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  • Rat  (122)
  • Scanning electron microscopy  (78)
  • Calcium
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  • Springer  (364)
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science
  • American Geophysical Union
  • Irkutsk : Ross. Akad. Nauk, Sibirskoe Otd., Inst. Zemnoj Kory
  • Krefeld : Geologischer Dienst Nordhein-Westfalen
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  • 1975-1979  (336)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Agriculture and human values 17 (2000), S. 21-33 
    ISSN: 1572-8366
    Keywords: Biotechnology ; Corporate regime ; Development ; Food security ; Globalization ; Market rule ; Organic agriculture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In the developmentalist era,industrialization has simultaneously transformedagriculture and degraded its natural and culturalbase. Food production and consumption embodies thecontradictory aspects of this transformation. Thispaper argues that the crisis of development hasgenerated two basic responses: (1) the attempt toredefine development as a global project, includingharnessing biotechnology to resolve the food securityquestion, and (2) a series of countermovementsattempting to simultaneously reassert the value oflocal, organic foods, and challenge the attempt on thepart of food corporations and national and globalinstitutions to subject the food question to marketsolutions. It is proposed that the power of food liesin its material and symbolic functions of linkingnature, human survival, health, culture and livelihoodas a focus of resistance to corporate takeover of lifeitself.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of biomedical science 7 (2000), S. 304-310 
    ISSN: 1423-0127
    Keywords: Calcium ; Cell ; Channels, store-operated ; Calcium influx, capacitative ; Vasopressin ; Smooth muscle, vascular ; Thapsigargin ; Lanthanum ; Nifedipine ; A7r5
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the contribution of capacitative calcium influx to intracellular calcium levels during agonist-induced stimulation of vascular smooth muscle cells.Methods: Aortic vascular smooth muscle cells (A7r5) were loaded with Indo-1 and intracellular calcium transients were measured. Cells were challenged with either arginine vasopressin (0.5 µM) or thapsigargin (1 µM). Lanthanum (1 mM) was used to block capacitative calcium influx through store-operated channels. Calcium traces were analyzed for basal, peak and plateau responses. Recordings were derivatized and integrated to gain additional information. Nonlinear regression provided a time constant that describes restoration of ionic equilibrium involving both sequestration and extrusion pathways.Results: Stimulation of cells with thapsigargin produced a non-L-type calcium influx that was attenuated by lanthanum. Cells excited with vasopressin exhibited a rapid calcium increase followed by a gradual decrease to a plateau level. Lanthanum pretreatment prior to stimulation caused no significant change in baseline, peak or plateau calcium levels as compared to control. Lanthanum caused no significant change in maximal calcium release rate, calcium integrals or time constant as compared to control.Conclusions: Capacitative calcium entry can occur in vascular smooth muscle cells, but does not appear to contribute significantly to the vasopressin response.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 210 (2000), S. 383-398 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Key words Platyhelminth ; Embryo ; Development ; Morphogenesis ; Organogenesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  In this paper we describe the embryonic development of the polyclad flatworm Imogine mcgrathi. Imogine is an indirect developer that hatches as a planctonic Goette’s larva after an embryonic period of approximately 7 days. Light and electron microscopic analyses of sections of staged embryos were combined with antibody stainings of wholemounted embryos to reconstruct the origin and movement of the primordia of the various organ systems, with particular emphasis on the nervous system. We introduce a system of morphologically defined stages aimed at facilitating future studies and cross-species comparisons among flatworm embryos. Imogine embryos undergo typical spiral cleavage. Micromere quartets 1–3 form an irregular double layer of mesenchymal cells that during gastrulation expands over micromere quartet 4. Micromere 4d divides into several large mesendodermal precursors whose position defines the ventral pole of the embryo. These cells, along with the animal micromeres that obtained a sub-surface position during cleavage, form a deep layer of cells that gives rise to all internal structures, including the nervous system, musculature, nephridia, and gut. Micromeres 4a–c are large yolky cells that are incorporated into the lumen of the gut, but do not themselves contribute to the gut epithelium. Shortly after gastrulation, cell differentiation sets in. Cells located at the surface adopt epithelial characteristics and form cilia that result in continuous movement of the post-gastrula stage embryo. Deep cells at the lateral margins of the embryo become organized into a protonephridial tube. A cluster of approximately 50 deep cells at the anterior pole forms the brain, in which we have identified sets of founder neurons of the brain commissure and the dorsal and ventral connectives. The early differentiating neurons, along with other cells forming stabilized microtubules (ciliated cells of the epidermis, gut and protonephridia; apical gland cells) could be analyzed in detail because of their labeling with an antibody against acetylated α-tubulin. Our findings indicate that, despite significant differences in the cleavage pattern and arrangement of blastomeres in the early embryo, morphogenesis and organ formation of a polyclad embryo follows a pattern that is very similar to the pattern observed by us and others in phylogenetically more evolved rhabdocoel flatworms.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Environmental geology 39 (2000), S. 501-515 
    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Key words Hydrogeological structure ; Sources ; Development ; Paleohydrogeology ; Regime ; Protection ; Utilization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  Slovakia has many areas rich in thermal waters one of which is the Hornonitrianska kotlina depression. At four localities three types of waters are found. The first belongs to the Ca–Mg–HCO3 type with T.D.S. 0.7 g/l, the second to the Ca–Mg–SO4 type with T.D.S. 1.37–2.01 g/l and the third to the Ca–Mg–SO4–HCO3 type with T.D.S. 0.97 g/l. Discharge at individual localities varies up to 30 l/s and temperatures of water reach 32.5–66.6  °C. The waters are predominantly used for healing, rehabilitation purposes, recreation and heating.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 210 (2000), S. 28-33 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Key words Random picking ; In situ hybridization ; Medaka fish ; Development ; ATPase ; Malate dehydrogenase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  To rapidly isolate genes specifically expressed during medaka development we generated a cDNA library enriched for genes expressed in the head region of the developing embryo. Clones were spotted on filters automatically and preselected for abundantly expressed genes by hybridizing them with a probe derived from RNA of undifferentiated totipotent cells. Of the nonhybridizing clones 153 were chosen randomly and further analyzed by whole-mount in situ hybridization. There were 67 selected clones differentially expressed in the developing embryos, and 48 of these were expressed in the developing head. Differentially expressed genes were either of novel type or showed homology to known genes containing DNA binding motifs or to putative housekeeping genes.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 210 (2000), S. 399-415 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Key words Platyhelminth ; Embryo ; Development ; Morphogenesis ; Organogenesis ; Differentiation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  The embryonic development of the flatworm Mesostoma lingua was studied using a combination of life observation and histological analysis of wholemount preparations and sections (viewed by both light and electron microscopy.) We introduce a series of stages defined by easily recognizable morphological criteria. These stages are also applicable to other platyhelminth taxa that are currently under investigation in our laboratory. During cleavage (stages 1 and 2), the embryo is located in the center of the egg, surrounded by a layer of yolk cells. After cleavage, the embryo forms a solid, disc-shaped cell cluster. During stage 3, the embryo migrates to the periphery of the egg and acquires bilateral symmetry. The side where it contacts the egg surface corresponds to the future ventral surface of the embryo. Stage 4 is the emergence of the first organ primordia, the brain and pharynx. Gastrulation, as usually defined by the appearance of germ layers, does not exist in Mesos-toma; instead, organ primordia emerge ”in situ” from a mesenchymal mass of cells. Organogenesis takes place during stages 5 and 6. Cells at the ventral surface form the epidermal epithelium; inner cells differentiate into neurons, somatic and pharyngeal muscle cells, as well as the pharyngeal and protonephridial (excretory) epithelium. A junctional complex, consisting initially of small septate junctions, followed later by a more apically located zonula adherens, is formed in all epithelial tissues at stage 6. Beginning towards the end of stage 6 and continuing throughout stages 7 and 8, cytodifferentiation of the different organ systems takes place. Stage 7 is characterized by the appearance of eye pigmentation, brain condensation and spindle-shaped myocytes. Stage 8 describes the fully dorsally closed and differentiated embryo. Muscular contraction moves the body in the egg shell. We discuss Mesostoma embryogenesis in comparison to other animal phyla. Particular attention is given to the apparent absence of gastrulation and the formation of the epithelial junctional complex.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 0931-1890
    Keywords: Key words Hybrid poplar clones ; Non-uniform stomatal closure ; Gas-exchange ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Intercellular CO2 concentration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  The stomatal distribution, non-uniform stomatal closure, stomatal conductance, and gas-exchange of several hybrid poplar clones under light stress were studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and gas-exchange. Non-uniform stomatal closure was found under natural light stress by SEM, and there was a linear relationship between the stomatal aperture and stomatal conductance. We suggest a formula for modification of intercellular CO2 concentration, which can restore consideration of stomatal factors leading to midday depression of photosynthesis in some cases.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-1211
    Keywords: Key words Vβ13 ; CD4/CD8 ratio ; Rat ; Tcrb ; Polymorphism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Three rat BV13S1 alleles (T-cell receptor β-chain variable gene 13) were characterized by new BV13S1-allele specific monoclonal antibodies (18B1 and 17D5) and sequence analysis of expressed and genomic BV13S1. Two alleles were functional and designated BV13S1A1 present in strains LEW, BUF, PVG, and BV13S1A2 present in BN and WF. Their products differed by six amino acids, two of them in complementarity-determing region (CDR)1 and one in CDR2. A third nonfunctional allele, BV13S1A3P, was found in strains F344 and DA. Apart from a single nucleotide insertion, it was identical to BV13S1A2. All 12 rat strains tested showed association of TCRBC1 with BV8S2/4 alleles but not with the BV13S1 alleles, which may reflect a different gene order of the rat BV compared to mouse. BV13S1A1-encoded T-cell receptors (TCRs) which bind both monoclonal antibody (mAb) 18B1 and mAb 17D5 are over-represented in the CD4 lymphocyte subset. BV13S1A2-encoded TCRs which are stained by mAb 18B1 but not by mAb 17D5 show a slight CD8-biased expression. Preferential usage of BV13S1A1-positive TCRs by CD4 but not by CD8 cells in (LEW×WF)F1 hybrids and cosegregation of BV13SA1 and increased frequency of BV13S1 TCR-positive CD4 cells in a (LEW×BN)×BN backcross suggest structural differences of the two allelic products as the reason for their contrasting CD4/CD8 subset bias.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-119X
    Keywords: Endothelin-A receptor ; Endothelin-B receptor ; Rat ; Pulmonary fibrosis ; Immunohistochemistry ; Quantitative PCR
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: AbstractPulmonary fibrosis is characterized by excessive extracellular matrix deposition with concomitant loss of gas exchange units, and endothelin-1 (ET-1) has been implicated in its pathogenesis. Increased levels of ET-1 from tissues and bronchoalveolar lavage have been reported in patients with pulmonary fibrosis and in animal models after intratracheal bleomycin. We characterized the cellular distribution of alveolar ET receptors by immunohistochemistry in bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in the rat and determined the regulation by bleomycin of ET receptor mRNA expression in isolated alveolar macrophages and rat lung fibroblasts. We found significant increases in the numbers of fibroblasts and macrophages at day 7 compared to day 28 and control animals. ETB receptor immunoreactivity was observed on fibroblasts and invading monocytes. Isolated fibroblasts expressed both ETA and ETB receptor mRNA, and ETA receptor mRNA was upregulated by bleomycin. Isolated resident alveolar macrophages expressed neither ETA nor ETB receptor mRNA which were also not induced by bleomycin. We conclude that, while ETB receptor stimulation of fibroblasts and monocytes recruited during bleomycin-induced lung injury exerts antagonistic effects on fibroblast collagen synthesis, the observed increase in the number of fibroblasts in vivo and upregulation of fibroblast ETA receptor mRNA by bleomycin in vitro point to a predominance of the profibrotic effects of ET receptor engagement.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
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    Sexual plant reproduction 13 (2000), S. 11-20 
    ISSN: 1432-2145
    Keywords: Key words Antimonate localization ; Calcium ; Embryo sac ; Ovule ; Plumbago zeylanica
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Calcium was localized in ovules of Plumbago zeylanica from 1 day before anthesis to 3 days after anthesis using potassium antimonate and transmission electron microscopy in pollinated and emasculated flowers. At 1 day before anthesis, embryo sacs (containing an egg cell, a central cell and zero to three accessory cells) appear mature and contain abundant calcium precipitates (ppts), in contrast to nucellar cells. At anthesis, the vacuoles of nucellar cells have enlarged, and micropylar cells, in particular, are heavily labeled with calcium ppts. As pollen tubes elongate through ovular tissues, ppts diminish in ovular cells and become concentrated in the pollen tube cell wall. After fertilization, the calcium ppts sharply diminish in fertilized ovules; in unfertilized ovules, calcium ppts remain abundant up to 3 days after anthesis (when unfertilized ovules are shed). The distribution of calcium in the ovule changes in apparent response to fertilization, suggesting that calcium content may be related to the attraction and receipt of the pollen tube. In contrast with conventionally-organized embryo sacs with synergids, Plumbago accumulates calcium in the egg cell.
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  • 11
    ISSN: 1573-4935
    Keywords: Calcium ; lateral diffusion ; PDGF receptor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract When the receptors for platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) are activatedthey aggregate, become tyrosine-phosphorylated and elicit a cascade ofdown-stream signals, including mobilization of Ca2+ from intra- andextracellular stores. Receptor mobility in the plane of the membrane isa prerequisite for receptor aggregation and further signalling. Using humanforeskin fibroblasts (AG 1523) and fluorescence recovery afterphotobleaching (FRAP), we therefore assessed the lateral mobilitycharacteristics of PDGF-β2 receptors by their diffusioncoefficient (D), and fraction of mobile receptors (R). This was done oncells stimulated with either normal human serum (NHS) or PDGF underdifferent Ca2+-conditions. The results suggest that both intra- and extracellular free Ca2+influence the mobility characteristics of the PDGF-β2receptor. Interestingly, the extracellular Ca2+ seems to imposegeneral restrictions on the mobility of receptors, since R increased whenextracellular Ca2+ was quenched with EGTA, whereas intracellularclamping of Ca2+ transients with MABTAM (BAPT/AM) primarily affectedD. When both intra- and extracellular Ca2+ were quenced, D remainedlow and R high, further supporting the proposition that they achievedistinct effects. Inhibition of tyrosine phosphorylation with Erbstatin,partly inhibited the NHS effects and released PDGF-induced receptorimmobilization. Ratio imaging with Fura-2 displayed that both NHS and PDGFinduced changes in intracellular free [Ca2+]. In view of the presentdata it might have important effects on the state of the receptor in themembrane, for instance by regulating its lateral mobility, communicationwith other receptors and signalling functions in the membrane.
