketone derivatives.
    Keywords: Chemistry
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    Poetic and polemic (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-08-03
    Keywords: Physics
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 28
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    Cranking up the field (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-08-03
    Keywords: Physics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 29
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    Scale-invariant magnetoresistance in a cuprate superconductor (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-08-03
    Description: The anomalous metallic state in the high-temperature superconducting cuprates is masked by superconductivity near a quantum critical point. Applying high magnetic fields to suppress superconductivity has enabled detailed studies of the normal state, yet the direct effect of strong magnetic fields on the metallic state is poorly understood. We report the high-field magnetoresistance of thin-film La 2– x Sr x CuO 4 cuprate in the vicinity of the critical doping, 0.161 ≤ p ≤ 0.190. We find that the metallic state exposed by suppressing superconductivity is characterized by magnetoresistance that is linear in magnetic fields up to 80 tesla. The magnitude of the linear-in-field resistivity mirrors the magnitude and doping evolution of the well-known linear-in-temperature resistivity that has been associated with quantum criticality in high-temperature superconductors.
    Keywords: Physics
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  • 30
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    Time and place of electron exit (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-22
    Keywords: Physics
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 31
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    Tunable quantum criticality and super-ballistic transport in a "charge" Kondo circuit (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-22
    Description: Quantum phase transitions (QPTs) are ubiquitous in strongly correlated materials. However, the microscopic complexity of these systems impedes the quantitative understanding of QPTs. We observed and thoroughly analyzed the rich strongly correlated physics in two profoundly dissimilar regimes of quantum criticality. With a circuit implementing a quantum simulator for the three-channel Kondo model, we reveal the universal scalings toward different low-temperature fixed points and along the multiple crossovers from quantum criticality. An unanticipated violation of the maximum conductance for ballistic free electrons is uncovered. The present charge pseudospin implementation of a Kondo impurity opens access to a broad variety of strongly correlated phenomena.
    Keywords: Physics
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  • 32
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    Orientation-dependent stereo Wigner time delay and electron localization in a small molecule (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-22
    Description: Attosecond metrology of atoms has accessed the time scale of the most fundamental processes in quantum mechanics. Transferring the time-resolved photoelectric effect from atoms to molecules considerably increases experimental and theoretical challenges. Here we show that orientation- and energy-resolved measurements characterize the molecular stereo Wigner time delay. This observable provides direct information on the localization of the excited electron wave packet within the molecular potential. Furthermore, we demonstrate that photoelectrons resulting from the dissociative ionization process of the CO molecule are preferentially emitted from the carbon end for dissociative 2 states and from the center and oxygen end for the 2 states of the molecular ion. Supported by comprehensive theoretical calculations, this work constitutes a complete spatially and temporally resolved reconstruction of the molecular photoelectric effect.
    Keywords: Physics
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  • 33
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    Separation of enantiomers by their enantiospecific interaction with achiral magnetic substrates (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-22
    Description: It is commonly assumed that recognition and discrimination of chirality, both in nature and in artificial systems, depend solely on spatial effects. However, recent studies have suggested that charge redistribution in chiral molecules manifests an enantiospecific preference in electron spin orientation. We therefore reasoned that the induced spin polarization may affect enantiorecognition through exchange interactions. Here we show experimentally that the interaction of chiral molecules with a perpendicularly magnetized substrate is enantiospecific. Thus, one enantiomer adsorbs preferentially when the magnetic dipole is pointing up, whereas the other adsorbs faster for the opposite alignment of the magnetization. The interaction is not controlled by the magnetic field per se, but rather by the electron spin orientations, and opens prospects for a distinct approach to enantiomeric separations.
    Keywords: Chemistry
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  • 34
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    Inspiration from a vitamin (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-29
    Keywords: Chemistry
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 35
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    Going beyond the first Chern number (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-29
    Keywords: Physics
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 36
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    Heterogeneous to homogeneous melting transition visualized with ultrafast electron diffraction (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-29
    Description: The ultrafast laser excitation of matters leads to nonequilibrium states with complex solid-liquid phase-transition dynamics. We used electron diffraction at mega–electron volt energies to visualize the ultrafast melting of gold on the atomic scale length. For energy densities approaching the irreversible melting regime, we first observed heterogeneous melting on time scales of 100 to 1000 picoseconds, transitioning to homogeneous melting that occurs catastrophically within 10 to 20 picoseconds at higher energy densities. We showed evidence for the heterogeneous coexistence of solid and liquid. We determined the ion and electron temperature evolution and found superheated conditions. Our results constrain the electron-ion coupling rate, determine the Debye temperature, and reveal the melting sensitivity to nucleation seeds.
