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  • Inorganic Chemistry  (3,366)
  • Cell & Developmental Biology
  • Chemical Engineering
  • Humans
  • SPACE SCIENCES
  • Seismicity
  • 2020-2024  (17)
  • 1935-1939  (3,955)
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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2024-01-18
    Description: Changes in seismicity with time and location are diagnostic signals for understanding the dynamics of volcanic unrest. We used these signals at the Campi Flegrei caldera, in southern Italy, to investigate how structural changes have determined three styles of unrest since 1982, distinguished by a ground uplift (measured at Pozzuoli, near the centre of the caldera) of 178 cm in 1982–84; a subsidence of 93 cm in 1985–2005; and an uplift of 118 cm between 2005 and November 2023. Double-difference seismic locations and concentrations of seismic energy release have revealed impermeable horizons that correspond to the cap rock and self-sealed base of the geothermal system at depths of 1.5 and 3 km, respectively. Most earthquakes have been shallower than 3 km, consistent with the brittle upper crust being stretched over a zone of pressurization below the geothermal system. The 1982–84 uplift decayed after a major seismic swarm on April 1st, 1984, breached the lower impermeable horizon, which increased the flux of escaping gas and reduced the source pressure. Continued gas escape promoted subsidence until the lower horizon had resealed itself and initiated a new episode of uplift while gas from depth re-accumulated beneath. Compared with 1982–84, a greater proportion of recent seismicity has occurred at shallower depths below the actively degassing fumaroles of Solfatara-Pisciarelli, north-east of Pozzuoli. The associated high seismic b-values, between 1 and 2, are consistent with high fluid pressures and, hence, with locations more favourable to fracturing. Continued uplift may thus persist until fracturing of the shallow crust allows faster rates of gas release and depressurization of the pressure source.
    Description: Published
    Description: 118530
    Description: OSV2: Complessità dei processi vulcanici: approcci multidisciplinari e multiparametrici
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Campi Flegrei caldera ; Hydrothermal system ; Volcanic unrest ; Seismicity ; Fluid circulation ; Brittle/ductile transition
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2024-02-12
    Description: Nel 2018 è stato avviato il progetto FOCUS - Fiber Optic Cable Use For Seafloor Studies Of Earthquake - coordinato da Marc-André Gutscher del Laboratoire Géosciences Océan dell’Università di Brest, in Francia. Questo progetto indaga la sismicità e la struttura crostale del Mar Ionio attraverso l’analisi e l’interpretazione di dati raccolti da strumentazione sottomarina e da reti di monitoraggio disponibili o appositamente installate nelle zone di costa. In tale contesto, l’Osservatorio Nazionale Terremoti (ONT) e l’Osservatorio Etneo (OE), entrambe Sezioni dell’Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV), e il Laboratorio di Sismologia dell'Università della Calabria (UniCal), hanno contribuito al progetto con l’installazione di una rete sismica temporanea lungo la costa ionica calabro-siciliana a integrazione della rete permanente presente nell’area dello Stretto di Messina. La rete temporanea, costituita da 13 stazioni, ha acquisito dal mese di dicembre 2021 al mese di giugno 2023. Nel gennaio 2022, i partner internazionali del progetto FOCUS hanno installato una rete temporanea di sismometri OBS e sensori di pressione per fondali marini. La grande quantità di dati raccolta e la loro integrazione, consentirà di migliorare il monitoraggio sismico e le conoscenze relative alla struttura terrestre dell’area con particolare attenzione alle strutture sismogenetiche con un dettaglio mai raggiunto fino a ora. Tutte le istituzioni coinvolte in FOCUS collaborano per l’acquisizione e l’elaborazione dei dati, l’imaging dell’interno della Terra attraverso l’utilizzo di tecniche avanzate, l’interpretazione e la modellazione dei dati. Il presente lavoro descrive la progettazione, la realizzazione e la gestione della rete temporanea a terra definita FXland, fornendo indicazioni relative sul suo generale funzionamento e sulle caratteristiche del dataset acquisito.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1-26
    Description: OST1 Alla ricerca dei Motori Geodinamici
    Description: OST3 Vicino alla faglia
    Description: N/A or not JCR
    Keywords: Progetto FOCUS ; Reti sismiche temporanee ; Sismicità ; FOCUS project ; Temporary seismic networks ; Seismicity ; 04.06. Seismology ; 05.04. Instrumentation and techniques of general interest
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 3
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2023-06-23
    Description: The aim of this second Eng Special Issue is to collect experimental and theoretical re-search relating to engineering science and technology. The general topics of Eng are as follows: electrical, electronic and information engineering; chemical and materials engineering; energy engineering; mechanical and automotive engineering; industrial and manufacturing engineering; civil and structural engineering; aerospace engineering; biomedical engineering; geotechnical engineering and engineering geology; and ocean and environmental engineering. Therefore, the following editorial is a selection of representative works of these topics.
    Keywords: &nbsp ; Environment Management ; Environmental Engineering ; Chemical Engineering ; Materials Engineering&nbsp ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TB Technology: general issues ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering & technology
    Language: English
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2023-02-21
    Description: We take advantage of the new large AlpArray Seismic Network (AASN) as part of the AlpArray research initiative (www.alparray.ethz.ch), to establish a consistent seismicity-catalogue for the greater Alpine region (GAR) for the time period 2016 January 1–2019 December 31. We use data from 1103 stations including the AASN backbone composed of 352 permanent and 276 (including 30 OBS) temporary broad-band stations (network code Z3). Although characterized by a moderate seismic hazard, the European Alps and surrounding regions have a higher seismic risk due to the higher concentration of values and people. For these reasons, the GAR seismicity is monitored and routinely reported in catalogues by a 11 national and 2 regional seismic observatories. The heterogeneity of these data set limits the possibility of extracting consistent information by simply merging to investigate the GAR's seismicity as a whole. The uniformly spaced and dense AASN provides, for the first time, a unique opportunity to calculate high-precision hypocentre locations and consistent magnitude estimation with uniformity and equal uncertainty across the GAR. We present a new, multistep, semi-automatic method to process ∼50 TB of seismic signals, combining three different software. We used the SeisComP3 for the initial earthquake detection, a newly developed Python library ADAPT for high-quality re-picking, and the well-established VELEST algorithm both for filtering and final location purposes. Moreover, we computed new local magnitudes based on the final high-precision hypocentre locations and re-evaluation of the amplitude observations. The final catalogue contains 3293 seismic events and is complete down to local magnitude 2.4 and regionally consistent with the magnitude 3+ of national catalogues for the same time period. Despite covering only 4 yr of seismicity, our catalogue evidences the main fault systems and orogens’ front in the region, that are documented as seismically active by the EPOS-EMSC manually revised regional bulletin for the same time period. Additionally, we jointly inverted for a new regional minimum 1-D P-wave velocity model for the GAR and station delays for both permanent station networks and temporary arrays. These results provide the base for a future re-evaluation of the past decades of seismicity, and for the future seismicity, eventually improving seismic-hazard studies in the region. Moreover, we provide a unique, consistent seismic data set fundamental to further investigate this complex and seismically active area. The catalogue, the minimum 1-D P-wave velocity model, and station delays associated are openly shared and distributed with a permanent DOI listed in the data availability section.
