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  • Column liquid chromatography  (523)
  • Yeast  (291)
  • Immunohistochemistry  (282)
  • Springer  (1,095)
  • Annual Reviews
  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd
  • 2020-2024
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  • 101
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An analysis of the sequence of part of the right arm of chromosome II of S. cerevisiae reveals new genes encoding an amino-acid permease and a carboxypeptidase (1994)
    Springer
    Current genetics 26 (1994), S. 1-7 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Sequence ; Amino-Acid Permease ; Carboxypeptidase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have analysed two new genes, YBR1007 and YBR1015, discovered during the systematic sequencing of chromosome II of S. cerevisiae. YBR1007 shows strong similarities to amino-acid permeases, in particular the high-affinity proline permeases of S. cerevisiae and A. nidulans. The number and position of the predicted membrane-spanning domains suggest a conserved structure for these proteins, with 12 trans-membrane domains. YBR1015 shows strong similarities to serine carboxypeptidases; all three residues of the “catalytic triad” typical of this family of enzymes are conserved in the YBR1015 protein. In a preliminary functional analysis we have created a null allele of the YBR1015 gene, and shown that it is not essential for cellular viability.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00326297
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  • 102
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Analysis of meiotic recombination events near a recombination hotspot in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1994)
    Springer
    Current genetics 26 (1994), S. 21-30 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Recombination ; Yeast ; Cross-over ; Gene conversion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The region of yeast chromosome III between the HIS4 and LEU2 genes has an unusually high frequency of meiotic recombination. In order to determine the pattern of cross-over and gene conversion events, we constructed a strain with a number of heterozygous markers in this 25-kb interval. We found that very high levels of reombination are localized to regions of DNA near HIS4. In addition, analysis of the patterns of co-conversion of adjacent markers suggests that there is more than one initiation site contributing to recombination of HIS4.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00326300
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  • 103
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetic analysis of the products of a cross involving a suppressive ‘petite’ mutant of S. cerevisiae (1981)
    Springer
    Current genetics 3 (1981), S. 213-220 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Mitochondrial genetics ; Yeast ; Suppressiveness ; Triploid analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A genetically defined highly suppressive petite yeast strain (ρ −cob+AsEoCoOoPo) was crossed with a grande strain carrying a multiply marked mitochondrial genome (ρ +ArErCrO rpr). Petite diploid progeny, isolated from individual zygotic clones consisting either of wholly petite or mixtures of grande and petite cells, were characterised genetically by crossing to grande haploids. The diploid petites were found to closely resemble the petite parent and in general not to carry mitochondrial markers from the grande parent. In the petites from the mixed clones recombination was detected, but only within the region of homology between the genomes. These observations are inconsistent with models of suppressiveness based on destructive recombination and suggest that the petite genome eliminates the grande genome from zygotic progeny through being preferentially replicated. The most plausible model to explain the observed pattern of zygotic clones postulates a limited number of mDNA replication sites in zygotes, competition for sites between input mDNA molecules and an advantage in this competition for suppressive ρ − mDNA.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00429823
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  • 104
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Newly synthesised DNA of high molecular weight in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1981)
    Springer
    Current genetics 3 (1981), S. 229-233 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Nascent DNA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Two species of newly synthesised DNA larger than average replicons have been found in yeast. Their molecular weights are 60 million and 90 million daltons respectively. The exact nature of these molecules is not certain. They may represent entirely novel species of cellular DNA or they could be concatameric replication intermediates of some particular fraction of DNA, such as mitochondrial DNA or rDNA. Alternatively they could result from the fusion of adjacent completed replicons in a small cluster.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00429825
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  • 105
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Uptake of DNA by fragile mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1982)