    Keywords: Physics
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  • 37
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    Observation of the topological Anderson insulator in disordered atomic wires (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2018-11-23
    Description: Topology and disorder have a rich combined influence on quantum transport. To probe their interplay, we synthesized one-dimensional chiral symmetric wires with controllable disorder via spectroscopic Hamiltonian engineering, based on the laser-driven coupling of discrete momentum states of ultracold atoms. Measuring the bulk evolution of a topological indicator after a sudden quench, we observed the topological Anderson insulator phase, in which added disorder drives the band structure of a wire from topologically trivial to nontrivial. In addition, we observed the robustness of topologically nontrivial wires to weak disorder and measured the transition to a trivial phase in the presence of strong disorder. Atomic interactions in this quantum simulation platform may enable realizations of strongly interacting topological fluids.
    Keywords: Physics
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  • 38
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    Playing with particle physics (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2018-11-30
    Keywords: Physics
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  • 39
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    Making a practical valleytronics device (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-07
    Keywords: Physics
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  • 40
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    A valley valve and electron beam splitter (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-07
    Description: Developing alternative paradigms of electronics beyond silicon technology requires the exploration of fundamentally new physical mechanisms, such as the valley-specific phenomena in hexagonal two-dimensional materials. We realize ballistic valley Hall kink states in bilayer graphene and demonstrate gate-controlled current transmission in a four-kink router device. The operations of a waveguide, a valve, and a tunable electron beam splitter are demonstrated. The valley valve exploits the valley-momentum locking of the kink states and reaches an on/off ratio of 8 at zero magnetic field. A magnetic field enables a full-range tunable coherent beam splitter. These results pave a path to building a scalable, coherent quantum transportation network based on the kink states.
    Keywords: Physics
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  • 41
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    Observation of the geometric phase effect in the H + HD -〉 H2 + D reaction (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-14
    Description: Theory has established the importance of geometric phase (GP) effects in the adiabatic dynamics of molecular systems with a conical intersection connecting the ground- and excited-state potential energy surfaces, but direct observation of their manifestation in chemical reactions remains a major challenge. Here, we report a high-resolution crossed molecular beams study of the H + HD -〉 H 2 + D reaction at a collision energy slightly above the conical intersection. Velocity map ion imaging revealed fast angular oscillations in product quantum state–resolved differential cross sections in the forward scattering direction for H 2 products at specific rovibrational levels. The experimental results agree with adiabatic quantum dynamical calculations only when the GP effect is included.
    Keywords: Chemistry
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  • 42
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    Photocatalytic upgrading of natural gas (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2018-08-17
    Keywords: Chemistry
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  • 43
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    More to imaging than meets the eye (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2018-08-17
    Keywords: Physics
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  • 44
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    Radically transforming light hydrocarbons (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2018-08-17
    Keywords: Chemistry
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  • 45
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    Stereodivergent synthesis of 1,4-dicarbonyls by traceless charge-accelerated sulfonium rearrangement (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2018-08-17
    Description: The chemistry of the carbonyl group is essential to modern organic synthesis. The preparation of substituted, enantioenriched 1,3- or 1,5-dicarbonyls is well developed, as their disconnection naturally follows from the intrinsic polarity of the carbonyl group. By contrast, a general enantioselective access to quaternary stereocenters in acyclic 1,4-dicarbonyl systems remains an unresolved problem, despite the tremendous importance of 2,3-substituted 1,4-dicarbonyl motifs in natural products and drug scaffolds. Here we present a broad enantioselective and stereodivergent strategy to access acyclic, polysubstituted 1,4-dicarbonyls via acid-catalyzed [3,3]-sulfonium rearrangement starting from vinyl sulfoxides and ynamides. The stereochemistry at sulfur governs the absolute sense of chiral induction, whereas the double bond geometry dictates the relative configuration of the final products.
    Keywords: Chemistry
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  • 46
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    Four varieties of carbonyl sandwich (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2018-08-17
    Keywords: Chemistry
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  • 47
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    Selective functionalization of methane, ethane, and higher alkanes by cerium photocatalysis (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2018-08-17
    Description: With the recent soaring production of natural gas, the use of methane and other light hydrocarbon feedstocks as starting materials in synthetic transformations is becoming increasingly economically attractive, although it remains chemically challenging. We report the development of photocatalytic C–H amination, alkylation, and arylation of methane, ethane, and higher alkanes under visible light irradiation at ambient temperature. High catalytic efficiency (turnover numbers up to 2900 for methane and 9700 for ethane) and selectivity were achieved using abundant, inexpensive cerium salts as photocatalysts. Ligand-to-metal charge transfer excitation generated alkoxy radicals from simple alcohols that in turn acted as hydrogen atom transfer catalysts. The mixed-phase gas/liquid reaction was adapted to continuous flow, enabling the efficient use of gaseous feedstocks in scalable photocatalytic transformations.
