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  • Scanning electron microscopy  (111)
  • man  (90)
  • Springer  (201)
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science
  • American Geophysical Union
  • Irkutsk : Ross. Akad. Nauk, Sibirskoe Otd., Inst. Zemnoj Kory
  • Krefeld : Geologischer Dienst Nordhein-Westfalen
  • Wiley
  • 2015-2019
  • 2005-2009
  • 1975-1979  (134)
  • 1970-1974  (67)
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Keywords
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Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Growth of embryonic chick tibiae in ovo and in vitro: A scanning electron microscope study (1979)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 27 (1979), S. 33-40 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Chick embryo ; Bone ; Organ culture ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary The study describes the ultrastructure of the mineralized portion of chick tibiae from 10 days in ovo to 2 days post-hatch. At 10 days a single mineralized cylinder surrounds the diaphysis. On its outer surface columnar trabeculae join to form ridges parallel to the long axis of the bone. These ridges are covered by another cylinder and form the haversian canals. At 11 days vascular invasion of the marrow cavity occurs and resorption of the endosteal surface begins. This type of periosteal deposition and endosteal resorption is repeated during and subsequent to embryonic development. The mineralized portion of 10-day chick tibiae cultured for 2 days in modified BGJ medium was compared with 10-, 11-, and 12-day tibiae in ovo. Cultured tibiae were similar in length and calcium content to 11-day tibiae in ovo. The form of mineral deposited in ovo and in culture was the same, namely, aggregates of spherical mineral clusters. Differences in culture included the following: (a) few concentric cylinders were deposited as compared with tibiae in ovo; (b) trabeculae were not arranged in rows and ridges in culture; (c) osteocytic lacunae were restricted to bases of trabeculae rather than uniformly distributed as in ovo; and (d) the endosteal surface of tibiae in culture appeared etched.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02441158
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Structure and association of wall fibrils produced by regenerating tobacco protoplasts (1979)
    Springer
    Planta 146 (1979), S. 203-210 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Cellulose ; Microfibrils ; Negative staining ; Nicotiana ; Protoplasts ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A study has been made of the wall fibrils produced by tobacco protoplasts, using scanning electron microscopy in conjunction with negative staining. It has been shown that the fibres seen in scanning electron microscopy correspond to aggregates of microfibrils. These aggregates are only visible where they are lifted clear of the protoplast surface. Negative staining of fixed protoplasts shows that the aggregation of microfibrils into the fibres visible in scanning electron microscopy is probably produced by air-drying. Gentle disruption of microfibrils produces both random broken fragments and bundles of short pieces of fibrillar material about 60 nm in length. This material is present in undisrupted young walls, but not in undisrupted older walls. The microfibrils in young walls seem much more fragile and liable to breakage than those in older walls. These results are discussed in terms of the interpretation of scanning electron microscope images and the mechanism of cellulose microfibril formation by higher plants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00388233
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Improved oral glucose tolerance following antiserotonin treatment in patients with chemical diabetes (1979)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 15 (1979), S. 395-399 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: cyproheptadine ; metergoline ; glucose tolerance ; insulin secretion ; chemical diabetes ; man
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of short-term treatment with either placebo or two serotonin antagonists, cyproheptadine and metergoline, on oral glucose tolerance and insulin secretion have been evaluated in normal subjects and in patients with chemical diabetes. Placebo treatment was not associated with any significant change in the parameters examined. Glucose tolerance in chemical diabetics was significantly improved both after cyproheptadine and metergoline; fasting plasma glucose was also reduced by metergoline. Treatment with the latter drug was also associated with a significant decrease in incremental glucose area in healthy subjects, which was not affected by cyproheptadine. Basal and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion were not affected by either drug in any subjects. Cyproheptadine and metergoline improve glucose metabolism in chemical diabetes probably by reducing insulin resistance. This may depend either on decreased secretion of counter-regulatory hormones or on a direct pharmacological action of the drugs on glucose utilization, possibly mediated by their common antiserotoninergic properties.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00561737
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pharmacokinetics of quinidine related to plasma protein binding in man (1979)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 15 (1979), S. 187-192 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: quinidine ; plasma protein binding ; pharmacokinetics ; man
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The disposition and plasma protein binding of quinidine after intravenous administration were studied in 13 healthy subjects. Plasma protein binding, expressed as the fraction of quinidine unbound ranged from 0.134–0.303 (mean 0.221). Elimination rate constant (β) varied from 0.071 to 0.146 h−1 (mean 0.113), and apparent volume of distribution (Vβ) varied from 1.39–3.20 l · kg−1β (mean 2.27). Total body clearance was 2.32–6.49 ml min−1 · kg−1. There was a positive linear correlation between the plasma fraction of unbound quinidine and both Vβ (r=0.885, p〈0.01) and total body clearance (r=0.668, p〈0.05). No significant correlation existed between the fraction of unbound quinidine in plasma and the elimination rate constant. The results show that both the apparent volume of distribution and total body clearance of quinidine are proportional to the unbound fraction in plasma. This implies that the total plasma concentration of quinidine at steady state will change with alterations in plasma binding, whilst the concentration of unbound compund and its elimination rate will remain unaffected.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00563104
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Use of a simulation model to study the acute haemodynamic effects of diazoxide in man (1979)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 15 (1979), S. 73-81 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: simulation model ; diazoxide hypotension ; haemodynamics ; man
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The acute haemodynamic effects of injected diazoxide (Hyperstat® Schering) have been studied in 8 hypertensive subjects. Aortic blood pressure was measured and cardiac output and peripheral conductance were assessed continuously using a simulation model. In six of the patients pulmonary artery end-diastolic pressure was also measured. Blood pressure fell in all subjects 5–10 min after injection of the drug cardiac output increased in all patients studied. However, the initial change in cardiac output differed, as it decreased in two subjects and did not change in one. The largest initial increases in cardiac output were seen in the subjects with the highest pulmonary artery end-diastolic pressure. Patients with an initial decrease in cardiac output were those with the least compliant (stiffest) aortas. We consider that the responsiveness of the baroreceptors determines the size of the increase in cardiac output immediately after reduction of blood pressure by diazoxide. Thus in a patient with a stiff aorta, particularly at low cardiac filling pressure, diazoxide might cause a fall in blood pressure to an unacceptable level.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00609868
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Classification of human placental villi (1979)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 200 (1979), S. 409-423 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Human placenta ; Classification of villi ; Histology ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The classification of human placental villi was reviewed on the basis of material prepared by means of special methods. The material from in situ normal-term placentae was biopsied by aspiration into glutaraldehyde. The classification was made on the basis of light-microscopic observations of semithin sections, reconstructions from serial sections, and scanning-electron micrographs. The peripheral villous tree is roughly divided into stem (ramuli), intermediate and terminal villi. The intermediate villi may be further subdivided as mature and immature types, which are found between the stem and terminal villi. Some of the terminal villi possess a local specialization described as the neck region. The histological characteristics and the branching pattern of each type are described, and the basis of the proposed classification is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00234852
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Scanning electron microscopy of peripheral blood leukocytes of the chicken (1979)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 204 (1979), S. 147-153 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Granulocytes ; Lymphocytes ; Monocytes ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Chicken
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Polymorphonuclear leukocytes, e.g., neutrophilic granulocytes, were enriched from heparinized blood by a Ficoll-step-gradient centrifugation procedure. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed a surface morphology of narrow ridge-like profiles and small ruffles with occasional microprocesses. Mononuclear leukocytes were isolated by centrifugation over a Ficoll-Metrizoat gradient. The lymphocytes showed varying numbers of microvilli of different length, size and shape. B lymphocytes, characterized by their capability of “sheep red blood cell (SRBC)-rosette formation”, displayed a similar surface morphology. Completely smooth lymphocytes, described in the literature as T lymphocytes, could not be detected, although many lymphocytes with few microprocesses were observed. Thus, SEM is not a useful tool for distinguishing between B and T lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of chickens. Monocytes were characterized by prominent membrane-like ruffles, but in some cases they closely resembled granulocytes. An influence of the various separation media on the surface morphology of the isolated cells could not be detected when compared with cells isolated by the buffy-coat method.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00235171
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On the development of midpiece mitochondria of mouse spermatozoa (1979)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 199 (1979), S. 349-352 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Spermatozoa ; Mitochondria ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary As seen by scanning electron microscopy, the mitochondrial helix in the developing midpiece of mouse testicular spermatozoa is dextral in direction and consists of spherical mitochondrial units arranged in an orderly array of four units per gyre: three appearing in face view and a fourth hidden from view at the back of the gyre. As the spermatozoa mature, the dextral helix is transformed into a sinistral helix. Its constituent spherical mitochondria either change direction abruptly without changing shape; or having first become semilunar or diamond-shaped, they change direction gradually. Mitochondrial division follows the change in helical pitch producing a double sinistral helix. The spherical (or semilunar/diamond-shaped) mitochondria presumably elongate to form the units of the mature midpiece.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00236144
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Scanning electron microscopic study of the freeze-fractured pineal body of the rat (1979)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 201 (1979), S. 129-135 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pineal body ; Freeze-fracturing ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Wistar rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The three-dimensional ultrastructure of the pineal body of the rat is described on the basis of freeze-fractured preparations. The pineal capsule consists of irregular cells with very flat and perforated processes. Through these openings, extremely branched canaliculi, extending to almost every pineal cell, communicate with the tissue compartment outside the organ. The pericapillary spaces contain, in juxtaposition with capillaries of the fenestrated type, nerve fibers as well as a flocculent granular and filamentous material of unknown origin and chemical nature.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00238052
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Scanning electron microscopy of the wall of the third ventricle in the brain of Rana temporaria. Part IV. (1979)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 203 (1979), S. 53-64 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Brain ; Third ventricle ; Rana temporaria ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The surface specializations of the wall of the third cerebral ventricle of Rana temporaria were investigated with the scanning electron microscope. These specializations can be divided into three types: cilia, large bulbous protrusions, and microvillus-like protrusions. Most parts of the ventricular surface are densely ciliated. In contrast, other regions are either scantily ciliated or devoid of cilia. Four areas of the ventricular surface are studded with numerous large bulbous protrusions. These large protrusions can be divided into two types: One type consists of intraventricular end bulbs of dendrites of secretory neurons. The other type is represented by large cytoplasmic extensions of ependymal cells. In the third ventricle of Rana, microvillus-like surface specializations of ependymal cells are ubiquitous structures. Generally, filiform protrusions of varying length are the predominant type. The microvillus-like specializations are transient structures, the number of which varies according to different physiological states of the ependymal cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00234328
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Scanning electron microscopic analysis of the linings of the fourth ventricle in the domestic fowl (1979)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 197 (1979), S. 169-173 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Fourth ventricle ; Ependyma ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Domestic fowl
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Surface features of the ependymal linings of the fourth ventricle in the fowl were analyzed employing the scanning electron microscope (SEM). On the floor of the median sulcus, each ependymal cell has a solitary cilium, whereas on both sides of the sulcus, cilia are so densely distributed that the details of the underlying cell surface are usually obscured. On the roof of the fourth ventricle, except for the surface of the ciliated groove where numerous cilia are present, the ependymal cells are polygonal in shape, and the center of each cell possesses an aggregate of ten to twenty cilia. Cell surfaces of the choroid tela are entirely covered with delicate microvilli and possess clumped cilia. The ependymal cell surfaces of the area postrema are dome-like in shape. Each ependymal cell has a solitary cilium and shows a smooth surface free of microvilli.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00233562
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electron microscopic studies on radular tooth formation in the snails Helix pomatia L. and Limax flavus L. (Pulmonata, Stylommatophora) (1979)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 203 (1979), S. 283-289 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Radula ; Tooth formation ; Pulmonates ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The radular teeth are secreted at the posterior end of the radular gland and move slowly towards the buccal cavity where they start to function. Helix pomatia and Limax flavus were examined to determine whether the newly formed teeth already show their definite species specific shape, or whether they are gradually finished and moulded in the radular gland. Scanning electron micrographs of Helix pomatia show that teeth are secreted in the odontoblast region in their final form. Their surface is still uneven at the outset; the same is true for the newest teeth of Limax flavus. Older teeth ready for use have a smooth surface. This change seems to be brought about by secretory activity of the superior epithelium of the radular sac. Air-dried radulae, previously isolated by KOH maceration, show considerable artefacts at their posterior end. Maceration leads to shrinking of the newest teeth, but does not change their contours. The newly secreted but as yet unhardened teeth become greatly deformed during the drying process.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00237242
