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Digitization of imaging plates from Guinier powder X‐ray diffraction cameras (2022)

Nasir, Jamal ; Steinbrück, Nils ; Xu, Ke ; [weitere]

International Union of Crystallography | 5 Abbey Square, Chester, Cheshire CH1 2HU, England

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Publikationsdatum: 2023-01-15

Beschreibung: A Guinier camera equipped with an imaging plate is used to investigate and eliminate the sources of instrumental errors affecting the quality of the obtained scanned Guinier data. A program with a graphical user interface is presented which converts the data of the scanned images into different standard file formats for powder X‐ray patterns containing intensities, their standard deviations and the diffraction angles. The program also allows for manual and automatic correction of the 2gθ scale against a known reference material. It is shown using LaB6 that the exported X‐ray diffraction patterns provide a 2gθ scale reproducible enough to allow for averaging diffractograms obtained from different exposures of the imaging plate for the same sample. As shown on a mixture of NaCl and sodalite, the quality of the produced data is sufficient for Rietveld refinement. The software including source code is made available under a free software license.

Beschreibung: A program for the digitization of Guinier powder diffraction images is described, which works with images from both optical and laser scanners. Thus, processing of data from storage‐phosphor‐based imaging plates and Ag‐based photographic films is possible.

Schlagwort(e): ddc:548 ; IPreader software ; Guinier cameras ; imaging plates (IPs) ; diffraction pattern conversion into data columns ; powder X‐ray diffraction ; data processing ; Guinier method

Sprache: Englisch

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Non‐exchangeable stable hydrogen isotope ratios in clay minerals and soil clay fractions: A method test (2022)

Merseburger, Stefan ; Kessler, Arnim ; Oelmann, Yvonne ; [weitere]

Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK

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Publikationsdatum: 2023-01-20

Beschreibung: Stable hydrogen isotope ratios (δ2H values) in structural hydroxyl groups of pedogenic clay minerals are inherited from the surrounding water at the time of their formation. Only non‐exchangeable H preserves the environmental forensic and paleoclimate information (δ2Hn value). To measure δ2Hn values in structural H of clay minerals and soil clay fractions, we adapted a steam equilibration method by accounting for high hygroscopicity. Our δ2Hn values for USGS57 biotite (−95.3 ± SD 0.9‰) and USGS58 muscovite (30.7 ± 1.4‰) differed slightly but significantly from the reported δ2H values (−91.5 ± 2.4‰ and −28.4 ± 1.6‰), because the minerals contained 1.1%–4.4% of exchangeable H. The low SD of replicate measurements (n = 3) confirmed a high precision. The clay separation method including destruction of Fe oxides, carbonates and soil organic matter, and dispersion did not significantly change the δ2Hn values of five different clay minerals. However, we were unable to remove all organic matter from the soil clay fractions resulting in an estimated bias of 1‰ in two samples and 15‰ in the carbon‐richest sample. Our results demonstrate that δ2Hn values of structural H of clay minerals and soil clay fractions can be reliably measured without interference from atmospheric water and the method used to separate the soil clay fraction. Highlights We tested steam equilibration to determine stable isotope ratios of structural H in clay. Gas‐tight capsule sealing in Ar atmosphere was necessary to avoid remoistening. Our steam equilibration method showed a high accuracy and precision. The clay separation method did not change stable isotope ratios of structural H in clay.

Beschreibung: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659

Schlagwort(e): ddc:549 ; controlled isotope exchange technique ; deuterium ; montmorillonite ; soil clay separation ; soil organic matter removal ; steam equilibration ; structural H ; USGS57 biotite ; vermiculite ; δ2H

Sprache: Englisch

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Crystal diffraction prediction and partiality estimation using Gaussian basis functions (2023)

Brehm, Wolfgang ; White, Thomas ; Chapman, Henry N. ; [weitere]

International Union of Crystallography | 5 Abbey Square, Chester, Cheshire CH1 2HU, England

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Publikationsdatum: 2023-07-04

Beschreibung: The recent diversification of macromolecular crystallographic experiments including the use of pink beams, convergent electron diffraction and serial snapshot crystallography has shown the limitations of using the Laue equations for diffraction prediction. This article gives a computationally efficient way of calculating approximate crystal diffraction patterns given varying distributions of the incoming beam, crystal shapes and other potentially hidden parameters. This approach models each pixel of a diffraction pattern and improves data processing of integrated peak intensities by enabling the correction of partially recorded reflections. The fundamental idea is to express the distributions as weighted sums of Gaussian functions. The approach is demonstrated on serial femtosecond crystallography data sets, showing a significant decrease in the required number of patterns to refine a structure to a given error.

Beschreibung: Reflection position, size and shape prediction and partiality estimation of crystal diffraction by integrating using a Gaussian basis are described.

Schlagwort(e): ddc:548 ; partiality estimation ; diffraction prediction ; merging ; serial snapshot crystallography

Sprache: Englisch

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Small‐angle neutron scattering of long‐wavelength magnetic modulations in reduced sample dimensions (2022)

Causer, Grace L. ; Chacon, Alfonso ; Heinemann, André ; [weitere]

International Union of Crystallography | 5 Abbey Square, Chester, Cheshire CH1 2HU, England

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Publikationsdatum: 2023-07-04

Beschreibung: Magnetic small‐angle neutron scattering (SANS) is ideally suited to providing direct reciprocal‐space information on long‐wavelength magnetic modulations, such as helicoids, solitons, merons or skyrmions. SANS of such structures in thin films or micro‐structured bulk materials is strongly limited by the tiny scattering volume vis a vis the prohibitively high background scattering by the substrate and support structures. Considering near‐surface scattering just above the critical angle of reflection, where unwanted signal contributions due to substrate or support structures become very small, it is established that the scattering patterns of the helical, conical, skyrmion lattice and fluctuation‐disordered phases in a polished bulk sample of MnSi are equivalent for conventional transmission and near‐surface SANS geometries. This motivates the prediction of a complete repository of scattering patterns expected for thin films in the near‐surface SANS geometry for each orientation of the magnetic order with respect to the scattering plane.

Beschreibung: Near‐surface SANS is discussed for its potential as a probe of long‐wavelength magnetic modulations in specimens with reduced sample dimensions.

Schlagwort(e): ddc:548 ; small‐angle neutron scattering ; near‐surface SANS ; magnetism ; non‐collinear magnetism ; thin films ; skyrmions ; MnSi

Sprache: Englisch

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In situ neutron diffraction for analysing complex coarse‐grained functional materials (2023)

Hinterstein, Manuel ; Lemos da Silva, Lucas ; Knapp, Michael ; [weitere]

International Union of Crystallography | 5 Abbey Square, Chester, Cheshire CH1 2HU, England

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Publikationsdatum: 2023-10-24

Beschreibung: 〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉Complex functional materials play a crucial role in a broad range of energy‐related applications and in general for materials science. Revealing the structural mechanisms is challenging due to highly correlated coexisting phases and microstructures, especially for 〈italic〉in situ〈/italic〉 or 〈italic〉operando〈/italic〉 investigations. Since the grain sizes influence the properties, these microstructural features further complicate investigations at synchrotrons due to the limitations of illuminated sample volumes. In this study, it is demonstrated that such complex functional materials with highly correlated coexisting phases can be investigated under 〈italic〉in situ〈/italic〉 conditions with neutron diffraction. For large grain sizes, these experiments are valuable methods to reveal the structural mechanisms. For an example of 〈italic〉in situ〈/italic〉 experiments on barium titanate with an applied electric field, details of the electric‐field‐induced phase transformation depending on grain size and frequency are revealed. The results uncover the strain mechanisms in barium titanate and elucidate the complex interplay of stresses in relation to grain sizes as well as domain‐wall densities and mobilities.〈/p〉

Beschreibung: 〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉This work reports 〈italic〉in situ〈/italic〉 neutron diffraction experiments on a broad range of grain sizes of barium titanate. The study reveals the grain‐size‐dependent strain mechanisms and shows the competitiveness of neutron diffraction with high‐resolution synchrotron diffraction.〈boxed-text position="anchor" content-type="graphic" xml:lang="en"〉〈graphic position="anchor" id="jats-graphic-1" xlink:href="urn:x-wiley:16005767:jcr2vb5054:jcr2vb5054-fig-0001"〉 〈alt-text〉image〈/alt-text〉 〈/graphic〉〈/boxed-text〉〈/p〉

Schlagwort(e): ddc:550.724 ; ddc:548 ; neutron diffraction ; in situ ; applied electric fields ; barium titanate ; strain mechanisms ; grain sizes ; complex functional materials ; microstructures ; coexisting phases

Sprache: Englisch

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Using diffraction losses of X‐rays in a single crystal for determination of its lattice parameters as well as for monochromator calibration (2022)

Klimova, Nataliya ; Snigireva, Irina ; Snigirev, Anatoly ; [weitere]

International Union of Crystallography | 5 Abbey Square, Chester, Cheshire CH1 2HU, England

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Publikationsdatum: 2023-12-04

Beschreibung: 〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉A way has been developed to measure the unit‐cell parameters of a single crystal just from an energy scan with X‐rays, even when the exact energy of the X‐rays is not well defined due to an error in the pitch angle of the monochromator. The precision of this measurement reaches 〈italic〉da〈/italic〉/〈italic〉a〈/italic〉 ∼ 1 × 10〈sup〉−5〈/sup〉. The method is based on the analysis of diffraction losses of the beam, transmitted through a single crystal (the so‐called `glitch effect'). This method can be easily applied to any transmissive X‐ray optical element made of single crystals (for example, X‐ray lenses). The only requirements are the possibility to change the energy of the generated X‐ray beam and some intensity monitor to measure the transmitted intensity. The method is agnostic to the error in the monochromator tuning and it can even be used for determination of the absolute pitch (or 2gθ) angle of the monochromator. Applying the same method to a crystal with well known lattice parameters allows determination of the exact cell parameters of the monochromator at any energy.〈/p〉

Beschreibung: 〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉Diffraction losses (glitches) at certain energies of the X‐ray beam, transmitted through a single crystal, can be used for lattice parameters determination as well as for calibrating the monochromator (absolute pitch angle and the unit‐cell parameter).〈boxed-text position="anchor" content-type="graphic" xml:lang="en"〉〈graphic position="anchor" id="jats-graphic-1" xlink:href="urn:x-wiley:16005775:jsy2ay5590:jsy2ay5590-fig-0001"〉 〈alt-text〉image〈/alt-text〉 〈/graphic〉〈/boxed-text〉〈/p〉

Schlagwort(e): ddc:548 ; X‐ray glitches ; diffraction losses ; unit‐cell parameter ; single‐crystal X‐ray optics ; monochromator calibration

Sprache: Englisch

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Energy‐dispersive X‐ray stress analysis under geometric constraints: exploiting the material's inherent anisotropy (2023)

Genzel, Christoph ; Klaus, Manuela ; Hempel, Nico ; [weitere]

International Union of Crystallography | 5 Abbey Square, Chester, Cheshire CH1 2HU, England

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Publikationsdatum: 2023-09-12

Beschreibung: Two data evaluation concepts for X‐ray stress analysis based on energy‐dispersive diffraction on polycrystalline materials with cubic crystal structure, almost random crystallographic texture and strong single‐crystal elastic anisotropy are subjected to comparative assessment. The aim is the study of the residual stress state in hard‐to‐reach measurement points, for which the sin2ψ method is not applicable due to beam shadowing at larger sample tilting. This makes the approaches attractive for stress analysis in engineering parts with complex shapes, for example. Both approaches are based on the assumption of a biaxial stress state within the irradiated sample volume. They exploit in different ways the elastic anisotropy of individual crystallites acting at the microscopic scale and the anisotropy imposed on the material by the near‐surface stress state at the macroscopic scale. They therefore complement each other, in terms of both their preconditions and their results. The first approach is based on the evaluation of strain differences, which makes it less sensitive to variations in the strain‐free lattice parameter a0. Since it assumes a homogeneous stress state within the irradiated sample volume, it provides an average value of the in‐plane stresses. The second approach exploits the sensitivity of the lattice strain to changes in a0. Consequently, it assumes a homogeneous chemical composition but provides a stress profile within the information depth. Experimental examples from different fields in materials science, namely shot peening of austenitic steel and in situ stress analysis during welding, are presented to demonstrate the suitability of the proposed methods.

Beschreibung: The single‐crystal elastic anisotropy and the anisotropy of the near‐surface (residual) stress state of polycrystalline materials with random texture are exploited in energy‐dispersive X‐ray stress analysis to study samples under constrained measurement conditions.

Schlagwort(e): ddc:548 ; X‐ray stress analysis ; energy‐dispersive diffraction ; polycrystalline materials ; single‐crystal elastic anisotropy

Sprache: Englisch

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Use of electron backscatter diffraction patterns to determine the crystal lattice. Part 3. Pseudosymmetry (2023)

Nolze, Gert ; Tokarski, Tomasz ; Rychłowski, Łukasz ; [weitere]

International Union of Crystallography | 5 Abbey Square, Chester, Cheshire CH1 2HU, England

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Publikationsdatum: 2023-07-20

Beschreibung: A pseudosymmetric description of the crystal lattice derived from a single wide‐angle Kikuchi pattern can have several causes. The small size (〈15%) of the sector covered by an electron backscatter diffraction pattern, the limited precision of the projection centre position and the Kikuchi band definition are crucial. Inherent pseudosymmetries of the crystal lattice and/or structure also pose a challenge in the analysis of Kikuchi patterns. To eliminate experimental errors as much as possible, simulated Kikuchi patterns of 350 phases have been analysed using the software CALM [Nolze et al. (2021). J. Appl. Cryst.54, 1012–1022] in order to estimate the frequency of and reasons for pseudosymmetric crystal lattice descriptions. Misinterpretations occur in particular when the atomic scattering factors of non‐equivalent positions are too similar and reciprocal‐lattice points are systematically missing. As an example, a pseudosymmetry prediction depending on the elements involved is discussed for binary AB compounds with B1 and B2 structure types. However, since this is impossible for more complicated phases, this approach cannot be directly applied to compounds of arbitrary composition and structure.