    Keywords: Chemistry
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    Hot lithium-oxygen batteries charge ahead (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2018-08-24
    Keywords: Chemistry
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    A preference for acids (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2018-08-24
    Keywords: Chemistry
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  • 50
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    Cooperative quantum magnetism (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2018-08-24
    Keywords: Physics
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    18 electrons and counting (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2018-08-31
    Keywords: Chemistry
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    Directional control of a processive molecular hopper (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2018-08-31
    Description: Intrigued by the potential of nanoscale machines, scientists have long attempted to control molecular motion. We monitored the individual 0.7-nanometer steps of a single molecular hopper as it moved in an electric field along a track in a nanopore controlled by a chemical ratchet. The hopper demonstrated characteristics desired in a moving molecule: defined start and end points, processivity, no chemical fuel requirement, directional motion, and external control. The hopper was readily functionalized to carry cargos. For example, a DNA molecule could be ratcheted along the track in either direction, a prerequisite for nanopore sequencing.
    Keywords: Chemistry
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    Quantum entanglement of the spin and orbital angular momentum of photons using metamaterials (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2018-09-14
    Description: Metamaterials constructed from deep subwavelength building blocks have been used to demonstrate phenomena ranging from negative refractive index and -near-zero to cloaking, emulations of general relativity, and superresolution imaging. More recently, metamaterials have been suggested as a new platform for quantum optics. We present the use of a dielectric metasurface to generate entanglement between the spin and orbital angular momentum of photons. We demonstrate the generation of the four Bell states on a single photon by using the geometric phase that arises from the photonic spin-orbit interaction and subsequently show nonlocal correlations between two photons that interacted with the metasurface. Our results show that metamaterials are suitable for the generation and manipulation of entangled photon states, introducing the area of quantum optics metamaterials.
    Keywords: Physics
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  • 54
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    Quantum metasurface for multiphoton interference and state reconstruction (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2018-09-14
    Description: Metasurfaces based on resonant nanophotonic structures have enabled innovative types of flat-optics devices that often outperform the capabilities of bulk components, yet these advances remain largely unexplored for quantum applications. We show that nonclassical multiphoton interferences can be achieved at the subwavelength scale in all-dielectric metasurfaces. We simultaneously image multiple projections of quantum states with a single metasurface, enabling a robust reconstruction of amplitude, phase, coherence, and entanglement of multiphoton polarization-encoded states. One- and two-photon states are reconstructed through nonlocal photon correlation measurements with polarization-insensitive click detectors positioned after the metasurface, and the scalability to higher photon numbers is established theoretically. Our work illustrates the feasibility of ultrathin quantum metadevices for the manipulation and measurement of multiphoton quantum states, with applications in free-space quantum imaging and communications.
    Keywords: Physics
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    Unlocking P(V): Reagents for chiral phosphorothioate synthesis (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2018-09-21
    Description: Phosphorothioate nucleotides have emerged as powerful pharmacological substitutes of their native phosphodiester analogs with important translational applications in antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) therapeutics and cyclic dinucleotide (CDN) synthesis. Stereocontrolled installation of this chiral motif has long been hampered by the systemic use of phosphorus(III) [P(III)]–based reagent systems as the sole practical means of oligonucleotide assembly. A fundamentally different approach is described herein: the invention of a P(V)-based reagent platform for programmable, traceless, diastereoselective phosphorus-sulfur incorporation. The power of this reagent system is demonstrated through the robust and stereocontrolled synthesis of various nucleotidic architectures, including ASOs and CDNs, via an efficient, inexpensive, and operationally simple protocol.
    Keywords: Chemistry
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  • 56
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    Measurement of a superconducting qubit with a microwave photon counter (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2018-09-21
    Description: Fast, high-fidelity measurement is a key ingredient for quantum error correction. Conventional approaches to the measurement of superconducting qubits, involving linear amplification of a microwave probe tone followed by heterodyne detection at room temperature, do not scale well to large system sizes. We introduce an approach to measurement based on a microwave photon counter demonstrating raw single-shot measurement fidelity of 92%. Moreover, the intrinsic damping of the photon counter is used to extract the energy released by the measurement process, allowing repeated high-fidelity quantum nondemolition measurements. Our scheme provides access to the classical outcome of projective quantum measurement at the millikelvin stage and could form the basis for a scalable quantum-to-classical interface.
