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  • National Academy of Sciences
  • 2015-2019  (35,295)
  • 2005-2009  (19,456)
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  • 1
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    Catalytic process technology (2005)
    Washington, DC : National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    ISBN: 0-309-57629-6
    URL: http://www.netLibrary.com/Details.aspx?ProductId=123544
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    E-Book (German National Licenses)
  • 2
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    Sodium channel genes and the evolution of diversity in communication signals of electric fishes : convergent molecular evolution (2006)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © National Academy of Sciences, 2006. This article is posted here by permission of National Academy of Sciences for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103 (2006): 3675-3680, doi:10.1073/pnas.0600160103.
    Description: We investigated whether the evolution of electric organs and electric signal diversity in two independently evolved lineages of electric fishes was accompanied by convergent changes on the molecular level. We found that a sodium channel gene (Nav1.4a) that is expressed in muscle in nonelectric fishes has lost its expression in muscle and is expressed instead in the evolutionarily novel electric organ in both lineages of electric fishes. This gene appears to be evolving under positive selection in both lineages, facilitated by its restricted expression in the electric organ. This view is reinforced by the lack of evidence for selection on this gene in one electric species in which expression of this gene is retained in muscle. Amino acid replacements occur convergently in domains that influence channel inactivation, a key trait for shaping electric communication signals. Some amino acid replacements occur at or adjacent to sites at which disease-causing mutations have been mapped in human sodium channel genes, emphasizing that these replacements occur in functionally important domains. Selection appears to have acted on the final step in channel inactivation, but complementarily on the inactivation "ball" in one lineage, and its receptor site in the other lineage. Thus, changes in the expression and sequence of the same gene are associated with the independent evolution of signal complexity.
    Description: This work was funded by National Institutes of Health Grant R01 NS025513 (to H.H.Z. and Y.L.) and National Science Foundation Integrative Graduate Education and Research Traineeship Program DGE-0114387 (to D.J.Z. and D.M.H.).
    Keywords: Animal communication ; Electric organ ; Channel inactivation ; Protein evolution ; Positive selection
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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  • 3
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    Vailulu'u Seamount, Samoa : life and death on an active submarine volcano (2006)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © National Academy of Sciences, 2006. This article is posted here by permission of National Academy of Sciences for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103 (2006): 6448-6453, doi:10.1073/pnas.0600830103.
    Description: Submersible exploration of the Samoan hotspot revealed a new, 300-m-tall, volcanic cone, named Nafanua, in the summit crater of Vailulu'u seamount. Nafanua grew from the 1,000-m-deep crater floor in 〈4 years and could reach the sea surface within decades. Vents fill Vailulu'u crater with a thick suspension of particulates and apparently toxic fluids that mix with seawater entering from the crater breaches. Low-temperature vents form Fe oxide chimneys in many locations and up to 1-m-thick layers of hydrothermal Fe floc on Nafanua. High-temperature (81°C) hydrothermal vents in the northern moat (945-m water depth) produce acidic fluids (pH 2.7) with rising droplets of (probably) liquid CO2. The Nafanua summit vent area is inhabited by a thriving population of eels (Dysommina rugosa) that feed on midwater shrimp probably concentrated by anticyclonic currents at the volcano summit and rim. The moat and crater floor around the new volcano are littered with dead metazoans that apparently died from exposure to hydrothermal emissions. Acid-tolerant polychaetes (Polynoidae) live in this environment, apparently feeding on bacteria from decaying fish carcasses. Vailulu'u is an unpredictable and very active underwater volcano presenting a potential long-term volcanic hazard. Although eels thrive in hydrothermal vents at the summit of Nafanua, venting elsewhere in the crater causes mass mortality. Paradoxically, the same anticyclonic currents that deliver food to the eels may also concentrate a wide variety of nektonic animals in a death trap of toxic hydrothermal fluids.
    Description: This work was supported by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Oceans Exploration and the Hawaii Undersea Research Laboratory–NOAA Undersea Research Program, the National Science Foundation, the Australian Research Council, and the SERPENT program.
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  • 4
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    Nitrate is an important nitrogen source for Arctic tundra plants (2018)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2018. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.of the United States of America 115 (2018): 3398-3403, doi:10.1073/pnas.1715382115.