Beschreibung: Distinguishing between actual and apparent pseudosymmetry in electron backscatter diffraction patterns is nearly impossible, even for simulated patterns. However, the resulting lattice is always a superlattice as long as the signal is not a superposition of multiple patterns.

Schlagwort(e): ddc:548 ; Bravais lattices ; pseudosymmetry ; lattice point density ; ordered/disordered structures ; lattice distortion ; electron backscatter diffraction ; backscattered Kikuchi diffraction patterns ; lattice parameters ; Funk transform

Sprache: Englisch

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Combining reverse Monte Carlo analysis of X‐ray scattering and extended X‐ray absorption fine structure spectra of very small nanoparticles (2022)

Winterer, Markus ; Geiß, Jeremias ; Geiß, Jeremias; 1University of Duisburg-EssenNanoparticle Process Technology and CENIDE (Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen)Lotharstrasse 1 Duisberg 47057 Germany

International Union of Crystallography | 5 Abbey Square, Chester, Cheshire CH1 2HU, England

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Publikationsdatum: 2023-07-21

Beschreibung: Finite size effects in partial pair distribution functions generate artefacts in the scattering structure factor and scattering intensity. It is shown how they can be overcome using a binned version of the Debye scattering equation. Accordingly, reverse Monte Carlo simulations are used for very small nanoparticles of LaFeO3 with diameters below 10 nm to simultaneously analyse X‐ray scattering data and extended X‐ray absorption fine structure spectra at the La K and Fe K edges. The structural information obtained is consistent regarding local structure and long‐range order.

Beschreibung: Computing scattering intensity using the Debye scattering equation after binning interatomic distances avoids finite size artefacts and is efficient enough for simultaneous refinement of scattering data and extended X‐ray absorption spectra by reverse Monte Carlo simulations.

Schlagwort(e): ddc:548 ; extended X‐ray absorption fine structure ; EXAFS ; wide‐angle X‐ray scattering ; WAXS ; reverse Monte Carlo ; RMC ; nanocrystals ; LaFeO3

Sprache: Englisch

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Use of electron backscatter diffraction patterns to determine the crystal lattice. Part 2. Offset corrections (2023)

Nolze, Gert ; Tokarski, Tomasz ; Rychłowski, Łukasz ; [weitere]

International Union of Crystallography | 5 Abbey Square, Chester, Cheshire CH1 2HU, England

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Publikationsdatum: 2023-07-21

Beschreibung: A band width determination using the first derivative of the band profile systematically underestimates the true Bragg angle. Corrections are proposed to compensate for the resulting offset Δa/a of the mean lattice parameters derived from as many Kikuchi band widths as possible. For dynamically simulated Kikuchi patterns, Δa/a can reach up to 8% for phases with a high mean atomic number Z, whereas for much more common low‐Z materials the offset decreases linearly. A predicted offset Δa/a = f(Z) is therefore proposed, which also includes the unit‐cell volume and thus takes into account the packing density of the scatterers in the material. Since Z is not always available for unknown phases, its substitution by Zmax, i.e. the atomic number of the heaviest element in the compound, is still acceptable for an approximate correction. For simulated Kikuchi patterns the offset‐corrected lattice parameter deviation is Δa/a 〈 1.5%. The lattice parameter ratios, and the angles α, β and γ between the basis vectors, are not affected at all.

Beschreibung: Automatically determined band widths in simulated backscatter Kikuchi patterns exhibit differences from the double Bragg angles that correlate with the scatterer density. Corrections are proposed to compensate for this.

Schlagwort(e): ddc:548 ; mean atomic number ; Kikuchi patterns ; lattice parameters ; automated Bragg angle determination ; lattice parameter determination ; dynamical theory of electron diffraction ; electron backscatter diffraction ; Funk transform

Sprache: Englisch

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POWTEX visits POWGEN (2023)

Houben, Andreas ; Meinerzhagen, Yannick ; Nachtigall, Noah ; [weitere]

International Union of Crystallography | 5 Abbey Square, Chester, Cheshire CH1 2HU, England

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Publikationsdatum: 2023-07-21

Beschreibung: 〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉The high‐intensity time‐of‐flight (TOF) neutron diffractometer POWTEX for powder and texture analysis is currently being built prior to operation in the eastern guide hall of the research reactor FRM II at Garching close to Munich, Germany. Because of the world‐wide 〈sup〉3〈/sup〉He crisis in 2009, the authors promptly initiated the development of 〈sup〉3〈/sup〉He‐free detector alternatives that are tailor‐made for the requirements of large‐area diffractometers. Herein is reported the 2017 enterprise to operate one mounting unit of the final POWTEX detector on the neutron powder diffractometer POWGEN at the Spallation Neutron Source located at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, USA. As a result, presented here are the first angular‐ and wavelength‐dependent data from the POWTEX detector, unfortunately damaged by a 50〈italic〉g〈/italic〉 shock but still operating, as well as the efforts made both to characterize the transport damage and to successfully recalibrate the voxel positions in order to yield nonetheless reliable measurements. Also described is the current data reduction process using the 〈italic〉PowderReduceP2D〈/italic〉 algorithm implemented in 〈italic〉Mantid〈/italic〉 [Arnold 〈italic〉et al.〈/italic〉 (2014). 〈italic〉Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A〈/italic〉, 〈bold〉764〈/bold〉, 156–166]. The final part of the data treatment chain, namely a novel multi‐dimensional refinement using a modified version of the 〈italic〉GSAS‐II〈/italic〉 software suite [〈ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://scripts.iucr.org/cgi-bin/paper?aj5212"〉Toby & Von Dreele (2013). 〈italic〉J. Appl. Cryst.〈/italic〉〈bold〉46〈/bold〉, 544–549〈/ext-link〉], is compared with a standard data treatment of the same event data conventionally reduced as TOF diffraction patterns and refined with the unmodified version of 〈italic〉GSAS‐II〈/italic〉. This involves both determining the instrumental resolution parameters using POWGEN's powdered diamond standard sample and the refinement of a friendly‐user sample, BaZn(NCN)〈sub〉2〈/sub〉. Although each structural parameter on its own looks similar upon comparing the conventional (1D) and multi‐dimensional (2D) treatments, also in terms of precision, a closer view shows small but possibly significant differences. For example, the somewhat suspicious proximity of the 〈italic〉a〈/italic〉 and 〈italic〉b〈/italic〉 lattice parameters of BaZn(NCN)〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 crystallizing in 〈italic〉Pbca〈/italic〉 as resulting from the 1D refinement (0.008 Å) is five times less pronounced in the 2D refinement (0.038 Å). Similar features are found when comparing bond lengths and bond angles, 〈italic〉e.g.〈/italic〉 the two N—C—N units are less differently bent in the 1D results (173 and 175°) than in the 2D results (167 and 173°). The results are of importance not only for POWTEX but also for other neutron TOF diffractometers with large‐area detectors, like POWGEN at the SNS or the future DREAM beamline at the European Spallation Source.〈/p〉

Beschreibung: 〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉The first real‐world neutron diffraction data have been collected with one of the POWTEX detectors (FRM II, Garching, Germany) mounted for testing at the Spallation Neutron Source (Oak Ridge National Laboratory, USA). They allow for angular‐ and wavelength‐dispersive Rietveld refinement using a modified version of 〈italic〉GSAS‐II〈/italic〉.〈boxed-text position="anchor" content-type="graphic" xml:lang="en"〉〈graphic position="anchor" id="jats-graphic-1" xlink:href="urn:x-wiley:16005767:jcr2tu5033:jcr2tu5033-fig-0001"〉 〈/graphic〉〈/boxed-text〉〈/p〉

Schlagwort(e): ddc:548 ; neutron detectors ; POWGEN beamline ; POWTEX detector ; DREAM beamline ; time‐of‐flight diffraction ; angular‐dispersive refinement ; wavelength‐dispersive refinement ; powder diffraction ; Rietveld refinement ; multi‐dimensional refinement

Sprache: Englisch

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A note on the wedge reversion antisymmetry operation and 51 types of physical quantities in arbitrary dimensions (2023)

Fabrykiewicz, Piotr ; Fabrykiewicz, Piotr;

International Union of Crystallography | 5 Abbey Square, Chester, Cheshire CH1 2HU, England

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Publikationsdatum: 2023-07-21

Beschreibung: 〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉The paper by Gopalan [〈ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://scripts.iucr.org/cgi-bin/paper?ib5086"〉(2020). 〈italic〉Acta Cryst.〈/italic〉 A〈bold〉76〈/bold〉, 318–327〈/ext-link〉] presented an enumeration of the 41 physical quantity types in non‐relativistic physics, in arbitrary dimensions, based on the formalism of Clifford algebra. Gopalan considered three antisymmetries: spatial inversion, 〈overline〉1〈/overline〉, time reversal, 1′, and wedge reversion, 1〈sup〉†〈/sup〉. A consideration of the set of all seven antisymmetries (〈overline〉1〈/overline〉, 1′, 1〈sup〉†〈/sup〉, 1′〈sup〉†〈/sup〉, 〈overline〉1〈/overline〉〈sup〉†〈/sup〉, 〈overline〉1〈/overline〉′, 〈overline〉1〈/overline〉′〈sup〉†〈/sup〉) leads to an extension of the results obtained by Gopalan. It is shown that there are 51 types of physical quantities with distinct symmetry properties in total.〈/p〉

Beschreibung: 〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉It is shown that there are 51 types of physical quantities in arbitrary dimensions with distinct transformations by wedge reversion symmetry. In the paper by 〈ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://scripts.iucr.org/cgi-bin/paper?ib5086"〉Gopalan [(2020). 〈italic〉Acta Cryst.〈/italic〉 A〈bold〉76〈/bold〉, 318–327]〈/ext-link〉 only 41 types were enumerated.〈boxed-text position="anchor" content-type="graphic" xml:lang="en"〉〈graphic position="anchor" id="jats-graphic-1" xlink:href="urn:x-wiley:20532733:aya2ib5117:aya2ib5117-fig-0001"〉 〈alt-text〉image〈/alt-text〉 〈/graphic〉〈/boxed-text〉〈/p〉

Schlagwort(e): ddc:548 ; multivectors ; wedge reversion ; antisymmetry ; Clifford algebra

Sprache: Englisch

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Use of electron backscatter diffraction patterns to determine the crystal lattice. Part 1. Where is the Bragg angle? (2023)

Nolze, Gert ; Tokarski, Tomasz ; Rychłowski, Łukasz ; [weitere]

International Union of Crystallography | 5 Abbey Square, Chester, Cheshire CH1 2HU, England

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Publikationsdatum: 2023-07-19

Beschreibung: The derivation of a crystal structure and its phase‐specific parameters from a single wide‐angle backscattered Kikuchi diffraction pattern requires reliable extraction of the Bragg angles. By means of the first derivative of the lattice profile, an attempt is made to determine fully automatically and reproducibly the band widths in simulated Kikuchi patterns. Even under such ideal conditions (projection centre, wavelength and lattice plane traces are perfectly known), this leads to a lattice parameter distribution whose mean shows a linear offset that correlates with the mean atomic number Z of the pattern‐forming phase. The consideration of as many Kikuchi bands as possible reduces the errors that typically occur if only a single band is analysed. On the other hand, the width of the resulting distribution is such that higher image resolution of diffraction patterns, employing longer wavelengths to produce wider bands or the use of higher interference orders is less advantageous than commonly assumed.

Beschreibung: The lattice parameters of more than 350 phases have been determined from simulated backscatter Kikuchi patterns. The deviations correlating with the mean atomic number correspond to those observed previously for experimental electron backscatter diffraction patterns.

Schlagwort(e): ddc:548 ; Bragg angles ; Kikuchi bands ; Kikuchi patterns ; first derivative ; lattice parameters ; lattice parameter determination ; Bravais lattice type ; electron backscatter diffraction ; Radon transform

Sprache: Englisch

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Data reduction for X‐ray serial crystallography using machine learning (2023)

Rahmani, Vahid ; Nawaz, Shah ; Pennicard, David ; [weitere]

International Union of Crystallography | 5 Abbey Square, Chester, Cheshire CH1 2HU, England

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Publikationsdatum: 2023-07-19

Beschreibung: Serial crystallography experiments produce massive amounts of experimental data. Yet in spite of these large‐scale data sets, only a small percentage of the data are useful for downstream analysis. Thus, it is essential to differentiate reliably between acceptable data (hits) and unacceptable data (misses). To this end, a novel pipeline is proposed to categorize the data, which extracts features from the images, summarizes these features with the `bag of visual words' method and then classifies the images using machine learning. In addition, a novel study of various feature extractors and machine learning classifiers is presented, with the aim of finding the best feature extractor and machine learning classifier for serial crystallography data. The study reveals that the oriented FAST and rotated BRIEF (ORB) feature extractor with a multilayer perceptron classifier gives the best results. Finally, the ORB feature extractor with multilayer perceptron is evaluated on various data sets including both synthetic and experimental data, demonstrating superior performance compared with other feature extractors and classifiers.