    Keywords: Physics
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  • 57
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    Self-assembly of lattices with high structural complexity from a geometrically simple molecule (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2018-09-21
    Description: Here we report an anomalous porous molecular crystal built of C–H···N-bonded double-layered roof-floor components and wall components of a segregatively interdigitated architecture. This complicated porous structure consists of only one type of fully aromatic multijoint molecule carrying three identical dipyridylphenyl wedges. Despite its high symmetry, this molecule accomplishes difficult tasks by using two of its three wedges for roof-floor formation and using its other wedge for wall formation. Although a C–H···N bond is extremely labile, the porous crystal maintains its porosity until thermal breakdown of the C–H···N bonds at 202°C occurs, affording a nonporous polymorph. Though this nonporous crystal survives even at 325°C, it can retrieve the parent porosity under acetonitrile vapor. These findings show how one can translate simplicity into ultrahigh complexity.
    Keywords: Chemistry
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    Making ultrafast cycles of light (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-09-28
    Keywords: Physics
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Two ways out of an oxetane (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-09-28
    Keywords: Chemistry
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    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Arenes and amides from a single source (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2018-09-28
    Keywords: Chemistry
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 61
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    Interrupted carbonyl-olefin metathesis via oxygen atom transfer (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-09-28
    Description: Some of the simplest and most powerful carbon-carbon bond forming strategies take advantage of readily accessible ubiquitous motifs: carbonyls and olefins. Here we report a fundamentally distinct mode of reactivity between carbonyls and olefins that differs from established acid-catalyzed carbonyl-ene, Prins, and carbonyl-olefin metathesis reaction paths. A range of epsilon, zeta-unsaturated ketones undergo Brønsted acid–catalyzed intramolecular cyclization to provide tetrahydrofluorene products via the formation of two new carbon-carbon bonds. Theoretical calculations and accompanying mechanistic studies suggest that this carbocyclization reaction proceeds through the intermediacy of a transient oxetane formed by oxygen atom transfer. The complex polycyclic frameworks in this product class appear as common substructures in organic materials, bioactive natural products, and recently developed pharmaceuticals.
    Keywords: Chemistry
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    Arylsulfonylacetamides as bifunctional reagents for alkene aminoarylation (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-09-28
    Description: Alkene aminoarylation with a single, bifunctional reagent is a concise synthetic strategy. We report a catalytic protocol for the addition of arylsulfonylacetamides across electron-rich alkenes with complete anti-Markovnikov regioselectivity and excellent diastereoselectivity to provide 2,2-diarylethylamines. In this process, single-electron alkene oxidation enables carbon-nitrogen bond formation to provide a key benzylic radical poised for a Smiles-Truce 1,5-aryl shift. This reaction is redox-neutral, exhibits broad functional group compatibility, and occurs at room temperature with loss of sulfur dioxide. As this process is driven by visible light, uses readily available starting materials, and demonstrates convergent synthesis, it is well suited for use in a variety of synthetic endeavors.
    Keywords: Chemistry
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    Quantum oscillations in an insulator (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-10-05
    Keywords: Physics
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Activating plasmonic chemistry (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-10-05
    Keywords: Chemistry
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    Hot carriers reducing thermal barriers (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-10-05
    Keywords: Chemistry
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Insulator or a metal? (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-10-05
    Keywords: Physics
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Quantum oscillations of electrical resistivity in an insulator (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-10-05
    Description: In metals, orbital motions of conduction electrons on the Fermi surface are quantized in magnetic fields, which is manifested by quantum oscillations in electrical resistivity. This Landau quantization is generally absent in insulators. Here, we report a notable exception in an insulator—ytterbium dodecaboride (YbB 12 ). The resistivity of YbB 12 , which is of a much larger magnitude than the resistivity in metals, exhibits distinct quantum oscillations. These unconventional oscillations arise from the insulating bulk, even though the temperature dependence of the oscillation amplitude follows the conventional Fermi liquid theory of metals with a large effective mass. Quantum oscillations in the magnetic torque are also observed, albeit with a lighter effective mass.