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  • 12
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    Protoplasma 214 (2000), S. 180-193 
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Amyloplast ; Coleoptile ; Development ; Mitochondrion ; Oryza sativa ; Senescence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The coleoptile of rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Nippon-bare) emerges from the imbibed seed on day 2 after sowing and ceases its growth on day 3. In cross section, the cells near the outer epidermis turn into green between days 2 and 3, while those near the inner epidermis remain colorless. In this study, the complete process of the development in the nongreening cells in the coleoptile was examined by fluorescence and electron microscopy. Embryonic morphology on day 0 was rapidly converted into the differentiated greening or nongreening cells between days 1 and 2. Senescence in the inner, nongreening region first appeared on day 4 in the third or fourth cell layer from the inner epidermis and then spread towards both the inner and the outer epidermis, and the inner cells collapsed completely before the outer cells senesced. Cells adjacent to the inner epidermis, which senesced slowly, followed a sequence of events during development: (1) degradation of plastid DNA; (2) dispersal of nuclear chromatin, differentiation of plastids into amyloplasts, degradation of mitochondrial DNA; (3) degradation of the starch in amyloplasts; (4) disorganization of plastids; (5) condensation of the nucleus, shrinkage of mitochondria; (6) complete loss of cellular components, distortion of cell walls. In the interior cells, the early events including degeneration of plastid DNA and mitochondrial DNA occurred in parallel with those in the cells adjacent to the inner epidermis, yet rapid collapse of all the cellular components proceeded between days 3 and 5, and nuclear condensation could not be detected.
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  • 13
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Biomineralization ; Calcium ; Calcium oxalate ; Crystal ; Cytoskeleton ; Pistia stratiotes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Crystal idioblasts are cells which are specialized for accumulation of Ca2+ as a physiologically inactive, crystalline salt of oxalic acid. Using microautoradiographic, immunological, and ultrastructural techniques, the process of raphide crystal growth, and how crystal growth is coordinated with cell growth, was studied in idioblasts ofPistia stratiotes. Incorporation of45Ca2+ directly demonstrated that, relative to surrounding mesophyll cells, crystal idioblasts act as high-capacity Ca2+ sinks, accumulating large amounts of Ca2+ within the vacuole as crystals. The pattern of addition of Ca2+ during crystal growth indicates a highly regulated process with bidirectional crystal growth. In very young idioblasts,45Ca2+ is incorporated along the entire length of the needle-shaped raphide crystals, but as they mature incorporation only occurs at crystal tips in a bidirectional mode. At full maturity, the idioblast stops Ca2+ uptake, although the cells are still alive, demonstrating an ability to strictly regulate Ca transport processes at the plasma membrane. In situ hybridization for ribosomal RNA shows young idioblasts are extremely active cells, are more active than older idioblasts, and have higher general activity than surrounding mesophyll cells. Polarizing and scanning electron microscopy demonstrate that the crystal morphology changes as crystals develop and includes morphological polarity and an apparent nucleation point from which crystals grow bidirectionally. These results indicate a carefully regulated process of biomineralization in the vacuole. Finally, we show that the cytoskeleton is important in controlling the idioblast cell shape, but the regulation of crystal growth and morphology is under a different control mechanism.
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Key words DNA helicase ; Genetic recombination ; DNA-repair ; Development ; RecQ
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We describe the isolation of a new type of RecQ homologue in Drosophila melanogaster, RECQE. The Recqe gene consists of five exons and four introns, and encodes a protein of 1058 amino acids with a predicted molecular weight of 120,000 Da. The RECQE protein has seven helicase motifs. The helicase domain shows 42% identity overall to that of Escherichia coli RecQ DNA helicase, and is most closely related to Homo sapiens RecQL5 and Caenorhabditis elegans E03A3.2. The C-terminal region of RECQE protein is unique and the longest known among members of the RecQ superfamily. We demonstrate that the RECQE protein has DNA helicase activity and that the C-terminal region is dispensable for this activity. The RECQE mRNA accumulates in oocytes and is expressed at high levels in early embryos. We show for the first time that the expression of a RecQ homologue is developmentally regulated in embryos. These data suggest that the DNA helicase activity of RECQE might be involved in the DNA metabolism of early embryos.
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  • 15
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Plant cyclin ; Development ; Dedifferentiation ; Lateral-root primordium ; Wounding ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Cyclin proteins and cyclin-dependent kinases play a key role in the regulation of cell division. We have therefore studied the relationship of the level of four mitotic cyclin proteins and the Cdc2a kinase protein to cell division in maize root tissue with respect to cessation of division as cells leave the primary meristem region, resumption of division in formation of lateral-root primordia, and induced division following wounding. All four mitotic cyclins and Cdc2a were most abundant in dividing cells. The only examined cell cycle protein which was restricted to dividing tissue was cyclin ZmCycB1;2 (previously ZmIb) and may thus be a limiting factor for cell division. All other cyclin proteins, i.e., ZmCycB1;1 (previously ZmIa), ZmCycA1;1 (previously ZmII), and ZmCycB2;1 (previously ZmIII), and the Cdc2a kinase declined shortly after cells had ceased division. The distance from the root tip at which cells ceased division was tissue-specific and reflected the distance at which decrease of cell cycle proteins was detected. Whereas cyclin ZmCycB1;2 rapidly declined to a hardly detectable level in either nucleus or cytoplasm, in the nuclei of nondividing cells there was persistence of Cdc2a and of cyclins ZmCycB1;1, ZmCycCA1;1, and ZmCycB2;1, indicating that there are plant cyclins which are tightly linked to cell division and others that persist, especially in the nuclei, in nondividing cells. The transition from division to differentiation may thus partly be triggered and enforced by the decrease of the cell cycle proteins and especially the decline of cyclins in the cytoplasm. In the resumption of cell division, both in lateral-root formation and in wound response, high nuclear and low cytoplasmic accumulation of cyclin ZmCycB2;1 was the first visible sign of cell dedifferentiation, implying a role for cyclin ZmCycB2;1 in the G0–G1 phase transition. Next, cytoplasmic accumulation of cyclin ZmCycA1;1, followed by a rearrangement of cortical microtubules, was observed and since both the cyclins ZmCycA1;1 and ZmCycB2;1 were found at places of high tubulin concentration, they may function in the microtubule rearrangement for cell division. When the nuclei of dedifferentiating cells had visibly enlarged, all cyclins and Cdc2a accumulated there, possibly contributing to DNA replication and preparation for mitosis. Later, presumably during G2 phase, cytoplasmic accumulation was observed for Cdc2a at low levels, as observed in G2 phase cells of the primary meristem, and for cyclins ZmCycB1;1 and ZmCycB1;2 accumulation was observed above the levels found in undisturbed meristems, suggesting special contributions to late dedifferentiation processes in both wound-induced and lateral meristems.
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  • 16
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Dunaliella ; Calcium ; Sodium ; Transport ; Na+-Ca2+ exchanger ; Algae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The countertransport of Ca2+ and Na+ across the membranes of the unicellular fresh-water algaChlamydomonas reinhardtii CW-15 and twoDunaliella species differing in salt tolerance was studied. All algae used are devoid of cell walls. The calcium uptake by twoDunaliella species depended markedly on the intracellular sodium concentration. This calcium uptake was accompanied by Na+ release. For 15 and 30 s after artificial gradient formation (Naint + greater than Naext +) the ratio of released Na+ to absorbed Ca2+ was 3∶1 and 4∶1, respectively. For the extremely halotolerantD. salina, the apparent Michaelis constant of the Ca2+ uptake was 33 μM, and for the marine halotolerant algaD. maritima, it was equal to 400 μM, presuming more efficient Na+-for-Ca2+ exchange inD. salina cells. Ouabain, an inhibitor of Na+/K+-ATPase, suppressed Na+ transfer by 25%, whereas the agents blocking Ca2+-channels did not affect the transport of Ca2+ and Na+. The oppositely directed transmembrane Ca2+ and Na+ transfer was shown to depend on the external concentrations of Na+ and H+. In the fresh-water algaC. reinhardtii CW-15 (Naext + greater than Naint +), the direction of Ca2+ and Na+ fluxes across the plasma membrane was opposite to those described for Dunaliella cells. The results obtained point to the ability of the Na+-Ca2+ exchanger function in plasma membranes of algal cells.
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  • 17
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    Annals of biomedical engineering 28 (2000), S. 128-134 
    ISSN: 1573-9686
    Keywords: Hippocampus ; Vigilance states ; Paired-pulse ; Dentate gyrus ; Dentate granule cells ; Evoked response ; Rat ; In vivo studies ; Perforant path ; Maturation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Abstract This study examined the effect of normal development and vigilance state on the modulation of dentate granule cell activity in the freely moving rat at 15, 30, and 90 days of age across three vigilance states: quiet waking, slow-wave sleep, and rapid eye movement sleep. Using paired-pulse stimulation, the paired-pulse index (PPI) was obtained for the dentate evoked field potentials elicited by the stimulation of the medial perforant path. Although significant differences in PPI values were observed during development, no significant vigilance state related changes were obtained. Preweaning infant rats, i.e., 15-day old, exhibited significantly less early (interpulse intervals, IPI= 20–50 ms) and late (IPI = 300–1000 ms) inhibition, and less facilitation (IPI = 50–150 ms) when compared to the 90-day old adult rats during all three vigilance states. PPI values obtained from the 30-day old group fell intermediate between the 15- and 90-day old animals. These changes in PPI values provide a quantitative measure of changes in the modulation of dentate granule cell excitability during normal maturation. They can now can be used to evaluate the impact of various insults, such as prenatal protein malnutrition or neonatal stress, on hippocampal development. © 2000 Biomedical Engineering Society. PAC00: 8717Nn, 8719La, 8719Nn
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  • 18
    ISSN: 1573-9686
    Keywords: Heart ; Left ventricle ; LV contractility ; ESPVR ; Pig ; Rat ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The end systolic pressure–volume relation (ESPVR) has been shown to be a relatively load independent measure of left ventricular (LV) contractility. Recently, several single-beat ESPVR computation methods have been developed, enabling the quantification of LV contractility without the need to alter vascular loading conditions on the heart. Using a single-beat ESPVR method, which has been validated previously in humans and assumes that normalized elastance is constant between individuals of a species, we studied the effects of myocardial infarction on LV contractility in two species, the rat and the pig. In our studies, LV pressure was acquired invasively and LV volume determined noninvasively with magnetic resonance imaging, at one week postinfarction in pigs and at 12 weeks postinfarction in rats. Normalized systolic elastance curves in both animal species were not statistically different from that of humans. Also, the slope of the ESPVR $$\left( {E_{es} } \right)$$ decreased significantly following infarction in both species, while the volume-axis intercept $$\left( {V_0 } \right)$$ was unaffected. These results indicate that a single-beat ESPVR method can be used to measure the inotropic response of the heart to myocardial infarction, and that the basis for this method (i.e., constant normalized elastance) is applicable to a variety of mammalian species. © 2000 Biomedical Engineering Society. PAC00: 8719Uv, 8761Lh, 8719Hh, 8719Rr, 8719Ff
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  • 19
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    Annals of biomedical engineering 28 (2000), S. 1101-1115 
    ISSN: 1573-9686
    Keywords: Time–frequency analysis ; Coherence ; Cross correlation ; Nonstationary persistent signals ; Central pattern generator ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Abstract We present a novel time-varying phase spectrum (TVPS) method to quantify the dynamics of coevolution of two persistent nonstationary coupled signals. Based on the TVPS, an instantaneous intersignal phase shift is defined within the primary frequency range in which the two signals are highly correlated. The TVPS is estimated using a fixed-window method or an adaptive-window method. In the latter method, the window length changes dynamically and automatically as a function of change in frequency of the signals. The effects of altering window types and lengths on the accuracy of the estimation of the primary phase shift is assessed by analyzing synthesized linear chirp signals with decaying amplitude and constant relative phase shift or decaying amplitude and changing relative phase shifts. The methods developed are also used for determining the evolution of the primary phase shift among ventral root activities during fictive locomotion in an in vitro rat spinal cord preparation. The analyses indicate that the TVPS method in conjunction with the determination of the primary frequency range, allows determination of both the evolution of the coupling strength and the evolution of the phase shift between two persistent nonstationary rhythmic signals in the joint time–frequency domain. An adaptive window reduces the estimation bias and the estimation variability. © 2000 Biomedical Engineering Society. PAC00: 0230-f, 8780Tq
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    Journal of comparative physiology 170 (2000), S. 581-588 
    ISSN: 1432-136X
    Keywords: Key words Short chain fatty acids ; Calcium ; Rumen ; Sheep
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Net Ca2+ and Mg2+ absorption rates were measured in vivo from buffer solutions placed in the washed reticulo-rumen, isolated in situ in 30 conscious, trained sheep. An increase in concentration of short chain fatty acids (SCFA) in the buffer, over the range 0–50 mM, was shown to stimulate the net rates of absorption of Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions from the rumen. Similarly, the results of in vitro experiments, carried out with ovine rumen epithelium mounted in short-circuited Ussing chambers, showed that the absence of SCFA from the chamber fluid resulted in a reduction in Jnet Ca2+ caused by reduced flux of Ca2+ ions in the mucosal to serosal direction (Jms Ca2+). The addition of 1 mM acetazolamide, an inhibitor of carbonic anhydrase, to the ruminal buffer used in the in vivo experiments led to significant reductions in the net absorption rates of Ca2+and Mg2+ ions in the presence of SCFA (50 mmol l−1) but not in the absence of SCFA. However, in the in vitro experiments, the addition of 60 μM ethoxyzolamide had no significant effect on Jnet Ca2+. A reduction in pH of the intraruminal buffer in vivo from 6.8 to 5.4 led to significant increases in the net absorption rates of Ca2+and Mg2+ ions, an effect which was duplicated for Ca2+ in preliminary in vitro experiments in which the pH of the mucosal buffer was reduced from 7.4 to 5.4. This stimulatory effect was confined to Jms Ca2+ and Jnet Ca2+. Ussing chambers were also used to demonstrate that Jnet Ca2+ was reduced by a high transmural potential difference (PD), caused by voltage clamping, independently of the mucosal K+ concentration. Both unidirectional Ca2+ fluxes consisted of a PD-dependent and a K+-insensitive PD-independent component. The latter may be represented by a Ca2+/2H+ antiporter. It is postulated that SCFA, and to a lesser extent H2CO3, can stimulate Jms Ca2+ by activation of an apical Ca2+/2H+ antiporter through the provision of protons within the ruminal epithelial cell. A mild reduction in ruminal pH may also lead to a similar stimulation of this putative electroneutral exchange.