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The surface connected canalicular system of carp (Cyprinus carpio) thrombocytes: Its fine structure and three-dimensional architecture (1979)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 203 (1979), S. 355-365 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Fish thrombocyte ; Open canalicular system ; Three-dimensional architecture ; High voltage electron microscopy ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The presence and the three dimensional distribution of the surface connected canalicular system (SCCS) in thrombocytes of a teleost, Cyprinus carpio, were studied using a transmission electron microscope, a high voltage electron microscope and a scanning electron microscope. When the specimens were fixed routinely in glutaraldehyde followed by osmium tetroxide, numerous electron lucent vesicles and canaliculi were distributed throughout the cytoplasm. As ruthenium red-positive reaction product was observed on the inner surface of the vesicles and canaliculi, these are defined as the SCCS of carp thrombocytes. In the stereo-pair of the photographs of thick sectioned specimens and the plastic reconstruction of serially sectioned thrombocytes, we succeeded in finding the whole structure of the SCCS which is composed of numerous anastomosing canaliculi. Scanning electron micrographs revealed many crater-like depressions throughout the cell surface which seem to be the openings of the SCCS.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00233264
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Scanning electron microscopy of microcorrosion casts of the vascular bed in the skin of the spotted salamander, Salamandra salamandra L. (1979)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 196 (1979), S. 153-162 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Salamander skin ; Skin capillaries ; Poison gland capillaries ; Microcorrosion casts ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Microcorrosion casts of blood vessels in the skin of the spotted salamander, Salamandra salamandra L., were studied using scanning electron microscopy. The investigated vessels include a subepidermal network of respiratory capillaries and the vessels of poison glands. A hypothesis is proposed, according to which both types of vascular beds possess a common origin. Probable factors involved in the differentiation of the primary netword of the subepidermal vessels in larvae are indicated and speculation concerning the supposed mosaic type of circulation in the capillaries of the subepidermal respiratory bed is presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00236356
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fenestration of the epithelium lining the roof of the fourth cerebral ventricle in amphibia (1979)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 198 (1979), S. 129-136 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cerebral ventricles ; Ependyma ; Pores ; Subarachnoid space ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Amphibia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Scanning electron microscopy of the caudal end of the roof of the fourth cerebral ventricle in four amphibian species shows that numerous pores occur between the ependymal cells. These pores have diameters ranging from 5–100 μm; they permit bulk flow of cerebrospinal fluid out of the ventricular system into the subarachnoid space.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00234840
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Three dimensional organization of mammalian adrenal cortex (1979)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 196 (1979), S. 23-38 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adrenal cortex ; Mammals ; Three-dimensional organization ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The adrenal cortex of different mammals was studied by SEM in order to demonstrate its actual three-dimensional organization. In the rat, as well as in the cat and pig, the adrenal cortex appeared as a “tunnelled continuum” of polyhedral cells arranged in plate-like structures (laminae). This laminar arrangement was more evident in the inner fasciculate and reticular zones where the cortex revealed a striking similarity to liver tissue. The polyhedral cells of all cortical zones possessed regular facets populated by small pits, larger invaginations and numerous microvilli with the exception of very short and smooth areas probably corresponding to attachment zones and/or gap junctions. This cellular architecture produced a labyrinthic system of intercellular channels or lacunae in which the capillaries were suspended. The pericapillary areas of this labyrinth contained microvilli, amorphous material, a delicate net of fibrils and occasional cells. The intercellular compartment of this lacunar system was mainly bordered by numerous microvilli arising from endocrine cells. The luminal surface of the capillary wall showed not only irregularly protruding margins (interpretable as endothelial junctions) but also clearly overlapping and flattened endothelial extensions. In all the animals and areas of the adrenal cortex examined, the endothelial wall was provided with abundant clusters of small fenestrations (about 50 nm in diameter) generally arranged in sieve plates. Larger fenestrations were noted mainly in the fasciculate and reticular zones of the cat and pig and occasionally in the rat. A final point related to the nature and significance of sinusoidal fenestrations was the occurrence of irregularly shaped and intracapillary located cells mainly noted in the deeper zones of the fasciculate and reticular zones of the gland. These elements — possessing the surface characteristics of macrophages — were observed, with their irregular and slender evaginations, in close proximity to the large fenestrations in a manner reminiscent of Kupffer cells within the lumen of liver sinusoids.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00236346
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Scanning electron microscopy of the ventricular surface of the paraventricular organ in the domestic fowl (1979)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 197 (1979), S. 539-543 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ventricular surface ; Paraventricular organ ; Domestic fowl ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ventricular surface of the paraventricular organ in the domestic fowl is covered with supraependymal fiber elements. These fibers form a dense network having a web-like appearance and a coarse network of fibers running over the ventricular surface. The dense, web-like networks are mainly distributed throughout the caudal region of this organ, whereas the coarse networks are observed in the rostral region. In addition to these structures, spherical bodies with diameters approximately 2.5 to 6 μm are also encountered.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00233576
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Correlation of freeze-fracture and scanning electron microscopy of epiphyseal chondrocytes (1978)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 26 (1978), S. 237-241 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Epiphyseal chondrocytes ; Freezefracture ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Cell processes ; Membrane particles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Chondrocytes in epiphyseal cartilage were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) using freeze-fracture techniques. Freeze-fracture replicas showed large numbers of fingerlike, 0.11–0.15 μm diameter, projections from the chondrocyte surface, with numerous 95–180 Å diameter intramembranous particles associated with both the cell membrane surface and these projections. With SEM, these cytoplasmic projections were also obvious, but appeared collapsed into clusters of globular-shaped projections on the surface of the chondrocytes. With freeze-fracture techniques, in which shrinkage artifacts were essentially eliminated, the cytoplasmic projections were often seen in intimate contact with the extracapsular matrix. However, with chondrocytes prepared by both SEM and conventional TEM, there was evidence of shrinkage, the cytoplasmic projections having little contact with the extracapsular matrix. These findings show that the cytoplasmic processes are not artifacts of tissue processing and provide morphological evidence in support of the hypothesis that matrix vesicles are of cellular origin.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02013264
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Scanning electron microscopical study on the fluorosis of enamel in rats (1978)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 25 (1978), S. 75-83 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Rat ; Fluorosis ; Enamel ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Low temperature incineration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Sixteen 58-day-old male rats of Wistar strain, with a mean body weight of 179 g, were divided into two equal groups. Each group of eight animals was maintained for 70 days on drinking water, ad lib., containing no fluorine (control group) and 100 ppm of fluorine (experimental group). All specimens examined were obtained from the incisal portions of the incisors. The following types of enamel specimens were prepared for scanning electron microscopy: (1) acid-etched specimens; (2) acid-etched specimens followed by low temperature microincineration; and (3) fractured specimens. The enamel formed during high fluoride exposure showed marked hypocalcification, that is, the crystallite density in the prism core and interprismatic region was lower than that of control animals. The organic substances appeared to increase in these regions. These changes were prominent in the outer and middle enamel layers. Such changes following fluoride administration appear to indicate an inhibition of enamel maturation, that is, an inhibition of the mineral deposition and/or an inhibition of organic matrix withdrawal.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02010754
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reduction of absorption of digoxin, phenytoin and aspirin by activated charcoal in man (1978)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 13 (1978), S. 213-218 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Activated charcoal ; acute intoxication ; digoxin ; phenytoin ; aspirin ; man
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The inhibitory effect of activated charcoal 50 g suspended in water on the absorption of digoxin, phenytoin and aspirin was studied in six healthy volunteers in a cross-over manner. The absorption of digoxin and phenytoin were almost completely prevented (about 98%) when activated charcoal was ingested immediately after the drug. The total absorption of aspirin was inhibited by 70%, with clear postponement of absorption and partial release of aspirin from the charcoal in the gut: The peak serum concentration of aspirin was reduced by 95% by charcoal. When activated charcoal was ingested 1 hour after the drugs the inhibition of absorption was considerably less. However, since the absorption of larger doses of the drugs is often slow, the administration of an adequate dose of activated charcoal will be of definite value in the treatment of acute intoxication, even if delayed for several hours.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00609985
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Compensation of dietary induced reduction of tetracycline absorption by simultaneous administration of EDTA (1978)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 14 (1978), S. 129-131 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Tetracycline absorption ; EDTA ; milk ; man
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The absorption of tetracycline in man under the influence of concomitantly administered EDTA, milk and a combination of EDTA and milk has been investigated. Urinary excretion of the drug was measured for 30 h. The inhibitory effect of milk could be counteracted by simultaneous ingestion of EDTA, which resulted in almost equivalent urinary excretion of tetracycline compared to experiments done in the fasting state. Administration of EDTA alone, in a neutral dosage form, did not significantly change absorption of the drug, which contradicted previous findings. The possible use of EDTA during tetracycline therapy is discussed.
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    Modification of the pharmacokinetics of doxycycline in man by ferrous sulphate or charcoal (1978)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 14 (1978), S. 277-280 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Doxycycline ; iron ; charcoal ; enteral cycling ; man ; pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In order to study the intestinal interactions of doxycycline (DC) with Fe++ and charcoal, two groups of healthy volunteers were given either 200 mg or 100 mg DC in capsules at 2 p. m. and 9 p. m., and blood samples for fluorimetric assay of DC were collected for 24 h starting at 8.30 a. m. on the following morning. A 24-h-urine was also collected. The test was subsequently repeated at one-week intervals, when the volunteers also ingested either ferrous sulphate (80 mg Fe++) or charcoal (4.0 g) immediately after the zero-time sample of DC and at 3, 8 and 12 h. Charcoal completely adsorbed DC in vitro in an artificial small intestinal fluid. Ferrous sulphate or charcoal did not modify the serum level or urinary excretion of DC after the 200 mg+200 mg dose, but ferrous sulphate did reduce the 24-h urinary excretion of DC after the 100 mg+100 mg dose. The serum half-life and AUC of DC were reduced by ferrous sulphate given after the 100 mg+100 mg dose of DC. Charcoal did not modify any parameter, even after the 100 mg+100 mg dose of DC. The results do not support existence of important enteral cycling of DC. Although oral ferrous sulphate can lower the serum level and shorten the serum half-life of DC, the acute experiment suggested that a therapeutic serum level of DC can be maintained despite treatment with iron in the doses used in iron-deficiency, and charcoal in the doses used in diarrhoeic states, if the drugs are administered several hours apart.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00560462
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    Preliminary studies of the kinetics of citalopram in man (1978)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 14 (1978), S. 69-73 
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    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Citalopram ; pharmacokinetics ; man ; steady state levels ; metabolism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The plasma concentrations of citalopram, a potent serotonin reuptake inhibitor, and its demethylated metabolite have been determined by a specific fluorescence coupling technique during single dose experiments in volunteers and in clinical tests. Citalopram was found to have linear kinetics within the dose range investigated, which were characterized by fairly rapid absorption and slow elimination (biological half-life 1–21/2 days). Steady state levels in the range 120–340 nM (i.e. slightly above those associated with pharmacodynamic activity in animals) were attained within a week. A drug/metabolite ratio of 2–3 was recorded.
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    Investigation into the species-specific deacylation of penta-acetyl-gitoxin (1978)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 14 (1978), S. 425-430 
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    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Penta-acetyl-gitoxin ; 16-acetyl-gitoxin ; gitoxin ; mass spectrometry ; species-specific deacylation ; man ; rabbit ; guinea-pig ; rat ; blood ; intestinal mucosa ; liver homogenate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Penta-acetyl-gitoxin (PAG) shows species-specific deacylation to 16-acetyl-gitoxin (16-AG; I and III) or gitoxin (II and IV) by homogenates of liver and intestinal mucosa of man (I), rabbit (II), guinea-pig (III) and rat (IV), whereas it is degraded into tri- and tetra-acetates by homogenates of guinea-pig myocardium as well as by human blood and serum. The identity of the principal and chloroform-extractable metabolites in human urine after PAG administration with 16-AG has been demonstrated by mass spectrometry.
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    Haemodynamic and tolerance studies in man of a new, orally active, selectiveβ 1-adrenoceptor agonist H 80/62 (1978)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 13 (1978), S. 163-170 
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    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: H 80/62 ; haemodynamic effects ; noninvasive techniques ; selectivity ; β1-adrenoceptor agonist ; man
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The selective β1-adrenoceptor agonist H 80/62 was administered intravenously and orally to healthy subjects and its effects on systolic time intervals, arterial blood pressure and heart rate were studied. Side-effects were noted too, and continuous ECG-recordings were made in order to study its arrhythmogenic effect. After i.v. administration of H 80/62 20 µg/kg body weight there was shortening of total electromechanical systole, the pre-ejection period and of the left ventricular ejection time, systolic blood pressure tended to increase, and diastolic blood pressure and heart rate were essentially unchanged. When administered orally as a sustained-release preparation in doses between 20 and 40 mg the haemodynamic effects were qualitatively the same as after i.v. administration, but in some studies there was a slight increase in heart rate. During exercise the systolic blood pressure and heart rate were identical after H 80/62 and placebo. The effect of the drug was maximal immediately after cessation of the i.v. infusion and basal values were regained within 60 min. After oral administration of a sustained-release formulation the effect was maximal after one hour and persisted for at least five to seven hours. The drug was well tolerated on repeated administration. The incidence of ventricular extrasystoles was possibly increased in one subject out of eight (11 ventricular extrasystoles during 18 h). The results of this Phase I study of H 80/62 warrant further evaluation of the drug in man.