    Description: The AlpArray-Switzerland project is funded by the Swiss-AlpArray SINERGIA project CRSII2_154434/1 by Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF).
    Description: Published
    Description: 921-943
    Description: 1T. Struttura della Terra
    Description: 4T. Sismicità dell'Italia
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Earthquake source observations ; Seismicity ; Tectonics ; Statistical seismology ; 04.06. Seismology ; 04.01. Earth Interior
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2023-02-20
    Description: The region where the 2023 February 6 earthquakes took place is known to have been very active in the past; it is part of the contact between the Eurasian and the Arabic plate, an area where seismic activity was relatively low in the 20th century (Figure 1). It is a “border zone” also from the historical point of view; therefore, although many earthquakes are known to most earthquake catalogues and compilations, the relevant information is often rather poor and affected by chronological and place-names problems. As a consequence, earthquake parameters given in the catalogues are often based on a poor dataset; the situation is even more complicated by chronological issues and careless compilations, which lead to earthquake duplications. In the frame of a larger investigation effort underway (Sesetyan et al., 2020; Stucchi et al. 2022) we first considered the available information from the main earthquake catalogues and compilations in the time-window 1000-1900. The volume by Ambraseys (2009) summarizes and sometimes updates the knowledge already proposed in previous works such as Ambraseys and Jackson (1988), Ambraseys (1989), Ambraseys and Finkel (1995). We also considered the works by Soysal et al. (1981), Guidoboni et al. (2019), Sbeinati et al. (2005), some recent historical earthquake investigations and the parametric catalogues by Shebalin and Tatevossian (1997), Tan et al. (2008), Sesetyan et al. (2013). Next, we assessed - when possible - macroseismic intensities at the mentioned localities and, from them, we assessed earthquake parameters by making use of the so-called “Boxer” method by Gasperini et al. (1999). For some of the main earthquakes in the region we briefly summarise here the earthquake parameters from our investigation and from the main catalogues. In the Appendix we summarise the available information.
    Description: Boğaziçi University Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute Department of Earthquake Engineering, Istanbul (Turkey) Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Italia
    Description: Published
    Description: 3T. Fisica dei terremoti e Sorgente Sismica
    Keywords: Turkey ; Eastern Anatolian Fault ; Seismic History ; Kahramanmaraş - Gaziantep Türkiye M7.7 Earthquake, 6 February 2023 ; Large Historical Earthquakes ; Anatolia ; Historical Seismology ; Seismicity ; 04.06. Seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: report
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2023-05-19
    Description: In the frame of FocusX2 project INGV (Osservatorio Nazionale Terremoti and Osservatorio Etneo) and UniCal (Laboratorio di Sismologia) are deploying, from the end of 2021 to January 2023 a temporary seismic network for an active/passive seismological experiment to record regional and global seismicity in the Ionian Sea. The goal of this experiment is to improve the detection of seismicity in the Ionian Sea area and the accuracy of the locations; to better define the crustal structure of the region and find patterns related to fault systems. The seismicity in the area is possibly the result of two types of tectonic activity at different depths: a gently NW dipping subduction interface of the Calabrian subduction zone, and the strike-slip fault systems in the Ionian Sea, well expressed in the morpho-bathymetry and observed in previous seismic profiles. The deployment of 13 temporary land stations, FocusX temporary land (network code 1J) https://doi.org/10.13127/SD/O5QWM6WJCD along the coasts of eastern Sicily and SW Calabria, is going to complement the permanent networks (network codes IV, MN and IY); in the same period OBS stations are deployed at sea: FocusX temporary OBS-network (network code XH). The land stations are equipped with two different type of digitizers: Reftek 130 (12), and SaraSL06 (2); and with three different type of velocimeters: Trillium 120C (10), Le 5s (2) and ss08 60s (2). Continuous data are transmitted in real time at the INGV Rome acquisition system, used in the seismic surveillance, archived and distributed in EIDA https://eida.ingv.it/it/. In the deployment period 23rd December 2021 - 9th May 2022 regional seismicity (area between Lat 36.5-38.2 Lon 14.5-16.0) include 390 events located by the INGV seismic surveillance system, two of them with magnitude larger than 4.0 as well as 56 teleseismic earthquakes with magnitude larger than magnitude 6.0, two of them larger than 7.0. The two local events with M〉4.0 and some of their aftershocks, were analyzed by the analysts of the Italian Seismic Bulletin including all the stations of the FXland 1J network.
    Description: Published
    Description: Catania
    Description: 4T. Sismicità dell'Italia
    Keywords: Seismic network ; Seismicity ; deep structure ; Ionian Sea ; 04.06. Seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: Oral presentation
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  • 7
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    De Gruyter | De Gruyter
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: The essential principles of green chemistry are the use of renewable raw materials, highly efficient catalysts and green solvents linked with energy efficiency and process optimization in real-time. Experts from different fields show, how to examine all levels from the molecular elementary steps up to the design and operation of an entire plant for developing novel and efficient production processes.