    Description: Plant nitrogen (N) use is a key component of the N cycle in terrestrial ecosystems. The supply of N to plants affects community species composition and ecosystem processes such as photosynthesis and carbon (C) accumulation. However, the availabilities and relative importance of different N forms to plants are not well understood. While nitrate (NO3−) is a major N form used by plants worldwide, it is discounted as a N source for Arctic tundra plants because of extremely low NO3− concentrations in Arctic tundra soils, undetectable soil nitrification, and plant-tissue NO3− that is typically below detection limits. Here we reexamine NO3− use by tundra plants using a sensitive denitrifier method to analyze plant-tissue NO3−. Soil-derived NO3− was detected in tundra plant tissues, and tundra plants took up soil NO3− at comparable rates to plants from relatively NO3−-rich ecosystems in other biomes. Nitrate assimilation determined by 15N enrichments of leaf NO3− relative to soil NO3− accounted for 4 to 52% (as estimated by a Bayesian isotope-mixing model) of species-specific total leaf N of Alaskan tundra plants. Our finding that in situ soil NO3− availability for tundra plants is high has important implications for Arctic ecosystems, not only in determining species compositions, but also in determining the loss of N from soils via leaching and denitrification. Plant N uptake and soil N losses can strongly influence C uptake and accumulation in tundra soils. Accordingly, this evidence of NO3− availability in tundra soils is crucial for predicting C storage in tundra.
    Description: his study was supported by the Kyoto University Foundation, the Sumitomo Foundation, Program for Next Generation World-Leading Researcher (Grant GS008) and Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (KAKENHI Grants 26252020, 26550004, 17H06297, and P09316) from the Japan Society for Promotion of Science, the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grants 41730855, 41522301, and 41473081), the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grants 2016YFA0600802 and 2017YFC0210101), and the 11th Recruitment Program of Global Experts (the Thousand Talents Plan) for Young Professionals granted by the central budget of China.
    Keywords: Arctic tundra plants ; Nitrogen dynamics ; Plant nitrate ; Soil nitrate ; Stable isotopes
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 5
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    Primary productivity below the seafloor at deep-sea hot springs (2018)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2018. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.of the United States of America 115 (2018): 6756–6761, doi:10.1073/pnas.1804351115.
    Description: The existence of a chemosynthetic subseafloor biosphere was immediately recognized when deep-sea hot springs were discovered in 1977. However, quantifying how much new carbon is fixed in this environment has remained elusive. In this study, we incubated natural subseafloor communities under in situ pressure/temperature and measured their chemosynthetic growth efficiency and metabolic rates. Combining these data with fluid flux and in situ chemical measurements, we derived empirical constraints on chemosynthetic activity in the natural environment. Our study shows subseafloor microorganisms are highly productive (up to 1.4 Tg C produced yearly), fast-growing (turning over every 17–41 hours), and physiologically diverse. These estimates place deep-sea hot springs in a quantitative framework and allow us to assess their importance for global biogeochemical cycles.
    Description: This research was funded by a grant of the Dimensions of Biodiversity program of the US National Science Foundation (NSF-OCE-1136727 to S.M.S. and J.S.S.). Funding for J.M. was further provided by doctoral fellowships from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (PGSD3-430487-2013, PGSM-405117-2011) and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Earth Systems Science Fellowship (PLANET14F-0075), an award from the Canadian Meteorological and Oceanographic Society, and the WHOI Academic Programs Office.
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  • 6
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    Heterotrophic Archaea dominate sedimentary subsurface ecosystems off Peru (2006)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © National Academy of Sciences, 2006. This article is posted here by permission of National Academy of Sciences for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103 (2006): 3846-3851, doi:10.1073/pnas.0600035103.
    Description: Studies of deeply buried, sedimentary microbial communities and associated biogeochemical processes during Ocean Drilling Program Leg 201 showed elevated prokaryotic cell numbers in sediment layers where methane is consumed anaerobically at the expense of sulfate. Here, we show that extractable archaeal rRNA, selecting only for active community members in these ecosystems, is dominated by sequences of uncultivated Archaea affiliated with the Marine Benthic Group B and the Miscellaneous Crenarchaeotal Group, whereas known methanotrophic Archaea are not detectable. Carbon flow reconstructions based on stable isotopic compositions of whole archaeal cells, intact archaeal membrane lipids, and other sedimentary carbon pools indicate that these Archaea assimilate sedimentary organic compounds other than methane even though methanotrophy accounts for a major fraction of carbon cycled in these ecosystems. Oxidation of methane by members of Marine Benthic Group B and the Miscellaneous Crenarchaeotal Group without assimilation of methane–carbon provides a plausible explanation. Maintenance energies of these subsurface communities appear to be orders of magnitude lower than minimum values known from laboratory observations, and ecosystem-level carbon budgets suggest that community turnover times are on the order of 100–2,000 years. Our study provides clues about the metabolic functionality of two cosmopolitan groups of uncultured Archaea.