    Springer
    Current genetics 5 (1982), S. 153-155 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Mutant cell-wall ; Permeability exponentialy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary When Saccharomyces cerevisiae SY15 rho° mutant cells grown in media stabilized with 10% sorbitol were suspended in 2% sorbitol solutions, 60–70% of the population did not lyse and became permeable to native high molecular weight DNA. Maximal incorporation of DNA to DNase resistant state was measured after 60 min of incubation in presence of 5 μg/ml DNA and 10 mM CaCl2. These results suggest that the fragile mutants might be tested as hosts for transformation of whole yeast cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00365707
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  • 106
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Recombinational analysis of oxi2 mutants and preliminary analysis of their translation products in S. cerevisiae (1983)
    Springer
    Current genetics 7 (1983), S. 225-233 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Mitochondria ; Intragenic recombination ; Mutant polypeptides
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Genetic and biochemical studies were performed with mutants allocated to the mitochondrial oxi2 gene. Recombinational analysis of 19 oxi2 mutants was performed using α and a mutant strains derived from the same genetic background. The frequencies of wild-type recombinants in oxi2 − × oxi2 − crosses varied from 0.002 to 17%. The map of oxi2 mutations constructed on the basis of these frequencies shows many internal inconsistencies. In the course of rho − deletion mapping five classes of oxi2 mutations were distinguished. The results of deletion analysis are in agreement with those of recombinational mapping. The analysis of mitochondrial translation products by SDS-polyacrylamide electrophoresis of 20 oxi2 mutants shows that 17 of them are connected with conspicuous changes of 22 kd polypeptide band corresponding to subunit III of cytochrome oxidase. At least four of them carried instead of subunit III clearly visible significantly shorter polypeptides (12.8 to 20.1 kd). These were, most likely, shorter fragments of subunit III resulting from chain termination mutations. Colinearity was observed between the lenght of new polypeptides and the positions of the respective mutations on the recombinational map. These data confirm hat oxi2 encodes subunit III of cytochrome oxidase and suggest that translation of the oxi2 gene is in the direction from V303 to V273.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00434894
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  • 107
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae defective in arginyl-tRNA-protein transferase (1983)
    Springer
    Current genetics 7 (1983), S. 285-288 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Arginyl-tRNA-Protein transferase ; Yeast ; Post-translational modification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae deficient in arginyl-tRNA-protein transferase has been isolated. The responsible mutation designated ate1, was localized near the centromere of chromosome VII. It probably involves the structural gene for the transferase since residual enzyme activity in the mutant is temperature-sensitive.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00376073
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  • 108
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Persistent heteroplasmic cells for mitochondrial genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1983)
    Springer
    Current genetics 7 (1983), S. 489-492 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Mitochondrial genes ; Yeast ; Vegetative segregation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Genes in mitochondria and chloroplasts segregate rapidly during vegetative reproduction. Models to explain this vegetative segregation invoke either random segregation of organelle DNA molecules, or nonrandom segregation with random recombination events. All such models are basically stochastic. To look at vegetative segregation we took heteroplasmic (HET) cells containing mitochondrial mutations at the cap1, eryl and olil loci from several crosses. HETs were repeatedly selected and subcloned. Even after three to five successive subclonings (approximately 60–100 generations) some cells remained heteroplasmic. This confirms and extends previous observations of persistent HETs by Rank and Bech-Hansen (1972) and Forster and Kleese (1975), and by Bolen et al. (1980) for chloroplast genes in Chlamydomonas.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00377615
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  • 109
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Antisuppression of class I suppressors in an isopentenylated-transfer RNA deficient mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1984)
    Springer