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    Effect of delayed administration of activated charcoal on nortriptyline absorption (1978)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 14 (1978), S. 445-447 
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    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Activated charcoal ; tricyclic antidepressants ; nortriptyline ; poisoning ; antidote ; man
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Activated charcoal is known to reduce the absorption of therapeutic doses of nortriptyline in vivo when administered 30 min after drug ingestion. In a group of volunteers, one sachet (10 g) of a new activated charcoal preparation, ‘Medicoal’ was found to produce a highly significant reduction in nortriptyline absorption when given as long as four hours after nortriptyline dosing. Activated charchoal may therefore be useful in the treatment of tricyclic antide-pressant poisoning even if a delay of several hours ensues before medical help is sought.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00716388
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    Serum and plasma concentrations of clindamycin following a single intramuscular injection of clindamycin phosphate in maintenance haemodialysis patients and normal subjects (1978)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 14 (1978), S. 435-439 
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    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Intramuscular Clindamycin Phosphate ; serum levels ; half-lives ; renal Failure ; haemodialysis ; man
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Serum levels of clindamycin bioactivity and total clindamycin were studied after single intramuscular injections of 300 mg of clindamycin phosphate in a group of 6 normal subjects and a group of 6 maintenance haemodialysis patients. The patients were studied during a non-dialysis period and then again during haemodialysis. Peak levels tended to be higher and elimination half-lives shorter in the patients than in the normal subjects. Possible reasons for these differences are discussed. There was no evidence that haemodialysis per se influenced the pharmacokinetics of clindamycin phosphate. The proportion of unhydrolysed clindamycin phosphate tended to be higher in the renal failure patients and the reason for this is not apparent. Little, if any, dosage modification is necessary in severe renal failure although there is probably little point in exceeding a dose of 300 mg intramuscularly every 8 h even in severe infections in patients with severe renal failure. The higher peak levels in patients with advanced renal failure indicate the need for further studies with repeated doses.
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    Bioavailability of norethindrone in human subjects (1978)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 13 (1978), S. 35-39 
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    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Norethindrone ; bioavailability ; man ; competitive protein binding ; sex differences ; pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A competitive protein binding assay for norethindrone was developed to measure plasma levels in human subjects. The plasma levels were considerably higher in women than in men, especially at low dose levels. The plasma levels were directly related to the dose in men; but greater variations in the plasma levels were observed in women. The plasma half-life was about 5 h in both sexes with single oral doses of 5 to 20 mg. A comparative bioavailability study with norethindrone from 2 different manufacturers, formulated in the same manner, showed no significant differences in absorption characteristics and provided sufficient data for pharmacokinetic analysis.
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    The salivary glands of the cockroach Nauphoeta cinerea (Olivier) (1978)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 187 (1978), S. 525-534 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Salivary glands ; Insects ; Innervation ; Light microscopy ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The innervation of the salivary gland of the cockroach Nauphoeta cinerea (Olivier) has been investigated with the use of light and scanning electron microscopy. Light microscopy of methylene blue stained glands reveals the presence of a dual innervation arising from the ventral nerve cord and the stomodeal nervous system; the principal innervation is that from the ventral nerve cord which passes to the gland via the reservoir ducts. Branches of these nerves form a plexus on the acinar surface, the axons of which exhibit swelling at irregular intervals. The presence of this surface plexus and the axonal swellings was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy both in normal glands and in those in which the basal lamina had been removed by means of an HCl-collagenase digestion method. No acinar plexus was seen to be formed by branches of the stomatogastric nerve that were associated with the gland. However, other branches of this nerve were clearly connected with a complex network of multipolar neurones on the surfaces of the anterior regions of both salivary reservoirs.
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    The human rete testis (1978)
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    Cell & tissue research 189 (1978), S. 409-433 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Rete testis ; Human ; Histophysiology ; Chordae retis ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Transmission electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The human rete testis was examined with regard to 1) the number and distribution of entrances of seminiferous tubules, 2) the light microscopic topography and 3) details of the passages as revealed by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. In a newborn 1474 entrances were counted, approximately 50 % entering from the right and 50 % from the left of the central long axis. Three major subdivisions of the rete were distinguished and described: a septal (or interlobular) part represented by tubuli recti, a tunical (or mediastinal) part which is a true network of channels, and an extratesticular part characterized by dilatations (up to 3 mm wide) which we have called bullae retis. In SEM, cylindrical strands running from wall to wall in the tunical and extratesticular rete spaces are a prominent feature. We have called these chordae retis. They are covered by epithelium and are 5–40 μm wide and 15 to more than 100 μm long. They contain a peculiar tissue consisting of central myoid cells in a fibroelastic matrix. The smaller chordae are avascular. In the light of these findings the rete is interpreted as a highly complex myoelastic sponge. Its function is discussed.
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    Model of skin vascularization in Rana esculenta L.: Scanning electron microscopy of microcorrosion casts (1978)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 191 (1978), S. 539-548 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Frog skin ; Respiratory capillaries ; Capillary networks ; Microcorrosion casts ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Microcorrosion casts of blood vessels in the skin of Rana esculenta L. were examined by means of scanning electron microscopy with particular reference to the subepidermal network of respiratory capillaries. Due to the fact that arteries and veins lie in the deeper layers of the stratum spongiosum of the corium, the respiratory vessels form a morphologically homogeneous network. Functionally, however, this network is subdivided into small areas with a centripetal direction of blood flow. The deep capillary net, situated at the base of the stratum compactum of the corium, is not so dense as the respiratory network and does not directly communicate with it. Alveolar glands of the skin have no effect on the distribution of capillaries in the two networks.
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    Scanning electron microscopy of the renal corpuscle of the mesonephros in the lamprey, entosphenus japonicus martens (1978)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 187 (1978), S. 105-113 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Mesonephros ; Lamprey ; Renal corpuscle ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The renal corpuscle of the lamprey mesonephros was studied under the scanning electron microscope. Bowman's capsules with individual spaces are chockshaped sacs closely packed together along a medial artery. The lateral walls of the capsules are apposed to those of neighbouring capsules. Glomerular capillaries from the medial artery extend radially between the apposed walls of neighbouring Bowman's capsules. Bulgings of capillaries into the capsular space are associated with mesangial folds of the capsular epithelium. The transitional zone of the visceral layer with podocytes and the parietal layer of squamous epithelium is bounded by linearly arranged rod-shaped epithelial cells. Apertures of the urinary tubule are lined by cells equipped with a fascicle of cilia.
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    Cytochalasin B and water transport (1978)
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    Cell & tissue research 188 (1978), S. 375-388 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Urinary bladder ; Skin ; Toad, frog ; Water flow ; Na transport ; Vasopressin ; Cytochalasin B ; Microfilaments ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A morpho-functional study of the effects of cytochalasin B (CB) on Na and water transport was made in amphibian epithelia. The functional studies confirmed the dissociation of the natriferic and hydrosmotic effects of vasopressin in toad urinary bladders exposed to CB and showed in addition that the block of the hydrosmotic effect was reversible and could still be induced in epithelia maximally stimulated with the hormone. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that CB, per se, did not alter the apical surface of the bladders. An almost total loss of microvilli of granular cells was seen, however, if CB was associated with vasopressin and an osmotic gradient. The results suggest two points: a) the block of the hydrosmotic flow induced by CB is due to factors beyond the apical membrane; b) microfilaments may be important mechanochemical transducers in the chain of events leading to the hydrosmotic effect of vasopressin.
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    Discocilia—A new type of kinocilia in the larvae of Lanice conchilega (Polychaeta, Terebellomorpha) (1978)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 187 (1978), S. 271-280 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Kinocilia ; Discocilia ; Lanice conchilega ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Ein modifizierter Typ von Kinocilien wurde bei der Aulophoralarve des sedentären Polychäten Lanice conchilega gefunden. Für ihn wird die Bezeichnung „Discocilium” vorgeschlagen. Der einzige strukturelle Unterschied zu konventionellen Kinocilien besteht in der Ausbildung eines Köpfchens. Dieses Köpfchen wird vom distalen Ende des Cilienschaftes gebildet, der zu einer Öse gebogen ist, die von der Cilienmembran überzogen wird. Drei Haupttypen von Discocilien können unterschieden werden: a, Cilien mit geradem Axonem, deren Köpfchen durch eine Anschwellung der Membran entstehen, b, Cilien mit Köpfchen mit seitlichem gebogenem Axonem, c, Cilien, in denen das Axonem eine geschlossene Öse bildet. Die Discocilien sind nach dem verbreiteten 9+2 Filamentmuster aufgebaut. Ihr Köpfchen enthält keine Sekrete, es erscheint elektronenoptisch leer. Aufgrund ihrer Anordnung können zwei Typen von Discocilien unterschieden werden, nämlich isolierte Büschel, besonders am Vorderende, und segmentai angeordnete Cilienreihen. Ein möglicher Bildungsmodus der Discocilien wird beschrieben.
    Notes: Summary A modified type of kinocilia has been found in the Aulophora-larva of the sedentarian polychaete Lanice conchilega. For this newly described cilium type the term “discocilium” is proposed. The only structural difference from usual locomotory cilia is the tip, which possesses a discoidal head. The head is formed from the terminal part of the cilium shaft, which is bent to give rise to a loop-like ring covered by the ciliary membrane. Three types of discocilia can be distinguished: a) discocilia having swollen, bulblike heads with a central straight axoneme; b) discocilia having heads with a curved lateral axoneme and c) discocilia in which the axoneme forms a loop. The internal structure shows the usual 9+2 arrangement of the filaments. The head shows no signs of secretion; it appears structureless in electron microscopical examination. There are two kinds of discocilia arrangements: 1) isolated bunches of cilia especially at the tentacles and in the frontal region, and 2) segmental dorsal rows of cilia. The possible formation of discocilia is described.
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    Surface changes during development and involution of the cement gland of Xenopus laevis (1978)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 194 (1978), S. 303-313 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cement gland ; Xenopus laevis ; Secretion ; Mucus ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The cement gland was studied from stage 17, when the anlage is established, to stage 49, shortly before its disappearance. At early stages, the apical membrane is covered by small microvilli that are more abundant than in the surrounding epiblast cells. Vesicular protrusions along the cell boundaries are also more numerous in the gland cells. When the gland reaches maturity, the apical membranes of gland cells differentiate into two regions. In the cranial, kidney-shaped region, the membranes are very narrow and protrude above the level of cell boundaries. Long and slender villi raise from the surface adjacent to cell boundaries. Apical surfaces in the caudal portion are larger and flattened. Cell boundaries are lined with shorter and thicker surface projections. At these stages, the bordering cells are covered with secretion vesicles. During involution the number of cells is progressively reduced. The area of the caudal portion increases relative to the area of the cranial portion. Apical surfaces become more flattened. Surface projections become much shorter and invade the whole of the apical surface. Bordering cells lose their secretion vesicles and their apical surface becomes ruffled with numerous short wrinkles. The significance of the apical structures and their evolution is discussed.
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    Scanning electron microscopy of the respiratory surfaces of Saccobranchus (=Heteropneustes) fossilis (Bloch) (1978)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 195 (1978), S. 99-109 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Gills ; Air-breathing organs ; Catfish, Saccobranchus fossilis ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The gill secondary lamellae are generally covered with epithelial cells whose outer surfaces form numerous microvilli. The surface of the primary lamellae is characterised by microridges. A particular type of surface sculpturing seems to be associated with given cell boundaries. Further evidence for the derivation of the air tube and fans which guard its entrance by modification of the basic gill structure has been obtained from both the gross surface architecture and microstructure of the individual cell surfaces. Secondary lamellae are represented by stubby projections which generally have a biserial arrangement. The outer surfaces of the epithelia overlying the capillaries of these respiratory islets are coated with microvilli as in the secondary lamellae. On the other hand, the relatively smooth-surfaced ‘lanes’ between groups of respiratory islets have a microridged surface similar to that of the primary gill lamellae. It is suggested that previous estimates of surface area, and consequently diffusing capacities of the air-breathing organ, have been low in view of the increased surface, due to both their gross and microstructure. Estimates for gill surface area may need very little correction as the spaces between the microvilli and microridges are probably filled with mucus under normal conditions.
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    The outer segments of photoreceptive pinealocytes in the pineal organ of the funa, Carassius gibelio langsdorfi (1978)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 186 (1978), S. 259-268 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pineal organ ; Carassius gibelio langsdorfi (Teleostei) ; Photoreceptive cell ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The form and size of the outer segments of photoreceptive pinealocytes in the pineal organ of the funa, Carassius gibelio langsdorfi, were observed with the scanning electron microscope. The height of the outer segments measures between 1 and 3 μm and the diameter varies widely from 1.5 to 8 μm. Various forms of outer segments, i.e. a slender type, a dome-like type, a cap-like type and a helical type, were demonstrated. The parallel-oriented filamentous processes of the inner segments have the same length as the outer segments and a diameter of approximately 100 nm; they are projections from the apical border of the inner segment and surround the cone-like outer segments. The processes make a right angle with the lamellar disks. The distance between two processes averages 100 nm. The lamellar disks of the outer segments are oriented at right angles to the modified cilium in the basal part, but the angle often changes in the peripheral part, where the lamellar disks are raised and become parallel to the cilium.