    Keywords: Process Engineering ; Chemical Engineering ; Technical Chemistry ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PN Chemistry ; thema EDItEUR::R Earth Sciences, Geography, Environment, Planning::RN The environment ; thema EDItEUR::R Earth Sciences, Geography, Environment, Planning::RN The environment::RNU Sustainability ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TD Industrial chemistry and manufacturing technologies::TDC Industrial chemistry and chemical engineering ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TG Mechanical engineering and materials::TGM Materials science ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TQ Environmental science, engineering and technology
    Language: English
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  • 8
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    White Rose University Press | White Rose University Press
    Publication Date: 2022-12-06
    Description: In Hidden Depths, Professor Penny Spikins explores how our emotional connections have shaped human ancestry. Focusing on three key transitions in human origins, Professor Spikins explains how the emotional capacities of our early ancestors evolved in response to ecological changes, much like similar changes in other social mammals. For each transition, dedicated chapters examine evolutionary pressures, responses in changes in human emotional capacities and the archaeological evidence for human social behaviours. Starting from our earliest origins, in Part One, Professor Spikins explores how after two million years ago, movement of human ancestors into a new ecological niche drove new types of collaboration, including care for vulnerable members of the group. Emotional adaptations lead to cognitive changes, as new connections based on compassion, generosity, trust and inclusion also changed our relationship to material things. Part Two explores a later key transition in human emotional capacities occurring after 300,000 years ago. At this time changes in social tolerance allowed ancestors of our own species to further reach out beyond their local group and care about distant allies, making human communities resilient to environmental changes. An increasingly close relationship to animals, and even to cherished possessions, appeared at this time, and can be explained through new human vulnerabilities and ways of seeking comfort and belonging. Lastly, Part Three focuses on the contrasts in emotional dispositions arising between ourselves and our close cousins, the Neanderthals. Neanderthals are revealed as equally caring yet emotionally different humans, who might, if things had been different, have been in our place today. This new narrative breaks away from traditional views of human evolution as exceptional or as a linear progression towards a more perfect form. Instead, our evolutionary history is situated within similar processes occurring in other mammals, and explained as one in which emotions, rather than ‘intellect’, were key to our evolutionary journey. Moreover, changes in emotional capacities and dispositions are seen as part of differing pathways each bringing strengths, weaknesses and compromises. These hidden depths provide an explanation for many of the emotional sensitivities and vulnerabilities which continue to influence our world today.
    Keywords: Human demography ; Group size ; Lithic transfers ; Raw material movements ; Bonobos ; Dog burial ; Comfort ; Symbolic objects ; Symbolism ; Mobiliary art ; Attachment fluidity ; Hypersociability ; Human-animal relationships ; Dog domestication ; Attachment object ; Approachability ; Approach behaviour ; Avoidance behaviour ; Androgens ; Physiological responses ; Cognitive Archaeology ; Autism Spectrum Condition ; Handaxe ; Biface ; Neurodiversity ; Palaeolithic stone tools ; Evolution of neurodiversity ; Rock art ; Ice age art ; Material Culture ; Cultural transmission ; Emotional commitment ; Biopsychosocial approach ; Social tolerance ; Attachment ; Genus Homo ; Acheulian ; Cultural evolution ; Skeletal abnormality ; Injury ; Illness ; Interdependence ; Emotional sensitivity ; Moral emotions ; Evolution of Altruism ; Hominins ; Upper Palaeolithic ; Lower Palaeolithic ; Ecological niche ; Selective pressure ; Behavioural ecology ; Wolves ; Affective empathy ; Cognitive empathy ; Theory of mind ; Human Cognition ; Vulnerability ; Evolutionary Psychology ; Developmental psychology ; Helping behaviours ; Social cognition ; Social mammals ; Human Emotion ; Human social collaboration ; Generosity ; Emotional brain ; Social emotions ; Comparative behaviour ; Evolution ; Social carnivores ; Primate behavioural ecology ; Primate social systems ; Human Evolution ; Human ancestors ; Collaboration ; Evolutionary Biology ; Emotional vulnerability ; Social connection ; Decolonisation ; Social networks ; Middle Palaeolithic ; Community resilience ; Convergent evolution ; Chimpanzee ; Origin of modern humans ; Social safeness ; Wolf domestication ; Cherished possessions ; Compensatory attachment ; Loneliness ; Palaeolithic art ; Stress reactivity ; Bonding hormones ; Humans ; Hunter-gatherers ; Intergroup collaboration ; Tolerance ; Emotional connection ; Autism ; Trust ; Early Prehistory ; Palaeopathology ; Origins of healthcare ; Human self-domestication ; Palaeolithic Archaeology ; Social brain ; Care-giving ; Empathy ; Neanderthals ; Compassion ; Social Connection ; Evolution of Emotions ; Human Origins ; Adaptation ; Prehistory ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JH Sociology & anthropology::JHM Anthropology ; bic Book Industry Communication::H Humanities::HD Archaeology ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSA Life sciences: general issues::PSAF Ecological science, the Biosphere ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSA Life sciences: general issues::PSAJ Evolution ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JP Politics & government::JPW Political activism::JPWQ Revolutionary groups & movements ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JM Psychology
    Language: English
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  • 9
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    De Gruyter | De Gruyter Open Poland
    Publication Date: 2022-11-22
    Description: This edited volume examines the opportunities to think, do, and/or create jointly afforded by digital storytelling. The contributors discuss digital storytelling in the context of educational programs, teaching anthropology, and ethnographic research involving a variety of populations and subjects that will appeal to researchers and practitioners engaged with qualitative methods and pedagogies that rely on media technology.
