ALBERT

Description: 24 European annually resolved stable isotope chronologies have been constructed from tree ring cellulose for the last 400 years (1600CE – 2003CE) for carbon and oxygen and for the last 100 years for hydrogen. Data was produced within the ISONET project (400 Years of Annual Reconstructions of European Climate Variability Using a Highly Resolved Isotopic Network,) to initiate an extensive spatiotemporal tree-ring stable isotope network across Europe funded as part of the fifth EC Framework Programme “Energy, Environment and Sustainable Development”. This data set comprises the ISONET δ13C records.

Description: The here referenced dataset provides eventbased Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) recordings made with an approximately 22 km long dark telecommunication fiber lying in urban Potsdam and surroundings. For each of 164 Mgt;=5 earthquakes occurring in February 2023 and listed by the USGS, one hour of data is provided starting with the event's origin time. Additionally, the whole day of February 14 is provided in hourly files. The data was recorded in the frame of the global DAS month, an initiative to collaboratively record and share simultaneously recorded DAS data from all over the world (https://www.norsar.no/in-focus/global-das-monitoring-month-february-2023). DAS is an emerging technology increasingly used by seismologists to convert kilometer long optical fibers into seismic sensors.

Description: This data set is digital image correlation data, including surface displacement and strain data from laboratory subduction megathrust earthquake cycles. The data consists of grids of surface strain (elastic and permanent), trench-normal surface displacement, vorticity and divergence maps over analog seismic cycles, and time series of surface displacement. The data have been derived using a stereo camera setup and processed with LaVision Davis 10 software. Detailed descriptions of the experiments and results regarding the surface pattern of the strain can be found in Kosari et al. (2023), to which this data set is supplementary. We use three configurations to mimic the along-strike heterogeneous spatiotemporal distribution of frictional locking (Rosenau et al., 2019; Kosari et al., 2022b). A central patch separates two stick-slip zones as an aseismic barrier in all configurations. The frictional properties of the central patch vary as a velocity-strengthening (VS configuration), a velocity-neutral (VN), and a velocity-weakening (VW configuration). The VW zone generates smaller slip events with a higher frequency (i.e., recurrence interval) than the stick-slip zones. Four frictionally different materials have been emplaced on the interface: The sticky-rice as velocity-weakening material (a-blt;0) resulting in stick-slip cycles simulating earthquake cycles, fine-grained sugar and rubber-sand mixture as velocity-strengthening (a-bgt;0) and velocity-neutral (a-b=0) material, and fine-grained salt as velocity-weakening material (a-blt;0) (Kosari et al., 2023).

Description: This data set includes videos depicting the surface evolution (time-lapse photography, digital image correlation [DIC] analysis, and topography analysis), and internal evolution (X-ray CT-imagery and DIC analysis) of four laboratory experiments (analogue models) simulating lithospheric-scale rifting. All experiments were performed at the Tectonic Modelling Laboratory of the University of Bern (UB). Detailed descriptions of the model set-up and results, as well as the monitoring techniques can be found in Zwaan amp; Schreurs (2023a and b).

Description: The present dataset is a comprehensive earthquake catalogue for the Northern Chile subduction zone forearc covering the period 2007-2021, determined from IPOC seismic station data (GFZ and CNRS-INSU 2006; https://doi.org/10.14470/pk615318) plus some auxiliary stations (IPOC = Integrated Plate Boundary Observatory Chile; http://www.ipoc-network.org). The method of automatized earthquake catalogue retrieval, the different relocation steps as well as the different earthquake class labels, and the structures outlined by the seismicity are described in detail in Sippl et al. (2023). The catalogue builds on the one from Sippl et al. (2018; https://doi.org/10.5880/GFZ.4.1.2018.001), but uses a slightly deviating parameter set and a new event category. The columns of the data files are: year, month, day, hour, minute, second, latitude [dec. degrees], longitude [dec. degrees], depth [km], magnitude [ML], identifier The identifier term provides a first-order spatial classification of the seismicity, an explanation is given in Sippl et al. (2023).

Description: The Global Gravity-based Groundwater Product (G3P) provides groundwater storage anomalies (GWSA) from a cross-cutting combination of GRACE/GRACE-FO-based terrestrial water storage (TWS) and storage compartments of the water cycle (WSCs) that are part of the Copernicus portfolio. The data set comprises gridded anomalies of groundwater, TWS, and the WSCs glacier, snow, soil moisture and surface water bodies plus layers containing uncertainty information for the individual data products. All WSCs are spatially filtered with a Gaussian filter to be compatible with TWS. Spatial coverage is global, except Greenland and Antarctica, with 0.5-degree resolution. Temporal coverage is from April 2002 to December 2020 with monthly temporal resolution. Gridded data sets are available as NetCDF files containing variables for the parameter value as anomaly in mm equivalent water height and the parameter’s uncertainty as mm equivalent water height. The latest version of the data is visualized at the GravIS portal: http://gravis.gfz-potsdam.de/gws. From GravIS, the data is also available as area averages for several large river basins and aquifers, as well as for climatically similar regions. G3P was funded by the EU Horizon 2020 programme in response to the call LC-SPACE-04-EO-2019-2020 “Copernicus evolution – Research activities in support of cross-cutting applications between Copernicus services” under grant agreement No. 870353.

Description: The GOCE satellite carries three magnetometers as part of its drag-free attitude orbit control system (DFACS). The magnetometers do not belong to the scientific payload of the mission. After postprocessing of the data, information on the geomagnetic field and on electric currents in near Earth space are derived. The GOCE fluxgate magnetometer data (MAG) have been combined into to a single time series. The provided data consists of raw magnetic field data as provided by Level 1b (RAW), magnetic field data aligned, calibrated and corrected (ACAL_CORR), CHAOS7 magnetic model predictions for core, crustal and large-scale magnetospheric field (CHAOS7, Finlay et al., 2020), housekeeping information, e.g. magnetorquer, solar array and battery currents (HK), Magnetic coordinates (APEX) and radial and field-aligned currents derived from magnetic data (FAC). The calibration and characterization follows the approach given in the references for GOCE calibration. The data are provided in NASA cdf format (https://cdf.gsfc.nasa.gov/) and accessible at: ftp://isdcftp.gfz-potsdam.de/platmag/MAGNETIC_FIELD/GOCE/Analytical/v0205/ and further described in a README.

Description: Long-term tide gauge records provide valuable insights to sea level variations, but interpretation requires an accurate determination of the associated vertical land motion. Within the Tide Gauge Benchmark Monitoring Working Group of the International GNSS Service, we performed a dedicated reprocessing (1994-2020) for GNSS stations co-located with tide gauges. Based on 341 stations the GFZ contribution to the third TIGA reprocessing provides vertical land motion rates for 230 stations at or close to recently active tide gauges. We limited the processing to GPS observations.

Description: The Gravity field and steady-state ocean circulation explorer (GOCE) satellite mission carries three platform magnetometers. After careful calibration, the data acquired through these can be used for scientific purposes by removing artificial disturbances from other satellite payload systems. This dataset is based on the dataset provided by Michaelis and Korte (2022) and uses a similar format. The platform magnetometer data has been calibrated against CHAOS7 magnetic field model predic-tions for core, crustal and large-scale magnetospheric field (Finlay et al., 2020) and is provided in the ‘chaos’ folder. The calibration results using a Machine Learning approach are provided in the ‘calcorr’ folder. Michaelis’ dataset can be used as an extension to this dataset for additional infor-mation, as they are connected using the same timestamps to match and relate the same data points. The exact approach based on Machine Learning is described in the referenced publication. The data is provided in NASA CDF format (https://cdf.gsfc.nasa.gov/) and accessible at: ftp://isdcftp.gfz-potsdam.de/platmag/MAGNETIC_FIELD/GOCE/ML/v0204/ and further de-scribed in a README.

Description: The 50 km long KTB Line 2 was recorded in 1985 as part of deep seismic reflection investigations for the DEKORP (German Continental Seismic Reflection Program) and KTB (German Continental Deep Drilling Program) projects. The network of lines consists of two DEKORP profiles, DEKORP 4N and its appendix 4Q, and six shorter KTB profiles, KTB 8501 – 8506, arranged in the form of a grid parallel and perpendicular to the main tectonic lineaments. The purpose of the investigations was to explore the planned target area for the Continental Deep Drilling Site in the Upper Palatinate with high-fold near-vertical incidence vibroseis acquisition. The main focus was on the crustal structure of the central Mid-European Variscides down to the Moho and the uppermost mantle and, in particular, on the suture between the Moldanubian Zone and the northward adjacent Saxothuringian Zone as well as on the metamorphic Zone of Erbendorf-Vohenstrauss. The array of the KTB profiles represents the pre-cursor of the 3D seismic survey ISO 1989 (Integrated Seismics Oberpfalz). Details of the experiment, first results and interpretations were published by DEKORP Research Group (1987, 1988). Results discussed together with the drilling site were presented in a number of works which can be found in Emmermann & Wohlenberg (1989). The Technical Report of KTB 8502 gives complete information about acquisition and processing parameters. The European Variscides, extending from the French Central Massif to the East European Platform, originated during the collision between Gondwana and Baltica in the Late Palaeozoic. Due to involvement of various crustal blocks in the orogenesis, the mountain belt is subdivided into distinct zones. The external fold-and-thrust belts of the Rhenohercynian and Saxothuringian as well as the predominantly crystalline body of the Moldanubian dominate the central European segment of the Variscides. Polyphase tectonic deformation, magmatism and metamorphic processes led to a complex interlinking between the units. The Saxothuringian represents the infill of a Cambro-Ordovician basin. The Moldanubian contains blocks of pre-Variscan crust and their Palaezoic cover. During the Variscan orogeny the Moldanubian crust was thrust toward the northwest over the Saxothuringian foreland. Both units were welded to one another by a low-pressure metamorphism accompanied by polyphase deformation (DEKORP Research Group, 1987, 1988). The ENE – WSW striking line KTB 8502 is located normally to the KTB lines 8504, 8505 and 8506 and to DEKORP 4N. The profile runs close to the area of the KTB drill hole, thereby crossing the DEKORP 3D survey ISO 1989. As well as the lines KTB 8501 and 8503 the profile 8502 was arranged parallel to strike, running across the NW-SE directed system of block-faults at the southwestern margin of the Bohemian Massif (DEKORP Research Group, 1988). In the southwest KTB 8502 crosses the Franconian Line, a fault zone which separates the crystalline Bohemian Massif from a foreland. Farther to the northeast KTB 8502 crosses metamorphic nappes and Variscan granites of the Erbendorf-Vohenstrauss Zone.

Description: sandbox is an R-tool for probabilistic numerical modelling of sediment properties. A flexible framework for definition and application of time/depth- based rules for sets of parameters for single grains that can be used to create artificial sediment profiles. Such profiles can be used for virtual sample preparation and synthetic, for instance, luminescence measurements.

Description: The 42 km long KTB Line 6 was recorded in 1985 as part of deep seismic reflection investigations for the DEKORP (German Continental Seismic Reflection Program) and KTB (German Continental Deep Drilling Program) projects. The network of lines consists of two DEKORP profiles, DEKORP 4N and its appendix 4Q, and six shorter KTB profiles, KTB 8501 – 8506, arranged in the form of a grid parallel and perpendicular to the main tectonic lineaments. The purpose of the investigations was to explore the planned target area for the Continental Deep Drilling Site in the Upper Palatinate with high-fold near-vertical incidence vibroseis acquisition. The main focus was on the crustal structure of the central Mid-European Variscides down to the Moho and the uppermost mantle and, in particular, on the suture between the Moldanubian Zone and the northward adjacent Saxothuringian Zone as well as on the metamorphic Zone of Erbendorf-Vohenstrauss. The array of the KTB profiles represents the pre-cursor of the 3-D seismic survey ISO 1989 (Integrated Seismics Oberpfalz). Details of the experiment, first results and interpretations were published by DEKORP Research Group (1987, 1988). Results discussed together with the drilling site were presented in a number of works which can be found in Emmermann & Wohlenberg (1989). The Technical Report of KTB 8506 gives complete information about acquisition and processing parameters. The European Variscides, extending from the French Central Massif to the East European Platform, originated during the collision between Gondwana and Baltica in the Late Palaeozoic. Due to involvement of various crustal blocks in the orogenesis, the mountain belt is subdivided into distinct zones. The external fold-and-thrust belts of the Rhenohercynian and Saxothuringian as well as the predominantly crystalline body of the Moldanubian dominate the central European segment of the Variscides. Polyphase tectonic deformation, magmatism and metamorphic processes led to a complex interlinking between the units. The Saxothuringian represents the infill of a Cambro-Ordovician basin. The Moldanubian contains blocks of pre-Variscan crust and their Palaezoic cover. During the Variscan orogeny the Moldanubian crust was thrust toward the northwest over the Saxothuringian foreland. Both units were welded to one another by a low-pressure metamorphism accompanied by polyphase deformation (DEKORP Research Group, 1987, 1988). The SSE-NNW trending line KTB 8506 runs from the Upper Palatinate Forest in the southeast to the Fichtel Mountains in the northwest. The line is located ca. 22 km northeast from the KTB drill site, nearly parallel to KTB 8504, KTB 8505 and DEKORP 4N and perpendicular to KTB 8501 – 8503. The profile was arranged to explore the Tirschenreuth-Mähring segment of the Saxothuringian/Moldanubian boundary region (DEKORP Research Group, 1988).

Description: The profile 2N was recorded in 1986 as part of the DEKORP project, the German deep seismic reflection program. The focus of the DEKORP project was on deep crustal and lithospheric structures and therefore originally not on structures at shallower depths. From today's perspective, however, this depth range is of great interest for a wide range of possible technical applications (including medium-depth and deep geothermal projects). The original data is published by Stiller et al. (2021). The southernmost 68 km of the 219 km long profile 2N were reprocessed on behalf of the Hessian Agency of Nature Conservation, Environment and Geology (HLNUG). The focus of the reprocessing was on improving the resolution / mapping of geological structures down to a depth of 6 km (approx. 3 s TWT) to describe the prolongation of faults and geological structures in more detail than in previous studies. In order to achieve these goals and in view of the fact that today's processing and evaluation methods have been improved considerably compared to the 1990‘s, a state-of-the-art reprocessing was implemented. In comparison with the original processing (Stiller et al. (2021)), more sophisticated processing steps like CRS (Common Reflection Surface) instead of CDP (Common Depth Point) stacking, turning-ray tomography and prestack time and depth migration were carried out. The reprocessing results of the DEKORP 2N survey comprise all datasets newly achieved in addition to the datasets from the original processing (Stiller et al. (2021)), i.e. (1) the migrated CRS image gathers as unstacked data, and (2) the pure CRS stack, the poststack-time as well as prestack-time and prestack-depth migrated sections as stacked data. Moreover, (3) all velocity models used for the different versions including (4) the separate first-break tomography inversion, are contained. All reprocessed data come in SEGY trace format, the final sections additionally in PDF graphic format. A reprocessing report is included as well as again all meta information for each domain (source, receiver, CDP) like coordinates, elevations, locations and static corrections combined in ASCII-tables for geometry assignment purposes. The DEKORP 2 survey, consisting of the three segments 86-2Q, 86-2N and 84-2S, starts in the sub-Variscan foredeep of the Münsterland Basin and ends in the Moldanubian region at the Danube. The central part crosses the Rhenish Massif (Rhenohercynian), the Spessart Mountains of the Mid-German Crystalline High (Saxothuringian) and the meteorite impact location of the "Nördlinger Ries". The 219 km long, SSE-NNW striking DEKORP 2N line provides a cross-section through the Rhenish Massif from the sub-Variscan Münsterland Basin in the north to the Rhenohercynian Taunus Mountains in the south. The profile is the northern continuation of DEKORP 2S, which intersects at profile km 7.72. The reprocessed datasets contain a sub-section of the entire 2N with a total length of 67.84 km of full CDP fold, covering the profile’s southern part through the state of Hesse. The DEKORP '86-2N profile is of particular interest to investigate the seismic resolution of the Rhenish Massif and its different structures, such as the Siegen anticline, the Dill syncline, and the Lahn anticline. In the most southern part, the profile reaches into the Rhenohercynian Taunus Mountains until the Taunus ridge. The seismic sections of 2N show clear, deep reaching reflections along the prolongation of the whole profile supporting newer theories of nappe structures in the hessian part of the Rhenish Massif. The reflections are more clearly visible than in the original processing. All visible structures are mainly SE-dipping reflections in the upper crust, which represent lithologic contrasts as well as thrust faults known from surface geology. In the lower crust highly reflective predominantly SE-dipping reflectors can be identified. Moho reflections are clearly identifiable and deepening to the NW.