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    Surface fine structure of the subfornical organ in the Japanese quail, Coturnix coturnix japonica (1978)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 191 (1978), S. 389-404 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Subfornical organ ; Japanese quail, Coturnix coturnix japonica ; Ultrastructure ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The surface ultrastructure of the subfornical organ (SFO) was investigated in the Japanese quail. The SFO consists of a body and a stalk. The body of the SFO can be divided into rostral and caudal parts. On the rostral part, each ependymal cell possesses a short central solitary cilium; clustered cilia are also occasionally seen. Microvilli are abundant. On the caudal part, cells with a solitary cilium are fewer in number, and clustered cilia are rarely found. Microvilli are not as abundant as on the rostral part. In addition, large bulbous protrusions, tufts of small protrusions, deep funnel-shaped hollows, small pinocytotic invaginations and possible cerebrospinal fluid-contacting axons are sporadically observed on the surface of various regions of the body. Each ependymal cell of the stalk has a wide apical surface. A central solitary cilium, microvilli and other structures are observed more rarely on the stalk than on the body, while clustered cilia are not seen on the stalk. These structures are compared with those of the mammalian SFO and further discussed in relation to the possible dipsogenic receptor function for angiotensin II.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00219804
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    The epidermis and sensory organs of Dugesia tigrina (Turbellaria: Tricladida) (1978)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 193 (1978), S. 35-40 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Planarian ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Epidermis ; Sense organs ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The epidermis of D. tigrina was examined using the scanning electron microscope. Both dorsal and ventral surfaces are extremely irregular in contour, as well as being permeated by large numbers of pores. Cilia are restricted to the ventral surface, the auricles and that part of the dorsum adjacent to the auricles. Club-shaped receptors, as well as cilia, were seen in the auricles. The epidermis anteriad to the eyespots is indistinguishable from that covering the remainder of the dorsal surface. Light rays could not enter the eyespot through this rough epidermal surface without becoming diffracted in an irregular fashion. It was therefore concluded that visual image perception is not a function of the planarian eyespot.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00221599
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    Bovine olfactory and nasal respiratory epithelium surfaces (1978)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 193 (1978), S. 503-524 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cryo-ultramicrotomy ; High-voltage electron microscopy ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Olfactory epithelium ; Respiratory epithelium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary High-voltage transmission electron microscopy and cryo-ultramicrotomy together with scanning electron microscopy and some conventional transmission electron microscopy of ultrathin sections have been applied to the mucous surfaces of bovine olfactory and respiratory epithelia. Distal segments of olfactory cilia tend to run in parallel and could be followed over distances up to about 30 μm using high-voltage electron microscopy. This technique and scanning electron microscopy showed that on average 12–13 of such cilia could be observed per nerve ending. After correction for obscured cilia this number becomes about 17. High-voltage micrographs and micrographs made from sections prepared with a cryo-ultramicrotome showed the presence of electron-lucent pockets inside the olfactory mucus. The latter technique also showed that the mucus itself is not fibrous, but rather a continuum varying in electron density. The mucus layer contains various granular structures. Ciliary and microvillar membranes appear thicker with cryo-ultramicrotomy than when the sections are prepared with conventional techniques. The cores of the axonemal microtubules in olfactory as well as in respiratory cilia are darkly stained with this technique. Vesicles present inside the nerve endings are also darkly stained. Dimensions and some other numerical values of interest in olfaction are presented.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00225347
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    Role of carbohydrate-protein complexes in the organization of the microstructure of fibrous connective tissue (1978)
    Springer
    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 86 (1978), S. 1663-1665 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: Scanning electron microscopy ; connective tissue ; collagen fiber ; protorysin ; trypsin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Samples of tendon and fascia, treated with enzymes possessing amylolytic and proteolytic activity (protorysin, trypsin) were investigated by scanning electron microscopy. Destruction of carbohydrate-protein complexes leads to disappearance of the characteristic morphological features of the collagen fibers. Construction of the collagen fiber was shown to be based on a network of thin anastomosing fibrils, forming a carcass connected with the carbohydrate-protein matrix. It is argued that the reticular structure is a general principle in the structural organization of fibrous connective tissues.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00801834
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  • 42
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    SEM analysis of amphibian mesodermal migration (1977)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 181 (1977), S. 31-40 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Cell migration ; Mesoderm ; Gastrulation ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary At the end of gastrulation, the lateral mesoderm of amphibian embryos migrates ventrally between the ectoderm and the endoderm. The present study is an examination of the morphology of the leading cells of the mesodermal sheet and of the substratum over which they move (the inner surface of the ectoderm). The cells of the leading edge of the mesoderm are generally round, with very short and narrow flattened projections in the forward direction. These projections do not have a “ruffled” morphology, regardless of whether fixation is carried out before or after the ectoderm and mesoderm are dissected away from the endoderm. The inner surface of the ectoderm is covered with fine (450–500A) filamentous extracellular material and the ectoderm cells sometimes extend cytoplasmic processes (approx. 0.1 μ wide) onto the leading surface of the mesoderm or onto adjacent ectoderm cells. These studies indicate that the morphology of cell migration in amphibians is closer to that seen inFundulus than to that characteristic of chick or mammalian cells.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00857266
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    Plasma levels and half lives of thioridazine and some of its metabolites (1977)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 11 (1977), S. 141-147 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Phenothiazine ; thioridazine ; plasma level ; metabolic pattern ; half life ; man ; schizophrenia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Plasma-levels of thioridazine, mesoridazine, sulphoridazine and two other metabolites were determined in ten older chronic psychotic patients on thioridazine therapy. The plasma-level before the morning dose of thioridazine was the most reliable parameter for clinical studies. An intra-individual relationship between lower doses of thioridazine and plasma-levels was found. The percentage contribution of psychoactive compounds to the total sum of “thioridazine plus metabolites” ranged from 43–74%. The mean “early disappearance half-life” of thioridazine was 5 hours, and its mean “late disapperance half-life” was 26 hours.
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    The kinetics of ethanol absorption and elimination in twins and supplementary repetitive experiments in singleton subjects (1977)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 11 (1977), S. 337-344 
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    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Twin study ; ethanol metabolism ; intra-individual variation ; pharmacogenetics ; plasma level ; man ; heritability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The influence of genetic and environmental factors on the metabolism of a single oral dose of ethanol 1.2 ml per kg body weight was analysed in 19 identical and 21 fraternal healthy, adult, un-selected male twin pairs. The heritability values of the rates of absorption, degradation and elimination of ethanol were 0.57, 0.41 and 0.46 respectively. Environmental factors, such as daily alcohol intake and smoking, increased the rate of elimination of blood alcohol. Intrasubject variation in ethanol metabolism was studied by repeated tests in 11 male volunteers at intervals of at least 2 months, under the same conditions as in the twins; the coefficients of variation for parameters of metabolism was about 8%. The results demonstrate both genetic control of ethanol absorption, degradation and elimination and the appreciable influence of environmental factors. The almost total genetic control of ethanol metabolism postulated by Vesell et al. (1971) could not be confirmed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00566530
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    Disposition and oxidative metabolism of phenylbutazone in man (1977)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 11 (1977), S. 359-366 
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    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Phenylbutazone ; 14C-label ; oxyphenbutazone ; gas chromatography ; disposition ; oxidative metabolism ; man
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The absorption and elimination of orally administered14C-phenylbutazone and the role of oxidation in its metabolism have been studied. The main routes of excretion of14C-phenylbutazone and its metabolites were investigated in 3 patients with rheumatoid arthritis, and in 1 patient with a T-tube in the common bile duct. Up to 9 days after an oral dose of14C-phenylbutazone 600 mg (30 µCi) 63% of the radioactivity was found in the urine and 14% had appeared in the faeces. The cumulative excretion of radioactivity in bile amounted to 9.5% of the dose in 4 days. Only 1% of the radioactivity in the urine and bile was due to unchanged phenylbutazone. The role of oxidative metabolism of phenylbutazone in healthy human subjects was studied by gas chromatography. In 3 subjects given a single dose of phenylbutazone 600 mg, only 8.3% of the dose was excreted in urine as oxidized metabolites after 5 days. However, in 5 patients who had taken phenylbutazone for more than 5 weeks, these metabolites accounted for 23.4% of the dose. These results suggest that oxidative metabolism becomes more important after continued administration of the drug. After a single dose of phenylbutazone, the side-chain oxidized metabolite (II) was the major free derivative excreted in urine, but the ring oxidized metabolite, oxyphenbutazone (I), was much more important than the former in plasma. However, after prolonged treatment there was little difference between the concentration of the two metabolites in plasma. This finding suggests that side-chain oxidation is increased relative to ring oxidation on prolonged treatment with phenylbutazone. A third derivative containing hydroxyl groups both in the phenyl ring and in the side-chain (metabolite III) was found in urine in experiments with phenylbutazone, but in only one out of 3 volunteers given repeated doses of oxyphenbutazone.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00566533
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    A sensitive radioimmunoassay for fentanyl (1977)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 12 (1977), S. 153-158 
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    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Fentanyl ; radioimmunoassay ; cross-reaction ; plasma level ; dog ; man
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Antiserum to fentanyl was obtained in rabbits repeatedly injected with carboxyfentanyl conjugated to bovine serum albumin. Using the antiserum, a highly sensitive radioimmunoassay has been developed, based on the dextran-coated charcoal method. It proved possible to assay the drug directly in plasma, in amounts as small as 30 picogram in 0.5 ml. The antibody was highly specific for fentanyl and no cross-reaction was observed with its major metabolites. This sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay method was employed to determine fentanyl in plasma from six volunteers after an intravenous bolus of 0.2 mg, and in plasma from dogs treated both intravenously and subcutaneously with 0.02 mg/kg. The plasma level of fentanyl could be followed for up to 6 h after a therapeutic dose in dogs and man.
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    Plasma levels and half lives of thioridazine and some of its metabolites (1977)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 11 (1977), S. 135-140 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Phenothiazine ; thioridazine ; metabolites ; plasma-level ; metabolic pattern ; half-life ; man ; schizophrenia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Plasma levels of thioridazine and four of its metabolites were determined in a series of fifteen young acute schizophrenics. Consistent individually different metabolic patterns were detected in a group of patients who had the same value for the sum of thioridazine plus metabolites. The apparent volume of distribution and half life were calculated. Clinical evolution tended to correlate best with the level of mesoridazine.
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    Serum glycoside concentrations after single or repeated intravenous doses ofβ-methyl-digoxin and digoxin (1977)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 11 (1977), S. 213-218 
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    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: β-Methyl-digoxin ; digoxin ; intravenous administration ; man ; serum concentration ; renal clearance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The aim of the present investigation was to estimate the ratio of the intravenous doses ofβ-methyl-digoxin and digoxin required to produce identical serum glycoside concentrations in man. 20 patients on intravenous maintenance therapy were changed fromβ-methyl-digoxin to the identical dose of digoxin or vice versa. Each drug was given for 7 days. Serum concentrations 13% higher were found during administration ofβ-methyl-digoxin. Assuming a half life of 60 h after with drawal, the dose of digoxin producing the same minimum serum concentration was estimated to be 1.16 times higher than that ofβ-methyl-digoxin. 18 healthy volunteers received 0.4 mg β-methyldigoxin, and 23 the same dose of digoxin, as an intravenous infusion over 2 h. The serum concentrations and urinary glycoside excretion were measured over a period of 32 hrs. During the first hour after the infusion the serum concentration of digoxin declined more rapidly than that ofβ-methyl-digoxin. Thereafter, the ratio of the serum concentrations did not change appreciably up to the end of the investigation. The area under the serum concentration/time curve was about 13% greater forβ-methyl-digoxin than for digoxin; this difference was not significant. The average renal clearance was 96±9 ml forβ-methyl-digoxin, 151±13 ml for digoxin. Since the total body clearance of digoxin is only about 1.16 times higher than that ofβ-methyl-digoxin, the lower renal clearance ofβ-methyl-digoxin must partly be compensated by higher extrarenal clearance. From the ratios of the areas under the serum concentration/time curves after single doses of β-methyldigoxin and digoxin, and the minimum serum concentrations during maintenance therapy, it was concluded that the dose of digoxin to produce the same average serum concentrations would be about 1.15 times higher than that ofβ-methyl-digoxin. In comparison with the large variations in individual dosage of digoxin andβ-methyl-digoxin, this difference is too small to be of practical importance.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00606413
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    Smoking and catecholamine and c-AMP concentrations in the coronary circulation of man and the effect of oxprenolol (1977)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 12 (1977), S. 81-87 
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    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Oxprenolol ; smoking ; catecholamines ; coronary circulation ; man ; c-AMP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Changes in catecholamine, c-AMP and lactate concentrations in the coronary circulation of man, during smoking, were studied in 12 patients. The heart rate increased from 63±2 beats/min (control) to 74±3 (smoking) (P〈0.01), falling to 70±2 (10 min after smoking) (0.05〉P〉0.01), whilst coronary sinus c-AMP concentrations rose from 11±0.7 nmol/l (smoking) to 11.9±0.8 nmol/l (after smoing) (0.05〉P〉0.01; one tailed ‘t’ test). There was no significant change in blood pressure, catecholamine or lactate concentrations. The study was repeated in eight of the patients following intravenous oxprenolol. Coronary sinus catecholamine concentrations increased from 4.1±0.7 nmol/l (control) to 5.5±1.1 nmol/l (after smoking) (0.05〉P〉0.01; one tailed ‘t’ test), but heart rate and c-AMP concentrations remained unchanged, confirming that smoking-induced tachycardia is a result of a β-adrenergic mechanism, at least part of which is due to a release of cardiac catecholamines. Arterial lactate concentrations increased only following oxprenolol from 0.74±0.07 mmol/l (control) to 0.83±0.09 mmol/l (smoking).