    Description: This work was supported by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (to J.S.L., R.A., M.E., and K.-U.H. at Research Center for Ocean Margins and Grant Hi 616/4 to K.U.-H.); National Aeronautics and Space Administration Astrobiology Institute Grants NNA04CC06A (to J.E.B. and C.H.H. at Pennsylvania State University), NCC 2-1275 (to M.A.L., K.G.L., K.B.S., H.F.F., A.T., and K.-U.H. at the University of Rhode Island), and NCC 2-1054 (to M.L.S. and A.T. at the Marine Biological Laboratory); the G. Unger Vetlesen Foundation; U.S. Department of Energy Grant DE-FG02-93ER20117; and NSF Grant MCB03-48492. J.F.B. was supported by NSF Integrative Graduate Education and Research Traineeship Program Grant DGE-9972759 and a Schlanger fellowship from the Joint Oceanographic Institutions (JOI). M.A.L. was supported in part by postcruise support from JOI.
    Keywords: Anaerobic methanotrophy ; Deep biosphere ; FISH–secondary ion MS ; Intact polar lipids ; Stable carbon isotopes
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 7
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    A ligand for the aryl hydrocarbon receptor isolated from lung (2006)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © National Academy of Sciences, 2002. This article is posted here by permission of National Academy of Sciences for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 99 (2002): 14694-14699, doi:10.1073/pnas.232562899.
    Description: The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is a ligand-inducible transcription factor that is best known because it mediates the actions of polycyclic and halogenated aromatic hydrocarbon environmental toxicants such as 3-methylcholanthrene and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. We report here the successful identification of an endogenous ligand for this receptor; {approx}20 µg was isolated in pure form from 35 kg of porcine lung. Its structure was deduced as 2-(1'H-indole-3'-carbonyl)-thiazole-4-carboxylic acid methyl ester from extensive physical measurements and quantum mechanical calculations. In a reporter gene assay, this ligand activates the AHR with a potency five times greater than that of {beta}-naphthoflavone, a prototypical synthetic AHR ligand. 2-(1'H-indole-3'-carbonyl)-thiazole-4-carboxylic acid methyl ester competes with 2,3,7,8-[3H]tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin for binding to human, murine, and fish AHRs, thus showing that AHR activation is caused by direct receptor binding, and that recognition of this endogenous ligand is conserved from early vertebrates (fish) to humans.
    Description: This work was supported by the Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation, the University of Wisconsin Sea Grant Institute, and the National Institutes of Health.
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  • 8
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    The molecular basis for differential dioxin sensitivity in birds : role of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (2006)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © National Academy of Sciences, 2006. This article is posted here by permission of National Academy of Sciences for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103 (2006): 6252-6257, doi:10.1073/pnas.0509950103.
    Description: 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and related halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons (HAHs) are highly toxic to most vertebrate animals, but there are dramatic differences in sensitivity among species and strains. Aquatic birds including the common tern (Sterna hirundo) are highly exposed to HAHs in the environment, but are up to 250-fold less sensitive to these compounds than the typical avian model, the domestic chicken (Gallus gallus). The mechanism of HAH toxicity involves altered gene expression subsequent to activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), a basic helix–loop–helix-PAS transcription factor. AHR polymorphisms underlie mouse strain differences in sensitivity to HAHs and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, but the role of the AHR in species differences in HAH sensitivity is not well understood. Here, we show that although chicken and tern AHRs both exhibit specific binding of [3H]TCDD, the tern AHR has a lower binding affinity and exhibits a reduced ability to support TCDD-dependent transactivation as compared to AHRs from chicken or mouse. We further show through use of chimeric AHR proteins and site-directed mutagenesis that the difference between the chicken and tern AHRs resides in the ligand-binding domain and that two amino acids (Val-325 and Ala-381) are responsible for the reduced activity of the tern AHR. Other avian species with reduced sensitivity to HAHs also possess these residues. These studies provide a molecular understanding of species differences in sensitivity to dioxin-like compounds and suggest an approach to using the AHR as a marker of dioxin susceptibility in wildlife.
    Description: This research was supported by the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration National Sea Grant College Program, Department of Commerce, under Grants NA46RG0470 and NA16RG2273.