Description: The 47 km long KTB Line 1 was recorded in 1985 as part of deep seismic reflection investigations for the DEKORP (German Continental Seismic Reflection Program) and KTB (German Continental Deep Drilling Program) projects. The network of lines consists of two DEKORP profiles, DEKORP 4N and its appendix 4Q, and six shorter KTB profiles, KTB 8501 – 8506, arranged in the form of a grid parallel and perpendicular to the main tectonic lineaments. high-fold near-vertical incidence vibroseis acquisition. The main focus was on the crustal structure of the central Mid-European Variscides down to the Moho and the uppermost mantle and, in particular, on the suture between the Moldanubian Zone and the northward adjacent Saxothuringian Zone as well as on the metamorphic Zone of Erbendorf-Vohenstrauss. The array of the KTB profiles represents the pre-cursor of the 3-D seismic survey ISO 1989 (Integrated Seismics Oberpfalz). Details of the experiment, first results and interpretations were published by DEKORP Research Group (1987, 1988). Results discussed together with the drilling site were presented in a number of works which can be found in Emmermann & Wohlenberg (1989). The Technical Report of KTB 8501 gives complete information about acquisition and processing parameters. The European Variscides, extending from the French Central Massif to the East European Platform, originated during the collision between Gondwana and Baltica in the Late Palaeozoic. Due to involvement of various crustal blocks in the orogenesis, the mountain belt is subdivided into distinct zones. The external fold-and-thrust belts of the Rhenohercynian and Saxothuringian as well as the predominantly crystalline body of the Moldanubian dominate the central European segment of the Variscides. Polyphase tectonic deformation, magmatism and metamorphic processes led to a complex interlinking between the units. The Saxothuringian represents the infill of a Cambro-Ordovician basin. The Moldanubian contains blocks of pre-Variscan crust and their Palaezoic cover. During the Variscan orogeny the Moldanubian crust was thrust toward the northwest over the Saxothuringian foreland. Both units were welded to one another by a low-pressure metamorphism accompanied by polyphase deformation (DEKORP Research Group, 1987, 1988). The WSW – ENE striking line KTB 8501 is located ca. 12 km north of the KTB borehole. From southwest to northeast KTB 8501 crosses KTB 8504, DEKORP 4N, KTB 8505 and KTB 8506. As well as the lines KTB 8502 and 8503 the profile 8501 was arranged parallel to strike running across the NW-SE directed system of block-faults at the southwestern margin of the Bohemian Massif (DEKORP Research Group, 1988). The most important tectonic lineament, crossed by KTB 8501, is the NW-trending Franconian Line. The fault zone separates the crystalline Bohemian Massif from the foreland, which is covered by Mesozoic and Upper Palaeozoic sedimentary rocks (DEKORP Research Group, 1987).

Description: The 50 km long KTB Line 4 was recorded in 1985 as part of deep seismic reflection investigations for the DEKORP (German Continental Seismic Reflection Program) and KTB (German Continental Deep Drilling Program) projects. The network of lines consists of two DEKORP profiles, DEKORP 4N and its appendix 4Q, and six shorter KTB profiles, KTB 8501 – 8506, arranged in the form of a grid parallel and perpendicular to the main tectonic lineaments. The purpose of the investigations was to explore the planned target area for the Continental Deep Drilling Site in the Upper Palatinate with high-fold near-vertical incidence vibroseis acquisition. The main focus was on the crustal structure of the central Mid-European Variscides down to the Moho and the uppermost mantle and, in particular, on the suture between the Moldanubian Zone and the northward adjacent Saxothuringian Zone as well as on the metamorphic Zone of Erbendorf-Vohenstrauss. The array of the KTB profiles represents the pre-cursor of the 3-D seismic survey ISO 1989 (Integrated Seismics Oberpfalz). Details of the experiment, first results and interpretations were published by DEKORP Research Group (1987, 1988). Results discussed together with the drilling site were presented in a number of works which can be found in Emmermann & Wohlenberg (1989). The Technical Report of KTB 8504 gives complete information about acquisition and processing parameters. The European Variscides, extending from the French Central Massif to the East European Platform, originated during the collision between Gondwana and Baltica in the Late Palaeozoic. Due to involvement of various crustal blocks in the orogenesis, the mountain belt is subdivided into distinct zones. The external fold-and-thrust belts of the Rhenohercynian and Saxothuringian as well as the predominantly crystalline body of the Moldanubian dominate the central European segment of the Variscides. Polyphase tectonic deformation, magmatism and metamorphic processes led to a complex interlinking between the units. The Saxothuringian represents the infill of a Cambro-Ordovician basin. The Moldanubian contains blocks of pre-Variscan crust and their Palaezoic cover. During the Variscan orogeny the Moldanubian crust was thrust toward the northwest over the Saxothuringian foreland. Both units were welded to one another by a low-pressure metamorphism accompanied by polyphase deformation (DEKORP Research Group, 1987, 1988). The NNW-SSE trending line KTB 8504 runs ca. 15 km southwest from the KTB drill site, nearly parallel to KTB 8505, KTB 8506 and DEKORP 4N and perpendicular to KTB 8501 – 8503. The profile is located southwest of the Franconian Line inside the Permo-Carboniferous and younger sediments of the Mesozoic foreland, which is underlain by a westward continuation of the Erbendorf-Vohenstrauss Zone (DEKORP Research Group, 1988).

Description: The 55 km long KTB Line 5 was recorded in 1985 as part of deep seismic reflection investigations for the DEKORP (German Continental Seismic Reflection Program) and KTB (German Continental Deep Drilling Program) projects. The network of lines consists of two DEKORP profiles, DEKORP 4N and its appendix 4Q, and six shorter KTB profiles, KTB 8501 – 8506, arranged in the form of a grid parallel and perpendicular to the main tectonic lineaments. The purpose of the investigations was to explore the planned target area for the Continental Deep Drilling Site in the Upper Palatinate with high-fold near-vertical incidence vibroseis acquisition. The main focus was on the crustal structure of the central Mid-European Variscides down to the Moho and the uppermost mantle and, in particular, on the suture between the Moldanubian Zone and the northward adjacent Saxothuringian Zone as well as on the metamorphic Zone of Erbendorf-Vohenstrauss. The array of the KTB profiles represents the pre-cursor of the 3-D seismic survey ISO 1989 (Integrated Seismics Oberpfalz). Details of the experiment, first results and interpretations were published by DEKORP Research Group (1987, 1988). Results discussed together with the drilling site were presented in a number of works which can be found in Emmermann & Wohlenberg (1989). The Technical Report of KTB 8505 gives complete information about acquisition and processing parameters. The European Variscides, extending from the French Central Massif to the East European Platform, originated during the collision between Gondwana and Baltica in the Late Palaeozoic. Due to involvement of various crustal blocks in the orogenesis, the mountain belt is subdivided into distinct zones. The external fold-and-thrust belts of the Rhenohercynian and Saxothuringian as well as the predominantly crystalline body of the Moldanubian dominate the central European segment of the Variscides. Polyphase tectonic deformation, magmatism and metamorphic processes led to a complex interlinking between the units. The Saxothuringian represents the infill of a Cambro-Ordovician basin. The Moldanubian contains blocks of pre-Variscan crust and their Palaezoic cover. During the Variscan orogeny the Moldanubian crust was thrust toward the northwest over the Saxothuringian foreland. Both units were welded to one another by a low-pressure metamorphism accompanied by polyphase deformation (DEKORP Research Group, 1987, 1988). The SSE-NNW trending line KTB 8505 runs from the Upper Palatinate Forest in the southeast to the Fichtel Mountains in the northwest. The line is located ca. 9 km northeast from the KTB drill site, nearly parallel to KTB 8504, KTB 8506 and DEKORP 4N and perpendicular to KTB 8501 – 8503. The profile also crosses the DEKORP 3D survey ISO 1989. KTB 8505 was arranged to explore the Tirschenreuth-Mähring segment of the Saxothuringian/Moldanubian boundary region (DEKORP Research Group, 1988).

Description: The 56 km long KTB Line 3 was recorded in 1985 as part of deep seismic reflection investigations for the DEKORP (German Continental Seismic Reflection Program) and KTB (German Continental Deep Drilling Program) projects. The network of lines consists of two DEKORP profiles, DEKORP 4N and its appendix 4Q, and six shorter KTB profiles, KTB 8501 – 8506, arranged in the form of a grid parallel and perpendicular to the main tectonic lineaments. The purpose of the investigations was to explore the planned target area for the Continental Deep Drilling Site in the Upper Palatinate with high-fold near-vertical incidence vibroseis acquisition. The main focus was on the crustal structure of the central Mid-European Variscides down to the Moho and the uppermost mantle and, in particular, on the suture between the Moldanubian Zone and the northward adjacent Saxothuringian Zone as well as on the metamorphic Zone of Erbendorf-Vohenstrauss. The array of the KTB profiles represents the pre-cursor of the 3-D seismic survey ISO 1989 (Integrated Seismics Oberpfalz). Details of the experiment, first results and interpretations were published by DEKORP Research Group (1987, 1988). Results discussed together with the drilling site were presented in a number of works which can be found in Emmermann & Wohlenberg (1989). The Technical Report of KTB 8503 gives complete information about acquisition and processing parameters. The European Variscides, extending from the French Central Massif to the East European Platform, originated during the collision between Gondwana and Baltica in the Late Palaeozoic. Due to involvement of various crustal blocks in the orogenesis, the mountain belt is subdivided into distinct zones. The external fold-and-thrust belts of the Rhenohercynian and Saxothuringian as well as the predominantly crystalline body of the Moldanubian dominate the central European segment of the Variscides. Polyphase tectonic deformation, magmatism and metamorphic processes led to a complex interlinking between the units. The Saxothuringian represents the infill of a Cambro-Ordovician basin. The Moldanubian contains blocks of pre-Variscan crust and their Palaezoic cover. During the Variscan orogeny the Moldanubian crust was thrust toward the northwest over the Saxothuringian foreland. Both units were welded to one another by a low-pressure metamorphism accompanied by polyphase deformation (DEKORP Research Group, 1987, 1988). The WSW – ENE striking line KTB 8503 is located normally to the KTB lines 8504, 8505 and 8506 and to DEKORP 4N running ca. 16 km south of the KTB drill hole. As well as the lines KTB 8501 and 8502 the profile 8503 was arranged parallel to strike running across the NW-SE directed system of block-faults at the southwestern margin of the Bohemian Massif (DEKORP Research Group, 1988). In the southwest KTB 8503 crosses the Franconian Line, a fault zone which separates the crystalline Bohemian Massif from a foreland. Farther to the northeast KTB 8503 runs through metamorphic nappes and Variscan granites of the Erbendorf-Vohenstrauss-Zone.

Description: Here, we present an empirical model of the equatorial electron pitch angle distributions, based on the Magnetic Electron Ion Spectrometer (MagEIS) instrument aboard the Van Allen Probes. The model was created for energies from 37 keV up to 2.65 MeV. The model uses the solar wind dynamic pressure as a driving parameter and has a continuous dependence on Lm, magnetic local time and activity. It works for L-shells from 3.05 up around 5.95. For each channel of the MagEIS instrument, there are two files with model coefficients, one for Pdyn 〈5.5-6 nPa (e.g., “Pijk_246_keV.dat’) , and the second one for very high dynamic pressure values above 5.5 nPa (e.g., “Pijk_246_keV_HIGH.dat’). The script to read both file types is provided (“read_coefs.py”), and the data format is explained in the readme file.

Description: The Central Andes (~21°S) is a subduction-type orogeny formed in the last ~50 Ma from the subduction of the Nazca oceanic plate beneath the South American continental plate. However, the most important phases of deformation occur in the last 20 Ma. Pulses of shortening have led to the sudden growth of the by the Altiplano-Puna plateau. Previous studies have provided insights on the importance of various mechanisms on the overall shortening such as the weakening of the overriding plate from crustal eclogitization and delamination, or the importance of a relatively high friction at the subduction interface, and weak sediments in foreland. However none of them has addressed the mechanism behind these shortening pulses yet. Therefore, we built a series of high resolution 2D visco-plastic subduction models using the ASPECT geodynamic code, in which the oceanic plate is buoyancy-driven and the velocity of the continent is prescribed. We have also implemented a realistic geometry for the south American plate at ~30 Ma. We propose a new plausible mechanism (buckling and steepening of the slab) as the cause of these pulses. The buckling leads to the blockage of the trench. Consequently, the difference of velocity between the South American plate and the trench is accommodated by shortening. The data presented here includes the parameters files, for the reference model (S1) and the following alternative simulations: models with variation of the friction at the subduction interface (S2a-c), a model without eclogitization of the lower crust (S3) and a model with higher thermal conductivity of the upper crust (S4). Additionally, this publication includes the initial composition and thermal state of the lithosphere used for the models and a Readme file that gives all the instructions to run them.

Description: The profile 2S was recorded in 1984 as part of the DEKORP project, the German deep seismic reflection program. The focus of the DEKORP project was on deep crustal and lithospheric structures and therefore originally not on structures at shallower depths. From today's perspective, however, this depth range is of great interest for a wide range of possible technical applications (including medium-depth and deep geothermal projects). The original data is published by Stiller et al. (2020). The northernmost 50 km of the 250 km long profile 2S were reprocessed on behalf of the Hessian Agency of Nature Conservation, Environment and Geology (HLNUG). The focus of the reprocessing was on improving the resolution / mapping of geological structures down to a depth of 6 km (approx. 3 s TWT) to describe the prolongation of faults and geological structures in more detail than in previous studies. In order to achieve these goals and in view of the fact that today's processing and evaluation methods have been improved considerably compared to the 1990‘s, a state-of-the-art reprocessing was implemented. In comparison with the original processing (Stiller et al. (2020)), more sophisticated processing steps like CRS (Common Reflection Surface) instead of CDP (Common Depth Point) stacking, turning-ray tomography and prestack time and depth migration were carried out. The reprocessing results of the DEKORP 2S survey comprise all datasets newly achieved in addition to the datasets from the original processing (Stiller et al. (2020)), i.e. (1) the migrated CRS image gathers as unstacked data, and (2) the pure CRS stack, the poststack-time as well as prestack-time and prestack-depth migrated sections as stacked data. Moreover, (3) all velocity models used for the different versions including (4) the separate first-break tomography inversion, are contained. All reprocessed data come in SEGY trace format, the final sections additionally in PDF graphic format. A reprocessing report is included as well as again all meta information for each domain (source, receiver, CDP) like coordinates, elevations, locations and static corrections combined in ASCII-tables for geometry assignment purposes. The DEKORP 2 survey, consisting of the three segments 86-2Q, 86-2N and 84-2S, starts in the sub-Variscan foredeep of the Münsterland Basin and ends in the Moldanubian region at the Danube. The central part crosses the Rhenish Massif (Rhenohercynian), the Spessart Mountains of the Mid-German Crystalline High (Saxothuringian) and the meteorite impact location of the "Nördlinger Ries". DEKORP '84-2S, was the first DEKORP line and the only one which mainly used explosives as the seismic source. The 250 km long, SE-NW striking profile extends from the Rhenohercynian Taunus Mountains to the Danube thereby crossing the Spessart Mountains, the Hessian Trough and the "Nördlinger Ries". The profile DEKORP 2S is the southern continuation of DEKORP 2N, which intersects at profile km 246.08. The reprocessed datasets contain a sub-section of the entire 2S profile with a total length of 50 km of full CDP fold, covering the profile’s northern part through the state of Hesse. The DEKORP '84-2S profile is of particular interest to investigate the seismic resolution of the Rhenohercynian Taunus Mountains including the Taunus ridge, as well as the Tertiary Hessian Trough, the Permian Wetterau nappe and a small part of the crystalline Spessart Mountains. The seismic sections of 2S show clearly visible, predominantly SE-dipping reflectors indicating flat-and-ramp tectonics and a differentiation into a highly reflective lower crust and a less reflective upper crust. Due to the use of explosive shots with relatively large spacing as the seismic source, less new information could be achieved for the uppermost crust compared to the original processing and to other DEKORP (vibroseis) surveys. A clear Moho reflection is visible throughout the whole profile section at a depth of ca. 26 to 28 km.