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    Journal of comparative physiology 170 (2000), S. 295-306 
    ISSN: 1432-136X
    Keywords: Key words Action potential ; Calcium ; Heart failure
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Global contractile heart failure was induced in turkey poults by furazolidone feeding (700 ppm). Abnormal calcium regulation appears to be a key factor in the pathophysiology of heart failure, but the cellular mechanisms contributing to changes in calcium fluxes have not been clearly defined. Isolated ventricular myocytes from non-failing and failing hearts were therefore used to determine whether the whole heart and ventricular muscle contractile dysfunctions were realized at the single cell level. Whole cell current- and voltage-clamp techniques were used to evaluate action potential configurations and L-type calcium currents, respectively. Intracellular calcium transients were evaluated in isolated myocytes with fura-2 and in isolated left ventricular muscles using aequorin. Action potential durations were prolonged in failing myocytes, which correspond to slowed cytosolic calcium clearing. Calcium current-voltage relationships were normal in failing myocytes; preliminary evidence suggests that depressed transient outward potassium currents contribute to prolonged action potential durations. The number of calcium channels (as measured by radioligand binding) were also similar in non-failing and failing hearts. Isolated ventricular muscles from failing hearts had enhanced inotropic responses, in a dose-dependent fashion, to a calcium channel agonist (Bay K 8644). These data suggest that changes in intracellular calcium mobilization kinetics and longer calcium-myofilament interaction may be able to compensate for contractile failure. We conclude that the relationship between calcium current density and sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium release is a dynamic process that may be altered in the setting of heart failure at higher contraction rates.
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    Journal of comparative physiology 170 (2000), S. 225-229 
    ISSN: 1432-136X
    Keywords: Key words Strontium ; Calcium ; Rumen
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The net absorption rates of strontium ions from the ovine reticulo-rumen, isolated in situ in trained conscious animals, were measured under controlled conditions. A linear positive response was obtained from the addition of Sr2+ ions to the artificial rumen fluid. This increase in the absorption of Sr was reflected in an increase in the plasma Sr concentration. In contrast to the discrimination observed elsewhere in favour of the absorption of Ca relative to Sr, the absorption rate of Sr from the reticulo-rumen was significantly greater than that of Ca, from solutions containing the same molar concentration. A graded increase in the Sr concentration in the ruminal fluid from 1 mmol/l to 4 mmol/l led to a corresponding reduction in the absorption rate of Ca but an increase in that of phosphate. The latter result is similar to that observed when the intra-ruminal concentration of Ca2+ ions is increased. It is suggested that Ca and Sr share a common pathway for absorption from the reticulo-rumen and that this may involve coupling with the absorption of phosphate ions.
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    Human evolution 15 (2000), S. 99-112 
    ISSN: 1824-310X
    Keywords: Development ; Ontogeny ; Growth ; Brain ; Human
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The human has the most complex brain of the primates group. Their development is prolonged beyond birth and it is not completed structurally nor neurochemically until age of 20 years. Decades later, degenerative phenomena begin to be evident, that little by little will drive us to death. At the end of the life, 113 grams aproximate of cerebral mass are lost. The endowment of furrows and convolutions are fixed before birth, while the cerebral surface ends up having values next to the adult at 2 years. However the cerebral weight reaches its maximum at the 20 year-old decade. A first phase of neuronal death appears during the prenatal life, which is continued by another postnatal phase, and it ends with the definitive number of neurons. However, along life, the number of neurons decreases little by little at the time of the neuroglial cells increase. Much about brain knowledge at the moment is difficult to apply to the cranial endocasts, although approaches from the MNR are hopeful.
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  • 24
    ISSN: 0219-1032
    Keywords: Development ; Gene Expression ; NACP ; Neurodegenerative Disease ; Synuclein ; Synuclein
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract α-Synuclein, a presynaptic protein of the central nervous system, has been implicated in the synaptic events such as neuronal plasticity during development and learning, and neuronal degeneration under pathological conditions. As an effort to understand the biological function of α-synuclein, we examined the expression patterns of α-synuclein in various human hematopoietic cells, and in Drosophila at different developmental stages. The α-synuclein was ubiquitously expressed in all the tested hematopoietic cells including T cells, B cells, NK cells, and monocytes, as well as in the lymphoma cell lines, Jurkat and K562. A potential α-synuclein homologue was also expressed in Drosophila, and its expression appeared to be temporally and spatially regulated during development. Our data suggest that α-synuclein may function in invertebrates as well as in vertebrates and its function may not be restricted to the neuron.
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    Molecules and cells 10 (2000), S. 487-492 
    ISSN: 0219-1032
    Keywords: Development ; Electron Microscopy ; Humulus ; Peltate Gland ; Secretion ; Secretory Cavity
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Early development of the secretory cavity of chemically fixed peltate glands in Humulus lupulus L. showed secretions with different densities, light, gray and dark, in the cytoplasm of disc cells and in the periplasmic space adjacent to the developing secretory cavity. Secretions were detected in the disc cell wall and subsequently in the developing secretory cavity under the subcuticular wall of the sheath. Light and gray secretions in the cavity possessed a membrane-like surface feature. Secretions were in contact with the irregular inner surface of the cuticle. Secretions contributed to the thickening of the cuticle, whereas the membrane-like surface feature contributed to a network of Cannabis striae distributed throughout the cuticle. This study supports an early development and organization of the secretory cavity in H. lupulus, parallel to those in Cannabis, and may represent common features for lipophilic glands in angiosperms.
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  • 26
    ISSN: 0219-1032
    Keywords: c-Fos ; Dopamine ; D1 ; Hippocampus ; Rat ; Synaptic Plasticity
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract While dopamine is likely to modulate hippocampal synaptic plasticity, there has been little information about how dopamine affects synaptic transmission in the hippocampus. The expression of IEGs including c-fos has been associated with late phase LTP in the CA1 region of the hippocampus. The induction of c-fos by dopaminergic receptor activation in the rat hippocampus was investigated by using semiquantitative RT-PCR and immuno-cytochemistry. The hippocampal slices which were not treated with dopamine showed little expression of c-fos mRNA. However, the induction of c-fos mRNA was detected as early as 5 min after dopamine treatment, peaked at 60 min, and remained elevated 5 h after treatment. Temporal profiles of increases in c-fos mRNA by R(+)-SKF-38393 (50 μM) and forskolin (50 μM) were similar to that of dopamine. An increase in [cAMP] was observed in dopamine-, SKF-, or forskolin-treated hippocampal slices. By immunocytochemical studies, control hippocampal cells showed little expression of c-Fos immunoreactivity. However, when cells were treated with dopamine, an increase in the expression of c-Fos immunoreactivity was observed after treatment for 2 h. The treatment of hippocampal neurons with R(+)-SKF38393 (50 μM) or forskolin (50 μM) also induced a significant increase in c-Fos expression. These results indicate that the dopamine D1 receptor-mediated cAMP dependant pathway is associated with the expression of c-Fos in the hippocampal neurons. These data are consistent with the possible role of endogenous dopamine on synaptic plasticity via the regulation of gene expression. Furthermore, these results imply that dopamine might control the process of memory storage in the hippocampus through gene expression.
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    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 130 (2000), S. 991-993 
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: brain ; asymmetry ; man ; embryonic development
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effect of some developmental abnormalities on the morphogenesis of human brain asymmetry during early embryonic stages was studied. Insignificant predominance of the left hemisphere (1-3%) was revealed in human embryos.
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    Medical & biological engineering & computing 38 (2000), S. 42-48 
    ISSN: 1741-0444
    Keywords: Bowel sounds ; Rat ; Motility ; Body acoustics ; Signal detection ; Signal characterisation
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This study is aimed at detecting gastrointestinal sounds (GIS) and correlating their characteristics with gastrointestinal (GI) conditions. The central hypotheses are that GIS generation depends on the motility patterns and the mechanical properties of the gut, and that changes in those result in measurable differences in GIS. An animal model which included both healthy rats and those with small bowel obstruction (SBO) was developed. The acoustic bursts, of GIS were detected by amplitude thresholding the signal envelope. Three methods of envelope estimation were proposed and evaluated. Envelope estimation using a Hilbert transform was found to produce the best results in the current application. The duration and dominant frequency of each detected GIS event was estimated and clear differences between healthy and diseased rats were discovered. In the control state, GIS events were found to consistently be of relatively short duration (3–65ms). Although the majority of events in the SBO state had similar short duration, infrequent longer events were also detected and appeared to be pathognomonic. Long duration events (〉100 ms) occurred in each of seven obstructed, but in none of 14 non-obstructed, cases (p〈0.001). It is concluded that GIS analysis may prove useful in the non-invasive, rapid, and accurate diagnosis of SBO.
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    Calcified tissue international 27 (1979), S. 205-210 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Intestine ; Calcium ; Binding ; Protein ; Uremia
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary In order to assess the usefulness of intestinal biopsies as indicators of end-organ responsiveness to vitamin D in uremic patients, calcium binding activity and calcium binding protein (CaBP) content were measured in intestinal biopsies from 12 uremic patients (glomerular filtration rate〈5.0 ml/min) and 12 adult controls. Values for both were found to vary with the site of biopsy, highest values being obtained in the duodenal bulb, with lower values distally. Values for activity correlated with values for CaBP content in both normals and uremics and no difference was observed between groups. Levels of calcium binding activity and content of CaBP did not correlate with serum immunoreactive parathormone levels, but were directly related to circulating 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-OHD) levels. The data show that intestinal CaBP is normal in activity, quantity, and affinity for calcium in malabsorbing uremic patients, and are consistent with the hypothesis that calcium malabsorption in uremia is unrelated to deficiency of intestinal calcium binding protein.
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    Calcified tissue international 28 (1979), S. 131-136 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Calcium ; Phosphate ; Citrate ; Precipitation
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary The influence of citrate ions on the precipitation of crystalline apatitic precipitates with low Ca/P molar ratios [octacalcium phosphate (OCP) and calcium-deficient apatites (DA) (system A)] and of the intercrystalline mixtures of calcium hydrogen phosphate dihydrate (DCPD) and DA (system B) was investigated. Samples were prepared by direct mixing of calcium chloride solutions (A, 6·10−3 mol dm−3; B, 1·10−1 mol dm−3) and sodium phosphate solutions (A, 6·10−3 mol dm−3; B, 2·10−2 mol dm−3) containing citrate (0–2·10−3 mol dm−3) and preadjusted to pH 7.4. In the presence of citrate ions: (a) crystal growth of OCP and DA was slowed down; (b) habit modification of DCPD crystals occurred; and (c) equilibration in intercrystalline mixtures of DCPD and DA's was slowed down. All phenomena were caused by surface adsorption of negatively charged ions, most probably CaC6H5O7-, which is the prevalent calcium citrate species under the given experimental conditions. Habit modification of DCPD was induced by preferential adsorption at the (001) crystal plane.
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    Calcified tissue international 27 (1979), S. 161-164 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Osteoporosis ; Ovary ; Rat ; Vitamin D
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Fifty adult female rats were used to study the effect of 1-alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 (1α-OH-D3)on bone after oophorectomy. The experimental period was 6 months. At the end of the experiment the femurs and the tibias were investigated for bone mass and composition. Significant signs of osteopenia occurred as a result of oophorectomy. The treatment with 1α-OH-D3 induced only minor changes in blood chemistry but increased bone mass significantly. The findings support the view that 1α-OH-D3 may be a valuable tool in the treatment of osteoporosis resulting from ovarian insufficiency.
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    Development genes and evolution 187 (1979), S. 35-47 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Ascidia ; Concanavalin A ; Development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The early development ofPhallusia mammillata eggs, dechorionated with trypsin and treated with Concanavalin A, was studied. Vital staining with a very dilute solution of acridine orange (0.01 μg/ml) helped to visualize the mitochondrial ‘crescent’ by fluorescence. At high concentrations of Concanavalin A (20–200 μg/ml) fertilized eggs did not cleave, but went through early ooplasmic segregation movements (formation of the crescent) and multinuclear syncytia were formed. At lower concentrations of Concanavalin A (less than 10 μg/ml), cleavage occurred, but the blastomeres remained rounded, leading to a grapelike embryo. Eggs attached to Concanavalin A treated nylon surfaces either did not cleave or produced grapelike embryos. Attachment of the eggs did not affect ooplasmic segregation. Considering modern theories of membrane structure it was concluded that Concanavalin A prevented cleavage either by immobilizing surface structures connected with microfilaments or by indirectly modifying other membrane structures. These structures could not have been involved in ooplasmic segregation, but their mobility was necessary for further morphogenesis.
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    Development genes and evolution 186 (1979), S. 27-50 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Compound eye ; Development ; Determination of R7 cells ; sevenless mutant analysis ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary sev LY3,the only existing allele at thesev locus (1–33,2±0,2), behaves as strongly hypomorph or even as amorph. Ommatidia in asev compound eye have only seven receptor cells, the position of the R7 pattern element being vacant. Various criteria showing that the missing cell is R7 have been verified. These include (i) anatomical characteristics ofsev ommatidia; (ii) behaviour of central R cells insev rdgB double mutants; (iii) medullary projection of central R cell axons; and (iv) mitotic pattern ofsev imaginal discs. The analysis of morphogeneticsev-sev + mosaics has shown thatsev is expressed autonomously by R7 cells, indicating that thesev phenotype is not due to asev genotype of ommatidial pattern elements other than R7. The study of third instarsev imaginal discs has not brought any direct evidence for death of clustered presumptive R7 cells; however, clonal analysis of the developingsev compound eye has given evidence of developmental parameters comparable to those ofsev +, therefore favouring the hypothesis that R7 cells die insev mutants. On the other hand,sev + seems to be required for the determination of the R7 cells, since thesev phenotype cannot be uncovered during the last mitoses of heterozygous mutant cells.