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    Influence of nutritional status on plasma levels and relative bioavailability of tetracycline (1977)
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 12 (1977), S. 281-284 
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    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Tetracycline ; bioavailability ; plasma levels ; nutritional state ; man
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Relative bioavailability after oral administration of a single dose and Cmin levels of tetracycline in plasma after multiple doses were determined in groups of well-nourished and undernourished subjects. The relative bioavailability of tetracycline, assessed by the area under serum concentration time-curves, did not differ in undernourished and well-nourished patients. The plasma levels were not different in the two groups after the conventional dose of tetracycline HCl 250 mg at 6 hour intervals. However, in these studies undernourished subjects received a higher dose per kg body weight, which could have compensated for any effect of a shortened half life of the drug. When the dose per kg body weight was reduced, the Cmin levels were lower. On the other hand, with the same dose per kg body weight at more frequent intervals, the plasma concentrations were similar to those in well-nourished subjects. These studies indicate that the dosage regimen should be based both on body weight and on the nutritional status of the individual.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00607427
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    Localization of α-galactomannan on the surface of Schizosaccharomyces pombe cells by scanning electron microscopy (1977)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 112 (1977), S. 123-126 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Bandeiraea simplicifolia ; Schizosaccharomyces pombe ; Colloidal gold ; Cytochemistry ; α-Galactomannan-lectin ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Galactomannan was localized by scanning and transmission electron microscopy on the cells and cell walls of Schizosaccharomyces pombe. The markers were prepared from colloidal gold granules labelled with an α-galactopyranosyl-binding lectin isolated from the seeds of Bandeiraea simplicifolia. Part or all of this α-galactomannan was present in the outer layer of the cell wall and was uniformly distributed even on the fission scars.
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    Scanning electron microscopy of dissociated pancreatic acinar cell surfaces (1977)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 176 (1977), S. 493-504 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pancreas ; Acinar cells ; Cell surface ; Dissociation ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pancreatic acinar cell surfaces have been studied by SEM with a dissection technique and correlated with results obtained by TEM. The SEM results demonstrate characteristic arrangement of microplicae which in some areas are densely packed. In many areas, the microplicae are distributed in such a manner that they create zones with typical geometrical shapes and show a relatively smooth surface. These smooth areas may coincide, as indicated by correlated TEM results, with the limits of intimate contact between adjacent acinar cells which, in turn, represent part of the junctional complex. Another aspect revealed by these SEM preparations concerns the presence of groups of densely packed microplicae, arranged in regular rows and distributed along some grooves and/or infoldings of the cellular surface. On the basis of SEM and TEM information, it is likely that these structures correspond to intercellular (and possibly, in some cases, intracellular) canaliculi which topographically form a kind of extensive microlabyrinthine arrangement running along all the cell sides. One final point revealed by fractured samples concerns the finding of spherical zymogen droplets within the vesicles of the Golgi complex. Because in many scanning images these vesicles appear connected by small openings, it is suggested that they may represent a system of intercommunicating chambers (vacuoles) through which the zymogen droplets can be continuously accumulated and discharged into the acinar lumen.
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    The third ventricle of monkeys (1977)
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    Cell & tissue research 177 (1977), S. 307-316 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Third ventricle ; Mature monkeys ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Ependyma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Surface features of the ependymal lining of the third ventricle in mature male and female monkeys have been investigated with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Broad aspects of third ventricular morphology from three species of monkey are similar regardless of sex. The lateral walls are heavily ciliated whereas the ventral floor and most ventral parts of the lateral walls are not. Clumps of cilia on the lateral walls are so dense that underlying surface details are usually obscured. There is a transition zone between the ciliated lateral wall and nonciliated ventral floor. The floor and lower part of the lateral walls of the third ventricle exhibit a characteristic polygonal pattern upon which surface specializations such as microvilli, blebs and polymorphous membrane protrusions are superimposed. Ependyma of the choroid plexus of the third ventricle also display membrane specializations. Supraependymal cells are more visible in nonciliated regions.
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    Three-dimensional development of luminal projections and junctional complexes in the developing central nervous system blood vessels of the rat (1977)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 175 (1977), S. 541-549 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Blood vessels ; High voltage electron microscopy ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The luminal surface features and Junctional complexes from developing blood vessels in the rat central nervous system have been studied by high-voltage electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Developing blood vessels exhibit three types of luminal projections; marginal folds or ridges at Junctional complexes, ridges not at Junctional complexes and microvilli. Both types of ridges are associated with troughs or depressions in the luminal surface of the endothelial cell. Those ridges not associated with Junctional complexes take part in the production of enclosed tunnels in the endothelial cell cytoplasm. Fusion of the external leaflets of Junctional complexes between adjacent endothelial cells occurred, initially, near the luminal surface of the blood vessel with other small fusion sites forming in the direction of the basal lamina secondarily. Further fusion activity to produce the zonula occludens type junction appeared to spread outwards from the smaller fusion sites.
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    Photoreceptor-like outer segments in the pineal organ of the lovebird, Uroloncha domestica (Aves: Passeriformes) (1977)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 182 (1977), S. 139-143 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pineal organ ; Uroloncha domestica (Aves, Passeriformes) ; Photoreceptor-like cells ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the pineal organ of the lovebird, Uroloncha domestica, bulbous, cup-shaped and elongated outer segments of photoreceptor-like pinealocytes are demonstrated by scanning electron microscopy. These scarce outer segments, 4–11 μm in length, extend into the pineal lumen. The present structural observations speak in favor of photosensitive pinealocytes in the pineal organ of Uroloncha domestica. The relation of the photoreceptor-like pinealocytes to acetylcholinesterase-positive nerve cells and a nervous connection between the pineal and the brain indicate that the pineal organ of this passeriform species may be the site of neuroendocrine and photoreceptive functions.
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    The surface fine structure of the ependymal lining of the lateral ventricle in rats with hereditary hydrocephalus (1977)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 179 (1977), S. 121-129 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Lateral ventricle, rat ; Hydrocephalus ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ependyma of the lateral ventricle of rats with hereditary hydrocephalus was studied using scanning electron microscopy. Normal rats from the same litters were used as control animals. The surface morphology of the lateral ventricle of normal rats corresponded to results reported by other authors. The most prominent changes in the surface morphology of the ependyma of the hydrocephalic rats were seen in the cilia. They were shortened, fewer in number and clumped or matted. The surface of the ependymal cells was flattened and contained small, irregular projections. The number of large supraependymal cells, regarded as neurons, appeared to have diminished in the hydrocephalic rats. The number of supraependymal macrophages was greatly increased in these rats, suggesting the existence of an ependymitis.
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    Ciliary function of the frog oro-pharyngeal epithelium (1977)
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    Cell & tissue research 178 (1977), S. 267-278 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ciliated epithelium, frog ; Cilia ; Coordination ; Mucous transport ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The palate epithelium of the frog was examined by scanning electron microscopy, light microscopy and high speed cine micrography. The cilia remain stationary for much of the time in the end-of-effective stroke position. Each beat cycle begins with a forwardly-directed recovery stroke lasting about 60 ms, followed by an effective stroke towards the oesophagus lasting about 12 ms. Activity can often be correlated with the presence of mucus, which is carried as strands on the tips of the ciliary effective strokes whilst the recovery strokes move beneath the mucus. Coordination of ciliary activity was very variable; local antiplectic metachrony of the recovery strokes could almost always be seen, and on very active epithelia effective strokes were associated with approximately diaplectic waves (either to left or right), but any particular pattern of coordinated activity was transient and quickly transformed to another pattern. Beating and coordination of these short cilia were compared with those of cilia propelling water.
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    Surface morphology of taste buds in catfish barbels (1977)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 178 (1977), S. 375-384 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Taste buds ; Fishes ; Neuroepithelium ; Microvilli ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary External taste buds abound on barbels of the adult catfish Corydoras arcuatus. When examined by scanning electron microscopy, they are visualized as a series of punctate, conical elevations projecting from the general surface epithelium. All taste buds were found to be of one type. Both their external and internal surface features could be clearly elucidated on intact barbels and in barbels fractured transversely at various positions along their length. An extensive nerve terminal network penetrates the base of each taste bud. Two populations of elongated cells bearing prominent microvilli project through the central pore at the tip of each bud. One set of microvilli is thicker, longer and more club-shaped than its counterpart. While both are randomly distributed within each central pore, the small, short microvilli appear to outnumber the larger ones. A third population of cells, devoid of any apical microvilli, was also seen in some of the taste buds examined internally. These cells do not project to the external surface and are interpreted as “basal” cells described in previous light and transmission electron microscope studies of taste buds in other vertebrate species. The functional significance of some of these morphological findings is discussed.
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    Vascularization of the pars distalis of the hypophysis in the toad, Bufo bufo (L.) (Amphibia, Anura) (1977)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 179 (1977), S. 1-10 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hypophysis, pars distalis ; Bufo bufo (L.) ; Vascularization ; Corrosion casts ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The vascularization of the pars distalis of the hypophysis of the toad, Bufo bufo (L.), was studied by the traditional method of injecting a mixture of India-ink and gelatine into the circulatory system of the head via the arteria carotis communis. Further, methyl-methacrylate corrosion casts of the brains were made; the hypothalamo-adenohypophysial region of these corrosion casts was studied with the scanning electron microscope. The results showed that the portal vessels which arise from the median eminence do not supply distinct areas in the pars distalis as is supposed by the point-to-point-hypothesis. The portal vessels enter the ventro-median region of the pars distalis and branch off into a three-dimensional network of the secondary capillary plexus of the pars distalis. The plexus is made up mostly by four- to six-sided meshes. This angioarchitecture guarantees an optimal supply of the glandular cells of the pars distalis with nutritional factors and releasing hormones, on the one hand, and facilitates the removal of the hormones which are released by these cells, on the other hand. The venous drainage of the pars distalis is exerted mainly by two large veins, which bilaterally leave the dorso-lateral region (venous pole) of the pars distalis and by a few small veins, which drain into the wide, sinus-like vessel, which curves around the dorso-caudal region of the pars distalis and joins bilaterally the vena hypophysea transversa.
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    A scanning electron microscopic survey of the brain ventricular system of the female armadillo (1977)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 183 (1977), S. 531-539 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Brain ventricles ; Armadillo ; Ependyma ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The scanning electron microscope was used to survey the brain ventricular system of the female armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus) with emphasis on the third ventricle. The walls of the lateral ventricles, aqueduct, and fourth ventricle are covered by long cilia. In the lateral ventricle, the cilia are arranged in groups; but in the aqueduct and fourth ventricle, they are evenly placed over the cellular surfaces. The ependymal cells of the third ventricle are densely ciliated except for the organum vasculosum and infundibular recess. The non-ciliated luminal surface of these areas has a pebblestone appearance punctuated by numerous microvilli and two types of supraependymal cells.
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    Observations on the marginal ruffles of an established fibroblast-like cell line (1977)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 179 (1977), S. 225-234 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Marginal ruffles ; Fibroblast-like cells ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Transmission electron microscopy ; Light microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary LW13K2 cells, a clone of a spontaneously in vitro transformed derivative of embryonic Lewis rat fibroblastic cells, were studied by phase contrast cine-light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The ruffles found at the advancing edge of cells grown on glass substrates in vitro form and recede in a period of less than one min if they do not make an attachment of the substrate. If they fail to make an attachment they may form pinocytotic channels near the leading edge as described by Price (1972) and/or collapse, generally backwards, towards the cell body. The ‘spines’ which appear to reinforce the membranous ruffles are the last structures to disappear, and accumulate in an irregular array behind the ruffling edge; this area is behind that in which pinocytosis occurs. In comparison with the sparse numbers of ribosomes found in the trailing edge, they are present in notable concentrations near the leading, ruffling edge of the cell. No membrane vesicles have been found in or near the ruffling edges at the ruffle-spine concentration zone.
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    Vascularization of the pars intermedia of the hypophysis in the toad, Bufo bufo (L.) (Amphibia, Anura) (1977)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 179 (1977), S. 11-16 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hypophysis, pars intermedia ; Bufo bufo (L.) ; Vascularization ; Corrosion casts ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The vascularization of the pars intermedia of the hypophysis of the toad, Bufo bufo (L.) was studied by injection of a mixture of India-ink and gelatine into the circulatory system of the head via the arteria carotis communis. Further methyl-methacrylate corrosion casts of brains were made and the hypophysial region of the corrosion casts was examined with the scanning electron microscope. The results showed that the vascularization of the pars intermedia of the toad hypophysis consists of a single-layered vascular network, which is located on the ventral surface of the pars intermedia. The network is formed by capillaries, which primarily run caudally in a fan-like manner and which show only a few cross-connections. In the rostral region of the pars intermedia this network lies rather superficially, while in the caudal region it slightly penetrates the parenchyma. The vascular network originates from vessels of the neural stalk and from wide capillaries of the rostro-ventral region of the neurointermediate junction. The venous drainage of the pars intermedia is exerted by veins, which leave the caudal region and drain into the veins leaving the venous pole of the pars distalis. The fiat, wide meshed vascular net on the ventral side of the pars intermedia, demonstrated in this study, fits into the concept that the pars intermedia of the anuran hypophysis is under the control of nerve fibers coming from the hypothalamus.
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    The human vocal cord surface (1977)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 185 (1977), S. 279-283 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Vocal cord epithelium (Human) ; Microridges ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The epithelium of the vocal cord from children and adults is analysed with SEM and TEM. Scanning micrographs show that the apical cell membrane is furnished with microvilli and microridges of various patterns. The function of microridges is discussed in relation to the distribution and retention of mucus on the vocal cord.