Description: “1-month seismological experiment on Etna, Italy in 2019" is a 1-month seismological experi-ment realized near the Pizzi Deneri Observatory on Etna, Italy, by Eva Eibl and Daniel Vollmer (University of Potsdam) in collaboration with Philippe Jousset from GFZ Potsdam Germany and Gilda Currenti and Graziano Larocca from INGV-OE, Italy. From August to September 2019, we recorded the volcano-seismic events accompanying the volcanic activity using a rotational sensor and a co-located seismometer. The aim of the seismological experiment was to study LP events, VT events and tremor. We used a 3-component broadband seismometer (Nanometrics Trillium Compact 120 s) and a 3-component rotational sensor (iXblue blueSeis-3A) and stored the data on a DataCube and CommunicationCube, respectively. Sensors were installed on the same 35 * 35 * 3 cm3 granitic base plate at about 40 cm depth enclosed by backfilled pyroclastic material to avoid wind noise. The instruments recorded at 200 Hz sampling rate and were located about 2 km from the craters on Etna. The setup was powered using 3 solar panels of 140W each and three batteries of 75Ah each. We oriented the rotational sensor and seismometer using a Quadrans fiber-optical gyrocompass. The Quadrans is not affected by magnetic minerals in the ground and our sensors are hence properly aligned to geographic north. We converted the seismometer data to MSEED using Pyrocko’s Jackseis program and created a catalogs of LP events and VT events that were further investigated in Eibl et al. 2022. Waveform data are available from the GEOFON data centre, under network code ZR.

Description: The profile DEKORP 3B/MVE, consisting of the two segments West and East, was recorded in 1990 as part of the DEKORP project, the German deep seismic reflection program. The focus of the DEKORP project was on deep crustal and lithospheric structures and therefore originally not on structures at shallower depths. From today's perspective, however, this depth range is of great interest for a wide range of possible technical applications (including medium-depth and deep geothermal projects). The original data is published by Stiller et al. (2021). The westernmost 91 km of the 208 km long profile 3B (West) were reprocessed on behalf of the Hessian Agency of Nature Conservation, Environment and Geology (HLNUG). As a particularity, also a set of 18 cross-lines, each ca. 12 km in length and perpendicular to the main lines, were surveyed along DEKORP 3B/MVE to get information about possible cross-dips. Four of those short cross-lines were reprocessed in 2D as well. The focus of the reprocessing of the old data was on improving the resolution / mapping of geological structures down to a depth of 6 km (approx. 3 s TWT) to describe the prolongation of faults and geological structures in more detail than in previous studies. In order to achieve these goals and in view of the fact that today's processing and evaluation methods have been improved considerably compared to the 1990‘s, a state-of-the-art reprocessing was implemented. In comparison with the original processing (Stiller et al. (2021)), more sophisticated processing steps like CRS (Common Reflection Surface) instead of CDP (Common Depth Point) stacking, turning-ray tomography and prestack time and depth migration were carried out. The reprocessing results of the DEKORP 3B (West) survey comprise all datasets newly achieved in addition to the datasets from the original processing (Stiller et al. (2021)), i.e. (1) the migrated CRS image gathers as unstacked data, and (2) the pure CRS stack, the poststack-time as well as prestack-time and prestack-depth migrated sections as stacked data. Moreover, (3) all velocity models used for the different versions including (4) the separate first-break tomography inversion, are contained. Additionally, the results of the 2D-reprocessing of cross-lines Q21-Q24 are included. All reprocessed data come in SEGY trace format, the final sections additionally in PDF graphic format. A reprocessing report is included as well as again all meta information for each domain (source, receiver, CDP) like coordinates, elevations, locations and static corrections combined in ASCII-tables for geometry assignment purposes. The DEKORP 3 survey was a combined seismic survey investigating the Variscan structures of the Rhenohercynian and the Saxothuringian. Consisting of three seismic lines it starts in the Rhenohercynian Hessian Depression (DEKORP 3A), crosses the Saxothuringian Mid-German Crystalline High (DEKORP 3B/MVE (West)) and runs parallel to the northern margin of the Moldanubian (DEKORP 3B/MVE (East)). The 207.65 km long DEKORP 3B (West) profile trends NW-SE and intersects DEKORP 3A in the Tertiary volcanic field within the "Northern Phyllite Zone". It crosses the Hessian Depression of the Rhenohercynian, runs through the Rhön Tertiary volcanic province and the Mesozoic Franconian Basin to the Bohemian Massif. The line ends at the Franconian Line. The reprocessed datasets contain a sub-section of the entire 3B (West) profile with a total length of 90.8 km of full CDP coverage, covering the territory of the state of Hesse, i. e. from the profile’s starting point in the NW to the SE until the Rhön volcanic complex. The reprocessed part of 3B (West) is intersected by four short cross-lines along the profile at km 8.75, 32.6, 64.75, 84.35 and by DEKORP 3A at km 42.3. The DEKORP '90-3B profile is of particular interest to investigate the seismic resolution of the Hessian depression, the east-hessian Buntsandstein nappe as well as the tertiary volcanic fields of the Kellerwald and Rhön.

Description: "2-year seismological experiment near Fagradalsfjall, Reykjanes peninsula in 2021/22" is a two-year seismological experiment realized near the eruptive site at Fagradalsfjall on the Reykjanes peninsula, Iceland, by Eva Eibl (University of Potsdam) in collaboration with Gylfi P. Hersir, Egill Á. Gudnason and Friðgeir Pétursson from ISOR Iceland. From March to September 2021 an effusive, basaltic eruption happened in Geldingadalir near mount Fagradalsfjall on the Reykjanes peninsula. The aim of the seismic experiment was to monitor volcano-seismic signals such as LP events, VT events and tremor, before, during and after the eruption from 14 March 2021 to August 2022. We used two broadband seismometers (Nanometrics Trillium Compact 120 s) and two rotational sensors (iXblue blueSeis-3A) and stored the data on DataCubes and CommunicationCubes, respectively. Sensors were until mid-June installed on the surface and shielded from wind using a bucket. From mid-June they were buried 40cm deep in the ground at about 2 km from the eruptive vent. At any given time, at least one station recorded the seismic signals caused by the eruption. Waveform data are available from the GEOFON data centre, under network code 9F.

Description: GRACE monthly gravity field solutions starting from April 2002 to June 2017 up to degree and order 90 computed with the Celestial Mechanics Approach at AIUB. The time series is an updated of AIUB-RL02 GRACE monthly gravity field time series using Level-1B GRACE data and updated background models. The dataset is created within the framework of the G3P - Global Gravity-based Groundwater Product project (https://www.g3p.eu/), this project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 870353.

Description: In coastal Arctic permafrost regions, thermokarst lagoons represent the transition state from a freshwater lacustrine to a marine environment, and receive little attention regarding their role for greenhouse gas production and release. The geochemical features of a thermokarst lagoon were compared with two thermokarst lakes on the Bykovsky Peninsula in northeastern Siberia. This data set includes pH, major cations and anions, alkalinity, salinity, and dissolved iron (ferric and ferrous) concentrations from porewater of lake and lagoon sediments; the concentration and stable isotopic signature of CH4 in small plug samples from the sediment cores; total carbon (TC), total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN), and total sulfur (TS) measured from the bulk sediment; and several biomarker indices (e.g. CPI, Paq) were calculated based on n-alkane concentrations to characterize the origin of organic matter (OM) in the lakes.

Description: High resolution debris thickness mapping using land surface temperature maps (LST) and surface energy balance modelling (SEBM). LST data was produced by a radiometric thermal infrared measurements from an uncrewed aerial vehicle (UAV). The SEBM considers the rate of change of heat storage as an energy balance component derived from diurnal temperature variablity.

Description: This data repository contains a brief description of the building classification scheme for physical vulnerability to tsunamis and corresponding fragility functions originally proposed by Medina, 2019. These fragility functions are used as input to construct their associated state-dependent fragility functions using scaling factors, which were obtained as ad-hoc calibration parameters. A Python script to produce a file with such a model is provided along with the needed inputs and resulting output files.

Description: This folder contains the scripts, input and output files required to calculate the inter-scheme conversion matrices for building types and the implicit damage states of their respective fragility models for two selected vulnerability schemes: one for earthquakes and the other for tsunamis. They were used in previous studies to characterize the residential building stock of Lima. The outcomes generated in this data repository are valuable inputs to then calculate the disaggregated and cumulative damage and losses expected for cascading hazard scenarios.

Description: This dataset contains measurements of viscous and viscoelastic materials that are used for analogue modelling. Proper density and viscosity scaling of ductile layers in the crust and lithosphere, requires materials like Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), to be mixed with fillers and low viscoity silicone oils. Changing the filler content and filler material, the density, viscosity and power-law coefficient can be tuned according to the requirements. All materials contain a large amount of PDMS and all but one a small amount of an additional silicone oil. Adding plasticine or barium sulfate lead to shear thinning rheologies with power-law exponents of p〈0.95. Adding corundum powder only has a minor effect on the power-law exponent. Some mixtures also have an apparent yield point but all are in the liquid state in the tested range. In general, the rheologies of the materials are very complex and in some cases strongly temperature dependent. However, in the narrow range of relevant strain rates, the behaviour is well defined by a power-law relation and thus found suitable for simulating ductile layers in crust and lithosphere.

Description: We present an outstanding record of local, dense Large-N seismic and distributed acoustic sensor observations of a meteoroid from July 2, 2021 in Iceland. Our dataset includes high-quality observations from seven small aperture arrays of few hundred meters, an infrasound array, and a rotational station, all located within the distance range of 300 km. The high-frequency data show a variety of different phases associated with the source process along the atmospheric trajectory, including impulsive negative 1 first ground motions, a complex coda wave train about 2.5 s long thereafter, an azimuth-dependent stopping phase with reversed polarity between 1-25 s after the first arrival, which is resolved over only a few kilometers. The ground motion amplitude between the first and last arrivals is generally elevated. We associate the waveform in the 2.5 s coda with meteor-atmosphere interactions and nonlinear plasma processes that produce an oscillating shock-wave source pulse. Our data suggest a small azimuth-dependent deflection or dispersion of this source pulse, which may be related to the meteoroid’s deceleration in the atmosphere. We present a finite-length kinematic line-source pulse model that consistently explains the different phases inside and outside the Mach cone segment of our images, their wave amplitude variations, and a polarity change between the first phase and the terminating phase. The previously undiscovered rich directivity effects can also explain seemingly contradictory, time-dependent wave energy beam-directions at the various small aperture arrays and along the DAS cable. A combination of conventional locations and a Bayesian inversion of first and stopping phase arrivals led to a precise localization of the meteor trajectory.

Description: “This ocean-bottom seismometer deployment is part of the SEAMSTRESS project examining tectonic stress effects on Arctic methane seepage. The project is led by PI Andreia Plaza-Faverola at the Centre for Arctic Gas Hydrates, University of Tromsö, Norway. A total of 10 ocean bottom seismometers (OBS) were deployed on Vestnesa Ridge, a sediment drift body just north Knipovich Ridge at its intersection with the Molloy Transform fault (cruise CAGE-20-5). The aim of the experiment was to look for stress release along faults that control seepage sites on Vestnesa Ridge. The network consisted of 8 Lobster type broadband OBS from the German Instrument Pool for Amphibian Seismology (DEPAS) and 2 3C geophones provided by the University of Tromsö. Instruments were free-fall deployed and spaced by about 10 km. They recorded continuously at 100 Hz for 11 months between August 2020 and July 2021.Short, intersecting refraction profiles were shot across all OBS stations, such that OBS positions at the seafloor could be determined within 10 m (cruise CAGE-21-3). Clock drift in this experiment was nonlinear and skew values were only obtained for 6 of the stations. Skew-corrected station VSN01 served as reference station to obtain the clock drift of all other stations using noise cross-correlation and subsequently correct also for the thus determined nonlinearity of time drift. Waveform data are available from the GEOFON data centre, under network code Y9 and are embargoed until July 2025.

Description: This data publication encompasses a set of global tidal levels for individual epochs between 21 ka BP and present-day, the underlying global partial tides solutions (sea surface elevations and transports), and the global mean tidal dissipation as calculated from 8 partial tides. The data set was produced using the purely-hydrodynamical ocean tide model TiME, which was recently upgraded in the framework of the DFG-project Nerograv (https://www.lrg.tum.de/iapg/nerograv/) and which can be used for several applications: first, the reconstruction of indicative ranges for paleo sea levels markers, e.g. sea-level index points (SLIPs), second, to derive open boundary conditions for high-resolution regional paleo tide simulations, and third, to provide constraints for tidal deep ocean dissipation when running ocean general circulations models (OGCMs). The gridded information was transferred to a number of files in netcdf-format on a rotated-pole grid. The next section describes the creation of the data in more detail. Please also consider the data description for more details about the creation of this data set.

Description: This data publication is supplementary to a study on the effect of large boulders and bedrock fracture patterns on hillslope denudation rates in the Chilean Coastal Cordillera, by Lodes et al. (submitted). Hillslope denudation rates are primarily determined by tectonic uplift rates, but landscape morphology is also controlled by climate and lithological properties such as bedrock fractures. Fracture patterns can influence the locations of ridges and valleys in landscapes through lowering surface grain sizes in fractured areas, and therefore the residence time of fractured hillslope material, dictating differential denudation rates. In this project, we used 10Be cosmogenic nuclide analysis to quantify the denudation rates of fractured bedrock, boulders, and soil on hillslopes, and compared the orientations of surrounding streams and faults, to understand the effects of fracturing and faulting on denudation rates, fluvial incision, and grain size in three field sites along a climate gradient in the Chilean Coastal Cordillera. In the humid and semi-arid climate zones, we found that denudation rates for unfractured bedrock and large hillslope boulders (10 to 15 m Myr-1) are lower than for soil (15 to 20 m Myr-1), indicating that exposed bedrock and boulders retard hillslope denudation rates. In the mediterranean climate zone, hillslope denudation rates are higher (40-140 m Myr-1) and show a less consistent pattern, likely due to steeper slopes. LiDAR-derived stream orientations support a fracture-control on landscape denudation in the three field sites, which we link with fracture density. Together, our results thus provide new insights into how fracture patterns can dictate topographic highs and valleys through grain size reduction. The main objective of this data publication is to provide our 10Be dataset which we used to calculate denudation rates for bedrock, boulders, and soils.

Description: Gas hydrates are ice-like crystalline solids in which water molecules trap gas molecules in clathrate structures. They can preserve in low temperatures and elevated pressures and may exist in permafrost or deep marine environments. Natural gas hydrates are especially sensitive to the changes in temperature and pressure due to environmental changes. This can result in hydrate decomposition, which in turn may release enormous amounts of CH4 as the main component of natural gas hydrates. This study was an effort to use the molecular simulations for the estimation of possible gas release from the destabilization of natural gas hydrate reservoirs in response to environmental changes. The dissociation data for simple CH4 hydrates, CH4-C3H8 hydrates and CH4-C2H6-C3H8-CO2 mixed hydrates were provided by using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The MD simulations could provide a better understanding of the phenomena involved in the dissociation process of gas hydrates and help to explain the experimental observations. It would be one of the best molecular simulation tools for calculating time-dependent properties. The simple CH4 form structure I (sI) hydrates, while the above-mentioned binary and multicomponent gas mixtures can form structure II (sII) hydrates. Different simulation boxes were designed based on the structures and guest molecules of the gas hydrates. The simulation for CH4 hydrates was done via thermal stimulation above the ice point and depressurization below the ice point. For the mixed hydrates, the simulation data were only provided via thermal stimulation above the ice point. The dataset showed the simulation source files as well as the calculated time-dependent properties of gas hydrates upon the dissociation process. This included the simulation trajectories, gas density profiles, order parameters, ratios of large-to-small cavities, normalized rates of cavity decomposition, and gas compositions. This dataset contains the inputs/outputs of four simulation runs which include the molecular coordinate and structure (.gro file) and trajectory (.xtc file), as well as the calculated time-dependent properties (.vmd and .xls files) for each run. The simulation time and length were presented in nanoseconds (ns) and nanometers (nm), respectively. Further details on the simulation methodology, procedures, and calculations have been provided in the following sections.