Beschreibung: A machine learning method for distinguishing good and bad images in serial crystallography is presented. To reduce the computational cost, this uses the oriented FAST and rotated BRIEF feature extraction method from computer vision to detect image features, followed by a multilayer perceptron (neural network) to classify the images.

Schlagwort(e): ddc:548 ; serial crystallography ; data reduction ; machine learning ; feature extraction

Sprache: Englisch

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Towards joint in situ determination of pressure and temperature in the large volume press exclusively from X‐ray diffraction (2023)

Farla, Robert ; Farla, Robert;

International Union of Crystallography | 5 Abbey Square, Chester, Cheshire CH1 2HU, England

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Publikationsdatum: 2023-07-19

Beschreibung: Since high‐pressure devices have been used at synchrotron facilities, accurate determination of pressure and temperature in the sample has been a crucial objective, particularly for experiments that simulate the Earth's interior. However, in some cases using a thermocouple may have a high likelihood of failure or is incompatible with a high‐pressure assembly. To address these challenges and similar issues, we aim to expand a previously proposed solution: to jointly estimate pressure and temperature (〈italic〉PT〈/italic〉) through 〈italic〉in situ〈/italic〉 X‐ray diffraction, to cover a wider range of internal 〈italic〉PT〈/italic〉 calibrants tested over larger 〈italic〉PT〈/italic〉 ranges. A modifiable Python‐based software is offered to quickly obtain results. To achieve these aims, 〈italic〉in situ〈/italic〉 large volume press experiments are performed on pellets of intimately mixed powders of a halide (NaCl, KCl, KBr, CsCl) or MgO and a metal (Pt, Re, Mo, W, Ni) in the pressure range 3–11 GPa and temperature range 300–1800 K. Although the pressure range was chosen for practical reasons, it also covers an equally important depth range in the Earth (down to 350 km) for geoscience studies. A thermocouple was used to validate the 〈italic〉PT〈/italic〉 conditions in the cell assemblies. The key results show that choosing the appropriate calibrant materials and using a joint 〈italic〉PT〈/italic〉 estimation can yield surprisingly small uncertainties (〈italic〉i.e.〈/italic〉 〈±0.1 GPa and 〈±50 K). This development is expected to benefit current and future research at extreme conditions, as other materials with high compressibility or high thermal pressure, stable over large 〈italic〉PT〈/italic〉 ranges, may be discovered and used as 〈italic〉PT〈/italic〉 calibrants.〈/p〉

Beschreibung: Research in high‐pressure devices, such as the diamond anvil cell and the large volume press, requires knowledge of the pressure and temperature in the sample. Here, a large volume press and an internal resistive heater were used to generate high load and heat to various combinations of intimately mixed powders of materials. X‐ray diffraction and custom software were used to jointly estimate the pressures and temperatures in the samples and establish calibrants for 〈italic〉in situ〈/italic〉 experiments at extreme conditions.〈boxed-text position="anchor" content-type="graphic" xml:lang="en"〉〈graphic position="anchor" id="jats-graphic-1" xlink:href="urn:x-wiley:16005775:jsy2vl5008:jsy2vl5008-fig-0001"〉

Beschreibung: https://gitlab.desy.de/robert.farla/eoscross

Schlagwort(e): ddc:548 ; equations of state ; X‐ray diffraction ; large volume press ; high pressure ; resistive heating

Sprache: Englisch

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Potential erodibility of semi‐arid steppe soils derived from aggregate stability tests (2022)

Koza, Moritz ; Pöhlitz, Julia ; Prays, Aleksey ; [weitere]

Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK

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Publikationsdatum: 2023-01-26

Beschreibung: Erosion is a severe threat to the sustainable use of agricultural soils. However, the structural resistance of soil against the disruptive forces steppe soils experience under field conditions has not been investigated. Therefore, 132 topsoils under grass‐ and cropland covering a large range of physico‐chemical soil properties (sand: 2–76%, silt: 18–80%, clay: 6–30%, organic carbon: 7.3–64.2 g kg−1, inorganic carbon: 0.0–8.5 g kg−1, pH: 4.8–9.5, electrical conductivity: 32–946 μS cm−1) from northern Kazakhstan were assessed for their potential erodibility using several tests. An adjusted drop‐shatter method (low energy input of 60 Joule on a 250‐cm3 soil block) was used to estimate the stability of dry soil against weak mechanical forces, such as saltating particles striking the surface causing wind erosion. Three wetting treatments with various conditions and energies (fast wetting, slow wetting, and wet shaking) were applied to simulate different disruptive effects of water. Results indicate that aggregate stability was higher for grassland than cropland soils and declined with decreasing soil organic carbon content. The results of the drop‐shatter test suggested that 29% of the soils under cropland were at risk of wind erosion, but only 6% were at high risk (i.e. erodible fraction 〉60%). In contrast, the fast wetting treatment revealed that 54% of the samples were prone to become “very unstable” and 44% “unstable” during heavy rain or snowmelt events. Even under conditions comparable to light rain events or raindrop impact, 53–59% of the samples were “unstable.” Overall, cropland soils under semi‐arid conditions seem much more susceptible to water than wind erosion. Considering future projections of increasing precipitation in Kazakhstan, we conclude that the risk of water erosion is potentially underestimated and needs to be taken into account when developing sustainable land use strategies. Highlights Organic matter is the important binding agent enhancing aggregation in steppe topsoils. Tillage always declines aggregate stability even without soil organic carbon changes. All croplands soil are prone to wind or water erosion independent of their soil properties. Despite the semi‐arid conditions, erosion risk by water seems higher than by wind.

Beschreibung: Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002347

Schlagwort(e): ddc:631.4 ; climate change ; land use ; soil organic carbon ; soil texture ; water erosion ; wind erosion

Sprache: Englisch

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X‐ray diffraction with micrometre spatial resolution for highly absorbing samples (2022)

Chakrabarti, Prerana ; Wildeis, Anna ; Hartmann, Markus ; [weitere]

International Union of Crystallography | 5 Abbey Square, Chester, Cheshire CH1 2HU, England

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Publikationsdatum: 2023-01-21

Beschreibung: X‐ray diffraction with high spatial resolution is commonly used to characterize (poly)crystalline samples with, for example, respect to local strain, residual stress, grain boundaries and texture. However, the investigation of highly absorbing samples or the simultaneous assessment of high‐Z materials by X‐ray fluorescence have been limited due to the utilization of low photon energies. Here, a goniometer‐based setup implemented at the P06 beamline of PETRA III that allows for micrometre spatial resolution with a photon energy of 35 keV and above is reported. A highly focused beam was achieved by using compound refractive lenses, and high‐precision sample manipulation was enabled by a goniometer that allows up to 5D scans (three rotations and two translations). As experimental examples, the determination of local strain variations in martensitic steel samples with micrometre spatial resolution, as well as the simultaneous elemental distribution for high‐Z materials in a thin‐film solar cell, are demonstrated. The proposed approach allows users from the materials‐science community to determine micro‐structural properties even in highly absorbing samples.

Beschreibung: A demonstration of high‐resolution micro X‐ray diffraction at high photon energies for highly absorbing samples.

Schlagwort(e): ddc:548 ; X‐ray diffraction ; high spatial resolution ; high photon energy ; X‐ray fluorescence ; goniometers

Sprache: Englisch

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Vertical SOC distribution and aromatic carbon in centuries old charcoal‐rich Technosols (2022)

Bonhage, Alexander ; Raab, Thomas ; Schneider, Anna ; [weitere]

Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK

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Publikationsdatum: 2023-01-21

Beschreibung: Charcoal‐rich Technosols on century‐old relict charcoal hearths (RCHs) are the subject of ongoing research regarding potential legacy effects that result from historic charcoal production and subsequent charcoal amendments on forest soil properties and forest ecosystems today. RCHs consist mostly of Auh horizons that are substantially enriched in soil organic carbon (SOC), of which the largest part seems to be of pyrogenic origin (PyC). However, the reported range of SOC and PyC contents in RCH soil also suggests that they are enriched in nonpyrogenic SOC. RCH soils are discussed as potential benchmarks for the long‐term influence of biochar amendment and the post‐wildfire influences on soil properties. In this study, we utilised a large soil sample dataset (n = 1245) from 52 RCH sites in north‐western Connecticut, USA, to quantify SOC contents by total element analysis. The contents of condensed highly aromatic carbon as a proxy for black carbon (BC) were predicted by using a modified benzene polycarboxylated acid (BPCA) marker method in combination with diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform (DRIFT) spectroscopy‐based partial least square regression (r2 = 0.89). A high vertical spatial sampling resolution allowed the identification of soil organic matter (SOM) enrichment and translocation processes. The results show an average 75% and 1862% increase in TOC and BPCA‐derived carbon, respectively, for technogenic Auh horizons compared to reference soils. In addition to an increase in aromatic properties, increased carboxylic properties of the RCH SOC suggest self‐humification effects of degrading charcoal and thereby the continuing formation of leachable aromatic carbon compounds, which could have effects on pedogenic processes in buried soils. Indeed, we show BPCA‐derived carbon concentrations in intermediate technogenic Cu horizons and buried top/subsoils that suggest vertical translocation of highly aromatic carbon originating in RCH Auh horizons. Topmost Auh horizons showed a gradual decrease in total organic carbon (TOC) contents with increasing depth, suggesting accumulation of recent, non‐pyrogenic SOM. Lower aliphatic absorptions in RCH soil spectra suggest different SOM turnover dynamics compared to reference soils. Furthermore, studied RCH soils featured additional TOC enrichment, which cannot be fully explained now. Highlights BC to TOC ratio and high resolution vertical SOC distribution in 52 RCH sites were studied. RCH soils non‐BC pool was potentially different to reference soils. RCH soils feature TOC accumulation in the topmost horizon. There is BC translocation into buried soils on RCH sites.

Beschreibung: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659

Schlagwort(e): ddc:631.4 ; benzene polycarboxylated acid marker (BPCA) ; black carbon ; charcoal degradation ; charcoal kiln ; pyrogenic carbon ; relict charcoal hearth ; biochar

Sprache: Englisch

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Domain Auto Finder (DAFi) program: the analysis of single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction data from polycrystalline samples (2022)

Aslandukov, Andrey ; Aslandukov, Matvii ; Dubrovinskaia, Natalia ; [weitere]

International Union of Crystallography | 5 Abbey Square, Chester, Cheshire CH1 2HU, England

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Publikationsdatum: 2023-01-21

Beschreibung: This paper presents the Domain Auto Finder (DAFi) program and its application to the analysis of single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction (SC‐XRD) data from multiphase mixtures of microcrystalline solids and powders. Superposition of numerous reflections originating from a large number of single‐crystal domains of the same and/or different (especially unknown) phases usually precludes the sorting of reflections coming from individual domains, making their automatic indexing impossible. The DAFi algorithm is designed to quickly find subsets of reflections from individual domains in a whole set of SC‐XRD data. Further indexing of all found subsets can be easily performed using widely accessible crystallographic packages. As the algorithm neither requires a priori crystallographic information nor is limited by the number of phases or individual domains, DAFi is powerful software to be used for studies of multiphase polycrystalline and microcrystalline (powder) materials. The algorithm is validated by testing on X‐ray diffraction data sets obtained from real samples: a multi‐mineral basalt rock at ambient conditions and products of the chemical reaction of yttrium and nitrogen in a laser‐heated diamond anvil cell at 50 GPa. The high performance of the DAFi algorithm means it can be used for processing SC‐XRD data online during experiments at synchrotron facilities.

Beschreibung: This paper presents the Domain Auto Finder (DAFi) program and its application to the analysis of single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction (SC‐XRD) data from multiphase mixtures of microcrystalline solids and powders. The DAFi algorithm is designed to quickly find subsets of reflections from individual domains in a whole set of SC‐XRD data and neither requires a priori crystallographic information nor is limited by the number of phases or individual domains.

Schlagwort(e): ddc:548 ; single‐crystal domain auto finder ; DAFi ; single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction ; polycrystalline samples ; multiphase mixtures

Sprache: Englisch

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High‐resolution XEOL spectroscopy setup at the X‐ray absorption spectroscopy beamline P65 of PETRA III (2022)

Levcenko, S. ; Biller, R. ; Pfeiffelmann, T. ; [weitere]

International Union of Crystallography | 5 Abbey Square, Chester, Cheshire CH1 2HU, England

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Publikationsdatum: 2023-01-25

Beschreibung: A newly designed setup to perform steady‐state X‐ray excited optical luminescence (XEOL) spectroscopy and simultaneous XEOL and X‐ray absorption spectroscopy characterization at beamline P65 of PETRA III is described. The XEOL setup is equipped with a He‐flow cryostat and state‐of‐the‐art optical detection system, which covers a wide wavelength range of 300–1700 nm with a high spectral resolution of 0.4 nm. To demonstrate the setup functioning, low‐temperature XEOL studies on polycrystalline CuInSe2 thin film, single‐crystalline GaN thin film and single‐crystalline ZnO bulk semiconductor samples are performed.

Beschreibung: X‐ray excited optical luminescence (XEOL) spectroscopy is increasingly important to understand the interplay between the optical properties, structure and chemical composition, providing insights into the mechanism of radiative recombination for a wide range of materials. This study demonstrates a newly implemented setup to perform steady‐state XEOL and simultaneous XEOL and XAFS characterizations at beamline P65 of PETRA III.