    Current genetics 8 (1984), S. 29-32 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Antisuppression ; Suppression ; tRNA ; Yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The effect of a previously isolated antisuppressor mutation from bakers' yeast, that reduced the efficiency of the tyrosine-inserting ochre suppressor, SUP7-o, on other tyrosine-inserting ochre suppressors has been determined. As expected, the antisuppressor mutation, mod5-1, restricted the capacity of all eight tyrosine-inserting ochre suppressors to suppress nonsense mutations. Based on the suppression of five ochre alleles in the presence of mod5, the eight class I suppressors can be grouped into three subclasses. The most efficient subclass had only one member, SUP4-o. Members of the second group included SUP2-o, SUP3-o, SUP7-o, and SUP8-o. The third and least efficient subclass included SUP5-o, SUP6-o, and SUP1 1-o. These differences in efficiencies are a function of the relative expression of the eight genes encoding tRNATYR.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00405428
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  • 110
    Electronic Resource
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    A revised chromosome map of the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe (1984)
    Springer
    Current genetics 8 (1984), S. 85-92 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Chromosome map ; Yeast ; Schizosaccharomyces pombe ; Gene conversion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The genetic map of the nuclear genome of the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe has been extended by mitotic and meiotic mapping data. A total of 158 markers are now assigned to the three linkage groups known in this organism, and 118 of them have been located on the corresponding chromosome map. Chromosome II and III each consist of one linkage group. There is some indication that the two large fragments which define chromosome I are meiotically linked, but the linkage observed is significant at the P = 0.05 level only. The length of the map is at least 1,700 map units, corresponding to an average of about 8 kilobases per map unit. The latter figure is comparable to the one obtained for intragenic recombination in the sup3 gene (Hofer et al. 1979). The basic frequency of gene conversion as measured for 21 genes varies according to a distribution of Poisson (with a modal value of 0.6% conversion per meiosis and per gene), in sharp contrast with Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Fogel et al. 1980) and Ascobolus immersus (Nicolas 1979). This may reflect the rarity of gene or region-specific rec alleles in S. pombe and may be related to the homothallism of this organism.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00420223
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  • 111
    Electronic Resource
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    Hygromycin B resistance as dominant selectable marker in yeast (1984)
    Springer
    Current genetics 8 (1984), S. 353-358 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Hygromycin B ; Yeast ; Plasmids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Saccharomyces cerevisiae is normally sensitive to the drug hygromycin B; a hygromycin B concentration of 200 µg/ml in agar plates is sufficient to completely inhibit growth. We constructed yeast-E. coli bifunctional plasmids which confer hygromycin B resistance to Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Promoters and amino terminal coding regions of a heat shock gene, a heat shock cognate gene, and the phosphoglycerate kinase gene from yeast were fused to a bacterial hygromycin B resistance gene. In all three cases, yeast cells containing plasmids with the hybrid hygromycin B resistance gene were resistant to high levels of the drug. Yeast cells containing these plasmids can also be directly selected after transformation by using hygromycin B. The intact bacterial hygromycin B resistance gene and the kanamycin resistance gene from Tn903 were also tested in yeast for their ability to confer resistance to hygromycin B and G418. The intact bacterial genes were not effective in conferring drug resistance to yeast cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00419824
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  • 112
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    Isolation and characterization of yeast DNA repair genes (1983)
    Springer
    Current genetics 7 (1983), S. 85-92 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; RAD52 ; Cloning ; S1 and BAL31 Deletions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The RAD52 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae has previously been shown to be involved in both recombination and DNA repair. Here we report on the cloning of this gene. A plasmid containing a 5.9 kb yeast DNA fragment inserted into the BamH1 site of the YEp13 vector has been isolated and shown to complement the X-ray sensitive phenotype of the rad52-1 mutation. The rad52-1 cells containing the plasmid form larger colonies than similar cells having lost the plasmid. This plasmid has been shown not to complement either the U.V. sensitivity or the recombination defect of the E. coli recA mutation. From the insert various fragments have been subcloned into the YRp7 and YIp5 vectors. Integration events of two of the subclones have been genetically mapped to the chromosomal location of RAD52, indicating that the structural gene has been cloned. A 1.97 kb BamH1 fragment subcloned into YRp7 in one orientation complements the rad52-1 mutation, while the same fragment in the opposite orientation fails to complement. Various other subclones indicate that a BglII site, within the BamH1 fragment, is in the RAD52 gene. This BglII site has been deleted by Sl-nuclease digestion and the resulting deletion inactivates the RAD52 gene. BAL31 deletions from one end of a 1.9 kb Sal1-BamH1 fragment have been isolated; up to 0.9 kb can be deleted without loss of RAD52 activity, indicating that the RAD52 gene is approximately 1 kb or less in length.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00365631