Description: The International Geodynamics and Earth Tide Service (IGETS) was established in 2015 by the International Association of Geodesy (IAG). IGETS continues the activities of the Global Geodynamics Project (GGP, 1997-2015) to provide support to geodetic and geophysical research activities using superconducting gravimeter (SG) data within the context of an international network. The Walferdange Underground Laboratory for Geodynamics (WULG) is located at the middle of a long labyrinth of galleries which originally have been established for the commercial extraction of gypsum. Exceptional temperature and humidity stability, the absence of water and human perturbations, distance from the ocean and easy access, were some of the motivations for initially choosing this site for instrumentation and Earth tide research. Instruments to measure the micro deformations produced by the tidal forces have been developed and tested in the Laboratory for more than 30 years. Ground deformations and earthquakes are or have been recorded continuously by means of spring gravimeters, vertical and horizontal pendulums, long base water tube tiltmeters, vertical and horizontal strain meters, short period and broad band seismometers. Meteorological parameters (temperature, humidity and atmospheric pressure), as well as radon gas emissions, are also continuously monitored in various locations within the mine. In 2000, the Minister of Research of the Grand-Duchy of Luxembourg decided to establish a new International Reference Station for Intercomparisons of Absolute Gravimeters (ISIAG). The instrumentation to support the project includes a superconducting gravimeter OSG-CT040, an absolute gravimeter FG5X-216, and other ancillary equipment necessary to support research. In January 2002, a first superconducting gravimeter was installed. The instrument was then stopped in March 2003 due to an abnormally large instrumental drift. In December 2003, it was replaced by a brand-new gravimeter with the same name and which continuously operates since that date. Absolute gravity measurements have been performed on a regular time base to calibrate the superconducting gravimeter and to estimate its instrumental drift. Since 2003, the WULG hosted three European Comparisons and one International Comparison of Absolute Gravimeters. It was the first international comparison outside the walls of the BIPM (Bureau International des Poids et Mesures) in Sèvres (France) where it had traditionally been organized for 30 years.

Description: The USGS has suspended the distribution of the widely used whole rock reference materials BHVO, BCR and BIR. The goal of this work is to identify a material as similar as possible to the original BIR Islandic basalt. This material can then undergo an ISO-compliant certification of the whole rock powder major and trace element contents. The sampling quarry east of Reykjavik has multiple basalt flows and it is not known which one was originally sampled in 1980 for production of above mentioned reference materials. In this study, three samples were tested to see which is most similar to what was published by Flanigan (1984). Here, the results of this exploratory sample collection are presented, but note that these data are not part of the certification process or represent certified results.

Description: The objective of the Lomonosov satellite development concerns the studies of the ultra-high energy cosmic rays and fast processes in optic, X-ray and gamma-ranges which occur in the upper layers of the Earth's atmosphere and in the Universe. This dataset consists of electron particle detector (EPD) counts data of the ELFIN-L instrument which has been described in Shprits et al. (2018). The data rate is 2 measurements per second on 8 physical electron detectors with 12 sub-channels from 21 keV to 4.7 MeV. The data is available from May to November 2016. Due to commissioning-phase and changes in the detector configuration only data from August to November 2016 is usable. Some of the electron detector channels do not provide valid or other than noise measurements. The valid channels are for 21 keV, 30 keV, 44 keV, 1.006 MeV and 1.600 MeV.

Description: This data set includes overviews and videos depicting the surface evolution (time-lapse photographs, topography data and digital image correlation [DIC] analysis) of 6 analogue models simulating rotational rift tectonics. In these experiments we examined the links between rotational rifting and different distributions of lithospheric weaknesses, and the evolution of the East African Rift System. All experiments were performed at the Tectonic Modelling Laboratory of the University of Bern (UB). Detailed descriptions of the model set-up and results, as well as the monitoring techniques can be found in Zwaan & Schreurs (2023).

Description: The Early-Warning and Rapid Impact Assessment with real-time GNSS in the Mediterranean (EWRICA) is a federal Ministry of Education and Research funded project (funding period: 2020-2023) that aims to develop fast kinematic and point source inversion and modeling tools combining GNSS-based near field data with traditional broadband ground velocity and accelerometer data. Fast and robust estimates of seismic source parameters are essential for reliable hazard estimates, e.g. in the frame of tsunami early warning. Hence, EWRICA aims for the development and testing of new real time seismic source inversion techniques based on local surface displacements. The resulting methods shall be applied for tsunami early warning purposes in the Mediterranean area. In this framework, this repository is a suite of four packages that can be used and combined in different ways and are ewricacore, ewricasiria, ewricagm and ewricawebapp. These four packages can be deployed in a docker container (see instructions below) to demonstrate a possible output of Early-Warning and Rapid Impact Assessment. In the Docker, a probabilistic earthquake source inversion report (ewricasiria) and a Neural network based Shake map (ewricagm) are generated for two past earthquakes whose data (event and waveform) is continuously served by GEOFON servers at regualr intervals to produce and test a real case scenario. The whole workflow is managed by ewricacore, a central unit of work that first fetches the waveform data via the seedlink protocol and event data via event bus or FDSN web service, then collects and cuts waveforms segments according to a custom configuration, and eventually triggers custom processing (ewricasiria and ewricagm in the docker, but any processing can be implemented) whenever configurable conditions are met. The final package, ewricawebapp is a web-based graphical user interface that can be opened in your local browser or deployed on your web server in order to visualize and check all output produced by the docker workflow in form of HTML pges, images and data in various formats (e.g., JSON, log text files).

Description: We present a Python application to download events and data from FDSN webservices (https://www.fdsn.org/webservices/) and compute the events energy Magnitude (Me), producing outputs in several formats (QuakeML, HDF, CSV, HTML). This software has been used to compile a seismic catalogue including Me estimated form P-waves recorded at teleseismic distances in the range 20° ≤ ∆ ≤ 98°, available at GFZ Data Services (Bindi et al., 2023; https://doi.org/10.5880/GFZ.2.6.2023.010). The software complete pipeline (download and energy magnitude computation) can be deployed locally via terminal commands or chained and scheduled on a server to compute the energy magnitude in semi-realtime (e.g. daily or weekly).

Description: The Southern Permian Basin in Central Europe (in Germany and Poland) hosts several sediment-hosted Cu deposits (see Borg et al., 2012). The Cu- and Zn-Pb sulfide mineralization is preserved in the coarse-grained continental siliciclastics of the uppermost Rotliegend (S1), organic matter- and carbonate-rich marine mudstones of the Kupferschiefer (T1) and dolomitic Zechstein Limestone (Ca1). In these datasets, we provide quantitative mineralogical and geochemical data of drill core samples from the Saale Basin in East Germany. The samples include the uppermost Rotliegend sandstone (S1), Kupferschiefer (T1) and lowermost Zechstein Limestone (Ca1), referred as the Kupferschiefer system, from three drill cores (Sangerhausen, Allstedt and Wallendorf). This data publication includes quantitative mineralogy (X-ray diffraction), bulk rock major, minor and trace element geochemistry (X-ray fluorescence and inductively coupled mass spectrometry) and total organic carbon (elemental analyzer).

Description: In support of the Environmental Mapping & Analysis Program (EnMAP) mission [1], the acquisition of accurate and comparable spectroradiometric in-situ measurements is crucial for vicarious validation of the official EnMAP data products [2]. This document provides a guide on properly conducting spectroradiometric field measurements within the scope of EnMAP. It is a summary, of the detailed technical handbook developed by the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) [3], the approach established by the Remote Sensing Laboratories (RSL, University of Zurich) [4], on the bases of „Progress in field spectroscopy“ [5], “Field and airborne spectroscopy cross validation - Some considerations” [6] and the experience gained throughout numerous validation efforts for air- and spaceborne sensors by the Remote Sensing and Geoinformatics section at the GFZ Potsdam that have been specially adapted for EnMAP purposes. The following procedure should be used when conducting in-situ measurements of terrestrial surfaces to obtain consistent measurements by applying a repeatable approach throughout the validation phase of the EnMAP mission.

Description: In near-Earth space, a large population of high-energy electrons are trapped by Earth’s magnetic field. These energetic electrons are trapped in the regions called Earth’s ring current and radiation belts. They are very dynamic and show a very strong dependence on solar wind and geomagnetic conditions. These energetic electrons can be dangerous to satellites in the near-Earth space. Therefore, it is very important to understand the mechanisms which drive the dynamics of these energetic electrons. Wave-particle interaction is one of the most important mechanisms. Among the waves that can be encountered by the energetic electrons when they move around our Earth, whistler mode chorus waves can cause both acceleration and the loss of energetic electrons in the Earth's radiation belts and ring current. Using more than 5 years of wave measurements from NASA’s Van Allen Probe mission, Wang et al (2019) developed chorus wave models which depend on magnetic local time (MLT), Magnetic Latitude (MLat), L-shell, and geomagnetic condition index Kp. To quantify the effect of chorus waves on energetic electrons, we calculated the bounce-averaged quasi-linear diffusion coefficients using the chorus wave model developed by Wang et al (2019) and extended to higher latitudes according to Wang and Shprits (2019). Using these diffusion coefficients, we calculated the lifetime of the electrons with an energy range from 1 keV to 2 MeV. In each MLT, we calculate the lifetime for each energy and L-shell using two different methods according to Shprits et al (2007) and Albert and Shprits (2009). We make the calculated electron lifetime database available here. Please notice that the chorus wave model by Wang et al (2019) is valid when Kp 〈= 6. If the user wants to use this lifetime database for Kp 〉6, please be careful and contact the authors.

Description: This publication provides the codes produced for the article "Temporally dynamic carbon dioxide and methane emission factors for rewetted peatlands. Nature Communications Earth and Environment" by Aram Kalhori, Christian Wille, Pia Gottschalk, Zhan Li, Josh Hashemi, Karl Kemper, and Torsten Sachs (https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-024-01226-9). In the article, the authors estimate the cumulative GHG emissions of a rewetted peatland in Germany using the long-term ecosystem flux measurements. They observe a source-to-sink transition of annual carbon dioxide (CO2) fluxes and decreasing trend of methane (CH4) emissions. This software is written in R and MATLAB. Running the codes ([R files and .m files](Code)) and loading the data files ([CSV files and .mat files](Data)) requires the pre-installation of [R and RStudio] (https://posit.co/downloads/) and ([MATLAB]. The RStudio 2022.07.2 Build 576 version has been used for the R scripts. The land cover classification work was performed in QGIS, v.3.16.11-Hannover. Data were analyzed in both MATLAB and R and plots created with R (R Core Development Team 2020) in RStudio®.

Description: The data provided here is an exemplary dataset for the flux site Zarnekow from one year (2018). The complete dataset that is needed to run the codes for all the years can be obtained from the European Fluxes Database Cluster under site ID DE-Zrk (Sachs et al., 2016) or provided upon request. This repository is intended to provide the necessary MATLAB and R code to reproduce the results by Kalhori et al. (2024). The data are provided as zip folder containing (1) a csv file with associated definition of variables and units (file: 2023-004_Kalhori-et-al_README_2018_units.txt), (2) a shapefile (file: 2023-004_Kalhori-et-al_2018_LAiV_DOP.shp) and (3) a Geotiff (file: 2023-004_Kalhori-et-al_2018_LAiV_DOP.tiff).

Description: This data publication represents the main outcomes of WP1.200 of Individual Project IP1 and Deliverable D1.1 of the research unit NEROGRAV. The goal of WP1.200 was the realistic representation of modern ocean tide model uncertainties in the form of empirical Variance-Covariance Matrices (VCMs) for the utilization in satellite gravimetric dealiasing. In the following, we describe the data set generation and format. A more detailed description of the processing strategy of the data set can be found in Abrykosov et al. (2021).

Description: The three datasets presented here are high-resolution catalogs containing origin time of seismic events for the same region and time range that have derived using AI-based techniques and a matched filter search. The corresponding standard catalogs from the agencies AFAD and KOERI are available under https://tdvms.afad.gov.tr/ (last accessed 28/07/2022) and http://www.koeri.boun.edu.tr/sismo/2/earthquake-catalog/ (last accessed 28/07/2022), respectively, when searching in the bulletin for longitude 28.80-29.10, latitude 40.4-40.625, and from November 1st 2018 to January 31th, 2019. Specifications for the three catalogs are. (i) Catalog derived utilizing AI-based techniques. We applied the PhaseNet deep learning method (Zhu & Beroza, 2019) to detect and pick the P-and S- waves of seismic events embedded in continuous seismic recordings from 16 stations surrounding the region of interest resampled at 100 Hz. The method was trained on a dataset from Northern California, but has been shown to generalize well to other tectonic settings. The picks were associated into seismic events using the GaMMA association method (Zhu et al., 2022). Manual check of the waveforms from all detections led to 516 seismic events with clear waveforms retained for further processing. (ii) Template matching catalog A. We applied the matched filter algorithm EQcorrscan (Chamberlain et al., 2017) to the two nearby seismic stations with the largest data recovery during the period of interest, ARMT and MDNY. We utilized 14 manually picked template events with M 〉 2 that occurred in the region of interest during the analyzed time period, which were recorded in both stations. As a first criteria to remove false detections, we retained only detections exhibiting a Median Absolute Deviation (MAD) larger than eight. We required detections from different templates to be at least 1.5 seconds apart. To remove duplicate detections (e.g., detections of the same event by different templates), we retained the detections with the highest average correlation if multiple detections occurred within 2.5 seconds. As a second criteria, we calculated cross-correlation derived phase-picks. A pick was declared if the maximum normalized correlation between the signal of the template event and of the detection exceeds 0.7. We correlated the signals in a short window of ±0.3 seconds around the assumed pick time based on a time-shifted version of the template phase-pick. We retained the S-pick exhibiting the higher cross-correlation value with respect to the template. Following this step, we considered only detections with ≥ 2 picks. In case of events with only two picks we ensured that that were from the same station to have control on the ts-tp and therefore the distance of the event from the detecting station. This catalog contains 2,462 seismic events (all manually reviewed) with magnitudes MW in the range [-2.4, 4.5]. Since we were not able to locate the events from this catalog, we considered as “origin time” the time of the first arrival. (iii) Template matching catalog B. We derived a second template matching catalog utilizing twelve of the closest seismic stations displaying high seismic data recovery during the analyzed time period. An initial list of detections was generated following the same steps as for the Template Matching Catalog A, with the additional requirement that all detections must contain at least one picks from one of the two closest stations, ARMT and MDNY. All detections from this catalog were also manually reviewed. The full description of the data processing and creation of the catalog is provided in the article “Stress changes can trigger earthquake sequences in a hydrothermal region south of Istanbul” by Martínez-Garzón et al., currently under review in Geophysical Research Letters.

Description: The GFZ-Landsvirkjun Theistareykir Fibre array is located in the Theytareykir geothermal area, in North Iceland. It is collocated with arrays of broadband seismometers and gravity meters (see e.g., https://doi.org/10.1186/s40517-021-00208-w). The geometry of the fibre array is following the telecom network in the area, and was chosen to test the seismological capabilities of telecom cables in this geothermal environment. We connected an iDAS V2 interrogator from Silixa. The interrogator location is lat=65.898041, lon=-16.966274. The array starts N-S and after 1.5 km, turns towards the East, up to a local transmission antenna station for mobile phones. The length of the path is ~5 km. The length of the cable is actually more than 15 km, as other fibre instance is connected at the transmission antenna station.. Jumps were performed along the cable to geo-locate the channels. The exact location of the fibre can unfortunately not be disclosed. Original recordings at 1000 Hz were downsampled to 200 Hz using a software from INGV-OE (michele.prestifilippo@ingv.it) and are provided in an h5 format. We provide here the first fibre instance (5 km long). The data contain 1 h long recording intervals framing M>5 teleseismic earthquakes recorded in the frame of the global DAS month, an initiative to collaboratively record and share simultaneously recorded DAS data from all over the world (https://www.norsar.no/in-focus/global-das-monitoring-month-february-2023). DAS is an emerging technology increasingly used by seismologists to convert kilometer long optical fibers into seismic sensors.