Schlagwort(e): ddc:550.2 ; XEOL ; XAS ; CuInSe2 ; ZnO ; GaN

Sprache: Englisch

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Defining Hydrogeological Site Similarity with Hierarchical Agglomerative Clustering (2022)

Kawa, Nura ; Cucchi, Karina ; Rubin, Yoram ; [weitere]

Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Malden, US

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Publikationsdatum: 2024-02-28

Beschreibung: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉Hydrogeological information about an aquifer is difficult and costly to obtain, yet essential for the efficient management of groundwater resources. Transferring information from sampled sites to a specific site of interest can provide information when site‐specific data is lacking. Central to this approach is the notion of site similarity, which is necessary for determining relevant sites to include in the data transfer process. In this paper, we present a data‐driven method for defining site similarity. We apply this method to selecting groups of similar sites from which to derive prior distributions for the Bayesian estimation of hydraulic conductivity measurements at sites of interest. We conclude that there is now a unique opportunity to combine hydrogeological expertise with data‐driven methods to improve the predictive ability of stochastic hydrogeological models.〈/p〉

Beschreibung: 〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉〈italic〉Article impact statement〈/italic〉: This article introduces hierarchical clustering as a method for defining a notion of site similarity; the aim of this method is to improve the derivation of prior distributions in Bayesian methods in hydrogeology.〈/p〉

Beschreibung: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659

Beschreibung: https://github.com/GeoStat-Bayesian/geostatDB

Beschreibung: https://github.com/GeoStat-Bayesian/exPrior

Beschreibung: https://github.com/GeoStat-Bayesian/siteSimilarity

Schlagwort(e): ddc:551.49 ; hydrogeological sites ; hydrogeological modeling

Sprache: Englisch

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Hard X‐ray full‐field nanoimaging using a direct photon‐counting detector (2023)

Flenner, Silja ; Hagemann, Johannes ; Wittwer, Felix ; [weitere]

International Union of Crystallography | 5 Abbey Square, Chester, Cheshire CH1 2HU, England

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Publikationsdatum: 2024-03-05

Beschreibung: Full‐field X‐ray nanoimaging is a widely used tool in a broad range of scientific areas. In particular, for low‐absorbing biological or medical samples, phase contrast methods have to be considered. Three well established phase contrast methods at the nanoscale are transmission X‐ray microscopy with Zernike phase contrast, near‐field holography and near‐field ptychography. The high spatial resolution, however, often comes with the drawback of a lower signal‐to‐noise ratio and significantly longer scan times, compared with microimaging. In order to tackle these challenges a single‐photon‐counting detector has been implemented at the nanoimaging endstation of the beamline P05 at PETRA III (DESY, Hamburg) operated by Helmholtz‐Zentrum Hereon. Thanks to the long sample‐to‐detector distance available, spatial resolutions of below 100 nm were reached in all three presented nanoimaging techniques. This work shows that a single‐photon‐counting detector in combination with a long sample‐to‐detector distance allows one to increase the time resolution for in situ nanoimaging, while keeping a high signal‐to‐noise level.

Beschreibung: A direct photon‐counting detector was used for different nanoimaging phase contrast techniques, increasing the temporal resolution.

Schlagwort(e): ddc:548 ; nanotomography ; full‐field X‐ray microscopy ; near‐field holography ; near‐field ptychography ; Zernike phase contrast ; single‐photon‐counting detector ; phase contrast

Sprache: Englisch

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Automatic bad‐pixel mask maker for X‐ray pixel detectors with application to serial crystallography (2022)

Sadri, Alireza ; Hadian-Jazi, Marjan ; Yefanov, Oleksandr ; [weitere]

International Union of Crystallography | 5 Abbey Square, Chester, Cheshire CH1 2HU, England

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Publikationsdatum: 2024-02-14

Beschreibung: X‐ray crystallography has witnessed a massive development over the past decade, driven by large increases in the intensity and brightness of X‐ray sources and enabled by employing high‐frame‐rate X‐ray detectors. The analysis of large data sets is done via automatic algorithms that are vulnerable to imperfections in the detector and noise inherent with the detection process. By improving the model of the behaviour of the detector, data can be analysed more reliably and data storage costs can be significantly reduced. One major requirement is a software mask that identifies defective pixels in diffraction frames. This paper introduces a methodology and program based upon concepts of machine learning, called robust mask maker (RMM), for the generation of bad‐pixel masks for large‐area X‐ray pixel detectors based on modern robust statistics. It is proposed to discriminate normally behaving pixels from abnormal pixels by analysing routine measurements made with and without X‐ray illumination. Analysis software typically uses a Bragg peak finder to detect Bragg peaks and an indexing method to detect crystal lattices among those peaks. Without proper masking of the bad pixels, peak finding methods often confuse the abnormal values of bad pixels in a pattern with true Bragg peaks and flag such patterns as useful regardless, leading to storage of enormous uninformative data sets. Also, it is computationally very expensive for indexing methods to search for crystal lattices among false peaks and the solution may be biased. This paper shows how RMM vastly improves peak finders and prevents them from labelling bad pixels as Bragg peaks, by demonstrating its effectiveness on several serial crystallography data sets.

Beschreibung: Attention is focused on perhaps the biggest bottleneck in data analysis for serial crystallography at X‐ray free‐electron lasers, which has not received serious enough examination to date. An effective and reliable way is presented to identify anomalies in detectors, using machine learning and recently developed mathematical methods in the field referred to as `robust statistics'. image

Schlagwort(e): ddc:548 ; bad‐pixel masks ; robust mask maker ; machine learning ; robust statistics ; serial crystallography

Sprache: Englisch

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Machine learning for scattering data: strategies, perspectives and applications to surface scattering (2023)

Hinderhofer, Alexander ; Greco, Alessandro ; Starostin, Vladimir ; [weitere]

International Union of Crystallography | 5 Abbey Square, Chester, Cheshire CH1 2HU, England

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Publikationsdatum: 2024-02-14

Beschreibung: Machine learning (ML) has received enormous attention in science and beyond. Discussed here are the status, opportunities, challenges and limitations of ML as applied to X‐ray and neutron scattering techniques, with an emphasis on surface scattering. Typical strategies are outlined, as well as possible pitfalls. Applications to reflectometry and grazing‐incidence scattering are critically discussed. Comment is also given on the availability of training and test data for ML applications, such as neural networks, and a large reflectivity data set is provided as reference data for the community.

Beschreibung: The status, opportunities, challenges and limitations of machine learning are discussed as applied to X‐ray and neutron scattering techniques, with an emphasis on surface scattering.

Schlagwort(e): ddc:548 ; surface scattering ; X‐ray diffraction ; neutron scattering ; machine learning ; data analysis

Sprache: Englisch

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Beam‐induced redox chemistry in iron oxide nanoparticle dispersions at ESRF–EBS (2023)

Thomä, Sabrina L. J. ; Zobel, Mirijam ; Thomä, Sabrina L. J.; 1RWTH Aachen UniversityInstitute of CrystallographyJägerstraße 17–19 Aachen Nordrhein-Westfalen 52066 Germany

International Union of Crystallography | 5 Abbey Square, Chester, Cheshire CH1 2HU, England

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Publikationsdatum: 2024-02-21

Beschreibung: The storage ring upgrade of the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility makes ESRF–EBS the most brilliant high‐energy fourth‐generation light source, enabling in situ studies with unprecedented time resolution. While radiation damage is commonly associated with degradation of organic matter such as ionic liquids or polymers in the synchrotron beam, this study clearly shows that highly brilliant X‐ray beams readily induce structural changes and beam damage in inorganic matter, too. Here, the reduction of Fe3+ to Fe2+ in iron oxide nanoparticles by radicals in the brilliant ESRF–EBS beam, not observed before the upgrade, is reported. Radicals are created due to radiolysis of an EtOH–H2O mixture with low EtOH concentration (∼6 vol%). In light of extended irradiation times during insitu experiments in, for example, battery and catalysis research, beam‐induced redox chemistry needs to be understood for proper interpretation of insitu data.

Beschreibung: With the increased brilliance at the European Research Facility–Extremely Brilliant Source (ESRF–EBS), a beam‐induced reduction of non‐stochiometric iron oxide nanoparticles (almost maghemite composition) to magnetite was observed in a mixture of ethanol and water with low ethanol concentration.

Schlagwort(e): ddc:548 ; beam‐induced radiolysis ; radiation damage on inorganic materials ; ESRF–EBS

Sprache: Englisch

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Updates in SASfit for fitting analytical expressions and numerical models to small‐angle scattering patterns (2022)

Kohlbrecher, Joachim ; Breßler, Ingo

International Union of Crystallography | 5 Abbey Square, Chester, Cheshire CH1 2HU, England

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Publikationsdatum: 2024-02-22

Beschreibung: Small‐angle scattering is an increasingly common method for characterizing particle ensembles in a wide variety of sample types and for diverse areas of application. SASfit has been one of the most comprehensive and flexible curve‐fitting programs for decades, with many specialized tools for various fields. Here, a selection of enhancements and additions to the SASfit program are presented that may be of great benefit to interested and advanced users alike: (a) further development of the technical basis of the program, such as new numerical algorithms currently in use, a continuous integration practice for automated building and packaging of the software, and upgrades on the plug‐in system for easier adoption by third‐party developers; (b) a selection of new form factors for anisotropic scattering patterns and updates to existing form factors to account for multiple scattering effects; (c) a new type of a very flexible distribution called metalog [Keelin (2016). Decis. Anal.13, 243–277], and regularization techniques such as the expectation‐maximization method [Dempster et al. (1977). J. R. Stat. Soc. Ser. B (Methodological), 39, 1–22; Richardson (1972) J. Opt. Soc. Am.62, 55; Lucy (1974). Astron. J.79, 745; Lucy (1994). Astron. Astrophys.289, 983–994], which is compared with fits of analytical size distributions via the non‐linear least‐squares method; and (d) new structure factors, especially for ordered nano‐ and meso‐scaled material systems, as well as the Ornstein–Zernike solver for numerical determination of particle interactions and the resulting structure factor when no analytical solution is available, with the aim of incorporating its effects into the small‐angle scattering intensity model used for fitting with SASfit.

Beschreibung: Recent enhancements and additions to the SASfit program are discussed, including anisotropic scattering models, flexible distributions, regularization techniques such as the expectation‐maximization method, and new structure factors, especially for ordered nano‐ and meso‐scaled material. The Ornstein–Zernike solver for numerical structure factors is also introduced. image

Schlagwort(e): ddc:548 ; small‐angle scattering ; SASfit ; numerical models ; structure factors ; form factors ; regularization techniques

Sprache: Englisch

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Toward an adequate level of detail in flood risk assessments (2023)

Sieg, Tobias ; Kienzler, Sarah ; Rözer, Viktor ; [weitere]

Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK

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Publikationsdatum: 2024-01-24

Beschreibung: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉Flood risk assessments require different disciplines to understand and model the underlying components hazard, exposure, and vulnerability. Many methods and data sets have been refined considerably to cover more details of spatial, temporal, or process information. We compile case studies indicating that refined methods and data have a considerable effect on the overall assessment of flood risk. But are these improvements worth the effort? The adequate level of detail is typically unknown and prioritization of improvements in a specific component is hampered by the lack of an overarching view on flood risk. Consequently, creating the dilemma of potentially being too greedy or too wasteful with the resources available for a risk assessment. A “sweet spot” between those two would use methods and data sets that cover all relevant known processes without using resources inefficiently. We provide three key questions as a qualitative guidance toward this “sweet spot.” For quantitative decision support, more overarching case studies in various contexts are needed to reveal the sensitivity of the overall flood risk to individual components. This could also support the anticipation of unforeseen events like the flood event in Germany and Belgium in 2021 and increase the reliability of flood risk assessments.〈/p〉

Beschreibung: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659

Beschreibung: BMBF http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002347

Beschreibung: Federal Environment Agency http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100010809

Beschreibung: http://howas21.gfz-potsdam.de/howas21/

Beschreibung: https://www.umwelt.niedersachsen.de/startseite/themen/wasser/hochwasser_amp_kustenschutz/hochwasserrisikomanagement_richtlinie/hochwassergefahren_und_hochwasserrisikokarten/hochwasserkarten-121920.html

Beschreibung: https://download.geofabrik.de/europe/germany.html

Beschreibung: https://emergency.copernicus.eu/mapping/list-of-components/EMSN024

Beschreibung: https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/collection/id-0054

Beschreibung: https://oasishub.co/dataset/surface-water-flooding-footprinthurricane-harvey-august-2017-jba

Beschreibung: https://www.wasser.sachsen.de/hochwassergefahrenkarte-11915.html

Schlagwort(e): ddc:551.48 ; decision support ; extreme events ; integrated flood risk management ; risk assessment

Sprache: Englisch

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Small lateral air pressure gradients generated by a large chamber system have a strong effect on CO2 transport in soil (2023)

Osterholt, Laurin ; Maier, Martin ; Schindler, Dirk ; [weitere]

Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK

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Publikationsdatum: 2024-02-09