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    Calcified tissue international 27 (1979), S. 33-40 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Chick embryo ; Bone ; Organ culture ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary The study describes the ultrastructure of the mineralized portion of chick tibiae from 10 days in ovo to 2 days post-hatch. At 10 days a single mineralized cylinder surrounds the diaphysis. On its outer surface columnar trabeculae join to form ridges parallel to the long axis of the bone. These ridges are covered by another cylinder and form the haversian canals. At 11 days vascular invasion of the marrow cavity occurs and resorption of the endosteal surface begins. This type of periosteal deposition and endosteal resorption is repeated during and subsequent to embryonic development. The mineralized portion of 10-day chick tibiae cultured for 2 days in modified BGJ medium was compared with 10-, 11-, and 12-day tibiae in ovo. Cultured tibiae were similar in length and calcium content to 11-day tibiae in ovo. The form of mineral deposited in ovo and in culture was the same, namely, aggregates of spherical mineral clusters. Differences in culture included the following: (a) few concentric cylinders were deposited as compared with tibiae in ovo; (b) trabeculae were not arranged in rows and ridges in culture; (c) osteocytic lacunae were restricted to bases of trabeculae rather than uniformly distributed as in ovo; and (d) the endosteal surface of tibiae in culture appeared etched.
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    Calcified tissue international 28 (1979), S. 17-22 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Anticonvulsant ; Ketogenic diet ; Calcium ; Vitamin D ; Bone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Vitamin D and mineral metabolism status was examined in five children maintained chronically on combined ketogenic diet-anticonvulsant drug therapy (KG), and the results compared to those obtained in 18 patients treated with anticonvulsant drugs alone (AD) and 15 normal controls. KG patients exhibited biochemical findings of vitamin D deficiency osteomalacia: decreased serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) and calcium concentrations, elevated serum alkaline phosphatase and parathyroid hormone concentrations, decreased urinary calcium and increased urinary hydroxyproline excretion, and decreased bone mass. Although the KG and AD groups demonstrated similar reductions in serum 25OHD concentration, the KG patients exhibited a significantly greater reduction in bone mass. In response to vitamin D supplementation (5000 IU/day), mean bone mass in the KG group increased by 8.1±0.9% (P〈0.001) over a 12-month period. These results suggest that ketogenic diet and anticonvulsant drug therapy have additive deleterious effects on bone mass and that these effects are partially reversible by vitamin D treatment.
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    Calcified tissue international 27 (1979), S. 171-176 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Calcium ; Phosphate ; Precipitation ; Double diffusion ; Collagen
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary One-dimensional double diffusion was applied to determine critical concentrations at which the precipitation of calcium phosphates occurs in reconstituted connective tissue collagen and agar gels at 37°C and in gelatin gels at 25°C. Experiments were performed in the presence of unbuffered 0.15 mol dm−3 NaCl, or 0.15 mol dm−3 NaCl-veronal adjusted to pH 7.4. It was found that critical concentrations of precipitation of both precipitating components, CaCl2 and phosphate buffer (pH 7.4), were equimolar and independent of the ratios of initial concentrations of the components. Critical concentrations of precipitation were not affected by the concentrations and kinds of gels used. The first-formed precipitates showed amorphous structure by X-ray diffraction analyses. Infrared (IR) spectra of the precipitates indicated CaHPO4 · H2O to be their predominant species. The molar Ca/P ratio obtained by chemical analyses was 1.08. This precipitate transformed in time into octacalcium phosphate. In all experiments, two very thin membranes of precipitate were formed in the gel column at the onset of precipitation simultaneously on both sides of the actual disc of precipitate. IR spectra and chemical analyses showed that both membranes were identical to the actual precipitation discs.
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  • 37
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Parathyroid hormone ; Calcium ; Plasma phosphate ; Bone phosphate ; Plasma32P ; Specific activity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Plasma changes in calcium, phosphate, and their radionuclides were studied in thyroparathyroidectomized (TPTX) rats treated with parathyroid hormone (PTH) for 8 h, this treatment starting 10 h after injection of45Ca and32P. Prior to intravenous infusion or hourly injections of PTH (10 mU/g/h), rats were maintained in one of three ways: on an extended fast (24 h); on a partial fast (10 h); or provided with 10% glucose and 1% calcium lactate overnight as a substitution for solid food. The pattern of change for plasma calcium,45Ca, and45Ca specific activity (S.A.) produced by PTH was not affected by these dietary conditions. The changes in phosphate were as follows: During the experimental (8 h) period, the rate of loss of32P from plasma in control rats was proportional to the length of the fast. This suggests that32P was released into plasma during the experimental period proportional to the ready availability of soft tissue glucose. In rats on an extended fast, PTH was phosphaturic, hypophosphatemic, and increased the rate of loss of32P from plasma without affecting32P S.A. values. In rats fasted for only 10 h, PTH produced similar effects on plasma phosphate and plasma32P values, but also caused a significant fall in plasma32P S.A. After glucose and calcium lactate treatment, PTH-induced phosphaturia was temporarily lost and the marked hypophosphatemia was replaced with a slight hyperphosphatemia. Plasma32P values also rose slightly; therefore, no effect on32P S.A. was produced. It is concluded from these studies that as the result of the phosphaturia caused by PTH, the hypophosphatemia which is produced automatically changes the phosphate gradient between various body compartments, causing phosphate entry into plasma. The authors postulate that this phosphate entering plasma is withdrawn primarily from bone fluid and bone.
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    Calcified tissue international 27 (1979), S. 13-18 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Anticonvulsants ; Calcium ; Vitamin D ; Parathyroid hormone ; Bone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Parameters of mineral metabolism were examined in 6 patients with moderately severe anticonvulsant drug-induced osteomalacia. Compared to 15 matched controls, the patients exhibited significantly reduced serum calcium, inorganic phosphate, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration, elevated serum alkaline phosphatase and immunoreactive parathyroid hormone (iPTH) concentration, reduced intestinal47Ca absorption, reduced urinary calcium and increased urinary hydroxyproline excretion, and reduced forearm bone mass. Intestinal absorption of vitamin D3 was normal. Following 4 months of treatment with vitamin D3 (4000 units/day), serum 25-OHD concentration was increased to 3 times mean normal values and all parameters except serum iPTH, urinary calcium excretion, and forearm bone mass were returned to levels not significantly different from normal. Serum iPTH concentration was reduced by 39% (P〈0.05); 24-h urinary calcium excretion rose by 98% (P〈0.001), and forearm bone mass increased by 5.6% (P〈0.05). It is concluded that moderate-dose vitamin D3 supplementation is effective in normalizing parameters of mineral metabolism in this disorder, despite evidence of resistance to the biologic effects of vitamin D.
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  • 39
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Calcium ; PTH ; 1,25(OH)2D ; Acid ; Bone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary We measured mineral and acid balances, serum iPTH, urinary cAMP/creatinine, and plasma concentrations of 25OHD and 1,25(OH)2D in 7 healthy adults during control conditions and during increased fixed acid production achieved either by the administration of NH4Cl (N=3) or by increased dietary protein intake (N=4). When acid production was increased, the subjects were in positive acid balance and negative Ca balance because of increased urinary Ca excretion. Serum iPTH fell slightly but urinary cAMP and the plasma levels of vitamin D metabolites did not change. We conclude that the accelerated skeletal and urinary losses of Ca that occur when fixed acid production is increased are not contributed to nor compensated for by the parathyroid-vitamin D endocrine systems.
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    Calcified tissue international 29 (1979), S. 63-69 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Vaterite ; Calcium ; Eggshells ; Cuckoos
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary The crystalline spherules occurring in patches on the outer surface of the eggshells ofGuira guira and the bloom on the entire outer surface of those ofCrotophagi ani were shown by X-ray diffraction analysis to be vaterite.
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    Calcified tissue international 29 (1979), S. 155-161 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Periosteal cells ; Calcium ; PTH ; CT ; Metabolic inhibitors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Calcium transport was studied in cells isolated from cultured periostea of 18-day-old chick embryos. Net calcium uptake was stimulated by iodoacetate (IAA) and inhibited by dinitrophenol (DNP). Calcium efflux from the intracellular compartment was inhibited by IAA. Changes in the extra-or intracellular sodium concentration had only minor effects on calcium transport. This indicates that calcium efflux from periosteal cells is probably directly dependent on ATP hydrolysis, whereas calcium-sodium exchange is of less importance. The cation ionophore A23187 stimulated calcium uptake during short incubations but was inhibitory in long incubations. The possible involvement of the mitochondria in this effect is discussed. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitonin (CT) stimulated the net uptake of calcium in relatively low doses (both 0.01 U/ml or higher). The effects of the hormones on net calcium uptake were not additive. Calcium efflux was not changed in the presence of PTH or CT.
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  • 42
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    Planta 146 (1979), S. 31-39 
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Autoradiography ; Calcium ; Mougeotia ; Phytochrome
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Ca2+ is proposed to function as a messenger in such phytochrome-mediated responses as localized cell growth, intracellular movements, and control of plasma membrane properties. To test this hypothesis, the uptake of Ca2+ in irradiated and non-irradiated regions of individual threads of the green alga Mougeotia was studied with the aid of 45Ca2+ and low temperature autoradiography: 10–20 cells within 40–60 cell-long threads were irradiated for up to 1 min, transferred to darkness for 3 to 10 min, submersed in a radioactive medium for 1 min, washed in an unlabelled medium for 30 min, and then autoradiographed at-80° C for several days. The autoradiographs show that those cells which had been pre-irradiated with red light did take up 2–10 times more Ca2+ than the adjacent non-irradiated cells of the same thread. Cells pre-irradiated with farred light or red light followed by far-red light showed no enhanced uptake of Ca2+. These results might be interpreted to indicate, firstly, that phytochrome-Pfr is involved in the enhanced uptake of Ca2+ and secondly, that the accumulation of radioactive Ca2+ in red light irradiated cells is an expression of an increased intracellular concentration of Ca2+. This interpretation is based on the data that (i) the dark interval between irradiation and labelling precluded the involvement of photosynthesis, (ii) the effect of red light was reversible with far-red light, and (iii) the accumulation of Ca2+ persisted during the long wash-out period. We speculate, that the red light-enhanced accumulation of Ca2+ in Mougeotia cells is caused by a Pfr-mediated increase of the Ca-permeability of the plasma membrane, and perhaps by a Pfr-impeding of an active Ca2+-extrusion.
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  • 43
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    Planta 146 (1979), S. 203-210 
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Cellulose ; Microfibrils ; Negative staining ; Nicotiana ; Protoplasts ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A study has been made of the wall fibrils produced by tobacco protoplasts, using scanning electron microscopy in conjunction with negative staining. It has been shown that the fibres seen in scanning electron microscopy correspond to aggregates of microfibrils. These aggregates are only visible where they are lifted clear of the protoplast surface. Negative staining of fixed protoplasts shows that the aggregation of microfibrils into the fibres visible in scanning electron microscopy is probably produced by air-drying. Gentle disruption of microfibrils produces both random broken fragments and bundles of short pieces of fibrillar material about 60 nm in length. This material is present in undisrupted young walls, but not in undisrupted older walls. The microfibrils in young walls seem much more fragile and liable to breakage than those in older walls. These results are discussed in terms of the interpretation of scanning electron microscope images and the mechanism of cellulose microfibril formation by higher plants.
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  • 44
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    Planta 144 (1979), S. 401-406 
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: A23187 gradients ; Calcium ; Germination (moss spores) ; Electric fields-Funaria ; Ionophore gradient ; Moss spores-Polarization ; Spores (moss)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have used both steady electric fields, and gradients of the divalent ionophore, A23187, to control the point at which rhizoids emerge from spores of the common moss Funaria hygrometrica. The spores were grown in a medium containing calcium nitrate as the only major salt. Spores tend to form rhizoids towards the positive electrode, with a half maximal response to a difference of 4–8 mV across each cell. They also tend to form rhizoids towards the end of higher ionophore concentration in response to A23187 gradients. Both of these responses are the same at pH 5.5 and 8.0. Our tentative explanation is that Funaria spores tend to form rhizoids where most calcium enters. However, the point of chloronema emergence is scarcely affected by steady fields of up to 45 mV/cell. Moreover, when steady fields are applied across already developed rhizoids or chloronemata, their subsequent growth is directed towards the negative electrode in both cases, with rhizoids giving a 50% response at only 3—5 mV/cell, and chloronemata being less responsive.
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  • 45
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    European biophysics journal 5 (1979), S. 33-41 
    ISSN: 1432-1017
    Keywords: Rhodopsin ; Calcium ; Reaction kinetics ; Regeneration
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    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The formation of metarhodopsin II in various bovine rhodopsin preparations (rod outer segment (ROS) suspensions and rhodopsin-detergent solutions) was measured by means of flash spectrophotometry. The half-lifetime and formation of metarhodopsin II in ROS did not depend on the calcium concentration in the range of less than 10−9 M (using EGTA or EDTA) to 15×10−3 M calcium at pH values of 5.0, 7.1, and 9.0 (Table 1). The regeneration of rhodopsin from opsin by adding 11-cis retinal to ROS-suspensions and rhodopsin digitonin solutions was measured spectrophotometrically. It was not substantially different in either saline, one containing less than 10−7 M calcium (by adding EGTA), the other containing 10−3 M calcium (Table 2).
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  • 46
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    European biophysics journal 5 (1979), S. 223-230 
    ISSN: 1432-1017
    Keywords: Prolonged depolarising after-potential (PDA) ; Visual pigment ; Invertebrate photoreceptor ; Manganese ; Calcium
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    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract We have studied the effects on the PDA of modifying intracellular and extracellular concentrations of Ca2+ and Mn2+. The effect of decreased Ca2+ concentration or addition of EGTA is mainly an increase in the PDA amplitude and length. Raising Ca2+ concentration using ruthenium red or high external Ca2+ has the opposite effect. The effect of Mn2+ is much more striking: In the presence of 50–100 mM Mn2+ the PDA is initially greatly depressed but can rise slowly for up to 20 or 30 s (in the dark) until it approaches its original amplitude and time course. Bridge measurements showed that the depression of the PDA corresponds to a depressed conductance and so is not due to an increase in K+ conductance. The Mn2+ effect is potentiated by decreased Ca2+. Appropriate stimulation suppresses the rising PDA as promptly as it does a normal PDA, suggesting that if lateral diffusion is the source of the slow rise, the PDA and PDA-depressing processes must be spatially linked. The action of the anti-PDA is apparently prolonged by both Ca2+ and Mn2+.