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    Some morphological observations on osteoclasts (1977)
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    Cell & tissue research 185 (1977), S. 387-397 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Osteoclasts ; Resorption ; Bone ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Osteoclasts of the peripheral portions of the endocranial aspect of young rat parietal and frontal bones were studied by scanning electron microscopy of glutaraldehyde fixed, critical point dried specimens. These studies show Osteoclasts to have a much more complicated form than has previously been realised. Extensively branching, elongated, smooth-surfaced cells, which are for the most part elevated above the level of the surrounding bone matrix surface and sometimes above portions of osteoblasts or other osteoclasts, were identified as motile non-resorbing cells. Portions of the former and other entire cells may be embowered in Howship's lacunae, have microvilli on their dorsal surface, and are surrounded by a serrated border of microprojections which have an apparently firm attachment to the matrix surface. Osteoclasts in short term culture show additional free surface ruffles which are not encountered in specimens taken fresh from the animal. No evidence of recruitment of osteoblasts or osteocytes into osteoclasts was found. Disinterred osteocytes retained an ability to migrate from their lacunae on to surrounding bone matrix surface.
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    Ultrastructural alterations in ciliary cells exposed to ionizing radiation (1977)
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    Cell & tissue research 180 (1977), S. 421-431 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ciliated cells ; Trachea ; Radiation effects ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Transmission electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Early effects of ionizing radiation were investigated in an experimental in vitro system using the ciliary cells of the tracheal mucous membrane of the rabbit, irradiated at 30° C and at more than 90% humidity. The changes in physiological activities of the ciliary cells caused by irradiation were continuously registered during the irradiation. The specimens were examined immediately after irradiation electron microscopically. The morphological changes in irradiated material after 10–70 Gy are compared with normal material. After 40–70 Gy, scanning electron microscopy revealed the formation of vesicles on cilia, and club-like protrusions and adhesion of their tips. After 30–70 Gy, a swelling of mitochondrial membranes and cristae was apparent transmission electron microscopically. The membrane alterations caused by irradiation are assumed to disturb the permeability and flow of ATP from the mitochondria, which in turn leads to the recorded changes in the activity of the ciliated cells.
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    The vascularization of the neural stalk and the pars nervosa of the hypophysis in the toad, Bufo bufo (L.) (amphibia, anura) (1977)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 180 (1977), S. 433-442 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hypophysis, neural stalk, pars nervosa ; Bufo bufo (L.) ; Vascularization ; Corrosion casts ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The angioarchitecture of the neural stalk and the encephalo-posthypophysial portal system of the hypophysis of the toad, Bufo bufo (L.), was studied using three different methods. The neural stalk is mainly supplied by branches of the arteria infundibularis superficialis which form a widemeshed vascular network. Dorsally this network continues into the plexus of the pars nervosa. The vascularization of the pars nervosa is made up of the encephalo-posthypophysial portal system. This portal system consists of a hypothalamic branch (=portion), a mesencephalic and a mesencephalic-bulbar branch (=portion). The hypothalamic branch was found to drain the pars ventralis of the tuber cinereum as well as more dorsal regions of the diencephalon. The mesencephalic-bulbar trunk enters the hypothalamic branch. The resulting common stem of the encephalo-posthypophysial portal vein then curves around the retroinfundibular communicating artery, crosses its ventral side and runs caudally. The secondary capillary plexus of the pars nervosa is characterized by well defined capillary networks which are located at the periphery of the parenchyma of the pars nervosa, thus forming a rostral, dorsal and ventro-caudal net. The central region of the parenchyma of the pars nervosa is supplied only by main branches of the encephalo-posthypophysial portal vein. The venous drainage of the pars nervosa is via the vena hypophysea transversa.
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    Rheography of the stomach (1977)
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    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 84 (1977), S. 1060-1064 
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    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: rheography ; stomach ; animals ; man ; sensitive probe
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A practical method of rheography is suggested for studying the state of the human gastric circulation. The theoretical aspects of the use of a bipolar system of electrodes (external and internal) with essentially different sizes of contact surface are examined with respect to the stomach. A scheme and brief description of the simple apparatus are given. Control experiments were carried out on animals to confirm the validity of the basic assumptions. Mean values of some rheographic indices frequently used in clinical practice, based on rheograms of the stomach of 30 healthy subjects, are given.
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    Effect of the aldosterone antagonist canrenone on plasma aldosterone concentration and plasma renin activity, and on the excretion of aldosterone and electrolytes by man (1976)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 9 (1976), S. 253-257 
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    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Aldosterone ; renin ; aldosterone antagonist ; canrenone ; man
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Canrenone was administered in doses of 2×82 mg and 2×164 mg per day over a period of 10 days to diabetic patients without cardiovascular, liver or kidney involvement. Aldosterone excretion and plasma aldosterone increased only slightly during both regimes. There was a clear-cut increase in aldosterone excretion only after discontinuation of carenone. Excretion of sodium potassium and fluid was not significantly changed either during or after treatment. The lack of effect of canrenone on the kidney was in contrast to the significant decrease in serum sodium and increase in serum potassium, and the significant, dose-dependent rise in plasma renin activity following canrenone administration. The increased plasma renin activity persisted for some days after discontinuation of canrenone. It is suggested that canrenone primarily exerted its effect in the distal part of the large intestine where ionic movements are most affected by aldosterone. The disproportionately slight increase in plasma aldosterone concentration and aldosterone excretion, in spite of the greatly elevated plasma renin activity and serum potassium level, is considered to be due to a direct inhibitory effect of canrenone on aldosterone production in the adrenals.
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    Pharmacokinetics of lofepramine in man: Relationship to inhibition of noradrenaline uptake (1976)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 9 (1976), S. 291-298 
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    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Tricyclic antidepresent ; lofepramine ; single- and multiple-dose kinetics ; noradrenaline and 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake ; man
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pharmacokinetics of lofepramine, an imipramine analogue, have been studied by administering single oral doses to volunteers, determination of plasma levels of lofepramine and desmethylimipramine after ten days of oral administration to patients, and by relating plasma levels to the effect on uptake of noradrenaline by isolated rat irides and brain slices of plasma samples collected during treatment. The results indicate that lofepramine undergoes pronounced first pass elimination and that desmethylimipramine is a major metabolite of it. During steady-state conditions the plasma level of lofepramine fluctuates considerably between doses. A linear relation was found between inhibition of neuronal uptake of noradrenaline and the plasma concentration of desmethylimpramine. No effect was seen on the uptake of 5-hydroxytryptamine in brain slices incubated in patients' plasma which suggests that neither lofepramine nor its metabolites formedin vivo in man affect neuronal uptake of this amine. Lofepramine belongs to the group of tricyclic anti-depressants which preferentially inhibit noradrenaline uptake.
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    Absorption of β-methyl-digoxin determined after a single dose and under steady state conditions (1976)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 9 (1976), S. 307-314 
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    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Absorption ; man ; β-methyl-digoxin ; serum concentration ; urinary excretion ; radio-immunoassay
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Single doses of β-methyl-digoxin 0.4 mg were given to groups of 17 – 18 healthy volunteers as an intravenous infusion lasting 2 hours, or orally as Lanitop Liquidum® or Lanitop® tablets. The serum glycoside concentration and urinary glycoside excretion were measured over 8 and 32 h. The absolute bioavailability from the oral preparations in comparison with the infusion was lower for the first 8 h than for the entire 32 h of the investigation; the relative bioavailability from tablets was the same as from the solution for both periods. For both periods the area under the serum concentration/time curve and the urinary glycoside excretion were significantly lower after administration of the tablets than after intravenous infusion. Taking the average of both parameters, the absolute bioavailability of β-methyl-digoxin was about 80% from the solution and about 70% from the tablets. In 18 patients undergoing intravenous or oral therapy with β-methyl-digoxin steady state glycoside concentrations were compared in a cross-over study of intravenous maintenance therapy with Lanitop® ampoules or oral treatment with Lanitop® tablets. For a standard daily dose of 0.2 mg β-methyl-digoxin the serum concentrations were 1.35±0.10 ng/ml during both intravenous and oral administration. The intra-individual variation in glycoside concentration after changing from intravenous to oral maintenance therapy, or vice versa, was about the same as during continued intravenous or oral administration. It is concluded that the rate of rise of serum concentration after a single dose may be a useful indicator of the rate of absorption, but that the area under the serum concentration/time curve and the urinary glycoside excretion up to 32 h are unsuitable for determining equivalent doses of different formulations or routes of administration of digitalis glycosides.
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    Metabolism of digitoxin in man and its modification by spironolactone (1976)
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 9 (1976), S. 345-354 
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    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: 3H-digitoxin ; metabolism ; spironolactone ; enzyme induction ; man
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of spironolactone on the metabolism of intravenously administered3H-digitoxin (80 µCi) was investigated in eight patients. In three of them the labelled glycoside was given on a second occasion after spironolactone treatment had been discontinued for at least 65 days. Of total urinary radioactivity 79 % was unaltered drug and 12 % consisted of water soluble compounds. No digitoxigenin or digoxigenin and only trace amounts (〈2 %) of digoxin and the bis- and monoglycosides of digoxigenin were found. After spironolactone total urinary radioactivity was unchanged but the fraction eliminated as unchanged digitoxin fell from 79 to 66 % and the water soluble compounds increased from 12 to 26 % (p〈0.05). In addition spironolactone caused a 20 % reduction in the half-life of serum radioactivity (p〈0.01) and a 16 % reduction in the volume of distribution (p〈0.05). Induction of hepatic enzymes by spironolactone is proposed to explain the alteration in the metabolism of digitoxin in man. Both the altered metabolic pattern and the reduction in the volume of distribution appear to contribute to the reduction in half-life.
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    Some aspects of the intestinal absorption of zinc in man (1976)
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 9 (1976), S. 423-428 
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    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Serum zinc concentration ; intestinal absorption ; portal vein ; transumbilical catheterization ; man
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Serum zinc concentrations in peripheral venous blood were determined in 8 healthy volunteers at various times after oral administration of 50 mg Zn++. The same dose was given to 6 patients surgically treated for obesity by jejuno-ileostomy. In the healthy volunteers the mean serum zinc concentration before dosing was 0.89 µg/ml and a mean peak concentration of 2.39 µg/ml was found after 3 h. In the patients the starting level was lower, 0.67 µg/ml, and a mean peak concentration of 1.31 µg/ml was found 90 min after treatment. In the patients the areas under the serum concentration-time curve was approximately 1/3 of that in the healthy subjects. Zn++ 50 mg was also given to 3 patients undergoing transumbilical catheterization of the portal vein for diagnostic purposes and serum zinc concentrations were measured in portal and peripheral venous blood sampled simultaneously. No significant differences were found between the concentration of zinc in portal and peripheral venous blood during absorption, which suggests slow passage of zinc across the intestinal wall.
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    Clinical pharmacokinetics of sisomicin: Two-compartment model analysis of serum data after I.V. and I.M. administration (1976)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 10 (1976), S. 251-256 
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    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Sisomicin ; pharmacokinetics ; bioavailability ; two-compartment analysis ; man
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pharmacokinetics of sisomicin, a new single component aminoglycoside antibiotic related to gentamicin c1a, were determined in four healthy volunteers after intravenous and intramuscular administration of a 1 mg/kg dose. The elimination profile of this antibiotic follows two-compartment model kinetics after I.V. administration. The fast (α) and slow (β) disposition rate constants averaged 0.072 and 0.004 min−1, respectively. The volume of distribution at the steady-state averaged 0.185 liters/kg which approximately corresponds to the volume of extracellular space. The physiological availability of an intramuscular dose appeared to be complete. A method of administration adapted to the kinetic properties of the drug is proposed.
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    Double-blind crossover study of the effect of acetylsalicylic acid on bleeding and post-operative course after bilateral oral surgery (1976)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 10 (1976), S. 217-225 
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    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Acetylsalicylic acid ; surgery ; man ; bleeding ; pain ; wound-healing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) was tested against placebo in a double-blind crossover study, in which essentially the same operation was performed twice on 23 healthy patients who required surgical removal of bilateral “identically” impacted wisdom teeth. On the evening before one operation they received ASA 1.0 g (Globentyl®) followed by ASA 2.0 g daily for the next 3 days, and at the other operation placebo tablets. A number of objective and subjective parameters were recorded for paired comparison of the pre-, per-, and post-operative courses, including bleeding, pain, wound-healing, and preference. Tests of platelet aggregation before each operation indicated whether or not ASA had been taken. Pre-operative bleeding time was significantly increased (from 4.4 to 6.9 min) by ASA, as well as the per-operative blood loss (about 30%), and the post-operative bleeding tendency. Episodes of profuse post-operative haemorrhage were reported by 5 patients, always after the operation for which ASA had been given. ASA also significantly promoted the occurrence of ecchymosis and haematoma. The pre-operative bleeding time was not a reliable predictor for these complications. The drug was very well tolerated with respect to side effects such as abdominal discomfort. The post-operative pain scores were neither reduced nor increased significantly by ASA, and the preference scores were not in favour of the drug. The present patients were all young and denied any previous bleeding disorders; nevertheless, ASA resulted in post-operative haemorrhage, ecchymosis and haematoma formation in several cases.