    Keywords: Discourse ; Climate Change ; Humans ; Nature ; Oceania ; Resilience ; Environmental Ethics ; Environmental Change ; Worldview ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JF Society & culture: general::JFF Social issues & processes::JFFC Social impact of disasters ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JF Society & culture: general::JFH Popular beliefs & controversial knowledge::JFHF Folklore, myths & legends ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JF Society & culture: general::JFS Social groups::JFSL Ethnic studies::JFSL9 Indigenous peoples ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JH Sociology & anthropology::JHB Sociology::JHBD Population & demography ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JH Sociology & anthropology::JHM Anthropology ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSX Human biology::PSXM Medical anthropology
    Language: English
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  • 10
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    Frontiers Media SA
    Publication Date: 2024-03-31
    Description: Echolocation has evolved in different groups of animals, from bats and cetaceans to birds and humans, and enables localization and tracking of objects in a dynamic environment, where light levels may be very low or absent. Nature has shaped echolocation, an active sense that engages audiomotor feedback systems, which operates in diverse environments and situations. Echolocation production and perception vary across species, and signals are often adapted to the environment and task. In the last several decades, researchers have been studying the echolocation behavior of animals, both in the air and underwater, using different methodologies and perspectives. The result of these studies has led to rich knowledge on sound production mechanisms, directionality of the sound beam, signal design, echo reception and perception. Active control over echolocation signal production and the mechanisms for echo processing ultimately provide animals with an echoic scene or image of their surroundings. Sonar signal features directly influence the information available for the echolocating animal to perceive images of its environment. In many echolocating animals, the information processed through echoes elicits a reaction in motor systems, including adjustments in subsequent echolocation signals. We are interested in understanding how echolocating animals deal with different environments (e.g. clutter, light levels), tasks, distance to targets or objects, different prey types or other food sources, presence of conspecifics or certain predators, ambient and anthropogenic noise. In recent years, some researchers have presented new data on the origins of echolocation, which can provide a hint of its evolution. Theoreticians have addressed several issues that bear on echolocation systems, such as frequency or time resolution, target localization and beam-forming mechanisms. In this Research Topic we compiled recent work that elucidates how echolocation – from sound production, through echolocation signals to perception- has been shaped by nature functioning in different environments and situations. We strongly encouraged comparative approaches that would deepen our understanding of the processes comprising this active sense.
    Keywords: QP1-981 ; Q1-390 ; bats ; Biosonar ; Humans ; marine mammals ; sensory biology ; Birds ; Behavior ; Communication ; thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing::MF Pre-clinical medicine: basic sciences::MFG Physiology
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  • 11
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    Frontiers Media SA
    Publication Date: 2024-04-04
    Description: The Frontiers in Chemistry Editorial Office team are delighted to present the inaugural “Frontiers in Chemistry: Rising Stars” article collection, showcasing the high-quality work of internationally recognized researchers in the early stages of their independent careers. All Rising Star researchers featured within this collection were individually nominated by the Journal’s Chief Editors in recognition of their potential to influence the future directions in their respective fields. The work presented here highlights the diversity of research performed across the entire breadth of the chemical sciences, and presents advances in theory, experiment and methodology with applications to compelling problems. This Editorial features the corresponding author(s) of each paper published within this important collection, ordered by section alphabetically, highlighting them as the great researchers of the future. The Frontiers in Chemistry Editorial Office team would like to thank each researcher who contributed their work to this collection. We would also like to personally thank our Chief Editors for their exemplary leadership of this article collection; their strong support and passion for this important, community-driven collection has ensured its success and global impact.
    Keywords: Green and Sustainable Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry ; Theoretical and Computational Chemistry ; Polymer Chemistry ; Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry ; Nanoscience ; Catalysis and Photocatalysis ; Supramolecular Chemistry ; Electrochemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry ; Chemical Biology ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PD Science: general issues
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  • 12
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    Frontiers Media SA
    Publication Date: 2024-03-30
    Description: In the ancient past, cocoa has been appreciated as a high-calorie food to boost energy in soldiers and for its undefined medicinal and mystical properties. During other times, chocolate has been considered as the forbidden “food of God”: a treasure of pleasure for the mind and the soul. The overall perception of the consumer for chocolate was of a “charming” and appealing food with lots of negative aspects related to high sugar content leading to consider chocolate as “junk food” for its “obesigen” calories. Recently, in association with the renewed interest of nutrition science in alternative source of health-promoting foods and ingredients, a large body of research has been conducted to unravel the pro and cons of cocoa in relation to human health. Epidemiological evidences indicate that cocoa consumption helps preventing cardiovascular disease for its high content in bioactive flavonoids. Clinical trials show that chocolate consumption might improve vascular function, decreasing platelet aggregation and display an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effect. The putative protective action of cocoa seems to be multi-factorial and involving different aspects of vascular, antioxidant and endothelial function. However, the mechanism(s) that account for the benefits of cocoa it is still unclear. The aim of this Research Topic is therefore to provide the reader with an objective picture of the state of art on the association between cocoa and health, mainly through the evidences of human trials; overwhelmingly considered the golden standard for nutritional science. The Research Topic will cover the analysis of the manufacturing processes of the chocolate and the antioxidant effects in humans as well as the majority of the putative health effects of chocolate and cocoa, such as anti-inflammatory properties, effect on immunity, platelet aggregation, blood pressure, endothelial function and cognitive behavior. Unraveling the functional properties of cocoa will help to understand if the 'food of God' is a primordial gift for the health of mankind.
    Keywords: R5-920 ; RC581-607 ; TX341-641 ; Antioxidants ; Obesity ; Flavonoids ; Humans ; Chocolate ; Blood pressure ; Inflammation ; Cognitive function ; Cocoa ; Immunity
    Language: English
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  • 13
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: This eBook comprises s series of original research and review articles dealing with the anatomical, genetic, and physiological organization of the auditory system from humans to monkeys and mice.
    Keywords: RC321-571 ; Q1-390 ; audition ; monkeys ; gens ; translational ; Humans ; Rodents ; Memory ; Perception ; Physiology ; functional imaging ; Anatomy ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSA Life sciences: general issues::PSAN Neurosciences
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  • 14
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: The global population aged over 60 is set to rise dramatically in the coming decades. In many countries, the older population now faces the prospect of spending a quarter of their lives aged over 65, and a significant proportion will have to cope with cognitive decline associated with normal ageing or with dementia disorders. Given that these fundamental demographic changes will pose a significant challenge to health care systems, a detailed understanding of age-related cognitive and neurobiological changes is essential in helping elderly populations maintain cognitive performance. In addition, developing sensitive biomarkers to identify those at risk of developing dementia is crucial for early and effective interventions. To make inferences about the ageing process from the animal model back to the human, rigorous behavioral paradigms must be used to ensure that the same function is being examined across species. Given that similar navigational paradigms can easily be applied to humans and animals, recent years have seen an expansion of studies attempting to bridge the gap between age-related changes in animal and human spatial cognition. These studies begin to suggest that disruptions in spatial computations are among the earliest indicators of impending cognitive decline. In addition, although many animal studies have identified pathological mechanisms with paradigms involving spatial navigation, these mechanisms support many nonspatial cognitive functions as well. As a consequence, a successful characterization of how spatial processing changes in the ageing brain could reveal fundamental effects of cognitive ageing that could inform about general mechanisms underlying decline in perception, mnemonic processing and multisensory integration.