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  • 47
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: cyproheptadine ; metergoline ; glucose tolerance ; insulin secretion ; chemical diabetes ; man
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of short-term treatment with either placebo or two serotonin antagonists, cyproheptadine and metergoline, on oral glucose tolerance and insulin secretion have been evaluated in normal subjects and in patients with chemical diabetes. Placebo treatment was not associated with any significant change in the parameters examined. Glucose tolerance in chemical diabetics was significantly improved both after cyproheptadine and metergoline; fasting plasma glucose was also reduced by metergoline. Treatment with the latter drug was also associated with a significant decrease in incremental glucose area in healthy subjects, which was not affected by cyproheptadine. Basal and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion were not affected by either drug in any subjects. Cyproheptadine and metergoline improve glucose metabolism in chemical diabetes probably by reducing insulin resistance. This may depend either on decreased secretion of counter-regulatory hormones or on a direct pharmacological action of the drugs on glucose utilization, possibly mediated by their common antiserotoninergic properties.
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  • 48
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 15 (1979), S. 187-192 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: quinidine ; plasma protein binding ; pharmacokinetics ; man
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The disposition and plasma protein binding of quinidine after intravenous administration were studied in 13 healthy subjects. Plasma protein binding, expressed as the fraction of quinidine unbound ranged from 0.134–0.303 (mean 0.221). Elimination rate constant (β) varied from 0.071 to 0.146 h−1 (mean 0.113), and apparent volume of distribution (Vβ) varied from 1.39–3.20 l · kg−1β (mean 2.27). Total body clearance was 2.32–6.49 ml min−1 · kg−1. There was a positive linear correlation between the plasma fraction of unbound quinidine and both Vβ (r=0.885, p〈0.01) and total body clearance (r=0.668, p〈0.05). No significant correlation existed between the fraction of unbound quinidine in plasma and the elimination rate constant. The results show that both the apparent volume of distribution and total body clearance of quinidine are proportional to the unbound fraction in plasma. This implies that the total plasma concentration of quinidine at steady state will change with alterations in plasma binding, whilst the concentration of unbound compund and its elimination rate will remain unaffected.
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  • 49
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 15 (1979), S. 73-81 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: simulation model ; diazoxide hypotension ; haemodynamics ; man
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The acute haemodynamic effects of injected diazoxide (Hyperstat® Schering) have been studied in 8 hypertensive subjects. Aortic blood pressure was measured and cardiac output and peripheral conductance were assessed continuously using a simulation model. In six of the patients pulmonary artery end-diastolic pressure was also measured. Blood pressure fell in all subjects 5–10 min after injection of the drug cardiac output increased in all patients studied. However, the initial change in cardiac output differed, as it decreased in two subjects and did not change in one. The largest initial increases in cardiac output were seen in the subjects with the highest pulmonary artery end-diastolic pressure. Patients with an initial decrease in cardiac output were those with the least compliant (stiffest) aortas. We consider that the responsiveness of the baroreceptors determines the size of the increase in cardiac output immediately after reduction of blood pressure by diazoxide. Thus in a patient with a stiff aorta, particularly at low cardiac filling pressure, diazoxide might cause a fall in blood pressure to an unacceptable level.
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  • 50
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    Archives of microbiology 123 (1979), S. 93-99 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Movement ; Phototaxis ; Cations ; Chlamydomonas ; Calcium ; Lanthanum ; Circadian rhythms
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effects of several cations on phototaxis of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii have been studied with the aid of an automated phototaxis monitoring device, coupled with a continuous culture. Sodium, potassium and magnesium ions, if added to the complete nutrient medium, have only slight effects on phototaxis at lower concentrations (10-3 mol), but inhibit at higher concentrations (10-2 mol). This inhibitory effect is not specific because motility is also impaired. Addition of 10-3 mol calcium enhances the phototactic reaction for some hours, but then the stimulation decreases gradually. Addition of 10-2 mol calcium causes strong inhibition. However, the reactivity recovers gradually during the following hours. If 10-3 mol potassium which does not influence phototaxis if added alone is applied simultaneously with calcium, the stimulation by calcium is enhanced. By the addition of 5·10-4—2·10-3 mol Ca2+ or Ca2++K+ cicadian rhythms with an average period length of 24 h are initiated which damp out after 1–2 weeks. If the cells are grown in a calcium deficient medium or if calcium is removed, phototactic activity decreases to very low reaction values or to zero, but is drastically increased immediately after the addition of calcium. The stimulatory effect of Ca2+ ions is specific. Ca2+ cannot be fully substituted by Ba2+ or Sr2+, and phototaxis is reversibly inhibited by lanthanum which is known to inhibit the calcium pump.
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  • 51
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Catecholamine synthesizing enzymes ; Adrenal medulla ; Embryonic induction ; Adrenocortical hormones ; Rat
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The cellular localization of the enzymes tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), aromatic amino-acid decarboxylase (or dopa decarboxylase, DDC), dopamine β-hydroxylase (DBH) and phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT) in the adrenal medulla of adult rats and rat fetuses (14th, 17th, 18th, 19th and 21st day) was examined. In the prenatal stages the medullary blastema and an adjacent part of the primitive sympathetic trunk were also investigated. Tissues were fixed in ice-cold 4% paraformaldehyde in 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.2). Cryostat sections (10 μm in thickness) were stained by the indirect immunofluorescence technique. Rabbit antibodies to TH (isolated from human pheochromocytoma), DDC, DBH and PNMT (the latter three isolated from bovine adrenal medulla) were used. Sections incubated with serum of non-immunized rabbits were used as controls. In the adult adrenal medulla, two cell types can be distinguished. One cell type contains only TH, DDC and DBH. The other cell type contains PNMT in addition. It is concluded that these cells correspond to the noradrenaline-(NA-) and adrenaline-(A-)storing cells respectively. In all prenatal stages TH, DDC and DBH are found in the primitive sympathetic trunk, in the medullary blastema, and in the medullary cells which have migrated into the cortical “anlage”. PNMT is observed for the first time on the 18th day. Moreover, PNMT could only be demonstrated inside the adrenal gland. From these observations it is concluded that the capacity to synthesize NA is developed even before the “medullary” cells have reached the cortical “anlage”. On the contrary, the capacity to synthesize A seems to be acquired only after this contact is established. The hypothesis is put forward that this phenomenon might indicate the induction of PNMT by glucocorticoids secreted by the fetal cortex.
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    Cell & tissue research 200 (1979), S. 135-146 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Arcuate nucleus ; Cytogenesis ; Synaptogenesis ; Neuropil ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Morphogenesis of the arcuate nucleus of the rat from the 15th fetal day to the 6th postnatal day was investigated light and electron microscopically. The arcuate neurons exhibit a gradual development after the 15th fetal day. All cytoplasmic constituents are present in these nerve cells already during the last days of gestation. Nevertheless, they are not fully differentiated at birth. The first synapse-like structures (presynapses) were observed in 17 day-old, the first synapses in 18 day-old fetuses. During the early postnatal period the number of presynapses decreases, but at the same time there is a gradual increase in the number of the relatively mature synapses. This process starts already during the last days of prenatal life. Although all structural elements of the arcuate nucleus of the adult rat appear to be present at birth, the extent of the neuropil area and the number of the presynapses indicate that the arcuate nucleus is still in a fairly undeveloped stage during the first postnatal days.
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    Cell & tissue research 200 (1979), S. 329-334 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Median eminence ; Axon terminals ; Tanycytes ; Electron microscopy ; Rat
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The present ultrastructural study proves the existence of nerve terminals closely apposed to the plasmalemmata of tanycytes in the rat median eminence. Several of these “axo-tanycytic” endings display remarkable accumulations of agranular endoplasmic reticulum in the form of pleomorphic vesicles which are closely apposed on either side of the plasma membrane of each cell compartment. Some of these vesicular profiles give the impression of structural continuity across both membrane systems. This phenomenon is discussed in the context of being a potential substratum for communication between both cell compartments.
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  • 54
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Vomeronasal organ ; Membrane particles ; Cell contacts ; Freeze-etching ; Rat
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The free surfaces and cell contacts in the epithelia of the vomeronasal organ of the rat were investigated by freeze-etching. The microvilli of receptor cells show a lower density of intramembranous particles (IMP) than the microvilli in the receptor-free epithelium. The ratio between the IMP on P and E-face is approximately 11∶1 in the receptor terminals, and 3.5∶1 in the cilia and microvilli of the receptor-free epithelium. Although atypical in length and only poorly equipped with rootlet fibers, the cilia of the receptor-free epithelium are furnished with typical ciliary necklace structures of up to 10 rows of membrane particles. Differences in the density of IMP on the P-faces of different cilia are probably due to continual ciliogenesis and also due to the different age of cilia in the receptor-free epithelium. Zonulae occludentes show different configurations in the neuroepithelium and in the receptor-free epithelium. In the former, they show a tendency to cross-link and form facet-like patterns, reflecting a constant morphology and relative stability for this apical region. In the receptor-free epithelium the junctional rows of zonulae occludentes display only loosely interconnected networks and a tendency to orient parallel to each other and to the free surface. In addition to zonulae occludentes, typical square aggregations of IMP are observed in the receptor-free epithelium. They are not exclusively restricted to the zone of intensive cell contacts by means of fine interdigitating cell processes, and their function has yet to be identified experimentally.
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  • 55
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Olfactory organ ; Development ; Melanotaeniidae ; Scanning and transmission electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The development of the olfactory organ in the rainbow fish, Nematocentris maccullochi, was studied using scanning and transmission electron microscopy; it was compared with the developmental process in other teleosts, especially in the closely related atherinids and cyprinodonts. The formation of the nares parallels that in atherinids, salmonids, cyprinids and heterosomats, but differs from that found in cyprinodonts. Another ontogenetic feature in which the olfactory organs of the rainbow fish and also of atherinids differ from those of cyprinodonts, is the occurrence of transitory kinociliary cells which disappear during the postlarval period. The divergent evolutionary pathways are discussed with reference to experimental investigations. During development, ciliated and microvillous receptor cell types occur. At the primary larval stage ciliated receptor neurons are exclusively present. At a later stage the microvillous type develops and becomes equal in frequency. Thus, the microvillous receptor represents a separate type of olfactory neuron and is not a progenitor of the ciliated receptor cell.
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  • 56
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    Cell & tissue research 200 (1979), S. 163-177 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Gastrin cells ; Entero-endocrine cells ; Rat ; Cell isolation ; Pylorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A technique has been developed to obtain viable, isolated and enriched populations of gastrin cells (G-cells) from the rat stomach. Restricted tissue samples from a small area of the pyloric antrum known to be particularly rich in G-cells, were sequentially digested with pronase followed by mechanical agitation, to remove the epithelial cells. This technique resulted in a significant enrichment of G-cells (3–4 fold) since the surface epithelial cells and upper portions of the glands were discarded before the initial G-cell fraction was collected. These cells in suspension were then isolated from each other by gentle pipetting in a DNase containing solution and designated the crude preparation (CP). The G-cells were then purified further by separating the cells according to size by velocity sedimentation. The greatest concentration of G-cells (15–25 %) was found in the fraction containing cells with diameters of 10 to 12 μm. The effectiveness of the technique was evaluated by counting G-cells as identified by electron microscopy and immunofluorescence and assessing gastrin activity by radioimmunoassay. All three methods indicated that cell separation by gravity velocity sedimentation enriched the G-cell population 15–20 fold over their concentration in the CP. The combined techniques of selective pronase digestion followed by gravity velocity sedimentation resulted in an isolated cell preparation containing a 50–100 fold increase of G-cells over their normal distribution in the intact gastric mucosa. Since these isolated G-cells retain features indicating viability, their usefulness for in vitro studies is suggested.
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  • 57
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    Cell & tissue research 200 (1979), S. 29-33 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Magnocellular neurosecretory system ; Activation ; Rat ; Vasopressinergic neurons ; Oxytocinergic neurons ; Immunocytochemistry
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The activated hypothalamic magnocellular neurosecretory system of the rat was studied in tissue sections, double stained with the unlabeled antibody peroxidase-antiperoxidase complex (PAP) technique. The results indicate that in animals with an activated hypothalamic magnocellular neuroendocrine system, as well as in normal animals, vasopressin and oxytocin are exclusively synthesized in separate vasopressinergic and oxytocinergic neurons.
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    Cell & tissue research 200 (1979), S. 409-423 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Human placenta ; Classification of villi ; Histology ; Scanning electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The classification of human placental villi was reviewed on the basis of material prepared by means of special methods. The material from in situ normal-term placentae was biopsied by aspiration into glutaraldehyde. The classification was made on the basis of light-microscopic observations of semithin sections, reconstructions from serial sections, and scanning-electron micrographs. The peripheral villous tree is roughly divided into stem (ramuli), intermediate and terminal villi. The intermediate villi may be further subdivided as mature and immature types, which are found between the stem and terminal villi. Some of the terminal villi possess a local specialization described as the neck region. The histological characteristics and the branching pattern of each type are described, and the basis of the proposed classification is discussed.
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  • 59
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    Cell & tissue research 198 (1979), S. 247-260 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Tight junctions ; Development ; Mesothelium ; Mouse embryo ; Freeze-fracture
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The peritoneal mesothelium of mouse embryos (12 to 18 day of gestation) was studied by freeze-fracture and in sections in order to reveal the initial formation of the tight junctions. Freeze-fracture observations showed three types of tight junctions. Type I consists of belt-like meshworks of elevations on the P face and of shallow grooves on the E face. No tight junctional particle can be seen either on the elevations or in the grooves. Type II shows rows of discontinuous particles on the elevations on the P face. Type III consists of strands forming ridges on the P face. On the E face, the grooves of Type II and III appear to be narrower and sharper than those of Type I. Quantitatively, Type I junctions are most numerous during the early stages (day 12–13) of embryonic development, while Type III junctions become more common in the later stages, and are the only type seen by day 18. Observations on sections, however, fail to distinguish between the three types. The results suggest that an initial sign of tight junction formation is close apposition of the two cell membranes in the junctional domain, without tight junctional particles. Later, the particles appear to be incorporated in the tight junctions and the strands form by fusion of the particles.