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  • 113
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    Sensitivity to ethidium bromide during meiosis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1984)
    Springer
    Current genetics 8 (1984), S. 69-76 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Ethidium bromide ; Meiosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Ethidium bromide was found to inhibit nuclear and mitochondrial DNA synthesis during meiosis which resulted in the inhibition of meiotic gene conversion and sporulation and was also lethal. Protection from the effects of ethidium bromide on meiotic gene conversion and survival was found to coincide with DNA synthesis, but it is possible that protection from sporulation inhibition occurs only later in meiosis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00405434
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  • 114
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    Plasmid cloning and expression of the E. coli polA + gene in S. cerevisiae (1984)
    Springer
    Current genetics 8 (1984), S. 333-340 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: polA+ ; DNA polymerase I ; Cloning ; Yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The E. coli polA + gene has been subcloned from a specialised λ transducing phage onto a low copy number plasmid. Plasmid-encoded DNA polymerase I was synthesised at 2 to 3 times the wild-type E. coli level, and was biochemically indistinguishable from chromosomally-encoded protein. It was able to counteract the radio sensitivity of polA1, polAex1, polAex2 and polA12 mutants, but no complementation of polA107 mutants occurred, even though the plasmid polA+ gene was expressed. S. cerevisiae ars-1 or 2 μ replicative sequences were introduced into the polA+ plasmid. Transformation of yeast with these constructs increased total DNA polymerase levels 2–20 times, depending upon assay conditions. The additional activity was discriminated from yeast DNA polymerases by its ability to use low concentrations of substrate, by its resistance to chemical inhibition, and by co-electrophoresis with pure DNA polymerase I and its proteolytic fragments. The polA+ gene was expressed in yeast without the aid of yeast promotor sequences. However, deletion of cloned DNA more than 99 base pairs in front of the structural gene prevented expression in yeast but not in E. coli, indicating that the two organisms use different sequences for expression of the plasmid polA+ gene.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00419821
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  • 115
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    Expression of the cloned endo-1,3-1,4-β-glucanase gene of Bacillus subtilis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1984)
    Springer
    Current genetics 8 (1984), S. 471-475 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: β-Glucanase ; Expression ; Heterologous DNA ; Yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A cloned endo-1,3-1,4-β-glucanase gene from the Gram-positive bacterium B. subtilis has been located by deletion analysis on a 1.4 kb PvuI-ClaI DNA fragment. This gene has been sub-cloned in the yeast LEU2 vector pJDB207 to produce a hybrid plasmid designated pEHB9. pEHB9 has been transformed to S. cerevisiae and shown to direct the synthesis of an endo-1,3-1,4-β-glucanase in yeast. The β-glucanase activity was low and could only be detected in crude cell extracts of yeast harbouring pEHB9.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00433914
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  • 116
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    Ethanol improves the transformation efficiency of intact yeast cells (1991)
    Springer
    Current genetics 20 (1991), S. 1-3 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Transformation ; Ethanol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A technique is described in which ethanol is used to improve the genetic transformation of intact yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) cells pretreated with LiAc and PEG. Transformation efficiency was increased with increasing concentrations of ethanol with a peak at 10% concentration. The effect varies with different yeast strains and plasmids and up to a maximum of a 15-fold increase was observed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00312757
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  • 117
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    The TSM1 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae overlaps the MAT locus (1991)
    Springer