Beschreibung: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉Gas transport in soils is usually assumed to be purely diffusive, although several studies have shown that non‐diffusive processes can significantly enhance soil gas transport. These processes include barometric air pressure changes, wind‐induced pressure pumping and static air pressure fields generated by wind interacting with obstacles. The associated pressure gradients in the soil can cause advective gas fluxes that are much larger than diffusive fluxes. However, the contributions of the respective transport processes are difficult to separate. We developed a large chamber system to simulate pressure fields and investigate their influence on soil gas transport. The chamber consists of four subspaces in which pressure is regulated by fans that blow air in or out of the chamber. With this setup, we conducted experiments with oscillating and static pressure fields. CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 concentrations were measured along two soil profiles beneath the chamber. We found a significant relationship between static lateral pressure gradients and the change in the CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 profiles (R〈sup〉2〈/sup〉 = 0.53; 〈italic toggle="no"〉p〈/italic〉‐value 〈2e‐16). Even small pressure gradients between −1 and 1 Pa relative to ambient pressure resulted in an increase or decrease in CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 concentrations of 8% on average in the upper soil, indicating advective flow of air in the pore space. Positive pressure gradients resulted in decreasing, negative pressure gradients in increasing CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 concentrations. The concentration changes were probably caused by an advective flow field in the soil beneath the chamber generated by the pressure gradients. No effect of oscillating pressure fields was observed in this study. The results indicate that static lateral pressure gradients have a substantial impact on soil gas transport and therefore are an important driver of gas exchange between soil and atmosphere. Lateral pressure gradients in a comparable range can be induced under windy conditions when wind interacts with terrain features. They can also be caused by chambers used for flux measurements at high wind speed or by fans used for head‐space mixing within the chambers, which yields biased flux estimates.〈/p〉

Beschreibung: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659

Schlagwort(e): ddc:631.4 ; advective flux ; chamber flux measurements ; static air pressure fields ; wind‐induced pressure pumping

Sprache: Englisch

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Extending MIEZE spectroscopy towards thermal wavelengths (2022)

Jochum, Johanna K. ; Franz, Christian ; Keller, Thomas ; [weitere]

International Union of Crystallography | 5 Abbey Square, Chester, Cheshire CH1 2HU, England

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Publikationsdatum: 2024-02-05

Beschreibung: A modulation of intensity with zero effort (MIEZE) setup is proposed for high‐resolution neutron spectroscopy at momentum transfers up to 3 Å〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉, energy transfers up to 20 meV and an energy resolution in the microelectronvolt range using both thermal and cold neutrons. MIEZE has two prominent advantages compared with classical neutron spin echo. The first is the possibility to investigate spin‐depolarizing samples or samples in strong magnetic fields without loss of signal amplitude and intensity. This allows for the study of spin fluctuations in ferromagnets, and facilitates the study of samples with strong spin‐incoherent scattering. The second advantage is that multi‐analyzer setups can be implemented with comparatively little effort. The use of thermal neutrons increases the range of validity of the spin‐echo approximation towards shorter spin‐echo times. In turn, the thermal MIEZE option for greater ranges (TIGER) closes the gap between classical neutron spin‐echo spectroscopy and conventional high‐resolution neutron spectroscopy techniques such as triple‐axis, time‐of‐flight and back‐scattering. To illustrate the feasibility of TIGER, this paper presents the details of its implementation at the RESEDA beamline at FRM II by means of an additional velocity selector, polarizer and analyzer.

Beschreibung: A modulation of intensity with zero effort (MIEZE) setup is proposed for high‐resolution neutron spectroscopy at momentum transfers up to 3 Å〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉, energy transfers up to 20 meV and an energy resolution in the microelectronvolt range using both thermal and cold neutrons.

Schlagwort(e): ddc:548 ; neutron resonant spin echo ; MIEZE ; quasielastic scattering ; thermal neutrons

Sprache: Englisch

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Extreme conditions research using the large‐volume press at the P61B endstation, PETRA III (2022)

Farla, Robert ; Bhat, Shrikant ; Sonntag, Stefan ; [weitere]

International Union of Crystallography | 5 Abbey Square, Chester, Cheshire CH1 2HU, England

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Publikationsdatum: 2024-02-05

Beschreibung: 〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉Penetrating, high‐energy synchrotron X‐rays are in strong demand, particularly for high‐pressure research in physics, chemistry and geosciences, and for materials engineering research under less extreme conditions. A new high‐energy wiggler beamline P61 has been constructed to meet this need at PETRA III in Hamburg, Germany. The first part of the paper offers an overview of the beamline front‐end components and beam characteristics. The second part describes the performance of the instrumentation and the latest developments at the P61B endstation. Particular attention is given to the unprecedented high‐energy photon flux delivered by the ten wigglers of the PETRA III storage ring and the challenges faced in harnessing this amount of flux and heat load in the beam. Furthermore, the distinctiveness of the world's first six‐ram Hall‐type large‐volume press, Aster‐15, at a synchrotron facility is described for research with synchrotron X‐rays. Additionally, detection schemes, experimental strategies and preliminary data acquired using energy‐dispersive X‐ray diffraction and radiography techniques are presented.〈/p〉

Beschreibung: 〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉The operation of the P61B endstation large‐volume press and optics of P61 are reviewed. The instrumentation at P61B, including the large‐volume press, detection systems and data acquisition for 〈italic〉in situ〈/italic〉 high‐pressure experiments are described.〈boxed-text position="anchor" content-type="graphic" xml:lang="en"〉〈graphic position="anchor" id="jats-graphic-1" xlink:href="urn:x-wiley:16005775:jsy2ju5040:jsy2ju5040-fig-0001"〉 〈/graphic〉〈/boxed-text〉〈/p〉

Schlagwort(e): ddc:550.724 ; extreme conditions ; high‐pressure ; large‐volume press ; energy‐dispersive X‐ray diffraction ; radiography ; resistive heating ; ultrasonic interferometry ; acoustic emissions detection

Sprache: Englisch

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Redoxtrons – An experimental system to study redox processes within the capillary fringe (2023)

Dorau, Kristof ; Uteau, Daniel ; Maisch, Markus ; [weitere]

Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK

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Publikationsdatum: 2023-11-18

Beschreibung: Spatiotemporal characterisation of the soil redox status within the capillary fringe (CF) is a challenging task. Air‐filled porosities (ε), oxygen concentration (O〈sub〉2〈/sub〉) and soil redox potential (EH) are interrelated soil variables within active biogeochemical domains such as the CF. We investigated the impact of water table (WT) rise and drainage in an undisturbed topsoil and subsoil sample taken from a Calcaric Gleysol for a period of 46 days. We merged 1D (EH and matric potential) and 2D (O〈sub〉2〈/sub〉) systems to monitor at high spatiotemporal resolution redox dynamics within self‐constructed redoxtron housings and complemented the data set by a 3D pore network characterization using X‐ray microtomography (X‐ray μCT). Depletion of O〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 was faster in the organic matter‐ and clay‐rich aggregated topsoil and the CF extended 〉10 cm above the artificial WT. The homogeneous and less‐aggregated subsoil extended only 4 cm above the WT as indicated by ε–O〈sub〉2〈/sub〉–EH data during saturation. After drainage, 2D O〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 imaging revealed a fast aeration towards the lower depths of the topsoil, which agrees with the connected ε derived by X‐ray μCT (ε〈sub〉CT_conn〈/sub〉) of 14.9% of the total porosity. However, small‐scaled anoxic domains with O〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 saturation 〈5% were apparent even after lowering the WT (down to 0.25 cm〈sup〉2〈/sup〉 in size) for 23 days. These domains remained a nucleus for reducing soil conditions (E〈sub〉H〈/sub〉 〈 −100 mV), which made it challenging to characterise the soil redox status in the CF. In contrast, the subsoil aeration reached O〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 saturation after 8 days for the complete soil volume. Values of ε〈sub〉CT_conn〈/sub〉 around zero in the subsoil highlighted that soil aeration was independent of this parameter suggesting that other variables such as microbial activity must be considered when predicting the soil redox status from ε alone. The use of redoxtrons in combination with localised redox‐measurements and image based pore space analysis resulted in a better 2D/3D characterisation of the pore system and related O〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 transport properties. This allowed us to analyse the distribution and activity of microbiological niches highly associated with the spatiotemporal variable redox dynamics in soil environments. Highlights: The time needed to turn from reducing to oxidising (period where all platinum electrodes feature E〈sub〉H〈/sub〉 〉 300 mV) condition differ for two samples with contrasting soil structure. The subsoil with presumably low O〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 consumption rates aerated considerably faster than the topsoil and exclusively by O〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 diffusion through medium‐ and fine‐sized pores. To derive the soil redox status based upon the triplet ε–O〈sub〉2〈/sub〉–E〈sub〉H〈/sub〉 is challenging at present in heterogeneous soil domains and larger soil volumes than 250 cm〈sup〉3〈/sup〉. Undisturbed soil sampling along with 2D/3D redox measurement systems (e.g., redoxtrons) improve our understanding of redox dynamics within the capillary fringe.

Schlagwort(e): ddc:631.4 ; environmental monitoring ; incubation experiments ; redox processes ; soil reducing conditions ; undisturbed soil ; X‐ray microtomography

Sprache: Englisch

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The dilemma of analytical method changes for soil organic carbon in long‐term experiments (2023)

Grahmann, Kathrin ; Zwink, Mariam ; Barkusky, Dietmar ; [weitere]

Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK

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Publikationsdatum: 2023-11-17

Beschreibung: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈sec xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="ejss13362-sec-1003" xml:lang="en"〉 〈p xml:lang="en"〉Long‐term experiments (LTEs) have provided data to modellers and agronomists to investigate changes and dynamics of soil organic carbon (SOC) under different cropping systems. As treatment changes have occurred due to agricultural advancements, so too have analytical soil methods. This may lead to method bias over time, which could affect the robust interpretation of data and conclusions drawn. This study aims to quantify differences in SOC due to changes in dry combustion methods over time, using soil samples of a LTE established in 1963 that focuses on mineral and organic fertilizer management in the temperate zone of Northeast Germany. For this purpose, 1059 soil samples, collected between 1976 and 2008, have been analysed twice, once with their historical laboratory method right after sampling, and a second time in 2016 when all samples were analysed using the same elementary analyser. In 9 of 11 soil sampling campaigns, a paired 〈italic toggle="no"〉t〈/italic〉‐test provided evidence for significant differences in the historical SOC values when compared with the re‐analysed concentrations of the same LTE sample. In the sampling years 1988 and 2004, the historical analysis obtained about 0.9 g kg〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉 lower SOC compared with the re‐analysed one. For 1990 and 1998, this difference was about 0.4 g kg〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉. Correction factors, an approach often used to correct for different analytical techniques, could only be applied for 5 of 11 sampling campaigns to account for constant and proportional systematic method error. For this particular LTE, the interpretation of SOC changes due to agronomic management (here fertilization) deviates depending on the analytical method used, which may weaken the explanatory power of the historical data. We demonstrate that analytical method changes over time present one of many challenges in the interpretation of time series data of SOC dynamics. Therefore, LTE site managers need to ensure providing all necessary protocols and data in order to retrace method changes and if necessary recalculate SOC.〈/p〉 〈/sec〉〈sec xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="ejss13362-sec-0003" xml:lang="en"〉 〈title〉Highlights〈/title〉 〈p xml:lang="en"〉〈list list-type="bullet" id="ejss13362-list-0001"〉 〈list-item id="ejss13362-li-0001"〉〈p〉A total of 1059 LTE soil samples taken between 1976 and 2008 were re‐analysed for SOC in 2016〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈list-item id="ejss13362-li-0002"〉〈p〉Several methodological changes for SOC determination led to significant different SOC concentration in the same sample〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈list-item id="ejss13362-li-0003"〉〈p〉Interpretation and time series of LTE soil data suffer from consideration of analytical method changes and poor documentation of the same〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈list-item id="ejss13362-li-0004"〉〈p〉Soil archive establishment, thorough method protocols and diligent proficiency testing after soil method changes ameliorate the dilemma〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈/list〉〈/p〉 〈/sec〉

Beschreibung: Brandenburger Staatsministerium für Wissenschaft, Forschung und Kultur http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100004581

Beschreibung: Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100004937

Beschreibung: https://doi.org/10.4228/zalf-acge-b683

Schlagwort(e): ddc:631.4 ; Bland–Altman ; carbon stocks ; data trueness ; Deming regression ; method bias ; soil archive ; soil survey

Sprache: Englisch

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Quantifying electron cascade size in various irradiated materials for free‐electron laser applications (2022)

Lipp, Vladimir ; Milov, Igor ; Medvedev, Nikita ; [weitere]

International Union of Crystallography | 5 Abbey Square, Chester, Cheshire CH1 2HU, England

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Publikationsdatum: 2023-12-12

Beschreibung: 〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉Studying electron‐ and X‐ray‐induced electron cascades in solids is essential for various research areas at free‐electron laser facilities, such as X‐ray imaging, crystallography, pulse diagnostics or X‐ray‐induced damage. To better understand the fundamental factors that define the duration and spatial size of such cascades, this work investigates the electron propagation in ten solids relevant for the applications of X‐ray lasers: Au, B〈sub〉4〈/sub〉C, diamond, Ni, polystyrene, Ru, Si, SiC, Si〈sub〉3〈/sub〉N〈sub〉4〈/sub〉 and W. Using classical Monte Carlo simulation in the atomic approximation, we study the dependence of the cascade size on the incident electron or photon energy and on the target parameters. The results show that an electron‐induced cascade is systematically larger than a photon‐induced cascade. Moreover, in contrast with the common assumption, the maximal cascade size does not necessarily coincide with the electron range. It was found that the cascade size can be controlled by careful selection of the photon energy for a particular material. Photon energy, just above an ionization potential, can essentially split the absorbed energy between two electrons (photo‐ and Auger), reducing their initial energy and thus shrinking the cascade size. This analysis suggests a way of tailoring the electron cascades for applications requiring either small cascades with a high density of excited electrons or large‐spread cascades with lower electron densities.〈/p〉