Description: The dataset is an extended and updated version of the homogenized regional earthquake catalogue of the Marmara region, north-western Turkey, presented in Bohnhof et al. (2017) and Wollin et al. (2018). It is built on the regional Turkish seismicity catalogues provided by AFAD (Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency of Turkey) and KOERI (Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute) and spans the time interval 2006-2020. All events available in these two catalogues in the wider Marmara region were combined and dublicate events removed. A total of 13812 events having at least 6 P- and/or S-picks were located using the NLLoc software (Lomax et al., 2000, 2009) in Octtree mode utilizing automatic picks (see Wollin et al., 2018 for details) for all available waveforms. The magnitude range is between M0.3 and M5.7 with time-variable magnitude of completeness and covers the area 39.70S-41.50S and 26.0E-30.65E. The full description of the data and methods is provided in the data description file.

Description: This dataset provides point-shapefiles and geotiffs, related to the figures presented in (Frick et al., 2022a, 2022b). It covers most of northern Germany, with the boundaries defined by the extent of the North German Basin, which is part of the Central European Basin System. The files contain information on the depth (m.b.s. = meter below surface), thickness, temperature, heat in place and heat storage potential of selected geological units and the formations therein. These data are an addendum to the data presented in (Frick et al., 2022a, 2022b), resolving 5 geological units and 9 formations. The data are presented as regularly spaced point-shapefiles, with a spacing of 1000 m. The data were produced as part of the Helmholtz Climate Initiative (HICAM), which focuses on Net Zero 2050 (mitigation) and Adapting to Extreme Events (adaptation). As part of this initiative, estimates of the heat in place and heat storage potential of the subsurface play an important part for mitigation of fossil fuel bound emissions as they pose a promising alternative (geothermal energy). The data presented here, therefore give an overview of areas which might be suited for geothermal applications in the different geothermal target units and formations. We integrated the recently published TUNB Model (BGR et al., 2021) as well as available borehole data, data from the Sandsteinfazies and GeoPoNDD projects (Franz et al., 2018, 2015) and temperature data from two models (Agemar et al., 2014; Frick et al., 2021) the process of which will be described in the following.

Description: IGMAS+ is a software combining 3-D forward and inverse modeling, interactive visualization and interdisciplinary interpretation of potential fields and their applications under geophysical and geological data constrains. The software has a long history starting 1988 and has seen continuous improvement since then with input by many contributors. Since 2019, IGMAS+ is maintained and developed at The Helmholtz Centre Potsdam - GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences by the staff of Section 4.5 – Basin Modelling and Section 5.2 – eScience Centre with strong ongoing support by H.-J. Götze and S. Schmidt from CAU Kiel. The official webpage of IGMAS+ is available at https://www.gfz-potsdam.de/igmas. Each major version of IGMAS+ is assigned with a DOI. Intermediate releases including changelog can be found at https://git.gfz-potsdam.de/igmas/igmas-releases/-/releases/. This is a collection DOI referring to all versions of IGMAS+. Links to each published version are redundantly available via the "Files" section and the Related Work section ("includes").

Description: The GFZ Potsdam HART (Hazard and Risk Team) in cooperation with the DFG research training group 2043 NatRiskChange at Potsdam University has enabled the acquisition of Airborne Laser Scanning (ALS) and high-resolution optical data which were acquired between 22 September 2021 and 24 October 2021 by the Milan Geoservice company, Spremberg, Germany. This data acquisition took place in the Eifel regions of North Rhine-Westphalia (NRW) and Rhineland-Palatinate (RLP), which were hit by the 14 July 2021 precipitation event leading to widespread severe inundations, flash floods and caused around 185 victims and massive damage to settlements, river geometry and other geomorphic features. The high-resolution ALS and optical data acquisitions aimed at the documentation and quantification of the extent of flood related changes and destructions as well as their reappraisal before diffusion erases traces. Thus, the generated data are valuable for forensic event analysis and future attempts on flood forecasting and warning in the context of scientific and practical purposes.

Description: The classical way to model the stress state in a rock volume is to estimate displacement boundary conditions that minimize the deviation of the modelled stress state with respect to model-independent stress information such as stress magnitude data. However, these data records are usually subject to significant uncertainties and measurement errors. Hence, it has to be expected that not all stress magnitude data records are representative and can be used in a model. In order to identify unreliable stress data records, the stress state that is based on individual data records is solved and compared with observations at a few discrete locations. While this method works, it is not efficient in that most of the solved model scenarios will be discarded. The solving of the entire model consumes immense amount of computation time for a high-resolution model. Yet, the stress state is required at only a very limited number of locations. For linear geomechanical models it is sufficient to estimate the stress state from three model scenarios with arbitrary, but different displacement boundary conditions. These three results can be used to estimate analytically using a linear regression at discrete points stress states based on user-defined boundary conditions. The tool Fast Automatic Stress Tensor Estimation (FAST Estimation) is a Python function that automatizes this approach. FAST Estimation provides very efficiently the stress states at pre-defined locations for all possible boundary conditions. It does not provide the continuous stress field as provided by a solved geomechanical model. Instead, it is a cost-efficient solution for the rapid assessment of stress states at a limited number of discrete locations based on pre-defined boundary conditions.

Description: We present a new, consistently processed seismicity catalogue for the Eastern and Southern Alps, based on the temporary dense Swath-D monitoring network. The final catalogue includes 6,053 earthquakes for the time period 2017-2019 and has a magnitude of completeness of −1.0ML. The smallest detected and located events have a magnitude of −1.7ML. Aimed at the low to moderate seismicity in the study region, we generated a multi-level, mostly automatic workflow which combines a priori information from local catalogues and waveform-based event detection, subsequent efficient GPU-based event search by template matching, P & S arrival time pick refinement and location in a regional 3-D velocity model. The resulting seismicity distribution generally confirms the previously identified main seismically active domains, but provides increased resolution of the fault activity at depth. In particular, the high number of small events additionally detected by the template search contributes to a more dense catalogue, providing an important basis for future geological and tectonic studies in this complex part of the Alpine orogen.

Description: Here, we present model files and example scripts for the Neural network-based model of Electron density in the Topside ionosphere (NET). The model is based on radio occultation data from Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment (GRACE), Challenging Minisatellite Payload (CHAMP) and Constellation Observing System for Meteorology Ionosphere and Climate (COSMIC-1) missions from 2001 until 2019. The NET model is based on alpha-Chapman functions with a linear decay of scale height with altitude, and consists of 4 sub-models (2 parameters of the F2-peak and 2 parameters of the linear scale height decay). The model uses geographic and magnetic latitude and longitude, magnetic local time, day of year, altitude, solar flux index P10.7, geomagnetic activity index Kp, storm-time SYM-H index as inputs. An example data frame to run the model is provided, as well as the Jupyter notebook to perform an example run.

Description: The Atmosphere and Ocean non-tidal De-aliasing Level-1B (AOD1B) product is widely used in satellite gravimetry to correct for transient effects of atmosphere-ocean mass variability that would otherwise alias into monthly-mean global gravity fields. The most recent release is based on the global ERA5 reanalysis and ECMWF operational data together with simulations from the general ocean circulation model MPIOM consistently forced with fields of the same atmospheric data-set. As background models are inevitably imperfect, residual errors due to aliasing remain. Accounting for the uncertainties of the background model data has, however, proven to be a useful approach to mitigate the impact of residual aliasing. In light of the changes made in the new release of AOD1B, previous uncertainty assessments are deemed too pessimistic and have been revised in the new time-series of true errors: AOe07. One possible way to include the uncertainty information of background models in gravity field estimation or simulation studies is through the computation and application of a variance-covariance matrix that describes the spatio-temporal error characteristics of the background model. The AOe07 variance-covariance-matrix provides this information through (1) a fully populated matrix up to degree and order 40 as well as (2) a diagonal matrix up to degree and order 180.

Description: Because of the multi-stepped pathways of sediment comprising the foreland fold-thrust belt (FFTB), detrital quartz grains that recycle from the FFTB sources contain cosmogenic radionuclides (CRN), such as 10Be and 26Al, accumulated during previous exposure, resulting in inheritance and, hence, anomalously low erosion rates. This inhibits the straightforward use of 10Be as tracers for modern erosion rates and sediment discharge from the FFTB, prevalent at the external edges of collisional orogens such as the Himalaya. We present a novel approach for quantifying the erosion rates of FFTB by comparing measured and modeled CRN concentrations in fluvial sediments. We apply this approach to the Mohand Range, an emergent fault-related fold in the frontal part of the northwestern Himalaya (see the location map below). The 10Be and 26Al datasets presented here were used to calibrate our model, which we used to quantify the erosion rates in and sediment flux from the Mohand Range. Datasets provided here include a summary of the location and depositional age of 33 fluvial sediments and two sandstone samples collected from the Mohand Range, 10Be analysis results of 23 of these fluvial sediments and two bedrock samples, and 26Al-10Be pair analysis results of the remaining ten fluvial sediment samples (Dataset S1). Moreover, the data include the depositional age map of uplifted older foreland sediments across the western Mohand Range (Dataset 2) and the map of best-fit 10Be concentration inherited from Himalayan paleoerosion (Dataset 3) and sediment burial in the foreland (Dataset 4). We also include a map of the best-fit 10Be concentration produced during modern erosion of the Mohand Range (Dataset 5) and a map of the best-fit uplift/erosion rates across the western Mohand Range (Dataset 6). For more information (e.g., sampling method, analytical procedure, and data processing), please refer to the main article (Mandal et al., 2023).

Description: This data publication is supplementary to a study on the climatic controls on leaf wax hydrogen isotopes, by Gaviria-Lugo et al. (submitted). The dataset contains hydrogen isotope ratios from leaf wax n-alkanes (δ2Hwax) taken from soils, river sediments and marine surface sediments along a climatic gradient from hyperarid to humid in Chile. In addition, for each sampling site the hydrogen isotope ratios from precipitation (δ2Hpre) from the grids produced by the Online Isotopes in Precipitation Calculator (OIPC) (Bowen and Revenaugh, 2003). Furthermore, for each sampling site we report mean annual data of precipitation, actual evapotranspiration, relative humidity, and soil moisture, all derived from TerraClimate (Abatzoglou et al., 2018). Also provide data of mean annual temperature and the annual average of maximum daily temperature derived from WorldClim (Fick and Hijmans, 2017). As a final climatic parameter, we also derived data of aridity index from the Consultative Group of the International Agricultural Research Consortium for Spatial Information (CGIARCSI) (Trabucco and Zomer, 2022). In addition to climatic variables, for each site we include land cover fractions of trees, shrubs, grasses, crops, and barren land. These land cover fractions were obtained from Collection 2 of the Copernicus Global Land Cover layers (Buchhorn et al., 2020) via Google Earth Engine. For further comparison here we provide δ2Hwax compiled from 26 publications (see references) that reported both the n-C29 and n-C31 n-alkanes homologues from soils and lake sediments. For each sampling site of the global compilation, we provide δ2Hpre and the same climatic and land cover parameters as for the Chilean data (i.e., precipitation, actual evapotranspiration, relative humidity, soil moisture, aridity index, temperature, fraction of trees, fraction of grasses, etc.), using the same sources. The data is provided here as one single .xlsx file containing 9 data sheets, but also as 9 individual .csv files, to be accessed using the file format of preference. Additionally, 5 supplementary figures that accompany the publication Gaviria-Lugo et al. (submitted) are provided in one single .pdf file. The samples taken for this study were assigned International Geo Sample Numbers (IGSNs), which are included in the provided tables S4, S5 and S6.

Description: The Dec 22nd 2018 flank collapse and tsunami at Anak Krakatau in Indonesia is a key event in geosciences as little is known about the lead-up processes and deformation changes prior to flank failure. We processed Sentinel-1 satellite radar data in both ascending (orbit 171) and descending (orbit 47) acquisition using multi-temporal InSAR with the Small BAseline (SB) method during the 4 years prior to the collapse. The data shows that the flank was already moving for years prior to collapse, demonstrating that developing instability in volcano can be monitored long before a collapse. The southwest flank movement rates averaged approx. 27 cm/yr, but underwent intermittent accelerations coinciding with distinct intrusion events in Jan/Feb 2017 and in Jun 2018. The data archived here supplements the material detailed in Zorn et al. (202X, https://doi.org/XXXXX).

Description: Porphyry copper deposits provide most of the world’s, half its molybdenum reserves and are resources for Zn, Pb, Au, and Ag. The porphyry mineralization is inferred to form on time scales between 50 and 100kyrs whereby the mineralization forming magma chamber is generally built up by multiple intrusive events. The overall source magmatic system can be active for several millions of years. We used the Complex System Modeling Platform (CSMP++) to simultaneously model sill injection, heat transfer, the release of metal-bearing magmatic fluids, the multi-phase flow of saline hydrothermal fluids, and dynamic permeability variations with a continuum porous medium approach. Our modeling studies the volumetric injection rate and its impact on the growth of the magma chamber and the Cu-ore shell but also investigates the influence of hydrothermal convection and fluid release. The setup of each modeling run is changed slightly, either by changing the influx rate, changing the geometry of the magma chamber, or changing the location of fluid release. CSMP was modified to produce vtk and vtu files every 100 years which were read into the Paraview 4.3.1 software to perform the post-processing (including the calculation of the copper enrichment factor and the pore fluid factor). Paraview was then used to produce the displayed videos.

Description: In 2020 and 2021 the STIMTEC-X hydraulic stimulation experiment was performed at ca.~130 m below surface at the Reiche Zeche underground research laboratory in Freiberg, Saxony/Germany. The project temporally followed the STIMTEC experiment at the same site and aimed at understanding the stress heterogeneity of the anisotropic and metamorphic gneiss rock mass. The STIMTEC-X experiment applied the hydraulic stimulation technique in several boreholes at the mine-scale. Complementary to the stimulations, there were active seismic ultrasonic transmission data acquired before the stimulations. We use a seismic monitoring network consisting of six single-component acoustic emission (AE) sensors (sensitivity 1-60 kHz), six hydrophone-like AE sensors (sensitivity 1-40 kHz) and four to twelve single-component Wilcoxon accelerometers (sensitivity 50 Hz-25 kHz). The AE sensors and remained stationary in sub-horizontal and upwards reaching boreholes, the accelerometers were mostly installed along the tunnel walls with one accelerometer in a shallow borehole in each tunnel, and the hydrophone-like AE sensors were installed in the down-going water filled boreholes, but repositioned for each measurement campaign (Figure 1). This data set of 120 active ultrasonic transmission (UT) measurements is supplementary to Boese et al. (2022, in review), which introduces some of the active measurement campaigns of the STIMTEC-X experiment in detail. The whole data set togetter with the “Ultrasonic transmission measurements from six boreholes from the STIMTEC experiment, Reiche Zeche Mine, Freiberg (Saxony, Germany)” [https://doi.org/10.5880/GFZ.4.2.2021.002] was used to evaluate performance measures such as sensitivity and frequency bandwith, coupling, placement and polarity of the hydrophone-like AE sensor compared to AE sensors. The active seismic data provided here are from seven boreholes (BH01, BH05, BH06, BH10, BH14, BH18, BH19) as shown in Figure 1. There are nine tables provided as metadata of which seven contain the STIMTEC-X sensor coordinates for each measurement campaign, the event information of all the 120 UT measurements and the UT picks. The UT measurements were recorded with a sampling rate of 1 MHz and results from an automatic stack of 1024 UT pulses generated by the ultrasonic transmitter and recorded by the STIMTEC-X sensors. The UT measurements are saved in binary file format (fsf file format). Fsf-files can be processed with FOCI software: https://www.induced.pl/software/foci. Each fsf file contains 32768 samples, which corresponds to 0.032768 seconds. All UT event files were manual inspected and phase arrivals identified. These are stored in the fsf-file header as well as in the table STIMTECX_UT_picks.csv.

Description: The Mallik Anticline is a geologic structure in the Mackenzie Delta in the Canadian Arctic. Tectonics throughout the Cenozoic, with compressional phases in the early Eocene to the late Miocene, formed this large, domed structure that is today an important source of hydrocarbons. Gas hydrates occur in the clastic sedimentary rocks of the Oligocene to Pleistocene Kugmallite, Mackenzie Bay, and Iperk sequences, which were essentially formed by deltaic processes. The presence of hydrocarbon gases within the permafrost zone in the Canadian Arctic has led to extensive exploration and production activities in the region since the mid-1960s, and the investigations by geologists and geophysicists have already been published in numerous scientific articles to date. The associated report (Chabab and Kempka, 2023) describes the implementation of the first field-scale 3D static geologic model of the Mallik site, which was created using data from well logs and 2D seismic reflection profiles. The dataset presented here provides elevation depths and thickness data of the three distinct sequence boundaries Kugmallit-Richards, Mackenzie Bay-Kugmallit and Iperk-Mackenzie Bay as well as fault data from the Mallik site.