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  • 60
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: LH-RH neurons ; Hypothalamus ; Rat ; Immunohistochemistry ; Radioimmunoassay
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The location of the perikarya of LH-RH neurons in the rat hypothalamus and their pathways to the median eminence were studied by immunohistochemistry and radioimmunoassay after placing stereotaxic electrolytic lesions in several parts of the hypothalamus. The principal location of the cell somata was found to be in the ventral part of the medial preoptic area; their pathways were classified into a main baso-lateral pathway and an accessory descending pathway branching off from the former. The main pathway was found to cross in the vicinity of the corresponding neuronal perikarya. The central median eminence and the dorsal and ventral walls of the tubero-infundibular sulcus of the caudal part of the median eminence are innervated mainly by the baso-lateral pathway. On the other hand, the rostral and most caudal portions of the median eminence are innervated principally by the descending pathway and have a subsidiary dual innervation. The projection of LH-RH neurons to the OVLT is believed to originate from perikarya adjacent to this circumventricular organ.
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    Cell & tissue research 198 (1979), S. 427-433 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Arcuate nucleus ; Rat ; Hypothalamic deafferentation ; Synaptic plasticity ; Estrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In order to examine the effect of estrogen on the synaptic structures in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARCN), semi-quantitative studies were performed by counting synapses in an 18,000 μm2 area in the middle part of the ARCN in each brain. In ovariectomized female rats injected with 2 μg of estradiol benzoate (EB) for three weeks, the mean numbers of axodendritic and axosomatic synapses were not significantly different from those in the intact and ovariectomized controls. When the medial basal hypothalamus (MBH) including the ARCN was isolated by use of a Halász knife (MBH island), the mean number of axodendritic synapses was decreased to about half of the controls. However, EB treatment for three weeks from the day of surgery effectively restored the axodendritic synaptic population of the deafferented ARCN. This may suggest that estrogen has a facilitatory effect on axodendritic synapse formation in the deafferented ARCN, presumably by stimulating axonal sprouting and synaptic regeneration of intact axons in the MBH island.
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  • 62
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    Cell & tissue research 198 (1979), S. 441-454 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Testis ; Rat ; Seminiferous tubule ; Transitional zone ; Fine structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary An electron microscopic study was made on the structure of the testicular transitional zone (TZ) in the adult rat. The TZ proper consists of modified Sertoli cells, with only a few spermatogonia and macrophages, surrounding distally a very narrow lumen. The TZ Sertoli cells have nuclei with a somewhat coarser matrix and more peripheral heterochromatin than Sertoli cell nuclei of the nearby seminiferous tubules, and the electron density of the cytoplasm varies from cell to cell. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum is abundant, but usually there are also scattered ribosomal rosettes and an occasional profile of rough endoplasmic reticulum. Microtubules are very numerous in the columnar portion of the cell, and laminar structures seemingly joining the cell surfaces are sometimes seen. Lipid droplets and lysosomal structures are frequent cellular components in proximal TZ Sertoli cells. Empty intracellular vacuoles are abundant, sometimes arranged around areas of smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Occasionally, membrane-limited fine granules and vacuoles are seen within Sertoli cells and also in the TZ lumen, suggesting a possible secretory activity by these cells. The apical processes of the Sertoli cells form large vacuolar structures, and in the basal parts of the epithelium vacuoles with capillary-like appearance are frequently seen. Phagocytosis of germinal cells by the Sertoli cells occurs in the proximal region of the TZ. Round waste bodies in contact with the Sertoli cell apices protruding into the tubulus rectus, are also common. The tunica propria of the TZ is thickened and somewhat wrinkled, and in the proximal region the myoid cell layer loses its continuity and is replaced by fibroblasts. The epithelium of the tubulus rectus adjacent to the TZ consists of several overlapping epithelial cells. The typical junctional complexes between TZ Sertoli cells appear to be impermeable to the lanthanum tracer.
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  • 63
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    Cell & tissue research 199 (1979), S. 483-492 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pituitary gland ; Rat ; Luteotroph cells ; Pimozide ; Ultrastructure
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of pimozide, a dopamine receptor-blocking agent, were studied in the pars distalis of the rat. The animals received 100μg/100 g pimozide daily for 5, 10, 15, and 20 days. Pimozide induces striking ultrastructural changes after 5 days of treatment. The number of luteotroph (LTH) cells is significantly increased; they display characteristics of stimulation. The extrusion of granules into the intercellular space via exocytosis is frequently observed. The intercellular spaces are highly dilated, forming a lacunar system filled with an amorphous material, erythrocytes and involuted LTH cells. Transitional stages in the process of involution are observed in LTH cells. Luteotroph cells also form a syncytium. Twenty days after treatment the abovedescribed changes decrease in magnitude. The present findings suggest that pimozide stimulates the mechanism of synthesis and release in the luteotroph cells, an effect that is less evident with longer treatment.
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  • 64
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pars distalis ; Graft ; Ultrastructure ; Prolactin ; Rat
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    Notes: Summary Intact female rats received transplants of two hypophysial partes distales under the kidney capsule. The plasma levels of prolactin were determined, and the ultrastructure of the grafted gland was studied 15, 45 and 90 days after the operation. Although prolactin levels in the three experimental groups were significantly higher than those in control rats, a decrease in prolactin level was detected in the 45-day samples. Parallel ultrastructural changes suggest that between the 45th and 90th postoperative day a process is initiated leading to hyperplasia and hypertrophy of prolactotrophs.
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  • 65
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    Cell & tissue research 204 (1979), S. 147-153 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Granulocytes ; Lymphocytes ; Monocytes ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Chicken
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Polymorphonuclear leukocytes, e.g., neutrophilic granulocytes, were enriched from heparinized blood by a Ficoll-step-gradient centrifugation procedure. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed a surface morphology of narrow ridge-like profiles and small ruffles with occasional microprocesses. Mononuclear leukocytes were isolated by centrifugation over a Ficoll-Metrizoat gradient. The lymphocytes showed varying numbers of microvilli of different length, size and shape. B lymphocytes, characterized by their capability of “sheep red blood cell (SRBC)-rosette formation”, displayed a similar surface morphology. Completely smooth lymphocytes, described in the literature as T lymphocytes, could not be detected, although many lymphocytes with few microprocesses were observed. Thus, SEM is not a useful tool for distinguishing between B and T lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of chickens. Monocytes were characterized by prominent membrane-like ruffles, but in some cases they closely resembled granulocytes. An influence of the various separation media on the surface morphology of the isolated cells could not be detected when compared with cells isolated by the buffy-coat method.
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  • 66
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    Cell & tissue research 199 (1979), S. 145-151 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Carotid body ; Aortic body ; Calcium ; X-ray microanalysis
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Chief cells of the carotid and aortic body chemoreceptors possess numerous cytoplasmic dense-core vesicles which are known to contain primarily dopamine. Following fixation in solutions containing 50 mM CaCl2, a 20–30 nm electron-dense particle (EDP) is often observed eccentrically located in many of the vesicles. Approximately 44 % of the carotid body and 16 % of the aortic body vesicles contain an EDP. The EDP probably represents the Ca+ + binding site critical to the stimulus-secretion coupling events culminating in exocytosis of these vesicles. The presence of Ca+ + in the cytoplasmic vesicles was verified by electron probe X-ray microanalysis.
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  • 67
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    Cell & tissue research 199 (1979), S. 271-279 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Subsurface cisterns ; Neurons ; Paraventricular nucleus ; Hypothalamus ; Rat
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Structures identified as subsurface cisterns (SSC's) were found in neurons of the paraventricular nuclei of the rat hypothalamus. They appeared as cytoplasmic organelles consisting most often of stacks of parallel cisterns apposed to the neuronal plasmalemma. These SSC's were located in the interneurons of the parvocellular system, but not in neurosecretory cells and glial cells. SSC's were seen at zones of cytoplasm apposed to neuronal or glial cell processes, showing in some instances specific relationships with synaptic areas. The morphological features of these SSC's are described, and their possible functional significance is briefly discussed.
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  • 68
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hypothalamo-hypophysial system ; Rat ; Tanycytes ; Ontogeny
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    Notes: Summary The differentiation of tanycytes was studied light and electron microscopically during the perinatal period in rats, the time when functional connections between hypothalamus and hypophysis are established. The 3rd ventricle is slit-like between 16 and 18 days of the prenatal period. Its wall is formed by intensively proliferating matrix cells with apical processes, ovoid perikarya and a basal process. The ventral region of the 3rd ventricle becomes funnel-shaped on the 20th day of the prenatal period. As the cells differentiate, the apical process becomes shorter and broader. Moreover, on day 20 of prenatal life cells without apical processes appear. Their number increases during the postnatal period. The concentration of endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, polysomes, lipid droplets, dense bodies (lysosomes), lamellated and multivesicular bodies increases. Initially the cells are similar but from the 3rd day of postnatal life differentiation occurs in different regions of the infundibular recess. After the 5th day, there are no marked changes in the structure and distribution of these cells.
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  • 69
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    Cell & tissue research 201 (1979), S. 377-408 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Median eminence ; Tanycytes ; Nerve tracts ; Regional organization ; Rat
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The structural organization of the rostral, lateral and postinfundibular regions of the median eminence (ME) of 5-day cyclic diestrous rats was studied with light and electron microscopic methods. The ependymal cells lining (i) the floor of the infundibular recess (IR) at rostral levels, (ii) the lateral extensions of the IR, and (iii) the floor of the premammillary recess appear to represent the same type of tanycyte ependyma (β1 tanycytes). In the entire width of the rostral and postinfundibular palisade regions, as well as in the lateral palisade region of the preinfundibular ME, the processes of the β1 tanycytes form a continuous cuff. This cuff separates the nerve endings from the blood vessels and the pars tuberalis. At this level, synaptoid contacts between neurosecretory axons and the ependymal cuff can be observed. The ultrastructural characteristics of the β1 tanycytes are described and their ependymal endings tentatively classified into three types. In the lateral regions of the ME, the Golgi study revealed the presence of two fiber systems: (i) one possessing a latero-medial trajectory and distributed in the subependymal region; (ii) the other formed by a loose longitudinal tract originating from neurons of the arcuate nucleus. Some functional implications of the cellular organization of the rat ME are discussed.
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  • 70
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    Cell & tissue research 201 (1979), S. 349-359 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hypothalamus ; Rat ; Somatostatin-containing neurons ; Immunocytochemistry
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The rat hypothalamus was studied at the light microscopic level with the use of single and double immunocytochemical staining methods. It was shown that the rat supraoptic and paraventricular hypothalamic nuclei, and their accessory neurosecretory nuclei, do not contain magnocellular somatostatin neurons. The distribution of the hypothalamic parvocellular somatostatin cells is described. The parvocellular component of the rat hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus is, at least partly, composed of somatostatin cells: they form a fairly well circumscribed periventricular cell mass. The rat suprachiasmatic nuclei contain separate somatostatin neurons and vasopressin neurons. Scattered somatostatin cells are present in the entire arcuate nucleus. In addition to the periventricular somatostatin cells located in the preopticanterior hypothalamic area and in the arcuate nucleus, the rat hypothalamus also contains numerous scattered somatostatin cells located distant from the third ventricle.
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  • 71
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    Cell & tissue research 199 (1979), S. 349-352 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Spermatozoa ; Mitochondria ; Scanning electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary As seen by scanning electron microscopy, the mitochondrial helix in the developing midpiece of mouse testicular spermatozoa is dextral in direction and consists of spherical mitochondrial units arranged in an orderly array of four units per gyre: three appearing in face view and a fourth hidden from view at the back of the gyre. As the spermatozoa mature, the dextral helix is transformed into a sinistral helix. Its constituent spherical mitochondria either change direction abruptly without changing shape; or having first become semilunar or diamond-shaped, they change direction gradually. Mitochondrial division follows the change in helical pitch producing a double sinistral helix. The spherical (or semilunar/diamond-shaped) mitochondria presumably elongate to form the units of the mature midpiece.
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  • 72
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    Cell & tissue research 201 (1979), S. 93-99 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pituitary cell ; Gonadotrophs ; Culture ; Cell lines ; Rat
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Gonadotroph-rich cell lines were established from multipotential pituitary clonal cells (2A8) which were implanted under kidney capsule of hypophysectomized female rats. These cell lines secrete gonadotrophins (FSH and LH) continuously over two months after establishment; LHRH stimulated the secretion of hormones into the culture medium. Many of the cells reacted immunohistochemically to antiserum to FSH or LH, while a small number reacted to antiserum to prolactin or TSH. They did not contain normal secretory granules such as those of gonadotrophs in vivo.
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  • 73
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    Cell & tissue research 201 (1979), S. 129-135 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pineal body ; Freeze-fracturing ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Wistar rat
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The three-dimensional ultrastructure of the pineal body of the rat is described on the basis of freeze-fractured preparations. The pineal capsule consists of irregular cells with very flat and perforated processes. Through these openings, extremely branched canaliculi, extending to almost every pineal cell, communicate with the tissue compartment outside the organ. The pericapillary spaces contain, in juxtaposition with capillaries of the fenestrated type, nerve fibers as well as a flocculent granular and filamentous material of unknown origin and chemical nature.
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  • 74
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    Cell & tissue research 201 (1979), S. 499-502 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Monoamine fluorescence ; Microfluorometry ; Computer-assisted correction ; Hypothalamus ; Rat
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In a circumscribed area of the preoptic periventricular nucleus of a male rat, formaldehyde-induced monoamine fluorophores modified by treatment with HCl vapors were investigated microfluorometrically (measurement of excitation peak ratio 370∶320 nm) in all fluorescent terminals and preterminals. Microfluorometric recordings of an individual fluorescent structure were performed without UV irradiation of neighboring fluorophores. Recorded data were sampled and corrected by a microcomputer (WangPCS II). 19 neuronal processes (axons) contained noradrenaline fluorophores; 11 contained dopamine fluorophores; 6 exhibited uncharacteristic excitation peak ratios; and in 9 recordings technical problems did not allow identification of the fluorophore content.