    Keywords: RC321-571 ; Q1-390 ; Neuroscience ; spatial navigation ; Humans ; Aging ; Animal Models ; Dementia ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSA Life sciences: general issues::PSAN Neurosciences
    Language: English
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  • 15
    Publication Date: 2024-04-04
    Description: This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact
    Keywords: drugs ; Behavior ; Memory tasks ; pre-clinical ; clinical ; Humans ; Animals ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PD Science: general issues ; thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing::MK Medical specialties, branches of medicine::MKG Pharmacology
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  • 16
    Publication Date: 2023-06-09
    Description: Clustering algorithms can be applied to seismic catalogs to automatically classify earthquakes upon the similarity of their attributes, in order to extract information on seismicity processes and faulting patterns out of large seismic datasets. We describe here a Python open-source software for density-based clustering of seismicity named seiscloud, based on the pyrocko library for seismology. Seiscloud is a tool to dig data out of large local, regional, or global seismic catalogs and to automatically recognize seismicity clusters, characterized by similar features, such as epicentral or hypocentral locations, origin times, focal mechanisms, or moment tensors. Alternatively, the code can rely on user-provided distance matrices to identify clusters of events sharing indirect features, such as similar waveforms. The code can either process local seismic catalogs or download selected subsets of seismic catalogs, accessing different global seismicity catalog providers, perform the seismic clustering over different steps in a flexible, easily adaptable approach, and provide results in form of declustered seismic catalogs and a number of illustrative figures. Here, the algorithm usage is explained and discussed through an application to Northern Chile seismicity.
    Description: Helmholtz-Zentrum Potsdam Deutsches GeoForschungsZentrum - GFZ (4217)
    Keywords: ddc:551.22 ; Seismicity ; Clustering ; Location ; Moment tensor
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  • 17
    Publication Date: 2023-06-09
    Description: Since the mid-1990s, the local seismic network of the University of Cologne has produced digital seismograms. The data all underwent a daily routine processing. For this study, we re-processed data of almost a quarter century of seismicity in the Northern Rhine Area (NRA), including the Lower Rhine Embayment (LRE) and the Eifel Mountain region (EMR). This effort included refined discrimination between tectonic earthquakes, mine-induced events, and quarry blasts. While routine processing comprised the determination of local magnitude ML, in the course of this study, source spectra-based estimates for moment magnitude MW for 1332 earthquakes were calculated. The resulting relation between ML and MW agrees well with the theory of an ML ∝ 1.5 MW dependency at magnitudes below 3. By applying Gutenberg-Richter relation, the b-value for ML was less (0.82) than MW (1.03). Fault plane solutions for 66 earthquakes confirm the previously published N118° E direction of maximum horizontal stress in the NRA. Comparison of the seismicity with recently published Global Positioning System–based deformation data of the crust shows that the largest seismic activity during the observation period in the LRE occurred in the region with the highest dilatation rates. The stress directions agree well with the trend of major faults, and declining seismicity from south to north correlates with decreasing strain rates. In the EMR, earthquakes concentrate at the fringes of the area with corresponding the largest uplift.
    Description: Projekt DEAL
    Keywords: ddc:551.22 ; Northern Rhine Area ; Lower Rhine Embayment ; Eifel ; Seismicity ; Moment magnitude ; Crustal deformation
    Language: English
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    Journal of Morphology 64 (1939) 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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    Journal of Morphology 64 (1939), S. 1-8 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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    Notes: A law of the “bi-triangular medial concentration of the cephalic appendages” in the Chilopoda and the Insecta is propounded. According to it, the cephalic appendages lying in front of and behind the intercalary pair of appendages undergo a concentration, both in phylogeny and in ontogeny, toward the median line. In this way, two hypothetical triangles, termed the ‘anterior or procephalic triangle’ and the ‘posterior or gnathocephalic triangle’ are formed, having a common base in the level of the intercalary appendages. The cephalic appendages occupy roughly either the sides or the apices of the triangles and the degree of their final medial concentration is in direct proportion to their distance from the triangular base. Before the final bi-triangular condition is achieved by the appendages, varying types of transitory shiftings are passed through.
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    Journal of Morphology 64 (1939), S. 37-46 
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: 1. The prostomial glands, as described by Bourne, are deep-lying and unicellular, are distinctly different from the salivary glands, and their contents do not stain with boraxcarmine. They are ectodermal in origin.2. The material for the cocoon is secreted by the clitellar glands, while the prostomial glands secrete the yellowish plugs at the two poles which close the two ends of the cocoon.3. A fortnight after the cocoons are formed, the plugs become detached, leaving two outlets one at each pole, for the young leeches to wriggle out of the cocoon.4. The detachable plugs are possible only if not made of the same material as the cocoon.
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    Journal of Morphology 64 (1939), S. 9-35 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In the hepatic cells of well-fed salamanders (Triturus pyrrhogaster) elongated mitochondria predominate which exhibit a diversity of shapes. Starvation tends gradually to produce a shift in predominance from the elongated to the granular forms of mitochondria; terminally looped and ring-shaped mitochondria also characteristic of the well-fed condition, gradually become rare to absent. Beaded elongated mitochondria increase in number after short periods of fasting, and appear to be transitional between smooth elongated mitochondria and granular mitochondria.Re-feeding tends to bring about a recovery of the mitochondrial picture of the well-fed animals.There are exceptions to the above general trend which show that the length of starvation and digestive activity are not the only factors that account for the changes in the mitochondrial condition. A closer relation is found between the mitochondrial condition and the relative amounts of fat and glycogen in the cell. It can be stated as a rule that the shift in predominance from elongated mitochondria to granular mitochondria parallels the decrease in amount of fat and glycogen in the cell.