    Keywords: Physics
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  • 68
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    Quantifying hot carrier and thermal contributions in plasmonic photocatalysis (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2018-10-05
    Description: Photocatalysis based on optically active, "plasmonic" metal nanoparticles has emerged as a promising approach to facilitate light-driven chemical conversions under far milder conditions than thermal catalysis. However, an understanding of the relation between thermal and electronic excitations has been lacking. We report the substantial light-induced reduction of the thermal activation barrier for ammonia decomposition on a plasmonic photocatalyst. We introduce the concept of a light-dependent activation barrier to account for the effect of light illumination on electronic and thermal excitations in a single unified picture. This framework provides insight into the specific role of hot carriers in plasmon-mediated photochemistry, which is critically important for designing energy-efficient plasmonic photocatalysts.
    Keywords: Chemistry
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  • 69
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    An acid inaccessible to aldol products (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-10-12
    Keywords: Chemistry
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    Iodine smooths the way to ketyl radicals (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2018-10-12
    Keywords: Chemistry
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    Magnons propagating in graphene (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2018-10-12
    Keywords: Physics
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    Electrical generation and detection of spin waves in a quantum Hall ferromagnet (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-10-12
    Description: Spin waves are collective excitations of magnetic systems. An attractive setting for studying long-lived spin-wave physics is the quantum Hall (QH) ferromagnet, which forms spontaneously in clean two-dimensional electron systems at low temperature and in a perpendicular magnetic field. We used out-of-equilibrium occupation of QH edge channels in graphene to excite and detect spin waves in magnetically ordered QH states. Our experiments provide direct evidence for long-distance spin-wave propagation through different ferromagnetic phases in the N = 0 Landau level, as well as across the insulating canted antiferromagnetic phase. Our results will enable experimental investigation of the fundamental magnetic properties of these exotic two-dimensional electron systems.
    Keywords: Physics
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    Ketyl radical reactivity via atom transfer catalysis (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2018-10-12
    Description: Single-electron reduction of a carbonyl to a ketyl enables access to a polarity-reversed platform of reactivity for this cornerstone functional group. However, the synthetic utility of the ketyl radical is hindered by the strong reductants necessary for its generation, which also limit its reactivity to net reductive mechanisms. We report a strategy for net redox-neutral generation and reaction of ketyl radicals. The in situ conversion of aldehydes to α-acetoxy iodides lowers their reduction potential by more than 1 volt, allowing for milder access to the corresponding ketyl radicals and an oxidative termination event. Upon subjecting these iodides to a dimanganese decacarbonyl precatalyst and visible light irradiation, an atom transfer radical addition (ATRA) mechanism affords a broad scope of vinyl iodide products with high Z -selectivity.
    Keywords: Chemistry
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  • 74
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    Confined acids catalyze asymmetric single aldolizations of acetaldehyde enolates (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2018-10-12
    Description: Reactions that form a product with the same reactive functionality as that of one of the starting compounds frequently end in oligomerization. As a salient example, selective aldol coupling of the smallest, though arguably most useful, enolizable aldehyde, acetaldehyde, with just one partner substrate has proven to be extremely challenging. Here, we report a highly enantioselective Mukaiyama aldol reaction with the simple triethylsilyl (TES) and tert -butyldimethylsilyl (TBS) enolates of acetaldehyde and various aliphatic and aromatic acceptor aldehydes. The reaction is catalyzed by recently developed, strongly acidic imidodiphosphorimidates (IDPi), which, like enzymes, display a confined active site but, like small-molecule catalysts, have a broad substrate scope. The process is scalable, fast, efficient (0.5 to 1.5 mole % catalyst loading), and greatly simplifies access to highly valuable silylated acetaldehyde aldols.
    Keywords: Chemistry
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    Breaking through the nitrogen ceiling (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-21
    Keywords: Chemistry
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    Magnetic hysteresis up to 80 kelvin in a dysprosium metallocene single-molecule magnet (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-21
    Description: Single-molecule magnets (SMMs) containing only one metal center may represent the lower size limit for molecule-based magnetic information storage materials. Their current drawback is that all SMMs require liquid-helium cooling to show magnetic memory effects. We now report a chemical strategy to access the dysprosium metallocene cation [(Cp i Pr5 )Dy(Cp*)] + (Cp i Pr5 , penta-iso-propylcyclopentadienyl; Cp *, pentamethylcyclopentadienyl), which displays magnetic hysteresis above liquid-nitrogen temperatures. An effective energy barrier to reversal of the magnetization of U eff = 1541 wave number is also measured. The magnetic blocking temperature of T B = 80 kelvin for this cation overcomes an essential barrier toward the development of nanomagnet devices that function at practical temperatures.