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  • 75
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    Cell & tissue research 202 (1979), S. 1-7 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Matrix vesicles ; Normal bone ; Rat
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    Notes: Summary The occurrence of vesicles in the extracellular matrix of alveolar bone of normal young rats was demonstrated by both ultrastructural and enzymatic studies. Transmission electron microscopy revealed abundant vesicles in the matrix. The presence of hydroxyapatite crystals, both within the vesicles and in the matrix, was affiliated with rupture of the vesicular membrane. Calcifying nodules were scarce. High levels of both specific and total activities of alkalineand pyrophosphatases were found in the fraction of isolated vesicles. This fraction also showed activities of different ATPases and acid phosphatase.
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  • 76
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Median eminence ; Rat ; Serotonin ; Quantitative light and electron microscopic radioautography
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    Notes: Summary Serotonin containing structures in the median eminence of the rat have been studied by quantitative light and electron microscopic radioautography following intraventricular infusion of tritiated 5-hydroxytryptophan. One hour after injection of the tracer the highest density of silver grains was recorded in the ependymal and external zones, especially in the lateral palisade zone. The proportion of labelled neurosecretory terminals was also larger in the lateral palisade zone (29%) as compared with the medial palisade zone (13%), although the mean number of developed silver grains per one terminal was higher in the latter. On the average, 16% of neurosecretory terminals sequestered radiolabelled 5-hydroxytryptophan in the external zone of the rat median eminence. It is suggested that serotonin, like catecholamines, is discharged from neurosecretory terminals localized in the external zone and via the portal circulation affects the function of the anterior pituitary. The sites of origin of serotoninergic structures of the median eminence as well as the possible role of monoamine (catecholamine and indolamine) neurohormones in a dual peptidergic and monoaminergic control of anterior pituitary functions are discussed.
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  • 77
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    Cell & tissue research 203 (1979), S. 53-64 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Brain ; Third ventricle ; Rana temporaria ; Scanning electron microscopy
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    Notes: Summary The surface specializations of the wall of the third cerebral ventricle of Rana temporaria were investigated with the scanning electron microscope. These specializations can be divided into three types: cilia, large bulbous protrusions, and microvillus-like protrusions. Most parts of the ventricular surface are densely ciliated. In contrast, other regions are either scantily ciliated or devoid of cilia. Four areas of the ventricular surface are studded with numerous large bulbous protrusions. These large protrusions can be divided into two types: One type consists of intraventricular end bulbs of dendrites of secretory neurons. The other type is represented by large cytoplasmic extensions of ependymal cells. In the third ventricle of Rana, microvillus-like surface specializations of ependymal cells are ubiquitous structures. Generally, filiform protrusions of varying length are the predominant type. The microvillus-like specializations are transient structures, the number of which varies according to different physiological states of the ependymal cells.
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  • 78
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    Protoplasma 100 (1979), S. 139-153 
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Aegilops comosa var.thessalica ; Cell wall ; Development ; Mestome sheath cells ; Microtubules ; Suberized lamella
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The development of mestome sheath cells ofAegilops comosa var.thessalica was studied by electron microscopy. Anatomical and cytological observations show that this grass belongs to the C3 or non-Kranz plants. In the asymmetrically thickened walls of mestome sheath cells a suberized lamella is present. This lamella is deposited asynchronously. In the midrib and the large lateral bundles it appears first in the outer and inner walls and usually later in the radial walls. In the small lateral bundles its appearance is delayed in the inner walls of those cells situated on the xylem side. At maturity the suberized lamella is observed in all cell walls; however, in the small lateral bundles it is partly or totally absent from the walls of some cells situated on the xylem side. Tertiary wall formation is asynchronous as well, for it generally follows the deposition pattern of the suberized lamella. During the development of the mestome sheath cells microtubules show marked changes in their number and orientation, being fewer and longitudinal during suberin deposition. Dictyosomes are very active and may be involved in primary and tertiary wall formation. Endoplasmic reticulum cisternae are abundant and partly smooth, while plasmalemmasomes may function to reduce the plasmalemma extension. However, cytoplasmic structures that are clearly involved in suberin synthesis could not be identified. Suberized lamellae react strongly with silver hexamine. This is probably due to post-fixation with osmium tetroxide. On the basis of structural characteristics the mestome sheath may be regarded as an endodermis (cf., alsoFahn 1974). The significance of this view for water and assimilate exchange between the mesophyll and the bundle is discussed.
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  • 79
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Ash alkalinity ; Calcium ; Cation distribution ; Humidity ; Magnesium ; Mineral composition ; Oxalate ; Pectate ; Tomato
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Tomato plants grown in water culture under two different humidity regimes (50% R.H. and 95% R.H.) were harvested at intervals over the growth period and cation uptake and calcium distribution investigated. The following results were obtained: 1. Plants in the high humidity regime initially grew faster but at the final harvest after 22 days, dry matter yields were the same. 2. In the high humidity treatment particularly towards the end of the experiment, the growth of the young leaves was disturbed and the plants showed symptoms resembling Ca or B deficiency. Analysis revealed that these tissues were lower in Ca than comparative tissues of the low humidity plants. The converse was true for B. 3. Cation uptake was little affected by the humidity treatment. However, the distribution of calcium within the plant was markedly influenced by humidity. In the high humidity treatment the level of Ca in the young leaves was very low and Ca accumulated in the stems. A high proportion of both Ca and Mg in these younger Ca deficient leaves was found to be associated with pectate. The same trend was observed in the stems, more of the Ca and Mg in this case being bound to oxalate as well as pectate. These results further indicate the possible significance of exchange movement of Ca particularly under low transpiration conditions when Ca transport by mass flow is restricted. 4. Xylem sap analysis showed a close cation-anion balance in all samples. NO3-ion was the predominant anion and the two major cations were K and Ca. This provides further evidence that the upper plant parts provide the major site of NO3-reduction in the tomato plant.
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  • 80
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    Cell & tissue research 197 (1979), S. 443-451 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ameloblasts ; Cell death ; Incisors ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The migration of the ameloblasts in the continuously erupting incisors of the rat is accompanied by cell loss. Ameloblasts degenerate near the mesial and lateral cemento-enamel junctions in the secretory zone and in the middle two thirds of the region of postsecretory transition, degeneration being most marked where these areas merge. These findings support the hypothesis that the prism decussation in the enamel results from alternating transverse rows of secretory ameloblasts sliding past each other whilst elaborating their rods. The distribution of the degenerating cells suggests, however, that the sliding cell rows are not exactly transverse but arcuate, with the opening facing incisally. The progress of structural alterations of the nuclei in the degenerating ameloblasts appears to follow the pattern earlier described in vinblastine-damaged ameloblasts.
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  • 81
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    Cell & tissue research 198 (1979), S. 145-158 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Dorsal prostate gland ; Rat ; Apocrine secretion ; Prolactin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Rat dorsal prostate epithelium was studied in intact adult animals, in animals castrated for three days and in rats after inhibition of prolactin secretion. Thin sections, electron-microscopic autoradiographs and freeze-fracture replicas were used to analyze the process of apocrine secretion in this gland. The rough endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus of the secretory cells are well developed, but secretory granules are absent. The only sign indicating release of secretory material is the appearance of blebs originating from the apical plasma membrane. Freeze-fracture replicas of the apical plasma membrane reveal that the blebs develop randomly from the bases of microvilli-like protrusions. In vitro pulse labeling of the proteins using 3H-leucine resulted in a labeling of the apical blebs. A post-castration period of three days was sufficient to reduce drastically the number and size of the apical blebs concomitant with regressive changes of the cell. Suppression of prolactin secretion for three weeks by application of lisuride, a synthetic ergot alkaloid, also induced regressive changes in the secretory cells. The apical blebs were still present, but they were shrunken and their content appeared condensed. These experimental conditions proved that the apical blebs are closely related to the functional activity of the cells and are interpreted as true apocrine secretion in the rat dorsal epithelium.
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    Cell & tissue research 197 (1979), S. 169-173 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Fourth ventricle ; Ependyma ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Domestic fowl
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Surface features of the ependymal linings of the fourth ventricle in the fowl were analyzed employing the scanning electron microscope (SEM). On the floor of the median sulcus, each ependymal cell has a solitary cilium, whereas on both sides of the sulcus, cilia are so densely distributed that the details of the underlying cell surface are usually obscured. On the roof of the fourth ventricle, except for the surface of the ciliated groove where numerous cilia are present, the ependymal cells are polygonal in shape, and the center of each cell possesses an aggregate of ten to twenty cilia. Cell surfaces of the choroid tela are entirely covered with delicate microvilli and possess clumped cilia. The ependymal cell surfaces of the area postrema are dome-like in shape. Each ependymal cell has a solitary cilium and shows a smooth surface free of microvilli.
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    Cell & tissue research 203 (1979), S. 223-229 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Nuclear inclusions ; Neurons ; Paraventricular nucleus ; Hypothalamus ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary This paper deals with the ultrastructure of two types of intranuclear inclusions, “microfilamentous spindle-shaped” and “crystalloid”, present in paraventricular nucleus neurons of adult normal rats. These inclusions appear occasionally in some non-secretory neurons of the parvocellular system, but have never been seen in neurosecretory cells of the magnocellular system. The microfilamentous spindle-shaped inclusions show a close spatial relationship with the granulofibrillar body and interchromatin granules. The distribution and functional significance of such structures are discussed in the light of recent ultrastructural and biochemical studies on nuclear inclusions.
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  • 84
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    Cell & tissue research 203 (1979), S. 283-289 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Radula ; Tooth formation ; Pulmonates ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The radular teeth are secreted at the posterior end of the radular gland and move slowly towards the buccal cavity where they start to function. Helix pomatia and Limax flavus were examined to determine whether the newly formed teeth already show their definite species specific shape, or whether they are gradually finished and moulded in the radular gland. Scanning electron micrographs of Helix pomatia show that teeth are secreted in the odontoblast region in their final form. Their surface is still uneven at the outset; the same is true for the newest teeth of Limax flavus. Older teeth ready for use have a smooth surface. This change seems to be brought about by secretory activity of the superior epithelium of the radular sac. Air-dried radulae, previously isolated by KOH maceration, show considerable artefacts at their posterior end. Maceration leads to shrinking of the newest teeth, but does not change their contours. The newly secreted but as yet unhardened teeth become greatly deformed during the drying process.
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    Cell & tissue research 203 (1979), S. 321-329 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Salivary gland ; Development ; Isoproterenol ; Morphology ; Function
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The cellular mechanisms responsible for the structural and functional alterations produced in salivary glands by isoproterenol (ISP) were investigated. Postnatal rats were injected with ISP, and alterations in the structure and protein components of the submandibular glands were determined. Normal age-dependent protein patterns detected by electrophoresis are attributed to the biochemical and functional differentiation of proacinar and acinar secretory cells and correlate with structural changes in these cells. Structural changes induced by ISP involve the acinar cells without detectably altering terminal tubule cells. In addition, synthesis of a specific protein by the glands is enhanced by ISP treatment. By comparing protein patterns in the submandibular glands of control and treated rats, it was concluded that ISP increases synthesis of a specific salivary protein normally produced by proacinar cells during a limited period of glandular development. These results suggest that a neurally mediated regulatory mechanism that becomes altered by ISP plays a role in normal salivary gland development.
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  • 86
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Fish thrombocyte ; Open canalicular system ; Three-dimensional architecture ; High voltage electron microscopy ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The presence and the three dimensional distribution of the surface connected canalicular system (SCCS) in thrombocytes of a teleost, Cyprinus carpio, were studied using a transmission electron microscope, a high voltage electron microscope and a scanning electron microscope. When the specimens were fixed routinely in glutaraldehyde followed by osmium tetroxide, numerous electron lucent vesicles and canaliculi were distributed throughout the cytoplasm. As ruthenium red-positive reaction product was observed on the inner surface of the vesicles and canaliculi, these are defined as the SCCS of carp thrombocytes. In the stereo-pair of the photographs of thick sectioned specimens and the plastic reconstruction of serially sectioned thrombocytes, we succeeded in finding the whole structure of the SCCS which is composed of numerous anastomosing canaliculi. Scanning electron micrographs revealed many crater-like depressions throughout the cell surface which seem to be the openings of the SCCS.
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  • 87
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Median eminence ; Rat ; Catecholamines ; Quantitative light and electron microscopic radioautography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary By means of light and electron microscopic radioautography a quantitative study of the regional distribution of catecholamines in the median eminence of the rat was carried out. One hour after intraventricular injection of 3H-dopamine the highest radioautographic reaction was recorded in the external zone, especially in the lateral palisade zone where many neurosecretory terminals are separated from the basal lamina of the portal pericapillary space by a glial “cuff”. This area showed the highest percentage (52%) of labelled catecholamine containing neurosecretory terminals as well as the maximal silver grain density per one terminal. In the medial palisade zone where direct neurovascular contacts with the capillary loops prevail, only 27 per cent of neurosecretory terminals were found to harbour tritiated dopamine. On the average 35 per cent of neurosecretory terminals in the median eminence of the rat contain catecholamines (both dopamine and noradrenaline). Pretreatment of animals with reserpine strongly reduced the binding of the label. Per cent of labelled neurosecretory terminals as well as grain density over terminals were decreased in both the medial and lateral palisade zones, although to a lesser degree in the latter. The site of origin of catecholamine fibers as well as the mode of catecholamine action at the level of the median eminence are discussed.
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    Cell & tissue research 204 (1979), S. 127-140 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Somatostatin-like activity ; Retina ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A somatostatin-like substance is demonstrated by light microscopic immunohistochemistry (PAP-method) in perikarya and cell processes of the retina of adult and infant rats. These perikarya are identified according to their size, arrangement and distribution. Each of the first two neuronal orders (receptors, bipolar cells, ganglionic cells) of the visual pathway can be associated with retinal cells reacting positively with anti-somatostatin. In the adult rat, perikarya and processes of (i) horizontal cells, (ii) amacrine cells and (iii) large neurons in the ganglionic layer are specifically labeled. The staining of middle-sized and small ganglion cells is probably caused by the close attachment of labeled fibers to non-reacting cells. Postnatally, the immunoreactive elements develop in parallel to the differentiation of the corresponding retinal layers. It is discussed whether the three types of retinal cells containing a somatostatin-like substance provide an inhibitory system to each of the two orders of retinal neurons.