    Current genetics 20 (1991), S. 25-31 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; TSM1 sequence ; Essential gene ; MAT distal cloning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We have cloned the region from MAT to THR4 on chromosome III of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Although the region is only 15 kb, the two loci are genetically separated by 22 cM. This is in sharp contrast to the very low level of recombination (2 cM in 22 kb) that is observed in the adjacent CRY1-MAT interval, and suggests that there may be a “hot spot” for recombination in the MAT-THR4 region. The DNA sequence of the first 4.4 kb distal to MAT reveals an open reading frame that we have identified as the essential gene, TSM1. Surprisingly, the TSM1 open reading frame of 1 410 amino acids extends into the MAT locus, such that the 3′-end of the MATα1 transcript ends 15 bp from the 3′-end of the TSM1 open reading frame.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00312761
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  • 118
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    Yeast single copy gene URP1 is a homolog of rat ribosomal protein gene L21 (1993)
    Springer
    Current genetics 23 (1993), S. 15-18 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Rat ; Ribosomal protein ; 60S Ribosomal subunit
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary This communication reports on a single-copy gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae which is homologous to the rat ribosomal protein gene L21. The yeast and the rat genes show 59% identity in DNA sequences and in the predicted protein sequences. This yeast gene is, therefore, assumed to code for an as yet unassigned ribosomal protein (URP1). The URP1 open reading frame is 480 nucleotides long and can encode a protein of about Mr 18 200. Like most of the other known ribosomal protein genes, URP1 is interrupted by an intron in its 5′ terminal part and it is preceeded by upstream sequence elements which usually regulate transcription of these genes. Northern blot analysis reveals that the URP1 gene is actually expressed in vivo.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336743
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  • 119
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    Sequence and chromosomal localization of two PET genes required for cytochrome c oxidase assembly in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1993)
    Springer
    Current genetics 23 (1993), S. 9-14 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Mitochondria ; Cytochrome c oxidase ; Assembly ; PET gene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The nuclear genes PET117 and PET191 are required for the assembly of active cytochrome c oxidase in S. cerevisiae, yet their gene products are not subunits of the final assembled cytochrome c oxidase complex. Plasmids bearing PET117 or PET191 were isolated by their ability to complement the pet117-1 or pet191-1 mutations, respectively. By restriction mapping, subcloning, and deletion analysis of yeast DNA fragments that complement these mutations, the PET117 and PET191 genes were localized to smaller regions of DNA, which were then sequenced from both strands. The PET117 open reading frame is of 107 codons and the PET191 open reading frame is of 108 codons. Neither the PET191 nor PET117 DNA sequences have been reported previously, and the derived amino-acid sequences of the PET191 and PET117 open reading frames exhibit no significant primary amino-acid sequence similarity to other protein sequences available in the NBRF data base, or from translated Genbank sequences. By hybridization of PET117 or PET191 probes first to a chromosome blot and next to a library of physically mapped fragments of yeast genomic DNA, the map locations of the PET191 and PET117 genes were determined. PET117 is located on chromosome V near the HIS1 gene and PET191 is located on chromosome X near the CYC1 gene.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336742
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  • 120
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    In-vitro recombination in rad and rnc mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1993)
    Springer
    Current genetics 23 (1993), S. 1-8 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Recombination ; Yeast ; radmutants ; Endo/exonuclease
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Extracts of S. cerevisiae cells can catalyze homologous recombination between plasmids in vitro. Extracts prepared from rad50, rad52 or rad54 disruption mutants all have reduced recombinational activity compared to wild-type. The rad52 and rad54 extracts are more impaired in the recombination of plasmids containing double-strand breaks than of intact plasmids, whereas rad50 extracts are deficient equally for both types of substrate. The nuclease RhoNuc (previously designated yNucR), encoded by the RNC1 (previously designated NUC2) gene and regulated by the RAD52 gene, is not required for recombination when one substrate is single-stranded but is essential for the majority of recombination events when both substrates are double-stranded. Furthermore, elimination of this nuclease restores recombination in rad52 extracts to levels comparable to those in wild-type extracts.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336741