Description: For the integration of this dataset, several research articles were collected from the catalog of The Global Heat Flow Data Assessment Project. Specially, this data publication encloses all heat-flow data of onshore India. The resulting updated database contains 617 determinations of heat-flow from 36 publications. The data are presented according to the standards defined by the World Heat Flow Database Project and the International Heat Flow Commission (Fuchs et al., 2023)

Description: At valley glaciers, rockwall erosion supplies debris to glacier surfaces. Once deposited on the ice, rockwall debris is passively entrained and becomes part of the glacial system, e.g., forming medial moraines as downglacier transport continues. Where debris occurs supraglacial, it modifies ice ablation and, thus, changes in rockwall erosion and debris supply rates modify glacial debris cover and mass balance and may affect glacier retreat in response to climate change. Yet, estimates on rockwall erosion rates close to glacier surfaces are few and quantifying spatiotemporal supply patterns is not trivial. This data publication is supplementary to the study on rockwall erosion rates at five Swiss valley glaciers around Pigne d’Arolla, by Wetterauer & Scherler (2023). We temporally and spatially assess rockwall erosion by measuring in situ-produced cosmogenic 10Be concentrations ('[10Be]measured') in medial moraine debris, which we systematically sampled along downglacier-profiles, and by comparing records from various medial moraines, which are supplied by rockwalls differing in exposure and morphology. However, as '[10Be]measured' within supraglacial debris is the sum of '[10Be]rockwall', accumulated during rockwall erosion, and '[10Be]transport', accumulated during post-depositional downglacier transport, medial moraine '[10Be]measured' should be corrected for '[10Be]transport'. If glacier velocities through time are known, '[10Be]transport' can be estimated by downglacier debris trajectory modelling. Providing our 10Be dataset and ~40-year records of glacier surface velocities from four of the five valley glaciers (Glacier du Brenay, Glacier de Cheilon, Glacier de Pièce, Glacier de Tsijiore Nouve) is the main objective of this data publication. The dataset of the fifth glacier (Glacier d’Otemma) has already been published as case study by Wetterauer et al. (2022a,b).

Description: In October 2021, GFZ installed together with INGV Catania, Iraci and ASIR Ltd (Advances Seismic Instrumentation & Research) the very first seismic borehole broadband seismometers at two selected sites at Mt. Etna, Sicily (see Fig. 1). The installation was completed under the EU-funded project ‘SiC nano for PicoGeo’ (http://www.picogeo.eu/). Site one is located next to the Astrophysical Observatory at Serra La Nave (SLN) and site two is located in the city of Mascalucia (MAS). At each site one borehole broadband seismometer was permanently installed (cemented) at approximately 70 m depth. In approx. 1-2m distance, a second ground-level borehole 4.5 Hz Geophone was temporarily installed (sanded) at 1 m depth until July 2022 (see Fig. 2). The ground-level geophones served as a local surface reference sensor to better evaluate the increase of signal quality from surface to depth. Test data were evaluated between October 2021 and July 2022. Sensor settings were adjusted during this time period to obtain the best possible data resolution at both test sites. This data publication compiles a segment of waveform recordings utilized for the assessment of data quality from the two installed broadband borehole seismometers, along with noise plots (Fig. 3-5) illustrating the enhancements in the data quality of frequency ranges compared to surface sensors at Mt. Etna.

Description: The data publication contains all heat-flow data of offshore in the Guaymas basin. The data release contains data generated between 1959 and 2019 and constitutes a substantial update and extension compared to the last compilation provided by Becker & Fisher (1991). The data set comprises new heat-flow determinations published after 1991 as well as data from before 1991, which were not included in the Becker & Fisher (1991). The resulting updated database contains 487 determinations of heat-flow at 464 locations from 17 publications. 95% of the reported heat-flow values are determined from marine probe sensing technique and 5% in boreholes.

Description: The increasingly high number of big data applications in seismology has made quality control tools to filter, discard, or rank data of extreme importance. In this framework, machine learning algorithms, already established in several seismic applications, are good candidates to perform the task flexibility and efficiently. sdaas (seismic data/metadata amplitude anomaly score) is a Python library and command line tool for detecting a wide range of amplitude anomalies on any seismic waveform segment such as recording artifacts (e.g., anomalous noise, peaks, gaps, spikes), sensor problems (e.g., digitizer noise), metadata field errors (e.g., wrong stage gain in StationXML). The underlying machine learning model, based on the isolation forest algorithm, has been trained and tested on a broad variety of seismic waveforms of different length, from local to teleseismic earthquakes to noise recordings from both broadband and accelerometers. For this reason, the software assures a high degree of flexibility and ease of use: from any given input (waveform in miniSEED format and its metadata as StationXML, either given as file path or FDSN URLs), the computed anomaly score is a probability-like numeric value in [0, 1] indicating the degree of belief that the analyzed waveform represents an anomaly (or outlier), where scores ≤0.5 indicate no distinct anomaly. sdaas can be employed for filtering malformed data in a pre-process routine, assign robustness weights, or be used as metadata checker by computing randomly selected segments from a given station/channel: in this case, a persistent sequence of high scores clearly indicates problems in the metadata

Description: Ground motion models (GMM) have been employed in several domains, from traditional seismic hazard and risk analysis to more recent shakemaps and rapid loss assessment. In this framework, eGSIM is a Python package and web application intended to help engineers and seismologist in understanding how different models compare for specific earthquake scenarios and how well they fit to observed ground motion data, producing results as visual plot or tabular data in standard, accessible and convenient formats (CSV, HDF, JSON and several image formats). Based on OpenQuake, a popular open-source Python library for seismic hazard and risk analysis, eGSIM incorporates and makes available in two user-friendly interfaces hundreds of published GMMs implemented and tested in OpenQuake: an online graphical user interface (GUI) accessible at https://egsim.gfz-potsdam.de, ideal for comparisons that can be visualized or downloaded as images, and a web application programming interface (web API), implemented along the lines of popular seismological web services (FDSN), more suited for comparisons that may be automatized in scheduled jobs, or need to be integrated into custom code and further processed in the user's own workflows. By incorporating databases in form of so-called flatfiles (ESM) and regionalizations derived from seismic hazard models (SHARE, ESHM20), eGSIM allows users to seamlessly select data for comparison and models for comparison based on regions of interest. It also features management scripts to smoothly incorporate new flatfiles or regionalizations from future research projects.Moreover, via the generation of flatfile templates based on a custom selection of GMMs, and the possibility to upload user-defined flatfiles, eGSIM facilitates the non-trivial task of compiling data for model comparison, and can be used to analyze ground motions from any data set recorded anywhere in the world, including rapid analysis of earthquake records following large events.

Description: Physical samples (or specimen or artefacts) represent the origin of research results in many scientific disciplines. Assigning persistent identifier (PID) to samples is a fundamental step to make them discoverable and traceable in unambiguous way over the Web. The International Generic Sample Number (IGSN) is a PID for physical samples and connecting these with their online description following a dedicated metadata schema. Sample descriptions of samples are available in various formats and detail. In order to publish them in a standardized manner and to automate and standardize the preparation and processing, the software product SAMIRA (Sample IGSN Registration Automation) was created as part of the Project FAIR WISH, funded by the Helmholtz Metadata Collaboration (HMC). SAMIRA aims to automate the generation of Metadata XML-Files for the Registration of PIDs from different input sources (e.g. the FAIR Samples Template, Wiezcorek et al., 2023). This first version of SAMIRA implements the creation of IGSN metadata and Datacite metadata and the respective registration.

Description: This dataset provides friction data from ring-shear tests on corundum sand “NKF120” used in analogue modelling of tectonic processes as a rock analogue for “strong” or “high density” layers in the earth’s upper crust (e.g. Klinkmüller et al., 2016) or as an additive to PDMS silicone oil to increase its density and non-linearity (Zwaan et al., 2018). According to our analysis the material shows a Mohr-Coulomb behaviour characterized by a linear failure envelope. Peak, dynamic and reactivation friction coefficients of corundum sand are µP = 0.75, µD = 0.57, and µR = 0.62, respectively (Table 5). Cohesion of the material ranges between 100-150 Pa. The material shows a minor rate-weakening of ~1% per ten-fold change in shear velocity v and a stick-slip behaviour at low shear velocities. The tested bulk material consists of corundum sand with grain size of 90-120 µm (Table 1). Corundum sand is produced as industrial abrasive materials and sold e.g. by the company Nico Bosse Strahlmittel Berlin. The data presented here are derived by ring shear testing using a SCHULZE RST-01.pc (Schulze, 1994, 2003, 2008) at HelTec, the Laboratory for experimental tectonics at the Helmholtz Center Potsdam – GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences in Potsdam, Germany.

Description: This dataset contains predictions of Earth orientation parameters (EOP) submitted during the Second Earth Orientation Parameters Prediction Comparison Campaign (2nd EOP PCC). The 2nd EOP PCC has been carried out by Centrum Badań Kosmicznych Polskiej Akademii Nauk CBK PAN in Warsaw in cooperation with the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences in Potsdam (Germany) and under the auspices of the International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service (IERS) within the IERS Working Group on the 2nd EOP PCC. The purpose of the campaign was to re-assess the current capabilities of EOP forecasting and to find most reliable prediction approaches. The operational part of the campaign lasted between September 1, 2021 and December 28, 2022. Throughout the duration of the 2nd EOP PCC, registered campaign participants submitted forecasts for all EOP parameters, including dX, dY, dPsi, dEps (components of celestial pole offsets), polar motion, differences between universal time and coordinated universal time, and its time-derivative length-of-day change. These submissions were made to the EOP PCC Office every Wednesday before the 20:00 UTC deadline. The predictions were then evaluated once the geodetic final EOP observations from the forecasted period became available. Each participant could register more than one method, and each registered method was assigned an individual ID, which was used, e.g., for file naming. The dataset contains text files with predicted parameters as submitted by campaign participants and MATLAB file which is a database with all correct predictions from each participant loaded into a structure.

Description: This dataset includes raw data used in the paper by Reitano et al. (2022), focused on the effect of imposed boundary conditions (regional slope and rainfall rate) on the morphological evolution of analogue landscapes; the paper also focuses on applicability of stream power laws on analogue models, defining if and how the parametrization used in natural landscapes works in analogue ones. The experiments have been carried out at Laboratory of Experimental Tectonics (LET), University “Roma Tre” (Rome). Detailed descriptions of the experimental apparatus and experimental procedures implemented can be found in the paper to which this dataset refers. Here we present: • Pictures recording the evolution of the models. • GIFs showing time-lapses of models. • Raw DEMs of the models, used for extracting data later discusses in the paper. • Raw channels data (.mat files).

Description: This data publication presents global high-frequency mass variability that is induced by individual oceanic and atmospheric partial tides. While the atmospheric component is obtained by conducting a tidal analysis of numerical weather data data, the oceanic component has been produced using the hydro-dynamical ocean tide model TiME that was recently upgraded in the framework of the DFG-funded Research Group NEROGRAV and can be used for gravimetric applications. The overall goal of this project is to facilitate the analysis of gravimetric data sets (e.g. GRACE/GRACE-FO) by improving the understanding of sensor data, processing strategies, and background models. The data set presented herein contributes to this goal as the here described tidally induced mass variations are an important part of the described background models. As tidal variability is usually described as a superposition of so-called partial tides, the presented mass variations can be attributed to individual partial tide frequencies and are thus represented by individual files for each partial tide frequencies. Here, not only the effect of direct gravitation exerted by the ocean and atmospheric mass is included but also gravity variations due to the elastic yielding of the solid Earth in response to water and atmospheric mass redistribution (the load tide) are allowed for. The information describing the partial tides has been transformed to fully normalized Stokes Coefficients describing harmonic in-phase and quadrature component fields as those are especially handy for gravimetric purposes. Additionally, a set of files that allows further expansion of the ensemble of ocean partial tides via linear admittance theory is provided.

Description: Trace element (TE) analysis of pyrite via LA-ICP-MS can produce large, paragenetically-constrained datasets, which can be used to reconstruct the conditions of pyrite formation in complex mineral systems. The Carpentaria province in northern Australia is host to some of the world’s highest value Zn-Pb (+Ag, Cu) deposits. The genesis of many of these deposits in the southern part of the province is controversial due to tectonic overprinting, with competing models of single- vs. multi-stage ore formation. In this study, LA-ICP-MS analysis of pyrite from the George Fisher Zn-Pb-Ag deposit and correlative unmineralized host rocks has been combined with paragenetic and whole rock lithogeochemical data. Paragenetically constrained pyrite TE data were then evaluated in the context of single- vs. multi-stage ore formation models and compared with recent data from undeformed clastic-dominated (CD-type) deposits of the northern Carpentaria province. Pre-ore diagenetic pyrite is compositionally similar to other Proterozoic diagenetic pyrite, with some evidence of minor hydrothermal anomalism that could help define distal alteration, but requires further analysis. Pyrite from the different ore stages is compositionally distinct, consistent with a multi-stage system. Ore stage 1 pyrite has high concentrations of Cu, Zn, As, Ag, Sb, Tl, and Pb as well as high Co/Ni ratios, whereas ore stage 2 pyrite contains Ni and Co, and ore stage 3 pyrite is dominated by Co with lesser concentrations of Ni and Cu. Ore stage 1 pyrite has a similar composition to hydrothermal pyrite in the undeformed northern Carpentaria CD-type deposits and likely formed syn-diagenesis. Ore stage 2 was syn-deformation, and resulted in replacement and recrystallization of pre-existing pyrite that also resulted in the expulsion of incompatible TEs. Ore stage 3 formed via a later Cu mineralizing event that resulted in a new geochemically distinct generation of Co-rich pyrite. This study demonstrates the value of pargenetically-constrained pyrite TE data for refining genetic models in complex sediment hosted mineral systems. This data publication includes pyrite trace element compositions (in ppm) of 28 samples from the un-mineralized Urquhart Shale Formation and from the George Fisher deposit. Access to drill cores was granted by Mount Isa Mines (MIM) George Fisher operation and Mount Isa Mines Resource Development.

Description: This dataset provides friction data from ring-shear tests on garnet sand used in analogue modelling of tectonic processes as a rock analogue for “strong” or “high density” layers in the earth’s upper crust (e.g. Klinkmüller et al., 2016). According to our analysis the material shows a Mohr-Coulomb behaviour characterized by a linear failure envelope. Peak, dynamic and reactivation friction coefficients of garnet sand are µP = 0.83, µD = 0.61, and µR = 0.73, respectively (Table 5). Cohesion of the material ranges between 20-120 Pa. The material shows a no significant rate-dependency. The data presented here are derived by ring shear testing using a SCHULZE RST-01.pc (Schulze, 1994, 2003, 2008) at HelTec, the Laboratory for experimental tectonics at the Helmholtz Center Potsdam – GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences in Potsdam, Germany. The RST is specially designed to measure friction coefficients µ and cohesions C in loose granular material accurately at low confining pressures (〈20 kPa) and shear velocities (〈1 mm/sec) similar to sandbox experiments. In this tester, a granular bulk material layer is sheared internally at constant normal stress σN and shear velocity v while shear force and lid displacement (corresponding to density and volume change ΔV) are measured continuously. For more details see Klinkmüller et al. (2016).

Description: In the southern Central Andes (~32°S), subduction of the Nazca oceanic plate beneath the South American continental plate becomes horizontal. The growth of the Altiplano-Puna Plateau is covalently related to the southward migration of the flat subduction, but the role of subduction geometry and the plate strength on current and long-term deformation of the Andes remains poorly explored. This study takes a data-driven approach of integrating the previous structural and thermal model of the lithosphere of the southern central Andes into a 3D geodynamic model to explore the different parameters contributing to the localization of deformation. We simulate visco-plastic deformation using the geodynamic code ASPECT. The repository includes parameter files and input files for the reference model (S1) and the following alternative simulations: a series of models with variation in friction at the subduction interface (S2a-d), a series of models with variation in sedimentary strength (S3a-d), a series that studies the effect of topography (S4), and a series that studies the effect of plate velocities. In addition, a readme file gives all the instructions to run them.