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    Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of indoprofen in man (1976)
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 10 (1976), S. 257-262 
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    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Anti-inflammatory and analgesic drug ; indoprofen ; pharmacokinetics ; bioavailability ; man
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In a pharmacokinetic study of the new analgesic and anti-inflammatory drug indoprofen, plasma levels and urinary excretion were determined in four healthy volunteers after 100 mg and 200 mg iv, and after 100 mg (capsules) and 200 mg (tablets) oral doses. After iv administration, the mean biological half-life (t1/2 β) was about 2 h (range 1.4 to 3.2 h). The apparent volume of distribution Vdβ ranged between 11 to 17 % of body weight, indicating its limited extravascular distribution. Most of the drug was excreted in urine as glucuronide and a smaller proportion as unchanged indoprofen: the 24 h urinary excretion of these compounds accounted for 67 to 95 % of an iv dose. Peak plasma levels occurred between 30 and 120 minutes after oral administration of 100 mg as capsules or 200 mg as tablets. The mean biological half-life was about 2 h, as after iv administration. The bioavailability of oral doses was assessed using both plasma levels and urinary excretion data. The absorption of capsules and tablets was practically complete, that of the former being faster.
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    Inhibition of tetracycline absorption by zinc (1976)
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 10 (1976), S. 59-62 
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    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Tetracycline absorption ; zinc sulphate ; zinc citrate ; complex formation ; man
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The inhibitory effect of zinc on the gastrointestinal absorption of tetracycline has been investigated in 7 healthy volunteers. Zinc (45 mg Zn++) was given as a solution of zinc sulphate and as a zinc citrate complex; tetracycline (500 mg) was administered as a commercially available preparation. Serum tetracycline concentrations and the area under the serum tetracycline concentration-time curve (up to 6 h) were significantly reduced when tetracycline was taken with either zinc sulphate or the zinc citrate complex. Although the reduction of absorption seemed more pronounced after zinc sulphate, the difference between the inhibitory effects of the two forms of zinc was not significant. It is concluded that simultaneous administration of zinc and tetracycline may reduce absorption of tetracycline.
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    Effect of analgesic agents on emptying of the gallbladder in man (1976)
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 10 (1976), S. 127-131 
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    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Gallbladder emptying ; analgesics ; indoprofen ; pentazocine ; morphine ; man
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A controlled study of the clinical pharmacology of the biliary tract has been made. The rate of gallbladder emptying induced by a fatty meal was taken as a parameter for assessment of the inhibitory effect of indoprofen, a new analgesic-anti-inflammatory drug, pentazocine and morphine. The compounds were administered as single doses by iv (indoprofen and pentazocine) or im (morphine) injection. Indoprofen up to 400 mg had no effect, whereas morphine and pentazocine exerted a significant inhibitory effect on emptying of the gallbladder. Adverse reactions of clinical significance were associated with morphine and pentazocine, but were negligible with indoprofen.
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    Plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase activity and the pressor effect of dopamine infusion in man (1976)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 10 (1976), S. 197-200 
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    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Dopamine-β-hydroxylase ; dopamine infusion ; blood pressure ; plasma ; man ; inter-individual variation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In order to study the function of dopamine-β-hydroxylase (DBH) in human plasma, dopamine, its natural substrate, was infused intravenously in 22 healthy volunteers. Their plasma DBH activities showed great interindividual variations (31–301 units/ml). The infusion rates of dopamine required to increase systolic blood pressure (BP) by 30 mm Hg differed considerably between the subjects, and ranged from 3,0 to 11,6 µg/kg/min. No correlation could be shown between the various dopamine doses and individual plasma levels of DBH. It was concluded, therefore, that plasma DBH in the blood stream was enzymatically inactive. Experiments with human plasma DBH in vitro also support this interpretation. Consequently, interindividual differences in the effects on BP during dopamine infusion cannot be due to pressor effects of noradrenaline synthesized by plasma DBH.
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    The fate of3H-terbutaline sulphate administered to man as an aerosol (1976)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 10 (1976), S. 1-7 
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    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: 3H-terbutaline sulphate ; aerosol ; man ; absorption ; excretion ; spirometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Six asthmatic patients and two healthy volunteers inhaled tritiated terbutaline sulphate delivered by a pressurized aerosol inhaler. Spirometric measurements were performed and the amounts of total radioactivity in plasma, urine and faeces were determined. The analysis of urine included determination of radioactivity due to metabolized drug. Depending on the amount of drug inhaled the peak plasma level varied from undetectable to 3.8 ng/ml. An early plasma peak was found in 7 out of 8 subjects. The main plasma peaks were observed 1 – 6 hours after administration. The results of urinalysis showed a metabolic profile similar to that after parenteral administration. Disregarding the amount of inhaled drug and sampling time, 3 – 35% of the delivered drug was recovered in the urine and 2 – 37% in the faeces. Immediately after treatment 4 subjects rinsed their mouths with water and it was found to contain 14.5 – 50% of the delivered dose. The adapters from the aerosol canisters contained 14 – 27.5% of the delivered dose of drug.
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    Clinical efficacy of BS 100-141 in essential hypertension (1976)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 10 (1976), S. 69-72 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: BS 100-141 ; N-amidino-2-(2,6-dichlorphenyl)acetamide hydrochloride ; essential hypertension ; antihypertensive agent ; man
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The antihypertensive effect of the guanidine derivative BS 100-141 (N-amidino-2-(2,6-dichlorphenyl)acetamide hydrochloride) has been studied in 11 hospitalized patients suffering from essential hypertension (WHO grade I – II). BS 100-141 1 mg tid was given in the first week and a larger dose in the second week. Mean 24-hour systolic and diastolic blood pressures were significantly lower at the end of the first and second weeks of active treatment than at the end of the placebo-week. The antihypertensive effect of BS 100-141 was stronger in the standing than in the supine position. It significantly reduced the heart rate. Treatment with BS 100-141 was well tolerated, although tiredness and dryness of the mouth appeared more often than during the placebo period. Extensive laboratory tests did not reveal any toxic effect on the liver, kidneys or haemopoietic tissues.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00561553
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    Comparison of BS 100-141 and clonidine as antihypertensive agents (1976)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 10 (1976), S. 73-76 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: BS 100-141 ; N-amidino-2-(2,6-dichlorphenyl) acetamide hydrochloride ; clonidine ; essential hypertension ; antihypertensive agents ; man
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The antihypertensive effect and side effects of the guanidine derivative BS 100-141 (N-amidino-2-(2,6-dichlorphenyl) acetamide hydrochloride) and clonidine were compared in a single-blind, cross-over study. The study consisted of two active treatment periods of 6 weeks each, both preceded by a 2 week placebo period. Thirty ambulant, hypertensive patients, whose blood pressure was of WHO severity grades I – II, were admitted to the study, and the results are based on the 24 patients who completed it. In more than half the patients the optimal daily dose of BS 100-141 was 3 – 4 mg, and of clonidine 0.30 – 0.45 mg. An equally large and significant decrease in blood pressure was produced by both drugs. Both of them also caused bradycardia, but it was of no clinical significance. Both BS 100-141 and clonidine caused tiredness in about half the patients, but it diminished after a few weeks. Dryness of the mouth occurred in more than half the patients taking either drug, and it remained unchanged during the 6 weeks of treatment. A withdrawal syndrome was noted in one patient on discontinuation of clonidine.
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    Localization of mannan at the surface of yeast protoplasts by scanning electron microscopy (1976)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 109 (1976), S. 9-14 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Candida utilis ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Colloidal gold ; Cytochemistry ; Mannan ; Plasma membranes ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The β(1→3)glucanase of Basidiomycete QM 806 was used to prepare Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida utilis protoplasts. Plasma membranes isolated from S. cerevisiae contained a small amount of mannose and traces of glucose and ribose. Randomly distributed α-mannan was detected by scanning electron microscopy at the surface of prefixed protoplasts using colloidal gold labelled with Concanavalin A as a marker. C. utilis protoplasts were also marked with anti-mannan antibodies. Again the distribution of mannan was random. This experiment indicated also that plasma membrane mannan has the same immunochemical determinants as cell wall mannan. It is hypothesized that mannan is mainly located in the outer layer of plasma membranes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00425106
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    Mating in Chlamydomonas eugametos (1976)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 109 (1976), S. 31-35 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Scanning electron microscopy ; Chlamydomonas ; Cell agglutination ; Cell fusion ; Flagella
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A technique has been developed by which mating gametes of Chlamydomonas eugametos can be studied in the Scanning Electron Microscope. A detailed description of the mating process, from the initial flagellar agglutination until the release of free vis-à-vis pairs, is presented. Flagella appear to agglutinate at random points on their surface. This is followed by a rapid increase of the contact area such that they “line-up” tip to tip. Flagella always exhibit a typical position prior to cell fusion. After cell fusion the flagella of a pair separate rapidly while the female have shortened about 33%. In a vis-à-vis pair the plasma bridge has contracted. The observations are interpreted in terms of a specific reorganization of the sexuale aggregate.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00425109
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    Scanning electron microscopic studies on the development of the chick retina (1976)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 170 (1976), S. 145-159 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neurogenesis ; Retina ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Fixed retinae of chick embryos and chicks of the first week after hatching were fractured and examined with the scanning electron microscope. The matrix cells of the retina proliferate up to the beginning of the second week. The migrating cells are oriented in cell cords. This columnar organization prevails up to the development of the plexiform layers formed as a consequence of the outgrowth of the dendritic and axonal cell processes. Special attention was paid to the differentiation of the ganglion, bipolar and receptor cells, and the radial fibers (Müller cells). Two main morphological patterns are significant for the organization of the retina during neurogenesis: a) the cell to cell contacts of migrating cells and b) the spatial arrangement of Müller cells which could provide guidelines for migration of neuronal elements.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00224296
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    A combined scanning and transmission electron microscopic study and electron probe microanalysis of human pineal acervuli (1976)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 174 (1976), S. 129-137 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pineal organ, human ; Acervuli ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Transmission electron microscopy ; Electron probe microanalysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Untreated, decalcified and trypsinized acervuli from human pineal bodies were studied with the scanning and transmission electron microscope as well as by electron probe microanalysis. The mulberry-like acervuli are composed of a various number of spherical lobes (135–800 μm) between which clustered groups of globuli (4–14 urn in diameter) are observed. The acervular lobes are very probably formed by an aggregation of these globuli. Small round particles 125–500 Å in diameter are observed on the surface of the pineal concretions. These are not influenced by either decalcification or trypsin treatment. The acervular mineral corresponds morphologically to hydroxyapatite. The electron probe microanalysis reveals the existence of calcium and phosphorus as main components of the acervuli. Small quantities of magnesium and strontium were also detected.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00222155
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    Morphology, morphometry and electron microscopy of HeLa cells infected with bovine Mycoplasma (1976)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 170 (1976), S. 1-16 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Tissue culture cells ; Mycoplasma ; Light microscopy ; Transmission electron microscopy ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Morphometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The host-parasite relationship of HeLa M cells artificially infected with a bovine species of Mycoplasma was studied by light microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The use of morphometry to quantitate some of the findings was explored. The parasites were seen in locations extracellular to the cell surface. The detection of small numbers of organisms by light microscopy was well demonstrated by use of the fluorescent antibody technique. Scanning electron microscopy proved to be an excellent method for revealing the surface details of cell-parasite morphology. Ultra-thin sections showed that the parasites are aligned mostly parallel to the plasma membrane of the host cell but separated by a gap of 10 nm. Morphometry indicated an average of 69 organisms per cell surface occupying 1.7% of the surface area. An increase of 26% in diameter of the HeLa cells, possibly as a result of infection, was observed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00220107
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    A scanning electron microscope study of the development of free axonal sprouts at the cut ends of dorsal spinal nerve roots in the rat (1976)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 170 (1976), S. 507-513 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Axons ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Neurones, afferent ; Nerve regeneration ; Spinal nerve roots
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Rat dorsal spinal nerve roots were cut and the tip on the ganglionic side of the cut was examined by scanning electron microscopy at 0, 7, 20 and 48 h after operation. Seven hours after cutting, free axonal sprouts had started to protrude from the cut end of the nerve. After 20 h the free sprouts were more profuse than at 7 h but were smaller and had a rougher surface. At both 7 and 20 h many of the sprouts consisted of a stalk 2–7 μm in diameter with a bulbous end 5–20 μm in diameter. A few branching sprouts were seen. At 48 h the sprouts were shrunken with a deeply furrowed surface. The significance of the surface structure of the sprouts is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00361708
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    Effects of castration and androgen-substitution on the morphology of the epididymal epithelium of the Japanese monkey, Macacus fuscatus, as revealed by scanning electron microscopy (1976)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 170 (1976), S. 515-521 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Epididymal epithelium ; Castration ; Androgen-substitution ; Japanese monkey ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The caput epididymidis from castrated and androgen-supplemented, castrated Japanese monkeys was observed with the scanning electron microscope. The experimental findings were compared with the normal structures in control animals. The epididymal lumen of control animals was lined by a tall, pseudostratified columnar epithelium possessing long, slender stereocilia which were densely arranged in a tuft-like form. After castration, the epididymal epithelium was decreased in height to one-fifth of controls. The stereocilia were also considerably reduced in length and in number, resulting in a flattened epithelial surface with polygonal boundaries. Frequent projection of a long, single cilium from an epithelial cell into the lumen was also a prominent feature in the epididymal ducts of the castrated animals. Administration of testosterone to the castrated animals resulted in almost complete recovery of the epididymal epithelium as well as regeneration of the stereocilia which regained a tuft-like arrangement.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00361709