    Keywords: Chemistry
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    Germany. Fraud investigations come up dry (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-07-12
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Vogel, Gretchen -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jul 11;301(5630):150.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12855778" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Biomedical Research ; Germany ; Neurosciences ; Physical Phenomena ; Physics ; Publishing ; Research/*standards ; Research Support as Topic ; *Scientific Misconduct
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    Living and nonliving matter (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-07-03
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stec, Boguslaw -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Jul 2;305(5680):41-4; author reply 41-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15232089" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptation, Biological ; *Cells ; *Life ; Physical Phenomena ; Physics ; Proteins/*chemistry ; Selection, Genetic ; Thermodynamics
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    The scaling of animal space use (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2004-10-09
    Description: Space used by animals increases with increasing body size. Energy requirements alone can explain how population density decreases, but not the steep rate at which home range area increases. We present a general mechanistic model that predicts the frequency of interaction, spatial overlap, and loss of resources to neighbors. Extensive empirical evidence supports the model, demonstrating that spatial constraints on defense cause exclusivity of home range use to decrease with increasing body size. In large mammals, over 90% of available resources may be lost to neighbors. Our model offers a general framework to understand animal space use and sociality.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Jetz, Walter -- Carbone, Chris -- Fulford, Jenny -- Brown, James H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Oct 8;306(5694):266-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544-1003, USA. wjetz@princeton.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15472074" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Body Constitution ; Body Weight ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Energy Metabolism ; Environment ; *Homing Behavior ; *Mammals/anatomy & histology/metabolism ; Mathematics ; *Models, Biological ; Physical Phenomena ; Physics ; Population Density
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    Breakthrough of the year. Scorecard 2003 (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-12-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Dec 17;306(5704):2012.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15604367" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Access to Information ; Animals ; Biological Warfare ; Ecosystem ; Genome ; Information Dissemination ; Mars ; Physical Phenomena ; Physics ; Publishing ; *Science ; Security Measures
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    Breakthrough of the year. The runners-up (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-12-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Dec 17;306(5704):2013-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15604368" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biodiversity ; Biological Evolution ; Cloning, Organism ; DNA, Intergenic ; Genome ; Hominidae/anatomy & histology ; Humans ; Physical Phenomena ; Physics ; Public Health ; *Science ; Water/chemistry
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  • 82
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    Engineering peak performance (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-08-03
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cho, Adrian -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Jul 30;305(5684):643-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15286364" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Biomechanical Phenomena ; *Engineering ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Humans ; Mathematics ; Mechanics ; Physics ; Research Support as Topic ; *Sports ; *Sports Equipment ; United States
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    Profile: Rajan Gupta (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-05-29
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Malakoff, David -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 May 28;304(5675):1281.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15166361" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Career Choice ; Emigration and Immigration ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; India ; Physics ; Public Health ; United States
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    New facilities. ITER tops DOE's list of next big science projects (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2003-11-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Malakoff, David -- Cho, Adrian -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Nov 14;302(5648):1126-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14615496" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Computers ; Facility Design and Construction ; Financing, Government ; Molecular Biology ; Nuclear Reactors ; Physical Phenomena ; Physics ; *Research Support as Topic ; United States ; *United States Government Agencies
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  • 85
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    The aerodynamics of free-flight maneuvers in Drosophila (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-04-19
    Description: Using three-dimensional infrared high-speed video, we captured the wing and body kinematics of free-flying fruit flies as they performed rapid flight maneuvers. We then "replayed" the wing kinematics on a dynamically scaled robotic model to measure the aerodynamic forces produced by the wings. The results show that a fly generates rapid turns with surprisingly subtle modifications in wing motion, which nonetheless generate sufficient torque for the fly to rotate its body through each turn. The magnitude and time course of the torque and body motion during rapid turns indicate that inertia, not friction, dominates the flight dynamics of insects.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fry, Steven N -- Sayaman, Rosalyn -- Dickinson, Michael H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Apr 18;300(5618):495-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Neuroinformatics, University/ETH Zurich, Winterthurerstr. 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12702878" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acceleration ; Animals ; Biomechanical Phenomena ; Body Constitution ; Drosophila melanogaster/anatomy & histology/*physiology ; Flight, Animal/*physiology ; Friction ; Mathematics ; Motion ; Movement ; Physical Phenomena ; Physics ; Robotics ; Rotation ; Torque ; Video Recording ; Wings, Animal/*physiology