Description: The Northeast Atlantic (NEA) region has long been a subject of interest due to its complex geological history, particularly regarding the interaction between the Iceland plume and the lithospheric plates. In this data publication, we present a comprehensive three-dimensional structural and density model of the NEA crust and uppermost mantle, consolidating and integrating a wide range of previously fragmented data sets. Our model highlights the influence of the Iceland plume on the region's geological evolution, shedding light on the mechanisms that facilitated the continental breakup between Europe and Laurentia during the earliest Eocene period. The whole workflow and methods are described in Gomez Dacal et al. (2023) and its Supplementary Information.

Description: he joint ESA/NASA Mass-change And Geosciences International Constellation (MAGIC) mission has the objective to extend time series from previous gravity missions, including an improvement of accuracy and spatio-temporal resolution. The long-term monitoring of Earth's gravity field carries information on mass-change induced by water cycle, climate change, and mass transport processes between atmosphere, cryosphere, oceans and solid Earth. The MAGIC mission will be composed of two satellite pairs flying in different orbit planes. The NASA/DLR--led first pair (P1) is expected to be in a near-polar orbit around 500 km of altitude; while the second ESA--led pair (P2) is expected to be in an inclined orbit of 65--70 degrees at approximately 400 km altitude. The ESA--led pair P2 Next Generation Gravity Mission (NGGM) shall be launched after P1 in a staggered manner to form the MAGIC constellation. The addition of an inclined pair shall lead to reduction of temporal aliasing effects and consequently of reliance on de-aliasing models and post-processing. The main novelty of the MAGIC constellation is the delivery of mass-change products at higher spatial resolution, temporal (i.e. sub--weekly) resolution, shorter latency, and higher accuracy than GRACE and GRACE-FO. This will pave the way to new science applications and operational services. The performances of different MAGIC mission scenarios for different application areas in the field of geosciences were analysed in the frame of the initial ESA Science Support activities for MAGIC. The data sets provided here are the Level-2a simulated gravity field solutions of MAGIC scenarios and the related reference signal that were used for these analyses. The .gfc files in the folders monthly (31-day solutions) and weekly (7-day solutions) contain the estimated (HIS) coefficients (Cnm, Snm) as well as the formal errors (SigCnm, SigSnm) of the different MAGIC scenarios. In order to compute the coefficient errors, the reference/true HIS coefficients contained in the folder HIS_reference_fields need to be subtracted from the estimated HIS coefficients. The data sets provided here comprise the Level-2a simulated gravity field solutions of MAGIC scenarios and the related reference signal (based on Dobslaw et al. 2014; 2015) that were used for the above analyses.

Description: Natural gas hydrates are non-stoichiometric crystalline compounds containing water and guest molecules such as CH4, C2H6, C3H8, CO2, etc. They are considered as a promising energy resource, a potential geohazard and a contributor to global climate warming. An accurate knowledge of the dissociation behavior of gas hydrates is a necessity for the recovery of natural gas hydrates and the assessment of potential risks of CH4 release from destabilized deposits. To explore the dissociation behavior of gas hydrates, Raman spectroscopy is regarded as a non-destructive and powerful tool. This technique enables to distinguish between guest molecules in the free gas or liquid phase, encased into a clathrate cavity or dissolved in an aqueous phase, therefore providing time-resolved information about the conditions of the guest molecules during the hydrate dissociation process. Experiments were carried out at the Micro-Raman Spectroscopy Laboratory, GFZ. Since the dissociation kinetics of sI hydrates may vary from that of sII hydrates, sI CH4 hydrates, sII binary hydrates and sII multicomponent mixed hydrates were investigated during the experiments. For the in situ Raman measurements, hydrates were synthesized in a high-pressure cell from pure water and the specific continuous gas flow which was the CH4-C3H8 gas mixture for binary hydrates and CH4-C2H6-C3H8-CO2 gas mixture for mixed hydrate system. The p-T condition of the experiment was initially set at 274 K and 7.0 MPa for the sI hydrates whereas 278 K and 3.0 MPa for sII hydrate systems. After the stabilization of the hydrates in the reactor, the temperature of the system was increased one step at a time to mimic global warming and initiate hydrate dissociation. In situ Raman spectroscopic measurements and microscopic observations were applied to record changes in hydrate compositions over the whole dissociation period until the hydrate phase was completely decomposed. Apart from this, hydrates were formed from ice powders and the specific gas/gas mixtures in batch pressure vessels for several weeks. Gas hydrates were recovered and placed into a Linkam cooling stage for further ex situ Raman spectroscopic measurements. Again, the temperature of the stage gradually increased from 168 K onwards to study the dissociation process. In all three hydrate systems, one in situ Raman measurements and at least two repetitions of ex situ Raman measurements (3 repetitions for the CH4 hydrate system) were carried out, therefore resulting in 10 separate experimental tests. This dataset encompasses raw Raman spectra of the 10 experimental tests (4 tests for CH4 hydrates, 3 tests for CH4-C3H8 hydrates and 3 for mixed gas hydrates) which contained Raman shifts and the respective measured intensities. Each Raman spectrum was fitted to Gauss/Lorentz function after an appropriate background correction to estimate the band areas and positions (Raman shift). The Raman band areas were then corrected with wavelength-independent cross-sections factors for each specific component. The concentration of each guest molecule in the hydrate phase was given as mol% in separate spreadsheets for three different hydrate systems as. Further details on the analytical setup, experimental procedures and composition calculation are provided in the following sections.

Description: The Kupferschiefer districts in Central Europe contain some of the world’s highest-grade sediment-hosted stratiform Cu (SSC) deposits (see Borg et al., 2012). The high-grade sulfide mineralization in the organic matter-rich marine mudstones of the Kupferschiefer (T1), and also in the underlying continental sandstones of the uppermost Rotliegend (S1) and overlying Zechstein Limestone (Ca1), in the Saale subbasin (Eastern Germany) are dominantly formed as a replacement of calcite cement (Mohammedyasin et al., 2023). We provide carbonate major element chemistry, carbon isotope composition of organic matter, and calcite carbon and oxygen isotope microanalysis datasets of drill core samples from the Saale subbasin in Eastern Germany. The samples include the uppermost Rotliegend sandstone (S1), Kupferschiefer (T1) mudstones and lowermost Zechstein Limestone (Ca1), referred as the Kupferschiefer system, from three drill cores (Sangerhausen, Allstedt and Wallendorf).

Description: This data publication contains seismic waveform data of 507 earthquakes recorded during the St1 Deep Heat project in June and July 2018, where the 6.1 km deep OTN-3 well near Helsinki, Finland, was hydraulically stimulated over 49 days (Kwiatek et al., 2019). The waveforms were recorded on a surrounding seismic monitoring network consisting of 12 stations, deployed at epicentral distances between 0.6 to 8.2 km and at depths between 0.23 to 1.15 km. Each station consists of three-component, 4.5 Hz, Sunfull PSH geophones, sampling at 500 Hz. The 507 earthquakes analysed were chosen from the relocated event catalogue by Leonhardt et al. (2021a). The dataset is supplementary material to the Geophysical Research Letters research article of Holmgren et al. (2022), which applied the Empirical Green’s Function technique to examine microseismic rupture behaviour at the Helsinki site.

Description: The main objective of the work package 2 of the REFLECT project is to characterise relevant fluid properties and their reactions for saline fluids (type C). One of the specific goals was to collect fluid samples from several saline fluids from geothermal sites across Europe, determine their properties, and thus contribute to the Fluid Atlas (WP3). Additionally, the REFLECT team will compare those field data with data from lab experiments performed at near natural conditions. Samples of type C fluids were taken from several sites in Germany, Austria, Belgium and the Netherlands. The samples were analysed for major and minor ions, dissolved gases and isotopes. Two thermal water samples were taken by Hydroisotop at the production and injection wells in Insheim on 18th of June 2020. The samples were analysed for their hydrochemical composition, heavy metal and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) content, dissolved gases and stable isotopes of water and gas components (18O, 2H, 34S-H2S, 34S-SO4, 18O-SO4, 13C-DIC, 13C-CO2, 13C-CH4, 2H-CH4). Nitrate and a positive redox potential is present in both water samples when reducing conditions would be expected in a deep geothermal well. On-site measurements showed no oxygen present. It is however possible that air contamination during sampling caused some ammonium to oxidize to nitrate. The dataset contains analysis results associated with the research project REFLECT. It is a comma separated file (csv) containing the following columns: Location,Country,Description,Laboratory (Lab.),Lab. No.,Sampling date,Temperature at sampling (degC),Spec. electr. conductivity (25 degC) at sampling (muS/cm),Spec. electr. conductivity (25 degC) Lab. (muS/cm),pH value at sampling,pH value Lab.,Dissolved oxygen content (mg/l),Redox potential (mV),Base capacity (pH 8.2) (mmol/l),Alkalinity (pH 4.3) on site (mmol/l),Alkalinity (pH 4.3) Lab. (mmol/l),Sodium (mg/l),Potassium (mg/l),Calcium (mg/l),Magnesium (mg/l),Ammonium (mg/l),Hydrogen carbonate (mg/l),Chloride (mg/l),Sulphate (mg/l),Nitrate (mg/l),Antimony (mg/l),Barium (mg/l),Bromide (mg/l),Fluoride (mg/l),Iodide (mg/l),Lithium (mg/l),Molybdenum (mg/l),Total phosphate (mg/l),Ortho-phosphate (mg/l),Silicon (mg/l),Strontium (mg/l),Sulphide total (mg/l),Aluminium (mg/l),Arsenic (mg/l),Lead (mg/l),Iron total (mg/l),Copper (mg/l),Manganese total (mg/l),Nickel (mg/l),Uranium (mg/l),Zinc (mg/l),DOC (mg/l),Hydrogen (Nml/kg),Oxygen (Nml/kg),Nitrogen (Nml/kg),Carbon dioxide (Nml/kg),Methane (Nml/kg),Ethane (Nml/kg),Propane (Nml/kg),Butane (Nml/kg),Pentane (Nml/kg),Helium (Nml/kg),Argon (Nml/kg),Sum Gases (Nml/kg),Oxygen-18 d18O-H2O (per mille VSMOW),Deuterium d2H-H2O (per mille VSMOW),Deuterium-excess (per mille VSMOW),Carbon-13 d13C-DIC (per mille VPDB),Sulphur-34 d34S-SO4 (per mille V-CDT),Sulphur-34 d34S-H2S (per mille V-CDT),Oxygen-18 d18O-SO4 (per mille VSMOW),Carbon-13 d13C-CO2 (per mille VPDB),Carbon-13 d13C-CH4 (per mille VPDB),Deuterium d2H-CH4 (per mille VPDB). Methods are described in the accompanying deliverable Fluid data of geothermal sites (type C)

Description: The main objective of the work package 2 of the REFLECT project is to characterise relevant fluid properties and their reactions for saline fluids (type C). One of the specific goals was to collect fluid samples from several saline fluids from geothermal sites across Europe, determine their properties, and thus contribute to the Fluid Atlas (WP3). Additionally, the REFLECT team will compare those field data with data from lab experiments performed at near natural conditions. Samples of type C fluids were taken from several sites in Germany, Austria, Belgium and the Netherlands. The samples were analysed for major and minor ions, dissolved gases and isotopes. In order to gain information about the increased methane content (about 65 vol-%) in the gas samples of the Groß Schönebeck production well (GrSk05/05) collected in February 2021 as compared to previous samples in 2010-2018 (10-14 vol-%), three gas samples were sampled by GFZ on 02 March 2021 at the valve at the wellhead when releasing the pressure from the wellhead. Main gas composition was measured by GFZ indicating again predominantly CH4 (63,9-64,2 Vol-%) followed by N2 (30,9 – 31,2 vol.-%) with minor amounts of H2 (3,4 vol-%) and CO2 (0,01-0,04 vol-%). Potential reasons for the increased methane content could be either microbial activity or contribution of fluid / gas from a different source within the reservoir. To determine the origin of methane, therefore, isotope analyses were performed. The samples arrived at Hydroisotop on March 13th 2021 for the analysis of higher hydrocarbons (C2-C5) and their isotopic composition (13C-CO2, 13C -CH4, 13C-CxHy and 2H-CH4). Together with the measured high amounts of higher hydrocarbons (ethane, propane etc.) they indicate a rather thermogenic source of the hydrocarbons. To better clarify the question of the source of methane, additionally, two downhole water samples from two different depths (1500 and 4000 m) were taken by GFZ on 09th and 10th of June 2021 and sent to Hydroisotop for analysis of main cations and anions, heavy metals, trace elements and isotopes (13C-CH4) in July 2021. The water sample composition resembles those of earlier measurements of samples collected in Groß Schönebeck (e.g. Regenspurg et al., 2010). However, since the well had not been in operation for a while a depth differentiation between the sample from 4000 m and the one from 1500 m is obvious. This was already visible by the black precipitate observed in the 4000 m sample, whereas the sample at 1500 m showed da reddish precipitate of presumably iron oxides. It should be noted that the nitrate content of the water samples is unusually high since reducing conditions are expected. This could have been caused by air contact of the sample and subsequent oxidation. Furthermore, a reduced silicon content shows in sample 365871 compared to sample 365870. Given the high temperature of the well, the higher silicon content is more plausible. The dataset contains analysis results associated with the research project REFLECT. It is a comma separated file (csv) containing the following columns: Location,Country,Description,Laboratory (Lab.),Lab. No.,Sampling date,Sodium (mg/l),Potassium (mg/l),Calcium (mg/l),Magnesium (mg/l),Chloride (mg/l),Sulphate (mg/l),Nitrate (mg/l),Antimony (mg/l),Barium (mg/l),Bromide (mg/l),Fluoride (mg/l),Iodide (mg/l),Lithium (mg/l),Silicon (mg/l),Strontium (mg/l),Aluminium (mg/l),Arsenic (mg/l),Lead (mg/l),Copper (mg/l),Manganese total (mg/l),Nickel (mg/l),Uranium (mg/l),Zinc (mg/l),Ethane (vpm),Propane (vpm),i-Butane (vpm),n-Butane (vpm),i-Pentane (vpm),n-Pentane (vpm),Ethene (vpm),Propene (vpm),1-Butene (vpm),Carbon-13 d13C-CO2 (per mille VPDB),Carbon-13 d13C-CH4 (per mille VPDB),Deuterium d2H-CH4 (per mille VPDB),Carbon-13 d13C-C2H6 (per mille VPDB),Carbon-13 d13C-C3H8 (per mille VPDB),Carbon-13 d13C-i-C4H10 (per mille VPDB),Carbon-13 d13C-n-C4H10 (per mille VPDB) Methods are described in the accompanying deliverable Fluid data of geothermal sites (type C).

Description: FlotteKarte is a low-overhead plotting routine using Matplotlib, NumPy, and PyPROJ under the hood. The conceptual idea behind this package is that a map is fully defined through the 2D cartesian coordinates that result from applying the map projection to different geographical data. For displaying data on a two-dimensional canvas, Matplotlib is a powerful tool. Conversion between geographic and projected coordinates can easily be done using PyProj. The gap between these two powerful tools and a polished map lies in potential difficulties when translating spherical line topology to 2D cartesian space, and by introducing typical map decorations such as grids or ticks. FlotteKarte aims to fill this gap with a simple interface. FlotteKarte's philosophy is to work completely within the 2D projected coordinates, that is, very close to the projected data. If projected coordinates of data can be obtained, the data can be drawn directly on the underlying Matplotlib Axes. The Map class can then be used to add typical map decoration to that axes using information that it derives from the numerics of the PROJ projection.

Description: The main objective of the work package 2 of the REFLECT project is to characterise relevant fluid properties and their reactions for saline fluids (type C). One of the specific goals was to collect fluid samples from several saline fluids from geothermal sites across Europe, determine their properties, and thus contribute to the Fluid Atlas (WP3). Additionally, the REFLECT team will compare those field data with data from lab experiments performed at near natural conditions. Samples of type C fluids were taken from several sites in Germany, Austria, Belgium and the Netherlands. The samples were analysed for major and minor ions, dissolved gases and isotopes. One sample of thermal water was taken from the production well at Balmatt, Belgium on May 17th 2021 and sent to Hydroisotop for analysis of main cations and anions and heavy metals. It can be seen that the nitrate content is remarkably high. However, all meaurements had to be conducted from the same sample bottle, which had been acidified, presumably with HNO3 which can be expected to be the source of the high nitrate content. The dataset contains analysis results associated with the research project REFLECT. It is a comma separated file (csv) containing the following columns: Location,Country,Description,Laboratory (Lab.),Lab. No.,Sampling date,Sodium (mg/l),Potassium (mg/l),Calcium (mg/l),Magnesium (mg/l),Chloride (mg/l),Sulphate (mg/l),Nitrate (mg/l),Antimony (mg/l),Barium (mg/l),Iodide (mg/l),Lithium (mg/l),Silicon (mg/l),Strontium (mg/l),Aluminium (mg/l),Arsenic (mg/l),Lead (mg/l),Iron total (mg/l),Copper (mg/l),Manganese total (mg/l),Nickel (mg/l),Uranium (mg/l),Zinc (mg/l) Methods are described in the accompanying deliverable Fluid data of geothermal sites (type C).