Beschreibung: 〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉Studying electron‐ and X‐ray‐induced electron cascades in solids is essential for various research areas at free‐electron laser facilities, such as X‐ray imaging, crystallography, pulse diagnostics or X‐ray‐induced damage. To better understand the fundamental factors that define the duration and spatial size of such cascades, this work investigates the electron propagation in ten solids relevant for the applications of X‐ray lasers. Using classical Monte Carlo simulation in the atomic approximation, the dependence of the cascade size on the incident electron or photon energy and on the target parameters is studied.〈boxed-text position="anchor" content-type="graphic" xml:lang="en"〉〈graphic position="anchor" id="jats-graphic-1" xlink:href="urn:x-wiley:16005775:jsy2gb5123:jsy2gb5123-fig-0001"〉 〈/graphic〉〈/boxed-text〉〈/p〉

Schlagwort(e): ddc:548 ; electron cascades ; X‐ray free‐electron lasers ; Monte Carlo ; photon‐induced cascade ; electron transport

Sprache: Englisch

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Optimised use of data fusion and memory‐based learning with an Austrian soil library for predictions with infrared data (2023)

Ludwig, Bernard ; Greenberg, Isabel ; Vohland, Michael ; [weitere]

Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK

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Publikationsdatum: 2023-12-12

Beschreibung: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉Infrared spectroscopy in the visible to near‐infrared (vis–NIR) and mid‐infrared (MIR) regions is a well‐established approach for the prediction of soil properties. Different data fusion and training approaches exist, and the optimal procedures are yet undefined and may depend on the heterogeneity present in the set and on the considered scale. The objectives were to test the usefulness of partial least squares regressions (PLSRs) for soil organic carbon (SOC), total carbon (C〈sub〉t〈/sub〉), total nitrogen (N〈sub〉t〈/sub〉) and pH using vis–NIR and MIR spectroscopy for an independent validation after standard calibration (use of a general PLSR model) or using memory‐based learning (MBL) with and without spiking for a national spectral database. Data fusion approaches were simple concatenation of spectra, outer product analysis (OPA) and model averaging. In total, 481 soils from an Austrian forest soil archive were measured in the vis–NIR and MIR regions, and regressions were calculated. Fivefold calibration‐validation approaches were carried out with a region‐related split of spectra to implement independent validations with n ranging from 47 to 99 soils in different folds. MIR predictions were generally superior over vis–NIR predictions. For all properties, optimal predictions were obtained with data fusion, with OPA and spectra concatenation outperforming model averaging. The greatest robustness of performance was found for OPA and MBL with spiking with 〈italic toggle="no"〉R〈/italic〉〈sup〉2〈/sup〉 ≥ 0.77 (N), 0.85 (SOC), 0.86 (pH) and 0.88 (C〈sub〉t〈/sub〉) in the validations of all folds. Overall, the results indicate that the combination of OPA for vis–NIR and MIR spectra with MBL and spiking has a high potential to accurately estimate properties when using large‐scale soil spectral libraries as reference data. However, the reduction of cost‐effectiveness using two spectrometers needs to be weighed against the potential increase in accuracy compared to a single MIR spectroscopy approach.〈/p〉

Beschreibung: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659

Schlagwort(e): ddc:631.4 ; data fusion ; independent validation ; infrared spectroscopy ; MBL ; nitrogen ; outer product analysis ; pH ; soil organic carbon ; spiking ; total carbon

Sprache: Englisch

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Mapping the 3D position of battery cathode particles in Bragg coherent diffractive imaging (2023)

Shabalin, A. G. ; Zhang, M. ; Yao, W. ; [weitere]

International Union of Crystallography | 5 Abbey Square, Chester, Cheshire CH1 2HU, England

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Publikationsdatum: 2023-12-14

Beschreibung: In Bragg coherent diffractive imaging, the precise location of the measured crystals in the interior of the sample is usually missing. Obtaining this information would help the study of the spatially dependent behavior of particles in the bulk of inhomogeneous samples, such as extra‐thick battery cathodes. This work presents an approach to determine the 3D position of particles by precisely aligning them at the instrument axis of rotation. In the test experiment reported here, with a 60 µm‐thick LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 battery cathode, the particles were located with a precision of 20 µm in the out‐of‐plane direction, and the in‐plane coordinates were determined with a precision of 1 µm.

Beschreibung: A method to determine the 3D position of particles in Bragg coherent diffractive imaging experiments is proposed. Test measurements demonstrate depth‐resolution with a precision of 20 µm along the beam. image

Schlagwort(e): ddc:548 ; extra‐thick battery cathodes ; Bragg coherent X‐ray diffractive imaging ; battery cathodes ; Bragg diffraction ; sphere of confusion ; 3D mapping

Sprache: Englisch

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Importance of catchment hydrological processes and calibration of hydrological‐hydrodynamic rainfall‐runoff models in small rural catchments (2023)

David, Amrei ; Rodriguez, Ernesto Ruiz ; Schmalz, Britta ; [weitere]

Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK

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Publikationsdatum: 2024-01-19

Beschreibung: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉In recent years, many two‐dimensional (2D) hydrodynamic models have been extended to include the direct rainfall method (DRM). This allows their application as a hydrological‐hydrodynamic model for the determination of floodplains in one model system. In previous studies on DRM, the role of catchment hydrological processes (CaHyPro) and its interaction with the calibration process was not investigated in detail. In the present, case‐oriented study, the influence of the spatiotemporal distribution of the processes precipitation and runoff formation in combination with the 2D model HEC‐RAS is investigated. In a further step, a conceptual approach for event‐based interflow is integrated. The study is performed on the basis of a single storm event in a small rural catchment (low mountain range, 38 km〈sup〉2〈/sup〉) in Hesse (Germany). The model results are evaluated against six quality criteria and compared to a simplified baseline model. Finally, the calibrated improved model is contrasted with a calibrated baseline model. The results show the enhancement of the model results due to the integration of the CaHyPro and highlight its interplay with the calibrated model parameters.〈/p〉

Schlagwort(e): ddc:551.48 ; 2D hydrodynamic modeling ; calibration ; direct rainfall modeling ; hydrological processes ; radar data ; runoff formation

Sprache: Englisch

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The soft X‐ray and XUV split‐and‐delay unit at beamlines FL23/24 at FLASH2 (2023)

Dreimann, Matthias ; Wahlert, Frank ; Eckermann, Dennis ; [weitere]

International Union of Crystallography | 5 Abbey Square, Chester, Cheshire CH1 2HU, England

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Publikationsdatum: 2024-01-12

Beschreibung: A split‐and‐delay unit for the extreme ultraviolet and soft X‐ray spectral regions has been built which enables time‐resolved experiments at beamlines FL23 and FL24 at the Free‐electron LASer in Hamburg (FLASH). Geometric wavefront splitting at a sharp edge of a beam splitting mirror is applied to split the incoming soft X‐ray pulse into two beams. Ni and Pt coatings at grazing incidence angles have been chosen in order to cover the whole spectral range of FLASH2 and beyond, up to hν = 1800 eV. In the variable beam path with a grazing incidence angle of ϑd = 1.8°, the total transmission (T) ranges are of the order of 0.48 〈 T 〈 0.84 for hν 〈 100 eV and T 〉 0.50 for 100 eV 〈 hν 〈 650 eV with the Ni coating, and T 〉 0.06 for hν 〈 1800 eV for the Pt coating. For a fixed beam path with a grazing incidence angle of ϑf = 1.3°, a transmission of T 〉 0.61 with the Ni coating and T 〉 0.23 with a Pt coating is achieved. Soft X‐ray pump/soft X‐ray probe experiments are possible within a delay range of −5 ps 〈 Δt 〈 +18 ps with a nominal time resolution of tr = 66 as and a measured timing jitter of tj = 121 ± 2 as. First experiments with the split‐and‐delay unit determined the averaged coherence time of FLASH2 to be τc = 1.75 fs at λ = 8 nm, measured at a purposely reduced coherence of the free‐electron laser.

Beschreibung: The properties of the recently installed split‐and‐delay unit at beamlines FL23 and FL24 at FLASH2 are presented. Its operational range, performance parameters and results of a first experiment are described. image

Schlagwort(e): ddc:550.724 ; time‐resolved pump–probe ; XUV ; soft X‐rays ; free‐electron laser

Sprache: Englisch

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XDSGUI: a graphical user interface for XDS, SHELX and ARCIMBOLDO (2023)

Brehm, Wolfgang ; Triviño, Josep ; Krahn, Juno M. ; [weitere]

International Union of Crystallography | 5 Abbey Square, Chester, Cheshire CH1 2HU, England

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Publikationsdatum: 2024-01-12

Beschreibung: 〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉〈italic〉XDSGUI〈/italic〉 is a lightweight graphical user interface (GUI) for the 〈italic〉XDS〈/italic〉, 〈italic〉SHELX〈/italic〉 and 〈italic〉ARCIMBOLDO〈/italic〉 program packages that serves both novice and experienced users in obtaining optimal processing and phasing results for X‐ray, neutron and electron diffraction data. The design of the program enables data processing and phasing without command line usage, and supports advanced command flows in a simple user‐modifiable and user‐extensible way. The GUI supplies graphical information based on the tabular log output of the programs, which is more intuitive, comprehensible and efficient than text output can be.〈/p〉

Beschreibung: 〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉A customizable stateless graphical user interface simplifies the processing, analysis and phasing of diffraction data.〈boxed-text position="anchor" content-type="graphic" xml:lang="en"〉〈graphic position="anchor" id="jats-graphic-1" xlink:href="urn:x-wiley:16005767:jcr2yr5110:jcr2yr5110-fig-0001"〉 〈alt-text〉image〈/alt-text〉 〈/graphic〉〈/boxed-text〉〈/p〉

Schlagwort(e): ddc:548 ; X‐ray diffraction ; neutron diffraction ; electron diffraction ; data processing ; graphical user interfaces ; phasing ; XDS ; ARCIMBOLDO ; SHELX

Sprache: Englisch

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INSIGHT: in situ heuristic tool for the efficient reduction of grazing‐incidence X‐ray scattering data (2024)

Reus, Manuel A. ; Reb, Lennart K. ; Kosbahn, David P. ; [weitere]

International Union of Crystallography | 5 Abbey Square, Chester, Cheshire CH1 2HU, England

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Publikationsdatum: 2024-04-25

Beschreibung: 〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉〈italic〉INSIGHT〈/italic〉 is a Python‐based software tool for processing and reducing 2D grazing‐incidence wide‐ and small‐angle X‐ray scattering (GIWAXS/GISAXS) data. It offers the geometric transformation of the 2D GIWAXS/GISAXS detector image to reciprocal space, including vectorized and parallelized pixel‐wise intensity correction calculations. An explicit focus on efficient data management and batch processing enables full control of large time‐resolved synchrotron and laboratory data sets for a detailed analysis of kinetic GIWAXS/GISAXS studies of thin films. It processes data acquired with arbitrarily rotated detectors and performs vertical, horizontal, azimuthal and radial cuts in reciprocal space. It further allows crystallographic indexing and GIWAXS pattern simulation, and provides various plotting and export functionalities. Customized scripting offers a one‐step solution to reduce, process, analyze and export findings of large 〈italic〉in situ〈/italic〉 and 〈italic〉operando〈/italic〉 data sets.〈/p〉

Schlagwort(e): ddc:548 ; grazing‐incidence X‐ray scattering ; time‐resolved studies ; in situ studies ; operando studies ; computer programs

Sprache: Englisch

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BODIUM—A systemic approach to model the dynamics of soil functions (2023)

König, Sara ; Weller, Ulrich ; Betancur‐Corredor, Bibiana ; [weitere]

Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK

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Publikationsdatum: 2024-01-26

Beschreibung: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉The increasing demand for biomass for food, animal feed, fibre and bioenergy requires optimization of soil productivity, while at the same time, protecting other soil functions such as nutrient cycling and buffering, carbon storage, habitat for biological activity and water filter and storage. Therefore, one of the main challenges for sustainable agriculture is to produce high yields while maintaining all the other soil functions. Mechanistic simulation models are an essential tool to fully understand and predict the complex interactions between physical, biological and chemical processes of soils that generate those functions. We developed a soil model to simulate the impact of various agricultural management options and climate change on soil functions by integrating the relevant processes mechanistically and in a systemic way. As a special feature, we include the dynamics of soil structure induced by tillage and biological activity, which is especially relevant in arable soils. The model operates on a 1D soil profile consisting of a number of discrete layers with dynamic thickness. We demonstrate the model performance by simulating crop growth, root growth, nutrient and water uptake, nitrogen cycling, soil organic matter turnover, microbial activity, water distribution and soil structure dynamics in a long‐term field experiment including different crops and different types and levels of fertilization. The model is able to capture essential features that are measured regularly including crop yield, soil organic carbon, and soil nitrogen. In this way, the plausibility of the implemented processes and their interactions is confirmed. Furthermore, we present the results of explorative simulations comparing scenarios with and without tillage events to analyse the effect of soil structure on soil functions. Since the model is process‐based, we are confident that the model can also be used to predict quantities that have not been measured or to estimate the effect of management measures and climate states not yet been observed. The model thus has the potential to predict the site‐specific impact of management decisions on soil functions, which is of great importance for the development of a sustainable agriculture that is currently also on the agenda of the ‘Green Deal’ at the European level.〈/p〉

Beschreibung: Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002347

Beschreibung: https://git.ufz.de/bodium/bodium_v1.0

Schlagwort(e): ddc:631.4 ; agriculture ; computational model ; simulation ; soil microbiology ; soil structure ; sustainable soil

Sprache: Englisch

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The PERCIVAL detector: first user experiments (2022)

Correa, J. ; Mehrjoo, M. ; Battistelli, R. ; [weitere]

International Union of Crystallography | 5 Abbey Square, Chester, Cheshire CH1 2HU, England

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Publikationsdatum: 2024-03-13

Beschreibung: The PERCIVAL detector is a CMOS imager designed for the soft X‐ray regime at photon sources. Although still in its final development phase, it has recently seen its first user experiments: ptychography at a free‐electron laser, holographic imaging at a storage ring and preliminary tests on X‐ray photon correlation spectroscopy. The detector performed remarkably well in terms of spatial resolution achievable in the sample plane, owing to its small pixel size, large active area and very large dynamic range; but also in terms of its frame rate, which is significantly faster than traditional CCDs. In particular, it is the combination of these features which makes PERCIVAL an attractive option for soft X‐ray science.