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    Journal of Morphology 64 (1939), S. 47-66 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Glands are classified by structure as multicellular complex acinose, multicellular simple tubular, and unicellular; by position as general, hypodermal, ocular, anternnal, intra-mandibular, mandibular, mandibulo-maxillary, maxillary, intra-cardonal and labial. Some open outside the extra-oral cavity. They are supposed to be offensive in function. The segmental origin of the gnathial is doubtful.
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    Journal of Morphology 64 (1939) 
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    Journal of Morphology 64 (1939), S. 67-87 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In Didelphis virginiana and Marmosa mexicana the retina is sauropsidan in type and the eye as a whole is markedly adapted for scotopic vision. The superior half of the fundus of Didelphis is occupied by a tapetum lucidum of the retinal type, formed by the enlarged pigment epithelial cells which are devoid of pigment and packed with reflective particles of unknown composition. Such a tapetum is unique among mammals - in all known sub-mammalian retinal tapeta the reflective material is guanin and is occusible in bright light by migratory fuscin. The retinal capillaries in Didelphis extend to the external limiting membrane, apparently in adaptation to the low permeability of the dense tapetum. Only four other mammals are known to have such capillaries and no inclusive explanation seems to hold for all. Didelphis possesses an ‘area centralis of sensitivity’ associated with the tapetum. Both genera have abundant rods and scanty cones, of three types. The oil droplets of the droplet-bearing single cones and the double cones are colorless and the double cone contains only one, not two as reported by O'Day for other marsupials; nor are the members of the double cone ever alike in size and form. Opossum double cones are thus perfectly orthodox; primitive placental mammals should be examined for double cones and oil droplets.
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
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    Journal of Morphology 64 (1939), S. 89-113 
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    Notes: Study of the epidermis of Rana pipiens and Amblystoma jeffersonianum showed no variations in the mitotic rate that were correlated with the age expressed in hours after hatching or with the time of day at which the tadpoles were fixed. The average mitotic index of the epidermis during the first day of larval life was 1.88 in the frog and 1.02 in the salamander. This was correlated with the earlier developmental stage at which the frog hatched. Colchicine in concentrations above 5 × 10-4 M. in the frog and above 2.5 × 10-3 M. in the salamander arrested almost all mitoses at metaphase. Inhibition was incomplete after treatment with concentrations of 1.25 × 10-4 M. in the frog and 5 × 10-4 M. in the salamander. Severe injury was characterized by the presence of vacuolated cells with deeply stained inclusions, similar to cells found after x-radiation. Cells continued to enter the prophase at the normal rate. The accumulation of metaphases during the first 4 hours of colchicine treatment indicated a mitotic period of about 80 minutes in the frog. During subsequent periods the expected accumulation of metaphases did not occur. It was concluded that the arrested metaphases either degenerated or passed into a resting stage without passing through anaphase.
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    Journal of Morphology 64 (1939), S. 167-209 
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    Journal of Morphology 64 (1939), S. 355-373 
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    Journal of Morphology 64 (1939), S. 375-399 
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    Journal of Morphology 64 (1939), S. 519-553 
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    Journal of Morphology 65 (1939), S. 1-15 
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    Journal of Morphology 65 (1939), S. 17-51 
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    Journal of Morphology 65 (1939), S. 53-78 
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    Journal of Morphology 65 (1939), S. 79-119 
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    Journal of Morphology 65 (1939), S. 121-153 
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    Journal of Morphology 65 (1939), S. 187-213 
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    Journal of Morphology 65 (1939), S. 257-295 
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    Journal of Morphology 65 (1939), S. 241-255 
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    Journal of Morphology 65 (1939), S. 297-321 
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    Journal of Morphology 65 (1939), S. 323-351 
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    Journal of Morphology 65 (1939), S. 383-409 
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    Journal of Morphology 65 (1939), S. 437-469 
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    Journal of Morphology 65 (1939), S. 411-435 
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    Journal of Morphology 65 (1939), S. 471-495 
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    Journal of Morphology 65 (1939), S. 549-605 
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 240 (1939) 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 240 (1939), S. 129-138 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 240 (1939), S. 145-149 
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 240 (1939), S. 150-156 
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 240 (1939), S. 161-166 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: 1. Bei der Oxydation von Ferrosalzlösungen in alkalischer Lösung entsteht ferromagnetisches δ-Fe2O3.
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 240 (1939), S. 173-197 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: 1. Studiert wurden die Isothermen des reduzierten Abbaues der folgenden Thioantimonid- und Thiobismutidgruppen Ferner wurden orientierende Versuche über die Aufschwefelung von FeS und Cu2S mit H2S/H2-Mischungen vorgenommen.
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 240 (1939), S. 198-208 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: 1. Es wurden die Gleichgewichtsverhältnisse zwischen niedermolekularer und höher aggregierter Kieselsäure in verdünnten Natriumsilikatlösungen in Abhängigkeit von [H+], Alter und Art der Säure studiert.
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 240 (1939), S. 232-240 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 240 (1939), S. 217-231 
    ISSN: 0863-1786
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Die Untersuchung verschiedener physikalischer Eigenschaften von wäßrigen Jodsäurelösungen wird im einzelnen beschrieben. Durch Anwendung der Mischungsgleichung zur Eliminierung des Lösungsmitteleinflusses werden Kurven über die Abhängigkeit der untersuchten physikalischen Eigenschaft von der Konzentration der Lösung erhalten, die bei 0,1 n und 0,04 n Knicke bzw. Unstetigkeiten aufweisen. Alle Kurven ergeben praktisch das gleiche Bild. Diese Unstetigkeiten werden in der Weise gedeutet, daß bei den genannten Konzentrationen eine Depolymerisation von (HJO3)3 unter Bildung einfacher Moleküle eintritt, wahrscheinlich der Übergang (HJO3)3 → (HJO3)2 → (HJO3). Eine Prüfung der Ramanspektren bestätigte diesen Befund.