Description: This data repository contains the IGMAS+ (Gotze and Lahmeyer, 1988; Schmidt et al., 2011, 2020) files of the four end-member structural and density models used to analyze the rift architecture of the Red Sea. The user can directly open the files in IGMAS+ (https://igmas.git-pages.gfz-potsdam.de/igmas-pages/, accessed 12.08.2022) to explore the gravity response of these configurations. The end-member scenarios include two end-type margin architectures following Huismans and Beaumont (2011): Type I - outlined by narrow regions (less than about 100 km wide) of thinned continental crust and exhumed (and serpentinized) continental lithospheric mantle along the continent-ocean transition, and Type II - outlined by (ultra)wide regions (up to 500 km) of thin continental crust and the removal of the lithospheric mantle. In addition, we include two options for distribution of oceanic crust in the Red Sea: limited - confined only to regions of magnetic stripes following Schettino et al. (2016), and extended - in which oceanic crust is available in vast areas within the basin, following Augustin et al. (2021).

Description: The main objective of the work package 2 of the REFLECT project is to characterise relevant fluid properties and their reactions for saline fluids (type C). One of the specific goals was to collect fluid samples from several saline fluids from geothermal sites across Europe, determine their properties, and thus contribute to the Fluid Atlas (WP3). Additionally, the REFLECT team will compare those field data with data from lab experiments performed at near natural conditions. Samples of type C fluids were taken from several sites in Germany, Austria, Belgium and the Netherlands. The samples were analysed for major and minor ions, dissolved gases and isotopes. At Neustadt-Glewe one thermal water sample was taken by GFZ on June 02, 2021 and sent to Hydroisotop for analysis of main cations, anions, heavy metals, DOC, gases and isotopes (18O, 2H, 18O-SO4, 2H, 13C-DIC, 13C-CO2, 13C-CH4, 13C-CxHy, 2H-CH4, 34S-SO4, 34S-H2S, 2H-CH4). There was too little H2S in sample 363469 to conduct the 34S-H2S measurement. The dataset contains analysis results associated with the research project REFLECT. It is a comma separated file (csv) containing the following columns: Location,Country,Description,Laboratory (Lab.),Lab. No.,Sampling date,Spec. electr. conductivity (25 degC) Lab.,pH value Lab.,Temperature Lab. (degC),Alkalinity (pH 4.3) Lab. (mmol/l),Sodium (mg/l),Potassium (mg/l),Calcium (mg/l),Magnesium (mg/l),Ammonium (mg/l),Hydrogen carbonate (mg/l),Chloride (mg/l),Sulphate (mg/l),Nitrate (mg/l),Antimony (mg/l),Barium (mg/l),Fluoride (mg/l),Iodide (mg/l),Lithium (mg/l),Silicon (mg/l),Strontium (mg/l),Aluminium (mg/l),Arsenic (mg/l),Lead (mg/l),Chromium total (mg/l),Iron total (mg/l),Copper (mg/l),Manganese total (mg/l),Nickel (mg/l),Uranium (mg/l),Zinc (mg/l),DOC (mg/l),Hydrogen (Nml/kg),Oxygen (Nml/kg),Nitrogen (Nml/kg),Carbon dioxide (Nml/kg),Methane (Nml/kg),Ethane (Nml/kg),Propane (Nml/kg),Butane (Nml/kg),Pentane (Nml/kg),Helium (Nml/kg),Argon (Nml/kg),Sum Gases (Nml/kg),Oxygen-18 d18O-H2O (per mille VSMOW),Deuterium d2H-H2O (per mille VSMOW),Deuterium-excess (per mille VSMOW),Carbon-13 d13C-DIC (per mille VPDB),Sulphur-34 d34S-SO4 (per mille V-CDT),Oxygen-18 d18O-SO4 (per mille VSMOW),Carbon-13 d13C-CO2 (per mille VPDB),Carbon-13 d13C-CH4 (per mille VPDB),Deuterium d2H-CH4 (per mille VSMPW),Carbon-13 d13C-C2H6 (per mille VPDB),Carbon-13 d13C-C3H8 (per mille VPDB),Carbon-13 d13C-i-C4H10 (per mille VPDB),Carbon-13 d13C-n-C4H10 (per mille VPDB) Methods are described in the accompanying deliverable Fluid data of geothermal sites (type C) .

Description: The main objective of the work package 2 of the REFLECT project is to characterise relevant fluid properties and their reactions for saline fluids (type C). One of the specific goals was to collect fluid samples from several saline fluids from geothermal sites across Europe, determine their properties, and thus contribute to the Fluid Atlas (WP3). Additionally, the REFLECT team will compare those field data with data from lab experiments performed at near natural conditions. Samples of type C fluids were taken from several sites in Germany, Austria, Belgium and the Netherlands. The samples were analysed for major and minor ions, dissolved gases and isotopes. On 10th of May 2021, two thermal water samples were taken by TNO before and after the heat exchanger at the geothermal site Heemskerk in the Netherlands. The samples sent to Hydroisotop were analysed for their hydrochemical composition, heavy metal and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) content and stable isotopes (18O, 2H, 13C-DIC). It should be noted that the pH measured in the laboratory diverges from previously observed pH values which in the past have not been reported below 5,4. Concentrations of major ions had initially been reported too low but re-measurement of the samples yielded values in ranges that had previously been recorded. However, the concentraton of Lithium is much higher than expected. In order to resolve these uncertainties, the site Heemskerk will be sampled again. The dataset contains analysis results associated with the research project REFLECT. It is a comma separated file (csv) containing the following columns: Location,Country,Description,Laboratory (Lab.),Lab. No.,Sampling date,Spec. electr. conductivity (25 degC) Lab. (muS/cm),pH value Lab.,Temperature Lab. (degC),Alkalinity (pH 4.3) Lab. (mmol/l),Sodium (mg/l),Potassium (mg/l),Calcium (mg/l),Magnesium (mg/l),Ammonium (mg/l),Hydrogen carbonate (mg/l),Chloride (mg/l),Sulphate (mg/l),Nitrate (mg/l),Antimony (mg/l),Barium (mg/l),Fluoride (mg/l),Iodide (mg/l),Lithium (mg/l),Silicon (mg/l),Strontium (mg/l),Aluminium (mg/l),Arsenic (mg/l),Lead (mg/l),Iron total (mg/l),Copper (mg/l),Manganese total (mg/l),Nickel (mg/l),Uranium (mg/l),Zinc (mg/l),DOC (mg/l),Oxygen-18 d18O-H2O (per mille VSMOW),Deuterium d2H-H2O (per mille VSMOW),Deuterium-excess (per mille VSMOW),Carbon-13 d13C-DIC (per mille VPDB). Methods are described in the accompanying deliverable Fluid data of geothermal sites (type C)

Description: This publication provides mineralogical and geochemical data of two 6-m-deep weathering profiles formed from granitic rock. They are located in different climate zones (Mediterranean and humid) and are close to the national parks of La Campana and Nahuelbuta in the Chilean Coastal Cordillera. Additional rock samples from adjacent boreholes were used to relate the regolith to the bedrock. The profiles were sampled in February and March 2020 as part of the German Science Foundation (DFG) priority research program SPP-1803 “EarthShape: Earth Surface Shaping by Biota”. The goal of this project is to obtain a holistic view on the interplay of the geosphere and the biosphere under different climatic conditions and to investigate weathering mechanisms. The aim of this publication is to provide the data basis for understanding the weathering processes that control the development of the profiles in relation to different climatic conditions. To this end, we measured the geochemistry with X-ray fluorescence, extracted Fe, Al and Si with oxalate/dithionite, determined the grain sizes by wet sieving and pipetting, measured the magnetic susceptibility, and analysed the mineral content of bulk samples and clay fractions with X-ray diffraction. The data are compiled in one Excel file and all results of the X-ray diffraction measurements are available as RAW- and TXT files.

Description: The main objective of the work package 2 of the REFLECT project is to characterise relevant fluid properties and their reactions for saline fluids (type C). One of the specific goals was to collect fluid samples from several saline fluids from geothermal sites across Europe, determine their properties, and thus contribute to the Fluid Atlas (WP3). Additionally, the REFLECT team will compare those field data with data from lab experiments performed at near natural conditions. Samples of type C fluids were taken from several sites in Germany, Austria, Belgium and the Netherlands. The samples were analysed for major and minor ions, dissolved gases and isotopes. On 29th and 30th of April 2021 five thermal water samples were taken by Hydroisotop from five different springs/wells located at Wildbad-Einöd. The samples were analysed for hydrochemical composition, heavy metals and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) content. It can be noted that the bromide content of sample 361625 is much lower than the bromide content in the other four springs. Since the chloride content in all springs is the same order of magnitude and Cl/Br ratios are expected to be similar in the same The dataset contains analysis results associated with the research project REFLECT. It is a comma separated file (csv) containing the following columns: Location,Country,Description,Laboratory (Lab.),Lab. No.,Sampling date,Temperature at sampling (degC),Spec. electr. conductivity (25 degC) at sampling (muS/cm),Spec. electr. conductivity (25 degC) Lab. (muS/cm),pH value at sampling,pH value Lab.,Temperature Lab. (degC),Dissolved oxygen content (mg/l),Redox potential (mV),Base capacity (pH 8.2) (mmol/l),Alkalinity (pH 4.3) on site (mmol/l),Alkalinity (pH 4.3) Lab. (mmol/l),Sodium (mg/l),Potassium (mg/l),Calcium (mg/l),Magnesium (mg/l),Ammonium (mg/l),Hydrogen carbonate (mg/l),Chloride (mg/l),Sulphate (mg/l),Nitrate (mg/l),Nitrite (mg/l),Bromide (mg/l),Fluoride (mg/l),Iodide (mg/l),Lithium (mg/l),Silicon (mg/l),Strontium (mg/l),Iron total (mg/l),Manganese total (mg/l),DOC (mg/l) Methods are described in the accompanying deliverable Fluid data of geothermal sites (type C)

Description: The main objective of the work package 2 of the REFLECT project is to characterise relevant fluid properties and their reactions for saline fluids (type C). One of the specific goals was to collect fluid samples from several saline fluids from geothermal sites across Europe, determine their properties, and thus contribute to the Fluid Atlas (WP3). Additionally, the REFLECT team will compare those field data with data from lab experiments performed at near natural conditions. Samples of type C fluids were taken from several sites in Germany, Austria, Belgium and the Netherlands. The samples were analysed for major and minor ions, dissolved gases and isotopes. At the geothermal site Blumau in Austria five thermal water samples were taken by Hydroisotop at the production and injection well, as well as after the heat exchanger on 29th of June 2020. Besides the hydrochemical composition, dissolved gases, the heavy metal content, DOC and stable isotopes (18O, 2H, 13C-DIC) were analysed. Additionally, three thermal water samples were taken by the operator on 09th of March 2021 and sent to Hydroisotop for DOC measurements. The dataset contains analysis results associated with the research project reflect. It is a comma separated file (csv) containing the following columns: Location,Country,Description,Laboratory,Lab No.,Sampling date,Temperature at sampling (degC),Spec. electr. conductivity (25 degC) at sampling,Spec. electr. conductivity (25 degC) Lab. (muS/cm),pH value at sampling,pH value Lab.,Temperature Lab. (degC),Dissolved oxygen content (mg/l),Redox potential (mV),Alkalinity (pH 4.3) Lab. (mmol/l),Sodium (mg/l),Potassium (mg/l),Calcium (mg/l),Magnesium (mg/l),Ammonium (mg/l),Hydrogen carbonate (mg/l),Chloride (mg/l),Sulphate (mg/l),Nitrate (mg/l),Nitrite (mg/l),Antimony (mg/l),Barium (mg/l),Boron (mg/l),Bromide (mg/l),Fluoride (mg/l),Iodide (mg/l),Molybdenum (mg/l),Ortho-phosphate (mg/l),Selenium (mg/l),Strontium (mg/l),Sulphide total (mg/l),Aluminium (mg/l),Arsenic (mg/l),Lead (mg/l),Cadmium (mg/l),Chromium total (mg/l),Cobalt (mg/l),Iron total (mg/l),Copper (mg/l),Nickel (mg/l),Mercury (mg/l),Zinc (mg/l),Tin (mg/l),DOC (mg/l),Hydrogen (Nml/kg),Oxygen (Nml/kg),Nitrogen (Nml/kg),Carbon dioxide (Nml/kg),Methane (Nml/kg),Ethane (Nml/kg),Propane (Nml/kg),Butane (Nml/kg),Pentane (Nml/kg),Ethene (Nml/kg),Propene (Nml/kg),Helium (Nml/kg),Argon (Nml/kg),Sum Gases (Nml/kg),Oxygen-18 d18O-H2O (per mille VSMOW),Deuterium d2H-H2O (per mille VSMOW),Deuterium-excess (per mille VSMOW),Carbon-13 d13C-DIC (per mille VPDB) Methods are described in the accompanying deliverable Fluid data of geothermal sites (type C).

Description: This dataset comprises 47 fluid samples from 11 geothermal sites (Germany, Austria, Iceland, Turkey, Netherlands, Belgium, French West Indies). The samples were collected within the REFLECT project (Redefining geothermal properties at extreme conditions to optimize future geothermal energy extraction). The focus with these analyses were on the organic compound composition of the fluids, since they are rarely included in the analyses of fluids taken from geothermal power plants. Understanding the organic compound composition of geothermal fluids might help to better understand chemical reactions within the fluids and might help to mitigate problems that arise with the operation of a geothermal power plant such as mineral precipitation (scaling) and corrosion of the casing and pipes.

Description: This data was collected to write an extensive review on organic compounds in geothermal fluids as part of the REFLECT (Redefining geothermal fluid properties at extreme conditions to optimize future geothermal energy extraction). The data is mainly focussed on geothermal sites were organic compound data was reported in the literature. It includes data from the literature (Feldbusch, 2016; Vetter, 2012; Brehme et al., 2019; Westphal et al., 2019; Sanjuan et al., 2016) as well as own data that was analysed at the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences in section 3.2 (Organic Geochemistry). It comprises 130 samples from 19 different sites including DOC, organic acid anion as well as main inorganic anion concentrations, well depths, and reservoir temperatures of various geothermal sites in Europe. Due to confidentiality agreements Site names are all given in ID’s which are fully explained in the publication “Organic compounds in geothermal fluids – a review” when available. Sample ID’s are also given if the samples, both from the literature or own samples were measured at GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences. This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement nº 850626 (REFLECT).

Description: We provide present-day glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) gravity changes simulated with the numerical model VILMA. The effects of Earth and ocean pole tide due to rotational deformation (considered in VILMA) were removed. The dataset contains the solutions for 56 GIA model ensemble members including 54 3D models and 2 1D models. The results are provided as Stokes coefficients with a resolution of degree/order 170.

Description: IGMAS+ is a software combining 3-D forward and inverse modeling, interactive visualization and interdisciplinary interpretation of potential fields and their applications under geophysical and geological data constrains. The software has a long history starting 1988 and has seen continuous improvement since then with input by many contributors. Since 2019, IGMAS+ is maintained and developed at The Helmholtz Centre Potsdam - GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences by the staff of Section 4.5 – Basin Modelling and Section 5.2 – eScience Centre with strong ongoing support by H.-J. Götze and S. Schmidt from CAU Kiel. The official webpage of IGMAS+ is available at https://www.gfz-potsdam.de/igmas. Each major version of IGMAS+ is assigned with a DOI. Intermediate releases including changelog can be found at https://git.gfz-potsdam.de/igmas/igmas-releases/-/releases/.