Schlagwort(e): ddc:548 ; X‐ray detectors ; soft X‐rays ; ptychography ; holographic imaging ; XPCS ; detectors

Sprache: Englisch

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Temperature and soil moisture change microbial allocation of pesticide‐derived carbon (2023)

Wirsching, Johannes ; Rodriguez, Luciana Chavez ; Ditterich, Franziska ; [weitere]

Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK

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Publikationsdatum: 2024-03-18

Beschreibung: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉Temperature and soil moisture are known to control pesticide mineralization. Half‐life times (DT〈sub〉50〈/sub〉) derived from pesticide mineralization curves generally indicate longer residence times at low soil temperature and moisture but do not consider potential changes in the microbial allocation of pesticide‐derived carbon (C). We aimed to determine carbon use efficiency (CUE, formation of new biomass relative to total C uptake) to better understand microbial utilization of pesticide‐derived C under different environmental conditions and to support the conventional description of degradation dynamics based on mineralization. We performed a microcosm experiment at two MCPA (2‐methyl‐4‐chlorophenoxyacetic acid) concentrations (1 and 20 mg kg〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉) and defined 20°C/pF 1.8 as optimal and 10°C/pF 3.5 as limiting environmental conditions. After 4 weeks, 70% of the initially applied MCPA was mineralized under optimal conditions but MCPA mineralization reached less than 25% under limiting conditions. However, under limiting conditions, an increase in CUE was observed, indicating a shift towards anabolic utilization of MCPA‐derived C. In this case, increased C assimilation implied C storage or the formation of precursor compounds to support resistance mechanisms, rather than actual growth since we did not find an increase in the 〈italic toggle="no"〉tfdA〈/italic〉 gene relevant to MCPA degradation. We were able to confirm the assumption that under limiting conditions, C assimilation increases relative to mineralization and that C redistribution, may serve as an explanation for the difference between mineralization and MCPA dissipation‐derived degradation dynamics. In addition, by introducing CUE to the temperature‐ and moisture‐dependent degradation of pesticides, we can capture the underlying microbial constraints and adaptive mechanisms to changing environmental conditions.〈/p〉

Beschreibung: 〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉Changing environmental conditions alter the MCPA degradation dynamics and the allocation of pesticide‐derived carbon to anabolic or catabolic metabolism.〈boxed-text position="anchor" content-type="graphic" id="ejss13417-blkfxd-0001" xml:lang="en"〉 〈graphic position="anchor" id="jats-graphic-1" xlink:href="urn:x-wiley:13510754:media:ejss13417:ejss13417-toc-0001"〉 〈/graphic〉 〈/boxed-text〉〈/p〉

Beschreibung: Collaborative Research Center 1253 CAMPOS (DFG)

Beschreibung: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659

Beschreibung: DFG Priority Program 2322 “Soil System”

Beschreibung: Ellrichshausen Foundation

Beschreibung: Research Training Group “Integrated Hydrosystem modeling”

Beschreibung: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5081655

Schlagwort(e): ddc:631.4 ; anabolism ; carbon use efficiency ; catabolism ; effect of soil moisture and temperature ; gene‐centric process model ; MCPA biodegradation

Sprache: Englisch

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Reducing tillage intensity benefits the soil micro‐ and mesofauna in a global meta‐analysis (2022)

Betancur‐Corredor, Bibiana ; Lang, Birgit ; Russell, David J. ; [weitere]

Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK

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Publikationsdatum: 2024-03-22

Beschreibung: Soil fauna drives crucial processes of energy and nutrient cycling in agricultural systems, and influences the quality of crops and pest incidence. Soil tillage is the most influential agricultural manipulation of soil structure, and has a profound influence on soil biology and its provision of ecosystem services. The objective of this study was to quantify through meta‐analyses the effects of reducing tillage intensity on density and diversity of soil micro‐ and mesofaunal communities, and how these effects vary among different pedoclimatic conditions and interact with concurrent management practices. We present the results of a global meta‐analysis of available literature data on the effects of different tillage intensities on taxonomic and functional groups of soil micro‐ and mesofauna. We collected paired observations (conventional vs. reduced forms of tillage/no‐tillage) from 133 studies across 33 countries. Our results show that reduced tillage intensity or no‐tillage increases the total density of springtails (+35%), mites (+23%), and enchytraeids (+37%) compared to more intense tillage methods. The meta‐analyses for different nematode feeding groups, life‐forms of springtails, and taxonomic mite groups showed higher densities under reduced forms of tillage compared to conventional tillage on omnivorous nematodes (+53%), epedaphic (+81%) and hemiedaphic (+84%) springtails, oribatid (+43%) and mesostigmatid (+57%) mites. Furthermore, the effects of reduced forms of tillage on soil micro‐ and mesofauna varied with depth, climate and soil texture, as well as with tillage method, tillage frequency, concurrent fertilisation, and herbicide application. Our findings suggest that reducing tillage intensity can have positive effects on the density of micro‐ and mesofaunal communities in areas subjected to long‐term intensive cultivation practices. Our results will be useful to support decision making on the management of soil faunal communities and will facilitate modelling efforts of soil biology in global agroecosystems. HIGHLIGHTS Global meta‐analysis to estimate the effect of reducing tillage intensity on micro‐ and mesofauna Reduced tillage or no‐tillage has positive effects on springtail, mite and enchytraeid density Effects vary among nematode feeding groups, springtail life forms and mite suborders Effects vary with texture, climate and depth and depend on the tillage method and frequency

Beschreibung: Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002347

Beschreibung: https://doi.org/10.20387/bonares-eh0f-hj28

Schlagwort(e): ddc:631.4 ; agricultural land use ; conservation agriculture ; conventional agriculture ; soil biodiversity ; soil cultivation

Sprache: Englisch

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Fifty years after deep‐ploughing: Effects on yield, roots, nutrient stocks and soil structure (2023)

Burger, Dymphie J. ; Schneider, Florian ; Bauke, Sara L. ; [weitere]

Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK

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Publikationsdatum: 2024-05-30

Beschreibung: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉Deep‐ploughing far beyond the common depth of 30 cm was used more than 50 years ago in Northern Germany with the aim to break root‐restricting layers and thereby improve access to subsoil water and nutrient resources. We hypothesized that effects of this earlier intervention on soil properties and yields prevailed after 50 years. Hence, we sampled two sandy soils and one silty soil (Cambisols and a Luvisol) of which half of the field had been deep‐ploughed 50 years ago (soils then re‐classified as Treposols). The adjacent other half was not deep‐ploughed and thus served as the control. At all the three sites, both deep‐ploughed and control parts were then conventionally managed over the last 50 years. We assessed yields during the dry year 2019 and additionally in 2020, and rooting intensity at the year of sampling (2019), as well as changes in soil structure, carbon and nutrient stocks in that year. We found that deep‐ploughing improved yields in the dry spell of 2019 at the sandy sites, which was supported by a more general pattern of higher NDVI indices in deep‐ploughed parts for the period from 2016 to 2021 across varying weather conditions. Subsoil stocks of soil organic carbon and total plant‐available phosphorus were enhanced by 21%–199% in the different sites. Root biomass in the subsoil was reduced due to deep‐ploughing at the silty site and was increased or unaffected at the sandy sites. Overall, the effects of deep‐ploughing were site‐specific, with reduced bulk density in the buried topsoil stripes in the subsoil of the sandy sites, but with elevated subsoil density in the silty site. Hence, even 50 years after deep‐ploughing, changes in soil properties are still detectable, although effect size differed among sites.〈/p〉

Beschreibung: BonaRes http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100022576

Schlagwort(e): ddc:631.4 ; aggregates ; carbon sequestration ; deep‐ploughing ; macronutrients ; subsoil ; Treposol

Sprache: Englisch

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High-resolution electron microscopy of molecular crystals. II. Image simulation (1983)

O'Keefe, M. A. ; Fryer, J. R. ; Smith, D. J.

International Union of Crystallography

In: Acta Crystallographica Section A: Foundations and Advances. 1983; 39(6): 838-847. Published 1983 Nov 01. doi: 10.1107/s0108767383001701.

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Publikationsdatum: 1983-11-01

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Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik

Publiziert von International Union of Crystallography

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Space-group determination by dynamic extinction in convergent-beam electron diffraction (1983)

Tanaka, M. ; Sekii, H. ; Nagasawa, T.

International Union of Crystallography

In: Acta Crystallographica Section A: Foundations and Advances. 1983; 39(6): 825-837. Published 1983 Nov 01. doi: 10.1107/s0108767383001695.

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Lattice dynamics and thermal crystallographic parameters in phenothiazine (1984)

Criado, A. ; Conde, A. ; Márquez, R.

International Union of Crystallography

In: Acta Crystallographica Section A: Foundations and Advances. 1984; 40(6): 696-701. Published 1984 Nov 01. doi: 10.1107/s0108767384001422.

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The determination of absolute structure. I. Some experiences with the Rogers η refinement (1984)

Jones, P. G.

International Union of Crystallography

In: Acta Crystallographica Section A: Foundations and Advances. 1984; 40(6): 660-662. Published 1984 Nov 01. doi: 10.1107/s0108767384001355.

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Les sous-groupes isomorphes d'un groupe d'espace de typep4. I. Détermination univoque (1984)

Billiet, Y. ; Sayari, A.

International Union of Crystallography

In: Acta Crystallographica Section A: Foundations and Advances. 1984; 40(6): 624-631. Published 1984 Nov 01. doi: 10.1107/s010876738400129x.

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Experimental procedures for the determination of invariant phases of centrosymmetric crystals (1984)

Post, B. ; Nicolosi, J. ; Ladell, J.

International Union of Crystallography

In: Acta Crystallographica Section A: Foundations and Advances. 1984; 40(6): 684-688. Published 1984 Nov 01. doi: 10.1107/s0108767384001409.

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Note on strengthened translation functions: the positioning of a well oriented molecular fragment usingDIRDIFprocedures (1984)

Bruins Slot, H. J. ; Beurskens, P. T.

International Union of Crystallography

In: Acta Crystallographica Section A: Foundations and Advances. 1984; 40(6): 701-703. Published 1984 Nov 01. doi: 10.1107/s0108767384001434.

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Scaling by entropy maximization (1984)

Collins, D. M.

International Union of Crystallography

In: Acta Crystallographica Section A: Foundations and Advances. 1984; 40(6): 705-708. Published 1984 Nov 01. doi: 10.1107/s0108767384001458.

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Comparison of methods of matching protein structures (1984)

KenKnight, C. E.

International Union of Crystallography

In: Acta Crystallographica Section A: Foundations and Advances. 1984; 40(6): 708-712. Published 1984 Nov 01. doi: 10.1107/s010876738400146x.

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The use of phase combination in crystallographic refinement: the choice of amplitude coefficients in combined syntheses (1984)

Stuart, D. ; Artymiuk, P.

International Union of Crystallography

In: Acta Crystallographica Section A: Foundations and Advances. 1984; 40(6): 713-716. Published 1984 Nov 01. doi: 10.1107/s0108767384001471.

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Sous-groupes des groupes d'espace et groupes à trois couleurs (1984)

Sivardière, J.

International Union of Crystallography

In: Acta Crystallographica Section A: Foundations and Advances. 1984; 40(5): 573-580. Published 1984 Sep 01. doi: 10.1107/s0108767384001197.

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Orientation matrix refinement during four-circle diffractometer data collection (1984)

Clegg, W.

International Union of Crystallography

In: Acta Crystallographica Section A: Foundations and Advances. 1984; 40(6): 703-704. Published 1984 Nov 01. doi: 10.1107/s0108767384001446.

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The standardization of inorganic crystal-structure data: erratum (1984)

Parthé, E. ; Gelato, L. M.

International Union of Crystallography

In: Acta Crystallographica Section A: Foundations and Advances. 1984; 40(5): 616-616. Published 1984 Sep 01. doi: 10.1107/s0108767384001252.

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Anharmonic potentials and pseudo potentials in ordered and disordered crystals (1984)

Bachmann, R. ; Schulz, H.

International Union of Crystallography

In: Acta Crystallographica Section A: Foundations and Advances. 1984; 40(6): 668-675. Published 1984 Nov 01. doi: 10.1107/s0108767384001379.

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Measurability of Bijvoet differences in triclinic, monoclinic and orthorhombic crystals (1984)

Velmurugan, D. ; Parthasarathy, S.