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    The aesthetes of chitons (1976)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 172 (1976), S. 379-388 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Chitons ; Receptors ; Shell surface ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The shells of the chitons Lepidochitona cinereus, Sypharochiton pelliserpentis, Amaurochiton glaucus and Onithochiton neglectus were examined by scanning electron microscopy. In all species the surface terminations of the megalaesthete and micraesthete organs could be identified lying flush with the shell surface, as well as, lenses of the shell eyes in O. neglectus. Periostracal debris and encrusting diatoms were a usual feature of the shell surfaces. The micraesthete subsidiary caps normally appear featureless, but the megalaesthete apical caps sometimes appear to be perforated. The reasons for this perforate appearance are discussed and it is concluded that it provides no evidence for the normal passage of substances out of or into the megalaesthete.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00399520
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    Scanning electron microscopy of bone cells in culture (1976)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 166 (1976), S. 65-70 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Collagen ; Bone ; Cell culture ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Embryonic and young rat bone cells have been grown in culture and examined in the scanning electron microscope (SEM). Compared with cells fixed in situ and taken directly from the animal, the cultured osteoblastic cells were smoother, flatter and more extensive and showed tighter intercellular contacts. Some matrix is formed in culture and undergoes at least partial mineralization as judged by the accumulation of Ca and P measured by energy dispersive x-ray analysis. Findings concerning the morphology of the collagen arrangement were indecisive. Some superficial cells, free of surrounding matrix, resembled osteocytes in normal in vivo bone. This may indicate that a proportion of the extracellular matrix produced by the cultured cells failed to polymerise into recognizable bone matrix, and that osteocytic morphology is not dependent upon the physical characteristics of the bone matrix.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00215125
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    Interaction of rabbit sperm and egg (1976)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 169 (1976), S. 277-287 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Rabbit gametes ; Cryofractography ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Transmission electron microscopy ; Zona pellucida
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Rabbit ova fertilized in vitro were prepared for scanning electron microscopy by ethanol-cryofracturing and critical-point drying methods and were also embedded and sectioned for transmission electron microscopy. Study of a region of interaction between sperm and zona pellucida with scanning electron microscopy reveals the latter to be composed of a complex network of fibers interspersed with numerous pores. Transmission electron microscopy of the same region reveals a “typical” homogeneous composition of the zona pellucida. Ultrastructural observations of thin sections passing through the region of sperm-egg interactions or through other regions of the ovum or its investments reveals very little methodological distortion of the various intracellular organelles or matrix. Application of the procedures described provides not only an elucidation of surface detail but also reveals intracellular cytoplasmic information about the same specimen during in vitro fertilization.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00219601
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    Experimental study of changes in osteoblastic shape induced by calcitonin and parathyroid extract in an organ culture system (1976)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 169 (1976), S. 449-465 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Bone ; Osteoblasts ; Cell surface ; Cell shape ; Calcitonin ; Parathyroid extract ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Neonate rat endocranial osteoblasts were cultured on their bone surfaces in control medium (CC) or medium to which either parathyroid extract (PTE) or calcitonin (CT) had been added for 2, 4, 8 or 24 h. Some were cultured for 24 h in CC, then for 2, 4, 8 or 24 h in either CT or PTE medium; or for 24 h in PTE, then for 2, 4, 8 or 24 h in either CC or CT; or 24 h in CT and 2, 4, 8 or 24 h in CC. The dorsal ruffling of the cells in CC was found to be suppressed by later culturing with PTE and the disoriented cells reorganized to form arrays of parallel cells. The effects of PTE were also reversed by CC or CT: the osteoblasts in the second culture (CC) lost elongation and order, and proceeded through a proliferative phase before exhibiting the ruffling form similar to a single CC 24 h culture. PTE-cultured osteoblasts showed an increase in cell overlap and contact so that a more competent barrier was formed separating the bone from the medium. In control or CT medium, however, intercellular gaps were greater than in vivo.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00218146
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    A critical reevaluation of the structure of the rat uriniferous tubule as revealed by scanning electron microscopy (1976)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 166 (1976), S. 91-100 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Kidney (rat) ; Uriniferous tubule ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The fine structure of luminal surface of clearly identified portions of uriniferous tubules has been studied by scanning electron microscopy to elucidate some controversies concerning the topography of certain surface formations. The results show a characteristic pattern of the luminal surface in the region of Henle's loop, which was assumed by previous authors, to belong to the collecting tubule. Furthermore it is demonstrated that no cilia are present within the terminal portion of the collecting tubules.
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    Aggregation-induced alterations in fibroblast morphology (1976)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 174 (1976), S. 499-518 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Fibroblast ; Human ; Transmission electron microscopy ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Aggregation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The different stages during aggregation of diploid human skin fibroblasts have been examined by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. As a result of aggregation, fibroblasts form a complex tissue configuration. Numerous intercellular junctions can be observed, while the cells remain polygonal and do not develop an organised intracellular cytoskeleton. Cell division occurs only rarely. After aggregation, signs of progressive auto-digestion develop. Adhesion to a substrate results in outgrowth of the cells and monolayer formation, even when extensive cell damage had occurred. The morphology of fibroblasts in aggregates and in the monolayers, from which they were derived, is compared and the contribution of the aggregate system to the study of fibroblast behavior is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00232835
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    Scanning electron microscopy of the glomerular filtration membrane in the rat kidney (1976)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 166 (1976), S. 299-314 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Renal glomerulus (Rat) ; Endothelial cells ; Blood capillaries ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The rat kidney was perfused with saline and glutaraldehyde, treated with Murakami's tannin-osmium impregnation method, ethanol-freeze cracked and dried by the critical point method. Gold-palladium evaporated specimens were observed in a field-emission scanning electron microscope. The glomerular filtration membrane, fractured in different planes was observed with the following results: 1. Adjacent pedicles originate from different podocytes. No interpedicular bridges of apparent cytoplasmic nature could be found. 2. The basement membrane, in grazing fractures shows a horizontally layered architecture. 3. The attenuated endothelial sheet (lamina fenestrata) is divided into compartments, which we suggest should be called “areolae fenestratae”, by cytoplasmic crests radiating from the nucleated portion of the endothelial cell. A crest also occurs along the cell margin, which contacts a similar crest at the margin of the adjacent cell. 4. The pores in the areolae fenestratae are variable in size (30−150 nm diameter). A knob-like projection from the apparently naked basement membrane is found in a portion of the pores. 5. Numerous microvilli may occur on the endothelium. Some of them anastomose and fuse with one another to form a net whose meshes appear identical with the endothelial pores. Domes and shelves formed of a fenestrated cytoplasmic sheet also occur above the ordinary level of the endothelial lining. A hypothesis implicating microvilli in partial renewal of the endothelial sheet is proposed. This study was assisted by Mr. K. Adachi of the SEM Laboratory at the Niigata University School of Medicine.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00220127
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    Surface morphology of lens fibers from eyes of normal and microphthalmic (Browman) rats (1976)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 167 (1976), S. 425-438 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Scanning electron microscopy ; Crystalline lens ; Microphthalmos
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The surface features of cortical fibers from lenses of normal adult rats and microphthalmic rats of the Browman strain have been studied by scanning electron microscopy. In the normal lenses, superficial cortical fibers follow a straight course from inner to outer pole whereas the deeper cortical fibers, while straight near the poles, pursue an undulating or zig-zag course at and near the equator. Almost all of the fibers are hexagonal in cross section and all fibers throughout their entire length are bound by interdigitating processes at each corner of the hexagon to corners of two adjacent fibers. Some fibers are also affixed by a single row of ball and socket junctions located on their broad outer and inner surfaces. Lens fibers from Browman rats display both minor and major abnormalities. These included segmentation, formation of incisures and lateral protrusions, corrugation and villous-like alteration of the broad fiber surface and development of parallel ridges on broad surfaces in a basket-weave pattern.
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    Scanning electron microscopy of photoreceptor cells in the light- and dark-adapted retina of Haplochromis burtoni (Cichlidae, Teleostei) (1976)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 175 (1976), S. 123-130 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Retina ; Haplochromis burtoni ; Photoreceptor cells ; Light-adaption, dark-adaption ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The photoreceptor layer in the retina of Haplochromis burtoni (Cichlidae, Teleostei) was studied by scanning electron microscopy. Three types of receptors were identified: rods, single-cones and double-cones. The three-dimensional arrangement of these photoreceptors is described in the light- and dark-adapted retina. The surface of the inner segment of the photoreceptor cells displays fine vertical fissures which give rise to slender processes. These so called calycal processes which are of different lengths in rods and cones, surround the beginning of the smooth-surfaced outer segment. The myoid, the contractile part of the receptor, which is located beneath the ellipsoid, was examined in the single-cones of the dark-adapted retina. It is a slender structure with surface infoldings. The myoid, studied by transmission electron microscopy, contains bundles of parallel myofilaments, which are thought to be contractile.
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    Pharmacokinetics of di-n-propylacetate in epileptic patients (1975)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 8 (1975), S. 97-105 
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    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Di-n-propylacetate ; 2-propyl-valeric acid sodium salt ; pharmacokinetics ; anti-epileptic ; drug monitoring ; man
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pharmacokinetics of the anti-epileptic drug di-n-propylacetate (DepakineR) have been studied in 7 patients, in whom plasma concentrations were determined during and following subchronic treatment. Elimination of the drug appeared to follow a monophasic exponential course; biological half lives were 8 to 15 hours. The data supported the assumption that an open one-compartment model can be used to describe the kinetics of dipropylacetate in man. The drug appeared to have a relatively restricted distribution: calculated relative distribution volumes ranged from 0.15 to 0.40 1/kg. There were large interindividual differences in clearance rate. The therapeutic range was considered to be between 50 and 100 mg/1 plasma. Plasma levels of phenobarbital were markedly raised during treatment with dipropylacetate for an unknown reason. Determination of the plasma concentrations of drugs at accurately fixed times appears to be a reliable method for pharmacotherapeutic monitoring of epileptic patients.
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    Correlation between increased dopamine-β- hydroxylase activity and catecholamine concentration in plasma: Determination of acute changes in sympathetic activity in man (1975)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 8 (1975), S. 181-188 
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    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Sympathetic activity ; plasma catecholamine concentration ; dopamine-β-hydroxylase activity ; graded physical exercise ; heart rate ; man
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In 11 healthy untrained volunteers the increase in plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase (DBH) activity during graded physical exercise has been examined as a true measure of increased activity of the sympathetic nervous system. The correlation between DBH activity, catecholamine concentration (CA) in plasma and heart rate was studied. When work on an electrically braked bicycle ergometer was gradually increased from 12.5 to 100, 200 and 300 watts there was a linear increase in DBH activity and heart rate; the increase in CA concentrations followed an exponential function. The peak values for DBH activity and CA concentration in plasma after the 300 watt work load (as percentages of the resting levels) were 130±3% and 820±71%, respectively; the adrenaline concentration in plasma increased only to 150±19% (p〉0.05). There were significant correlations between heart rate and work load, DBH and work load and log CA and work load. The data imply direct correlations between heart rate and DBH, heart rate and log CA and DBH and log CA. The exponential increase in noradrenaline concentration in plasma might be due either to a greater net “overflow” from sympathetic nerve endings, and/or to increased secretion by the adrenal medulla. In the latter case, the release of noradrenaline would not be accompanied by secretion either of adrenaline or DBH. After work ceased there were sharp falls in heart rate and CA concentration, which indicate an immediate drop in sympathetic activity. DBH activity in plasma returned to normal very slowly; it reached half maximum values after 20 – 22 min. It is concluded that increased sympathetic activity in man can be estimated in vivo as changes in DBH and/or CA concentration in plasma. In contrast, a rapid decrease in sympathetic activity is directly reflected only by a rapid fall in the plasma concentrations of CA.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00567112
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    Bioavailability of m-octopamine in man related to its metabolism (1975)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 8 (1975), S. 33-39 
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    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: m-octopamine ; metabolism ; first-pass effect ; man ; enteric absorption ; monohydroxylated phenylalkylamines
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The diminished sympathomimetic pressor activity of monohydroxylated phenylalkylamines after oral administration has been attributed to incomplete enteric absorption. Therefore, urinary excretion of the unchanged drug and its metabolites has been compared after intravenous and oral administration of3H-m-octopamine to eight patients. Identical amounts of3H-activity (80% of the dose) were excreted after the two routes of dosing, so enteric absorption has been assumed to be complete. Significant differences were found in the fraction of free urinarym-octopamine, which amounted to 10.5% of the dose after infusion and 0.58% after oral administration. The only metabolic pathways form-octopamine are deamination and conjugation. Following oral administration the percentage of conjugates was considerably higher than after intravenous infusion. This metabolic pattern appears typical of all phenylalkylamines with a hydroxyl group in themeta position. Ring hydroxylation to catecholamines was not observed. The enzymes mainly responsible for conjugation after oral administration are located in the gut wall. The resulting “first pass effect”, i.e. metabolism prior to the access to the central compartment, can account for the diminished pharmacodynamic effect after dosing by this route.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00616412
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