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    2004 science budget. Congress wants the twain to meet (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-07-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Couzin, Jennifer -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jul 25;301(5632):444.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12881536" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Biological Science Disciplines ; Budgets ; Financing, Government ; *National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ; *Natural Science Disciplines ; Physical Phenomena ; Physics ; *Research Support as Topic ; United States
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    Ecology. Keeping an eye on the neighbors (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2004-10-09
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Buskirk, Steven -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Oct 8;306(5694):238-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA. marten@uwyo.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15472068" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Body Constitution ; Body Weight ; *Ecosystem ; Energy Metabolism ; Environment ; *Homing Behavior ; *Mammals/anatomy & histology/metabolism ; Mathematics ; *Models, Biological ; Physical Phenomena ; Physics ; Population Density
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    Profile: Marina Protopopova (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-05-29
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Malakoff, David -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 May 28;304(5675):1283.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15166364" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biotechnology ; Career Choice ; Chemistry ; Emigration and Immigration ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Siberia ; United States
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    Breakthrough of the year. The runners-up (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-01-01
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Dec 19;302(5653):2039-45.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14700029" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Angiogenesis Inhibitors/therapeutic use ; Animals ; Astronomical Phenomena ; Astronomy ; Climate ; Germ Cells/cytology/physiology ; Humans ; Mental Disorders/etiology/genetics ; Neoplasms/blood supply/drug therapy ; Physical Phenomena ; Physics ; RNA, Antisense ; *Science/trends ; Stem Cells/physiology ; Y Chromosome/genetics
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    [Perspective] Superconductivity on the edge (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-05-20
    Description: Standard superconductors consist of a condensate of paired electrons, called Cooper pairs. The transport behavior of these pairs at junctions can produce exotic effects that are of fundamental and practical interest. When two superconductors are in contact via a normal metal, the pairs must convert to single-particle states to traverse between superconductors. This occurs by the Andreev process, whereby a low-energy electron in the normal metal injects a Cooper pair into the superconductor and generates a hole that reflects back into the metal; coherent, opposite-momentum electron-hole pairs then carry the supercurrent across the metallic junction (1) (see the figure, panel A). In the case of superconductors connected to a quantum Hall state, there are only one-way paths along the junction edges. Here, a new type of Andreev process is predicted to occur, whereby electron and hole states on opposite sample edges carry the supercurrent. This prediction was made more than 20 years ago (2), but clear observation of the effect was frustrated by the difficulty of creating coexisting superconducting and quantum Hall states. On page 966 of this issue, Amet et al. (3) report on the interplay between these two states, finding evidence for the unconventional Andreev process. Their results confirm new physics that appears when two correlated states are connected, and opens the door to a range of novel excitations and exotic devices. Author: Nadya Mason
    Keywords: Physics
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    [This Week in Science] Synthetic twists among lipids (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-04-29
    Description: Author: Jake Yeston
    Keywords: Chemistry
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    [This Week in Science] Temporarily caught in a bind (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-18
    Description: Author: Marc S. Lavine
    Keywords: Chemistry
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    [Perspective] To see the world in a grain of spins (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-03-11
    Description: Grappling with our desire to understand nature, we construct models of the specific systems that we wish to study. Unsurprisingly, such models are generally highly tailored to the system of interest. But are all these models really that distinct? Or, could there be a universal model that can somehow describe the behavior of any system we could think of? On page 1180 of this issue, De las Cuevas and Cubitt (1) venture out to weave ideas from physics and computer science in an attempt to answer this question for all classical spin models. Author: Stephanie Wehner
    Keywords: Physics
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    [Perspective] Quantum dynamics in the smallest water droplet (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-03-18
    Description: Water plays a central role in scientific disciplines ranging from geology to astronomy to biology. Yet it is an extraordinarily dif cult liquid to understand because of its complex, ever-changing patterns of hydrogen bonds. Studies of small water clusters have provided important insights into the concerted hydrogen-bond motions that can occur in water. These studies are also crucial for developing an accurate potential function for simulating the properties of liquid water and ice (1). On page 1310 of this issue, Richardson et al. (2) provide evidence for a concerted type of motion in which two hydrogen bonds in a water cluster are broken simultaneously (see the figure). The results have implications for many areas of scientific study, including the chemistry of polar solvents, the conformations of proteins, and the dissolution of ions in minerals. Author: David C. Clary