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  • 89
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    Cell & tissue research 196 (1979), S. 147-151 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Submaxillary salivary gland ; Secretory granules ; Glycoproteins ; Effect of heat ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Secretory granule area and glycoprotein concentration of the saliva in the submaxillary gland of rats were measured during various stages of acclimation to heat at 34±1° C. Granule size decreased by 18% during the first five days of heat acclimation (0.025〈p〈0.05) after which period it increased to reach 118% of the control levels after 28 days (p〈0.05). Glycoprotein concentration in the saliva of stimulated glands rose above control levels, reaching a maximum between the 2nd and 5th day of acclimation (p〈0.05). It was concluded that the initial decrease in granule size reflects a decrease in glycoprotein content following an increase in salivary flow known to occur at high ambient temperatures. The subsequent increase in granule size is considered an adaptation of the gland to continuous stimulation. The rise in salivary glycoprotein concentration suggests increased efficiency of the secretory mechanism.
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  • 90
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hypothalamus ; Median eminence ; Intraependymal cisternae ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Structure, three-dimensional arrangement and ontogeny of large intracellular cisternae located in the median eminence region of the rat hypothalamus were studied using toluidin-blue stained semithin sections and electron microscopy. The cisternae occur along the projections of ependymal cells lining the ventral portion of the third ventricle (infundibular recess). Small cisternae can be seen close to the ventricle, whereas larger ones, divided into smaller compartments by thin septa, cluster near the surface of the hypothalamus. The cisternae are encompassed by a thin layer of cytoplasm to which axon terminals containing synaptic and dense core vesicles are closely related. Cisternae are arranged around the median eminence in a characteristic pattern. They occupy the midline in the retrochiasmatic area, flank both margins of the median eminence and extend caudally behind the origin of the pituitary stalk. The cisternae appear first between the 15th and 17th postnatal days. At about the 30th day their size and distribution resemble the situation observed in adult animals. The ependymal cisternae are suggested to be closely related to the luteinizing-hormone releasing-hormone (LH-RH)-containing fibers.
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  • 91
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Salamander skin ; Skin capillaries ; Poison gland capillaries ; Microcorrosion casts ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Microcorrosion casts of blood vessels in the skin of the spotted salamander, Salamandra salamandra L., were studied using scanning electron microscopy. The investigated vessels include a subepidermal network of respiratory capillaries and the vessels of poison glands. A hypothesis is proposed, according to which both types of vascular beds possess a common origin. Probable factors involved in the differentiation of the primary netword of the subepidermal vessels in larvae are indicated and speculation concerning the supposed mosaic type of circulation in the capillaries of the subepidermal respiratory bed is presented.
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  • 92
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    Cell & tissue research 197 (1979), S. 337-346 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Development ; Median eminence ; Neurohypophysial hormones ; Corticotrophin releasing factor ; Immunoperoxidase histochemistry ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Transverse sections of the median eminence from fetal and neonatal rats were examined by the immunoperoxidase technique to detect the presence of oxytocin, vasopressin and neurophysin. Neurophysin was observed in the 18-day fetus. Vasopressin and oxytocin were not detected until after birth, on the 4th and 8th days respectively. There was an accumulation of material crossreactive with neurophysin and vasopressin antibodies in the palisade layer of the median eminence between the 4th and 9th days after birth. This distribution of immunoreactive material in the palisade layer was suggestive of neurosecretory substances localized in two fibre tracts on either side of the median eminence. The data are consistent with the accumulation of corticotropin releasing factor and an associated neurophysin in this area. It is suggested that the accumulation of material occurs because of the relative immaturity of the capillary loops that constitute the primary plexus of the hypophysial portal system.
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  • 93
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    Cell & tissue research 198 (1979), S. 129-136 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cerebral ventricles ; Ependyma ; Pores ; Subarachnoid space ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Amphibia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Scanning electron microscopy of the caudal end of the roof of the fourth cerebral ventricle in four amphibian species shows that numerous pores occur between the ependymal cells. These pores have diameters ranging from 5–100 μm; they permit bulk flow of cerebrospinal fluid out of the ventricular system into the subarachnoid space.
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  • 94
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    Cell & tissue research 196 (1979), S. 23-38 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adrenal cortex ; Mammals ; Three-dimensional organization ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The adrenal cortex of different mammals was studied by SEM in order to demonstrate its actual three-dimensional organization. In the rat, as well as in the cat and pig, the adrenal cortex appeared as a “tunnelled continuum” of polyhedral cells arranged in plate-like structures (laminae). This laminar arrangement was more evident in the inner fasciculate and reticular zones where the cortex revealed a striking similarity to liver tissue. The polyhedral cells of all cortical zones possessed regular facets populated by small pits, larger invaginations and numerous microvilli with the exception of very short and smooth areas probably corresponding to attachment zones and/or gap junctions. This cellular architecture produced a labyrinthic system of intercellular channels or lacunae in which the capillaries were suspended. The pericapillary areas of this labyrinth contained microvilli, amorphous material, a delicate net of fibrils and occasional cells. The intercellular compartment of this lacunar system was mainly bordered by numerous microvilli arising from endocrine cells. The luminal surface of the capillary wall showed not only irregularly protruding margins (interpretable as endothelial junctions) but also clearly overlapping and flattened endothelial extensions. In all the animals and areas of the adrenal cortex examined, the endothelial wall was provided with abundant clusters of small fenestrations (about 50 nm in diameter) generally arranged in sieve plates. Larger fenestrations were noted mainly in the fasciculate and reticular zones of the cat and pig and occasionally in the rat. A final point related to the nature and significance of sinusoidal fenestrations was the occurrence of irregularly shaped and intracapillary located cells mainly noted in the deeper zones of the fasciculate and reticular zones of the gland. These elements — possessing the surface characteristics of macrophages — were observed, with their irregular and slender evaginations, in close proximity to the large fenestrations in a manner reminiscent of Kupffer cells within the lumen of liver sinusoids.
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    Cell & tissue research 196 (1979), S. 237-247 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Liver ; Kupffer cells ; G6PDH activity ; Histochemistry ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The aim of this study was to identify the G6PDH-active sinusoidal cells in the rat liver described by Rieder et al. (1978). Because of their number and distribution in the liver parenchyma, endothelial cells and pit cells could be excluded. Fat-storing cells were specifically marked by vital staining with vitamin A and identified by fluorescence microscopy. Kupffer cells could be detected after vital staining with carmine. Both staining methods allowed a subsequent incubation for the demonstration of G6PDH activity in the same unfixed cryostat section. Whereas more than 80% of the fluorescent particles were found outside the enzyme-positive cells, all G6PDH-active cells contained carmine particles. After counting the G6PDH-active cells, an estimation of 0.217 × 108 cells/g liver tissue was obtained. The results indicate that high G6PDH activity is common to all Kupffer cells, and is therefore a highly specific marker enzyme for this class of sinusoidal liver cells.
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  • 96
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neurosecretion ; Hypothalamo-hindbrain pathway ; Rat ; Blood pressure ; Milk ejection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. In lactating rats and in rats deprived of water, the amount of neurosecretory material in the fibres of the neurosecretory hypothalamohindbrain pathway exceeds that in untreated control animals. Under these experimental conditions the pathway and its target regions can be well analysed by means of fluorescence and electron microscopic methods. 2. The axons belonging to the hypothalamo-hindbrain pathway originate from perikarya located in the caudal portion of the nucleus paraventricularis and also from a small group of perikarya in the caudo-lateral hypothalamus. On the way to the hindbrain the neurosecretory fibres join other fibre bundles of the mid- and hindbrain. 3. In the hindbrain most of the neurosecretory fibres terminate in the area of the nucleus tractus solitarii and in the area of the dorsal column nuclei. The axon terminals form synapses with other neurones. 4. Using cytochemical methods at the ultrastructural level (Naumann and Sterba, 1976), the authors were able to prove that the vesicles in the exohypothalamic fibres and in their synaptic terminals contain the same sort of material as the neurophysin vesicles in the posterior lobe of the hypophysis. 5. The most distinct increase in neurophysin was observed in lactating females which were separated from their sucklings after a normal lactation period of 15 days and killed four days thereafter, and in rats deprived of water for different time periods. 6. The relationship of the neurosecretory hypothalamo-hindbrain pathway to the nucleus tractus solitarii and to the dorsal column nuclei suggests that, functionally, there may be a correlation between the system of blood-pressure control and the milk ejection reflex.
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  • 97
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    Cell & tissue research 197 (1979), S. 539-543 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ventricular surface ; Paraventricular organ ; Domestic fowl ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ventricular surface of the paraventricular organ in the domestic fowl is covered with supraependymal fiber elements. These fibers form a dense network having a web-like appearance and a coarse network of fibers running over the ventricular surface. The dense, web-like networks are mainly distributed throughout the caudal region of this organ, whereas the coarse networks are observed in the rostral region. In addition to these structures, spherical bodies with diameters approximately 2.5 to 6 μm are also encountered.
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  • 98
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    Development genes and evolution 184 (1978), S. 273-283 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Nervous system ; Development ; Imaginal discs ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The pathway of adult sensory nerves has been analysed in three experimental situations: (i) in flies with grossly abnormal thoracic morphology resulting from X-irradiation early during development, (ii) in flies which had been subjected to surgical operations late in the larval period, (iii) in homoeotic mutants. The results provide experimental support for a simple mechanism in which developing adult axons join the nearest larval nerve and are guided by it up to the central nervous system. In particular, experimental interference with normal development can result in nerves from different segments, or from dorsal and ventral appendages, joining each other and entering the central nervous system together.
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  • 99
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    Development genes and evolution 184 (1978), S. 325-350 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Optic lobes ; Compound eyes ; Development ; Odonata
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des résultats antérieurs ayant montré une certaine dépendance du lobe optique envers l'oeil composé au cours du développement post-embryonnaire, il importait de préciser le rôle joué par les fibres post-rétiniennes qui relient ces deux organes. On pouvait, en particulier, se demander si l'activité mitotique du massif d'accroissement commun aux deux ganglions optiques externes (la lamina et la medulla) est contrôlée par le nombre de fibres postrétiniennes néoformées, ou bien si le rôle régulateur des fibres post-rétiniennes s'exerce plus tard, au moment de la différenciation des cellules ganglionnaires. Afin de répondre à ces questions trois types d'opération impliquant l'activité des fibres post-rétiniennes ont été pratiquées: (1) Une déficience en fibres post-rétiniennes néoformées a été obtenue par ablation de la zone d'accroissement oculaire et son remplacement par du tégument banal. (2) Une surcharge en jeunes fibres post-rétiniennes a été réalisée par l'induction de zones d'accroissement oculaires supplémentaires à la suite de rotations antéro-postérieures de volets oculaires. (3) Des “témoins-opérés” ont subi l'ablation, puis la remise en place immédiate de volets oculaires identiques à ceux des séries précédentes. Les résultats obtenus ont permis de préciser les processus régulateurs qui contrôlent la croissance du lobe optique en la rendant dépendante de la croissance de l'oeil sus-jacent. Cette régulation, qui consiste en un ajustement exact du nombre des cellules ganglionnaires fonctionnelles à celui des fibres postrétiniennes, s'exercerait à trois niveaux: (1) Une première régulation de la croissance contrôlerait le nombre total de neuroblastes dans le massif d'accroissement externe, la quantité de ces cellules embryonnaires étant d'autant plus élevé que la densité de fibres post-rétiniennes serait plus forte. Par contre, le taux mitotique du massif d'accroissement, qui s'est révélé invariable, ne serait pas sous le contrôle des fibres post-rétiniennes. (2) Une seconde régulation, beaucoup plus précise, s'effectuant dans la lamina, consisterait en la différenciation des seules cellules ganglionnaires contactées par les fibres post-rétiniennes néoformées, les cellules surnuméraires dégénérant alors rapidement. L'action différenciatrice s'exercant au niveau des autres ganglions, medulla et lobula, nécessiterait la présence à la fois des fibres post-rétiniennes à orientation centripètes, et des fibres centrifuges. (3) Un ultime processus régulateur, qui implique l'intégrité des fibres postrétiniennes, assurerait le maintien des cellules ganglionnaires fonctionnelles.
    Notes: Summary Since to earlier results indicated a dependence of the optic lobe on the compound eye during post-embryonic development, it appeared essential to specify the part played by the post-retinal fibres connecting these two organs. Especially, we wondered if the mitotic activity in the outer optic anlage common to the two outer optic ganglia (lamina and medulla) was controlled by the number of newly-neoformed post-retinal fibres, or if the regulating influence from the post-retinal fibres takes place later, during the differentiation of the ganglion cells. In order to answer these questions, three kinds of operation were performed: (1) removal, in young larvae, of the zone producing new ommatidia. This operation deprives the optic of the arrival of new post-retinal fibres below the operated level. (2) overloading of post-retinal fibres, by inducing zones that produced supernumerary ommatidia. (3) removal of an ocular volet, followed by its immediate reinsertion, to provide a “surgery-control”. The following results were obtained: (1) A preliminary growth regulation controlled the total number of neuroblasts in the outer optic anlage. However, the permanent mitotic activity of these cells was not controlled by post-retinal fibres. (2) A second regulation, much more precise, occurring in the lamina, consisted in the differentiation of the ganglion cells being affected by the new post-retinal fibres. The supernumerary cells then rapidly degenerated. (3) A last regulatory process, implying the integrity of post-retinal fibres, maintained the ganglion cells.
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    Development genes and evolution 184 (1978), S. 1-13 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Cell division ; Development ; Cryptobiosis ; Nauplius larva
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Cell division during embryonic development of the brine shrimp,Artemia salina has been studied by counting nuclei and mitotic figures. No cell division was observed during development of the encysted gastrula until about an hour before emergence of the embryo (a pre-nauplius) from the cyst, and even then only a few mitotic figures were observed. Following emergence, and during further development up to the stage II nauplius larva an increase of about 25% in the number of cells occurs. However, when the newly hatched larva is exposed to FUdR (10 μg/ml) cell division is largely inhibited, but observable development nevertheless proceeds normally. Evidently all processes involved with the development of the gastrula into a stage II nauplius larva can occur with far fewer cells than normally are present.
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