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 240 (1939), S. 273-283 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 240 (1939), S. 284-288 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 240 (1939) 
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 240 (1939), S. 300-312 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 240 (1939), S. 289-299 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Diethermische, mikroskopische und röntgenographische Untersuchung des Systems Gold-Gallium führte zur Auffindung folgender Phasen:α-Phase. Feste Lösung von Ga in Au, schmales Kristallisationsgebiet. Sättigungsgrenze 26,1 Atom-% Ga bei 352°, Abnahme der Löslichkeit mit sinkender Temperatur (15,8 Atom-% Ga bei 200°, etwa 10 Atom-% Ga bei Zimmertemperatur). Gitterkonstanten der Legierungen der α-Phase von der Gitterkonstante des Au nur wenig verschieden, also praktisch keine Gitterdehnung.β-Phase. Peritektische Bildung bei 352°, Verengung des Homogenitätsgebietes mit sinkender Temperatur, eutektoider Zerfall in α und γ bei 275° und 26,5 Atom-% Ga.
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 240 (1939), S. 313-321 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 240 (1939), S. 322-330 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Die Aufnahme und Oxydation von Kohlenoxyd in ammoniakalischen Kupfersalzlösungen läßt sich, wenn man von Kupfer-II-hydroxyd bzw. Kupfer-II-karbonat ausgeht, bis zur laufenden Abscheidung von festem Ammonkarbonat(1) entwickeln. Die hier beschriebenen Untersuchungen hatten daz Ziel, den zusätzlichen Einfluß eines oxydierenden Anions der Kupfer-II-verbindungen auf die Kohlenoxydaufnahme zu bestimmen. Kohlenoxyd wirkte bei Zimmertemperatur und gewöhnlichem Druck auf ammoniakalische Lösungen von Kupferchromaten ein.
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 240 (1939), S. 337-354 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 240 (1939), S. 355-368 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: 1. Es wurde das magnetische Verhalten von Sauerstoffverbindungen des sechswertigen Chroms, Molybdäns, Wolframs und Urans untersucht.
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 241 (1939), S. 1-38 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 240 (1939), S. 331-336 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: BeO ist durch Ti bei etwa 1400° im Hochvakuum reduzierbar. Es destilliert Be in eine Kondensvorlage über. Das Metall scheidet sich in derselben in Gestalt eines dichten Überzuges ab, so lange die Temperatur nicht gesteigert wird. Bei höherer Temperatur entweicht TiO, das eine pulverförmige Ablagerung des Be in sehr unreiner Form hervorruft.-Das hochsiedende Metall Titan und sicherlich auch Zirkon, das eine noch größere Sauerstoffaffinität besitzt als Titan, können demnach als Reduktionsmittel für Berylliumoxyd verwendet werden, trotz ihrer untergeordneten Sauerstoffaffinität, sofern man die Umsetzung bei genügend hoher Temperatur im Hochvakuum vornimmt, wobei das Beryllium dampfförmig entweichen kann. BeO kann durch Ca bzw. Mg reduziert werden, wenn man die Umsetzung in Gegenwart von sehr fein verteilten Metallpulvern und bei so hoher Temperatur vollzieht, daß das Be in das Metall eingetempert wird. Die Umsetzung wird unter Argon und in Anwesenheit von Chloriden ausgeführt. Die Schmelzen werden magnetisch (Fe, Ni) und naß aufbereitet, die getrockneten Metallpulver werden hiernach brikettiert und unter Argon eingeschmolzen. Am günstigsten ist die Umsetzung zwischen Eisenpulver, BeO und Ca, wobei Nutzeffekte von 60% verzeichnet wurden. Auch Ni—Be ist in dieser Weise Ca-frei herstellbar, wogegen die Reaktion mit Cu ein stark verunreinigtes, Ca-frei herstellbar, wogegen die Reaktion mit Cu ein stark verunreinigtes, Ca-haltiges Cu—Be liefert. Mg ist als Reduktionsmittel weniger geeingnet, weil der Nutzeffekt infolge Bildung von säureunlöslichem MgO und den damit verknüpften Metallverlusten bei der magnetischen und nassen Aufbereitung sehr sinkt.
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 241 (1939), S. 39-41 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 241 (1939), S. 93-96 
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 241 (1939), S. 76-92 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: In Abb. 2 sind die 20- und 100°-Isothermen des Systems ZnO-Na2O-H2O für die NaOH-Normalitäten 1-21 gezeichnet, außerdem die 30- und 40°-Isothermen für 13-20 n. Bei 20° treten als stabile Bodenkörper auf: 1ZnO zwischen 1 und 13,4 n (A-R),2[Zn(OH)3]Na zwischen 13,5 und 19,6 n (R-G),3[Zn(OH)4]Na2 etwa zwischen 19,7 und 20,1 n (G-H),4Gemisch [Zn(OH)4]Na2 und NaOH·H2O jenseits 20,1 n.
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    Notes: In vorliegender Arbeit wurden die Zwischenzustände untersucht, die bei der Bildung von Magnesiummetatitanat aus MgO und TiO2 durch Reaktion im festen Zustand auftreten. Hierbei entsteht bis zu einer Glühtemperatur von 1200° das Magnesiummetatitanat, Verbindung 2 : 1 oder 1 : 2 ist röntgenographisch noch nicht nachweisbar. Die katalytische Verbrennung von CO + O2-Gemisch, der N2O-Zerfall, die Wasser- und Farbstoffsorption und die Löslichkeitsversuche ergaben einen gleichartigen Verlauf über zwei Hauptgebiete großer katalytischer Wirksamkeit. Nach dem röntgenographisch festgestellten ersten Auftreten von Metatitanatkristallen bei 800° wurde ein weiteres Gebiet hoher katalytisch sorptiver Eigenschaften gefunden, das entweder durch die neue Metatitanatoberfläche oder durch eine Adsorption Ton MgO oder TiO2, am Metatitanat hervorgerufen wird.