    Keywords: Basic helix–loop–helix-PAS ; Comparative toxicology ; Mechanisms ; Risk assessment ; Susceptibility
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 9
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    River-discharge effects on United States Atlantic and Gulf coast sea-level changes (2018)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2018. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.of the United States of America 115 (2018): 7729-7734, doi:10.1073/pnas.1805428115.
    Description: Identifying physical processes responsible for historical coastal sea-level changes is important for anticipating future impacts. Recent studies sought to understand the drivers of interannual to multidecadal sea-level changes on the United States Atlantic and Gulf coasts. Ocean dynamics, terrestrial water storage, vertical land motion, and melting of land ice were highlighted as important mechanisms of sea-level change along this densely populated coast on these time scales. While known to exert an important control on coastal ocean circulation, variable river discharge has been absent from recent discussions of drivers of sea-level change. We update calculations from the 1970s, comparing annual river-discharge and coastal sea-level data along the Gulf of Maine, Mid-Atlantic Bight, South Atlantic Bight, and Gulf of Mexico during 1910–2017. We show that river-discharge and sea-level changes are significantly correlated (p〈0.01), such that sea level rises between 0.01 and 0.08 cm for a 1 km3 annual river-discharge increase, depending on region. We formulate a theory that describes the relation between river-discharge and halosteric sea-level changes (i.e., changes in sea level related to salinity) as a function of river discharge, Earth’s rotation, and density stratification. This theory correctly predicts the order of observed increment sea-level change per unit river-discharge anomaly, suggesting a causal relation. Our results have implications for remote sensing, climate modeling, interpreting Common Era proxy sea-level reconstructions, and projecting coastal flood risk.
    Description: C.G.P. and R.M.P. acknowledge support from NASA Contract NNH16CT01C (which also supported C.M.L.), NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory Subcontract 1569246, and National Science Foundation Award 1558966. C.G.P. also acknowledges support from The Investment in Science Fund at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. A.C.K. and S.E.E. acknowledge NSF Awards OCE-1458921 and OCE-1458903, respectively.
    Keywords: Coastal sea level ; Coastal river plumes ; Coastal flood risk ; Climate modeling ; Physical oceanography
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  • 10
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    Different iron storage strategies among bloom-forming diatoms (2019)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © The Author(s), 2018. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of National Academy of Sciences for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 115(52), (2018): E12275-E12284. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1805243115.
    Description: Diatoms are prominent eukaryotic phytoplankton despite being limited by the micronutrient iron in vast expanses of the ocean. As iron inputs are often sporadic, diatoms have evolved mechanisms such as the ability to store iron that enable them to bloom when iron is resupplied and then persist when low iron levels are reinstated. Two iron storage mechanisms have been previously described: the protein ferritin and vacuolar storage. To investigate the ecological role of these mechanisms among diatoms, iron addition and removal incubations were conducted using natural phytoplankton communities from varying iron environments. We show that among the predominant diatoms, Pseudo-nitzschia were favored by iron removal and displayed unique ferritin expression consistent with a long-term storage function. Meanwhile, Chaetoceros and Thalassiosira gene expression aligned with vacuolar storage mechanisms. Pseudo-nitzschia also showed exceptionally high iron storage under steady-state high and low iron conditions, as well as following iron resupply to iron-limited cells. We propose that bloom-forming diatoms use different iron storage mechanisms and that ferritin utilization may provide an advantage in areas of prolonged iron limitation with pulsed iron inputs. As iron distributions and availability change, this speculated ferritin-linked advantage may result in shifts in diatom community composition that can alter marine ecosystems and biogeochemical cycles.
    Description: We thank the captain and crew of the R/V Melville and the CCGS J. P. Tully as well as the participants of the IRNBRU (MV1405) cruise for the California-based data, particularly K. Ellis [University of North Carolina (UNC)], T. Coale (University of California, San Diego), F. Kuzminov (Rutgers), H. McNair [University of California, Santa Barbara (UCSB)], and J. Jones (UCSB). W. Burns (UNC), S. Haines (UNC), and S. Bargu (Louisiana State University) assisted with sample processing and analysis. This work was funded by the National Science Foundation Grants OCE-1334935 (to A.M.), OCE-1334632 (to B.S.T.), OCE-1333929 (to K.T.), OCE-1334387 (to M.A.B.), OCE-1259776 (to K.W.B), and DGE-1650116 (Graduate Research Fellowship to R.H.L).
    Description: 2019-06-11
    Keywords: phytoplankton ; iron limitation ; Pseudo-nitzschia ; ferritin ; metatranscriptomics
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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