    Keywords: Chemistry
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    [Perspective] Squeezing into superconductivity (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-18
    Description: The recent report of superconductivity in hydrogen sulfide (H2S) by Drozdov et al. (1) at a record high superconducting critical temperature Tc of 203 K and at high pressure (153 GPa) triggered excitement from both a fundamental and technological perspective. On page 1303 of this issue, Troyan et al. (2) confirm the finding by using an elegant and unexpected implementation of the Mössbauer technique at the third-generation synchrotron facility in Grenoble, France. They measured the Meissner effect (3)—the expulsion of magnetic field from the sample—thereby unequivocally confirming the existence of superconductivity. The new superconductor is believed to have a simple chemical formula, H3S. The superconductivity in H3S was predicted theoretically by Duan et al. (4) before the first experimental findings were reported. The technique has great potential for future studies of tiny samples squeezed to extremely high pressure. This experimental advance paves the road to probing superconductivity in metallic hydrogen, which is expected to be a room-temperature superconductor above 500 GPa (5). Author: Viktor Struzhkin
    Keywords: Physics
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    [Editors' Choice] Beyond blank slates in the lab notebook (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-18
    Description: Author: Jake Yeston
    Keywords: Chemistry
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    [Perspective] Surprised by selectivity (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-03-04
    Description: Lower olefins, particularly ethylene (C2H4), propylene (C3H6), and butylene (C4H8), are important intermediates in the manufacture of products such as plastics, solvents, paints, and medicines. They are produced worldwide in amounts exceeding 200 million tons per year (see the photo) (1), mostly from crude oil. More recent approaches use methanol or synthesis gas (syngas; a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen) as feedstocks, but capital investments are high and/or selectivities to lower olefins limited. A bifunctional catalyst reported by Jiao et al. on page 1065 of this issue (2) enables the direct conversion of synthesis gas to lower olefins with a surprisingly high selectivity. Author: Krijn P. de Jong
    Keywords: Chemistry
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    [Perspective] Electrons go with the flow in exotic material systems (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-04
    Description: Turn a switch and the light goes on. The layman's perception is that this is like opening a tap so that the water starts running. But this analogy is misleading. The flow of water is governed by the theory of hydrodynamics, whereby the behavior of the fluid does not require knowledge of the motions of individual molecules. Electrical currents in solids, however, are formed from electrons. In metals, these do not collide with each other, but they do scatter from lattice imperfections. The resulting “Knudsen flow” of electrons is reminiscent of the avalanche of balls cascading through a dense forest of pins, as in a Pachinko machine. On pages 1058, 1055, and 1061 of this issue, evidence is presented that electrons can actually yield to the laws of hydrodynamics (1–3). What is additionally surprising is that these observations are in agreement with mathematical techniques borrowed from string theory (4). These techniques have been applied to describe strongly interacting forms of quantum matter, predicting that they should exhibit hydrodynamic flows (5). Author: Jan Zaanen
    Keywords: Physics
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    [Book Review] Philosophy for physicists (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-20
    Description: The 20th-century philosopher Wilfrid Sellars characterized the aim of philosophy as "to understand how things in the broadest possible sense of the term hang together in the broadest possible sense of the term." This is also physicist Sean Carroll's aim in his new book, The Big Picture. He sets out to show how various phenomena, including thought, choice, conscioussness, and value, hang together with the scientific account of reality that has been developed in physics in the past 100 years. He attempts to do all this without relying on specialized jargon from philosophy and physics, and succeeds spectacularly in achieving both aims. Author: Barry Loewer
    Keywords: Physics
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    [Perspective] Painting magnetism on a canvas of graphene (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-04-22
    Description: An inherent aspect of any two-dimensional (2D) sheet is that all atoms in the material lie on the surface. This leads to a concept of 2D crystals as a “canvas,” where different chemical groups or “ink” on the surface can lead to a palette of distinct materials properties. The most well-studied 2D crystal is graphene, a one-atom-thick sheet of carbon atoms arranged in a honeycomb lattice. Although graphene's superlative materials properties and novel physical phenomena have led to a variety of applications (1), better tunability of these properties is still required. Toward this end, hydrogenated graphene (graphane) was predicted to have a wide band gap and exhibit magnetic order (2–4), in contrast to graphene, which is (semi)metallic and diamagnetic. The chemical stability of graphene makes hydrogenation difficult to control, and this has hampered efforts to tune its electronic or magnetic properties. On page 437 of this issue, González-Herrero et al. (5) report direct evidence that hydrogen atoms on graphene do indeed yield a magnetic moment and that these moments can order ferromagnetically over relatively large distances. If these methods can be extended to industrial scales, then one can imagine storing information at unprecedented densities by painting magnetic bits on graphene canvases (see the figure). Authors: S. M. Hollen, J. A. Gupta
    Keywords: Physics
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