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 241 (1939), S. 42-56 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Die Darstellung von duktilem Titan durch thermische Zersetzung von Titanjodid an einem glühenden Draht wird in ihren Einzelheiten beschrieben, ebenso die Bereitung des hierzu benötigten Titanrohmetalls. Der Kerndraht, an dem die Zersetzung des Jodids erfolgt, wird auf eine Temperatur von mindestens 1100° C erhitzt. Die äußere Form der Titanstäbe ist von dieser Temperatur abhängig und gleichzeitig von der Struktur des verwendeten Kerndrahtes (vgl. Ahb. 2). Der Kerndraht befand sich bei den Versuchen in einem Pyrexglasgefäß mit dicken eingeschmolzenen Wolframelektroden, in welchem sich gleichzeitig die erforderliche Menge Rohmetall und eine verhältnismäßig kleine Menge Jod befanden. Dieses Gefäß wird während des Präparierens auf eine geeignete Temperatur erhitzt. Die beim Präparierens auftretenden Erscheinungen werden zu einem wesentlichen Teil durch die Beschaffenheit des Titanrohmetalls bestimmt. Wird von Titanrohmetall in Form einiger Zentimeter großer, poröser Blöcke ausgegangen, wie sie bei der Reduktion von Titantetrachlorid mit Natrium unter bestimmten Umständen erhalten werden können, so findet nicht bei jeder beliebigen hohen Temperatur des Pyrexglaspräpariergefäßes ein Anwachsen des auf eine geeignete Temperatur erhitzten Kerndrahtes statt. Es treten dann jedoch zwei Temperaturgebiete auf, in denen das Präparieren möglich ist: nämlich zwischen 50 und 250°C sowie oberhalb 470° C, während im Zwischengebiet kein Wachsen des Kerndrahtes stattfindet (vgl. Abb. 3). Ist das Präpariergefäß einmal auf eine Temperatur von z. B. 400° C oder höher erhitzt gewesen, so ist das Präparieren bei jeder Temperatur unterhalb 470°C unmöglich. Die Ursache dieser Erscheinungen ist die zwischen TiJ4 und dem Überschuß von Titanrohmetall oberhalb 100° C auftretende Reaktion, bei welcher niedrigeres Jodid gebildet wird. Im niedrigen Temperaturgebiet besteht die Gasphase aus TiJ4, im hohen enthält sie TiJ4 und TiJ2.
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 241 (1939), S. 97-106 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: 1. Die sogenannten Tetroxyde des Kaliums, Rubidiums und Cäsiums kristallisieren tetragonal im CaC2-Typ mit folgenden Gitterkonstanten: TextKO2RbO2CsO4a5,706,006,28c6,757,037,24
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 241 (1939), S. 107-114 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Das Bild, das sich zusammenfassend von dem Ablauf der Fluoraustreibung aus Fluorapatit durch Wasserdampf und Kieselsäure ergibt, ist folgendes: 1Fluorapatit und Kieselsäure setzen sich ohne Wasserdampf nicht um.2Wasserdampf wirkt auf Fluorapatit auch ohne Kieselsäure ein. Dabei tritt nach Entfernung von mehr als der Hälfte des Fluors eine deutliche Abnahme der Umsetzungsgeschwindigkeit ein. Röntgenaufnahmen zeigen, das bis etwa zu dieser Grenze die Fluorapatitstruktur ohne Linienverschiebungen unverändert erhalten bleibt. Erst danach wid der Übergang zu Hydroxylapatit bemerkbar.3Durch Kieselsäure wird der Umsatz von Fluorapatit und Wasserdampf erst oberhalb etwa 1300° beschleunigt. Es bildet sich dann ein kieselsäurehaltiges α-Ca3P2O8.
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 241 (1939), S. 134-144 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 241 (1939), S. 115-133 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Nach ROSENHEIm und REIHLEN lassen sich gewisse Plato- und Palladokomplexe in optisch aktive Komponenten spalten. Es wurde aber in dieser Arbeit gezeigt, daß ihre Versuchsergebnisse in anderer Weise zu deuten sind.
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 241 (1939), S. 305-323 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: 1. Es wird gezeigt, daß die Untersuchung von Systemen, die Halbmetalle enthalten, f¨r die Aufklärung feinerer Affinitätswirkungen von Bedeutung ist.
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 241 (1939), S. 324-337 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 241 (1939), S. 349-360 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 241 (1939), S. 361-371 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Es wurde reines Ferrobromid durch Synthese aus den reinen Elementen hergestellt, sublimiert und geschmolzen. Das gewogene, von Ferriion vollkommen freie Bromid wurde mit Silber bzw. Silberbromid verglichen.
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 241 (1939), S. 338-348 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: 1. Die Umsetzung des Quarzes führt in den quaternären Alk2IO-Alk2IIO—SiO2—CO2-Systemen zu denselben Reaktionsdrucken wie in den ternären Alk2O—SiO2—CO2-Systemen. Infolge der besseren Diffusionsmöglichkeit werden auch die Anfangsdrucke der instabilen Metasilikatbildung nach [Alk2 · CO3] + [SiO2] = Alk2SiO3 (feste Lösung) + (CO2) beobachtet. Ein stabiles Gleichgewicht zwischen Quarz und Disilikat liegt auch im quaternären System nicht vor.
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 241 (1939), S. 372-380 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: 1. Natriumstannat, das aus seinen wäßrigen Lösungen mit konzentrierter Natronlauge ausgefällt wird, enthält stets noch geringe Mengen von Natriumhydroxyd, die auch durch sorgfältiges Auswaschen nicht restlos entfernt werden können. Dieser Gehalt an Natriumhydroxyd bewirkt, daß das feste Salz gegen die Kohlensäure der Luft sehr empfindlich ist. Im übrigen ist Natriumstannat eine durchaus beständige Verbindung.
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 241 (1939), S. 381-394 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: 1. HF greift nicht an, wenigstens bis 1200°, Cu; bis 800°, Cu2O und Cu2S; bis 850° SgCl.
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 241 (1939), S. 416-417 
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 241 (1939), S. 395-415 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Bei der thermischen Zersetzung des Si10Cl20H unter Normaldruck bei 300° entsteht in einer inerten Gasatmosphäre ein fester, gelber Körper von blättriger, amorpher Struktur. Die Analyse ergibt ein Atomverhältnis von Si : Cl wie 1,00:1,00. Bei der Zersetzung mit Kalilauge löst sich der gelbe Körper unter stürmischer Wasserstoffentwicklung vollständig auf. Die Reaktion verläuft nach \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ 2\;{\rm SiCl} + 6\;{\rm KOH} = 2\;{\rm KCl} + 2\;{\rm K}_{\rm 2} {\rm SiO}_{\rm 3} + 3\;{\rm H}_{\rm 2} . $$\end{document}.
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 241 (1939), S. 418-420 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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