International Union of Crystallography

In: Acta Crystallographica Section A: Foundations and Advances. 1984; 40(5): 548-558. Published 1984 Sep 01. doi: 10.1107/s010876738400115x.

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The implications of normalizers on group–subgroup relations between space groups (1984)

Koch, E.

International Union of Crystallography

In: Acta Crystallographica Section A: Foundations and Advances. 1984; 40(5): 593-600. Published 1984 Sep 01. doi: 10.1107/s0108767384001227.

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The effect of configuration interaction on atomic scattering factors for transition metals (1984)

Barnes, L. A. ; Glass, R. ; Reynolds, P. A. ; [weitere]

International Union of Crystallography

In: Acta Crystallographica Section A: Foundations and Advances. 1984; 40(6): 620-624. Published 1984 Nov 01. doi: 10.1107/s0108767384001288.

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Space-group determination by dynamic extinction in convergent-beam electron diffraction: errata (1984)

Tanaka, M. ; Sekii, H. ; Nagasawa, T.

International Union of Crystallography

In: Acta Crystallographica Section A: Foundations and Advances. 1984; 40(6): 721-721. Published 1984 Nov 01. doi: 10.1107/s0108767384001495.

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A simple interpretation of integrated direct methods – isomorphous replacement probability distributions (1984)

Fortier, S. ; Weeks, C. M. ; Hauptman, H.

International Union of Crystallography

In: Acta Crystallographica Section A: Foundations and Advances. 1984; 40(5): 544-548. Published 1984 Sep 01. doi: 10.1107/s0108767384001148.

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Electron distributions and the chemical bondedited by P. Coppens and M. B. Hall (1984)

Robertson, J. H.

International Union of Crystallography

In: Acta Crystallographica Section A: Foundations and Advances. 1984; 40(6): 728-728. Published 1984 Nov 01. doi: 10.1107/s0108767384001574.

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Orientation relationships between two crystal lattices: matrix description (1984)

Fortes, M. A.

International Union of Crystallography

In: Acta Crystallographica Section A: Foundations and Advances. 1984; 40(6): 642-645. Published 1984 Nov 01. doi: 10.1107/s010876738400132x.

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Modification of X-ray atomic scattering factors in electic fields – validation of the shell model (1984)

Matthew, J. A. D. ; Yousif, S. Y.

International Union of Crystallography

In: Acta Crystallographica Section A: Foundations and Advances. 1984; 40(6): 716-721. Published 1984 Nov 01. doi: 10.1107/s0108767384001483.

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The relation of inner compressibilities to the pressure dependence of atomic position parameters in simple crystal structures (1984)

Cousins, C. S. G.

International Union of Crystallography

In: Acta Crystallographica Section A: Foundations and Advances. 1984; 40(5): 498-502. Published 1984 Sep 01. doi: 10.1107/s0108767384001069.

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Combining direct methods with isomorphous replacement or anomalous scattering data. I (1984)

Fan, Hai-fu ; Han, Fu-son ; Qian, Jin-zi ; [weitere]

International Union of Crystallography

In: Acta Crystallographica Section A: Foundations and Advances. 1984; 40(5): 489-495. Published 1984 Sep 01. doi: 10.1107/s0108767384001045.

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International Tables for Crystallography. Volume A:Space-Group Symmetry. Errata (1984)

International Union of Crystallography

In: Acta Crystallographica Section A: Foundations and Advances. 1984; 40(4): 485-485. Published 1984 Jul 01. doi: 10.1107/s0108767384000969.

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Geometric units in hexagonal and rhombohedral space groups (1984)

Chieh, C.

International Union of Crystallography

In: Acta Crystallographica Section A: Foundations and Advances. 1984; 40(5): 567-571. Published 1984 Sep 01. doi: 10.1107/s0108767384001173.

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An aid to the structure analysis of incommensurate phases (1984)

McConnell, J. D. C. ; Heine, V.

International Union of Crystallography

In: Acta Crystallographica Section A: Foundations and Advances. 1984; 40(4): 473-482. Published 1984 Jul 01. doi: 10.1107/s0108767384000921.

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Graphic representation and nomenclature of the four-dimensional crystal classes. II. The individual symmetry operations: erratum (1984)

Whittaker, E. J. W.

International Union of Crystallography

In: Acta Crystallographica Section A: Foundations and Advances. 1984; 40(4): 484-484. Published 1984 Jul 01. doi: 10.1107/s0108767384000945.

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Prices ofActa CrystallographicaandJournal of Applied Crystallography (1984)

International Union of Crystallography

In: Acta Crystallographica Section A: Foundations and Advances. 1984; 40(6): 723-724. Published 1984 Nov 01. doi: 10.1107/s0108767384001525.

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Propagation of X-ray beams in distorted crystals (Bragg case). II. The case of strong deformations (1984)

Gronkowski, J. ; Malgrange, C.

International Union of Crystallography

In: Acta Crystallographica Section A: Foundations and Advances. 1984; 40(5): 515-522. Published 1984 Sep 01. doi: 10.1107/s0108767384001094.

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Investigation of a silicon single crystal by means of the diffraction of Mössbauer radiation (1984)

Krec, K. ; Steiner, W.

International Union of Crystallography

In: Acta Crystallographica Section A: Foundations and Advances. 1984; 40(4): 459-465. Published 1984 Jul 01. doi: 10.1107/s0108767384000891.

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Triplet phase invariants from an exact algebraic analysis of anomalous dispersion (1984)

Karle, J.

International Union of Crystallography

In: Acta Crystallographica Section A: Foundations and Advances. 1984; 40(5): 526-531. Published 1984 Sep 01. doi: 10.1107/s0108767384001112.

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Signal, noise and resolving power in rotation searches (1984)

Petit, G. H. ; Geise, H. J. ; Lenstra, A. T. H.

International Union of Crystallography

In: Acta Crystallographica Section A: Foundations and Advances. 1984; 40(4): 468-473. Published 1984 Jul 01. doi: 10.1107/s010876738400091x.

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Maximum entropy and the foundations of direct methods (1984)

Bricogne, G.

International Union of Crystallography

In: Acta Crystallographica Section A: Foundations and Advances. 1984; 40(4): 410-445. Published 1984 Jul 01. doi: 10.1107/s0108767384000866.

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Multiple Laue rocking curves (1984)

Petrascheck, D. ; Rauch, H.

International Union of Crystallography

In: Acta Crystallographica Section A: Foundations and Advances. 1984; 40(4): 445-450. Published 1984 Jul 01. doi: 10.1107/s0108767384000878.

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The application of external forces to computational models of crystals (1984)

Busing, W. R. ; Matsui, M.

International Union of Crystallography

In: Acta Crystallographica Section A: Foundations and Advances. 1984; 40(5): 532-538. Published 1984 Sep 01. doi: 10.1107/s0108767384001124.

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Graphic representation and nomenclature of the four-dimensional crystal classes. III. A notation for the crystal classes (1984)

Whittaker, E. J. W.

International Union of Crystallography

In: Acta Crystallographica Section A: Foundations and Advances. 1984; 40(4): 404-410. Published 1984 Jul 01. doi: 10.1107/s0108767384000854.

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The application of molecular-symmetry constraints to the constrained–restrained parameter structure-factor least-squares refinement programCORELS (1984)

Leslie, A. G. W.

International Union of Crystallography

In: Acta Crystallographica Section A: Foundations and Advances. 1984; 40(4): 451-459. Published 1984 Jul 01. doi: 10.1107/s010876738400088x.

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On the solution of the phase problem. IV. Distributions fitted using the Kolmogorov test (1984)

Hašek, J.

International Union of Crystallography

In: Acta Crystallographica Section A: Foundations and Advances. 1984; 40(4): 350-352. Published 1984 Jul 01. doi: 10.1107/s0108767384000751.

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The distribution of αh (1984)

Cascarano, G. ; Giacovazzo, C. ; Burla, M. C. ; [weitere]

International Union of Crystallography

In: Acta Crystallographica Section A: Foundations and Advances. 1984; 40(4): 389-394. Published 1984 Jul 01. doi: 10.1107/s0108767384000829.

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Modified two-beam description of X-ray fields and intensities near a three-beam diffraction point. General formulation and first-order solution (1984)

Juretschke, H. J.

International Union of Crystallography

In: Acta Crystallographica Section A: Foundations and Advances. 1984; 40(4): 379-389. Published 1984 Jul 01. doi: 10.1107/s0108767384000817.

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On the solution of the phase problem. II. Seminvariant distributions fitted by comparing their function values (1984)

Hašek, J.

International Union of Crystallography

In: Acta Crystallographica Section A: Foundations and Advances. 1984; 40(4): 340-346. Published 1984 Jul 01. doi: 10.1107/s0108767384000738.

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87

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Polarization phenomena of X-rays in the Bragg case (1984)

Brümmer, O. ; Eisenschmidt, Ch. ; Höche, H. R.

International Union of Crystallography

In: Acta Crystallographica Section A: Foundations and Advances. 1984; 40(4): 394-398. Published 1984 Jul 01. doi: 10.1107/s0108767384000830.

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88

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On the solution of the phase problem. I. Utilization ofa prioristructure information in direct methods (1984)

Hašek, J.

International Union of Crystallography

In: Acta Crystallographica Section A: Foundations and Advances. 1984; 40(4): 338-340. Published 1984 Jul 01. doi: 10.1107/s0108767384000726.

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89

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On the solution of the phase problem. III. Distributions fitted by comparing their moments (1984)

Hašek, J.

International Union of Crystallography

In: Acta Crystallographica Section A: Foundations and Advances. 1984; 40(4): 346-350. Published 1984 Jul 01. doi: 10.1107/s010876738400074x.

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90

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Diffraction scattering at angles far from the Bragg angle and the structure of thin subsurface layers (1984)

Afanas'ev, A. M. ; Aleksandrov, P. A. ; Imamov, R. M. ; [weitere]

International Union of Crystallography

In: Acta Crystallographica Section A: Foundations and Advances. 1984; 40(4): 352-355. Published 1984 Jul 01. doi: 10.1107/s0108767384000763.

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91

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Isamu Nitta, 1899-1984 (1984)

Saito, Y. ; Watanabé, T.

International Union of Crystallography

In: Acta Crystallographica Section A: Foundations and Advances. 1984; 40(4): 313-313. Published 1984 Jul 01. doi: 10.1107/s0108767384000684.

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92

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Errors in bond lengths from using wrong scattering factors (1984)

Hazell, A. C.

International Union of Crystallography

In: Acta Crystallographica Section A: Foundations and Advances. 1984; 40(3): 308-309. Published 1984 May 01. doi: 10.1107/s0108767384000611.

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93

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Determination of the positions of anomalous scatterers: probabilistic coefficients for a Patterson synthesis (1984)

Cascarano, G. ; Giacovazzo, C.

International Union of Crystallography

In: Acta Crystallographica Section A: Foundations and Advances. 1984; 40(3): 305-306. Published 1984 May 01. doi: 10.1107/s0108767384000593.

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94

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Crystallography, geometry and physics in higher dimensions. I. Point-symmetry operations (1984)

Weigel, D. ; Veysseyre, R. ; Phan, T. ; [weitere]

International Union of Crystallography

In: Acta Crystallographica Section A: Foundations and Advances. 1984; 40(4): 323-330. Published 1984 Jul 01. doi: 10.1107/s0108767384000702.

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95

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The theory of the Pauling–Simon law on lattice constants of close-packed ordered alloys (1984)

Churcher, C. D. ; Heine, V.

International Union of Crystallography

In: Acta Crystallographica Section A: Foundations and Advances. 1984; 40(3): 291-296. Published 1984 May 01. doi: 10.1107/s010876738400057x.

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96

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The two-wave X-ray field calculated by means of integral-equation methods (1984)

Bremer, J.

International Union of Crystallography

In: Acta Crystallographica Section A: Foundations and Advances. 1984; 40(3): 283-291. Published 1984 May 01. doi: 10.1107/s0108767384000568.

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97

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Crystallography, geometry and physics in higher dimensions. II. Point symmetry of holohedries of the two hypercubic crystal systems in four-dimensional space (1984)

Veysseyre, R. ; Weigel, D. ; Phan, T. ; [weitere]

International Union of Crystallography

In: Acta Crystallographica Section A: Foundations and Advances. 1984; 40(4): 331-337. Published 1984 Jul 01. doi: 10.1107/s0108767384000714.

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98

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Diffraction by a finite crystal: general Laue–Bragg case – comparison with approximate extinction theories (1984)

Becker, P. ; Dunstetter, F.

International Union of Crystallography

In: Acta Crystallographica Section A: Foundations and Advances. 1984; 40(3): 241-251. Published 1984 May 01. doi: 10.1107/s0108767384000490.

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99

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Diffuse scattering in disordered ternary alloys: neutron measurements of local order in a stainless steel Fe0.56Cr0.21Ni0.23 (1984)

Cenedese, P. ; Bley, F. ; Lefebvre, S.

International Union of Crystallography

In: Acta Crystallographica Section A: Foundations and Advances. 1984; 40(3): 228-240. Published 1984 May 01. doi: 10.1107/s0108767384000489.

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100

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Two-coloured point and rod groups containing an 8- or 12-fold symmetry axis (1984)

Vlachavas, D. S.

International Union of Crystallography

In: Acta Crystallographica Section A: Foundations and Advances. 1984; 40(3): 221-225. Published 1984 May 01. doi: 10.1107/s0108767384000465.

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