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  • 121
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    In-vitro translation of mitochondrial mRNAs by yeast mitochondrial ribosomes is hampered by the lack of start-codon recognition (1993)
    Springer
    Current genetics 23 (1993), S. 22-27 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Mitochondria ; In-vitro translation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In an attempt to reconstitute an homologous in-vitro translation system for yeast mitochondrial mRNAs, we have isolated ribosomes, supernatant factors, and tRNAs from mitochondria of Saccharomyces carlsbergensis. While poly(U) is translated faithfully in this system, no translation of in-vitro synthesised cytochrome c oxidase subunit II (COX2) mRNA could be detected. Formation of formylmethionyl-puromycin on mitochondrial ribosomes is stimulated by ApUpG, but not by COX2 mRNA, although mitochondrial small ribosomal subunits bind to this mRNA in vitro, even without added tRNA and initiation factors. We conclude, therefore, that the inability to faithfully translate mitochondrial mRNAs in vitro may be the result of an inability of mitochondrial ribosomes to recognize the initiation codon.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336745
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  • 122
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    A comprehensive compilation of 1001 nucleotide sequences coding for proteins from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (=ListA2) (1993)
    Springer
    Current genetics 23 (1993), S. 66-91 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Open reading frames ; Database ; Genetic nomenclature ; Codon bias ; Duplicated genes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The amount of nucleotide sequence data is increasing exponentially. We therefore continued our effort to make a comprehensive database for the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In this database (ListA2) we have compiled 1001 protein coding sequences from this organism. Each sequence has been attributed a single genetic name and in the case of allelic duplicated sequences, synonyms are given, if necessary. For the nomenclature we have introduced a standard principle for naming gene sequences based on priority rules. We have also applied a simple method to distinguish duplicated sequences of one and the same gene from non-allelic sequences of duplicated genes. By using these principles we have sorted out a lot of confusion in the literature and databanks. Along with the genetic name, the mnemonic from the EMBL databank, the codon bias, reference of the publication of the sequence and the EMBL accession numbers are included for each entry. The database is available on request.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336752
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  • 123
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    Identification of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutation that allows cells to grow without chitin synthase 1 or 2 (1993)
    Springer
    Current genetics 23 (1993), S. 102-107 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Cell wall ; Chitin synthase ; Septum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Chitin is a component of the yeast cell wall which is localized to the septum between mother and daughter cells. Previous work in Saccharomyces cerevisiae has shown that this organism possesses three chitin synthases, 1, 2, and 3. Disruption experiments have shown that loss of chitin synthase 2 has a more profound effect on cell viability than loss of either of the other two and is lethal in complete media. We report here the finding of an S. cerevisiae strain which does not require the chitin synthase 2 structural gene for viability. We present evidence that there is a gene in this strain which suppresses the lethality of disruption of the chitin synthase 2 structural gene and is genetically distinct from the structural genes for chitin synthase 1 and chitin synthase 2. We show that an S. cerevisiae mutant containing the suppressor and lacking both structural genes for chitin synthase 1 and 2 has normal amounts of chitin in its cell wall. We hypothesize that the suppressor gene encodes or controls the expression of chitin synthase 3.
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    Messenger RNA 3′-end formation of a DNA fragment from the human c-myc 3′-end region in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1993)
    Springer
    Current genetics 23 (1993), S. 201-204 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Polyadenylation ; RNA 3′-end formation ; Transcription termination ; Yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have tested the functioning of the human c-myc polyadenylation signal in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A DNA fragment containing the two AATAAA polyadenylation signals of the c-myc gene was inserted into a plasmid designed for the in-vivo testing of polyadenylation signals in yeast. The c-myc fragment had a partial capacity for directing mRNA 3′-end formation in yeast. The 3′-endpoints were 50–100 bp distant from the mRNA 3′-ends mapped in humans. This human DNA fragment is therefore unspecifically functional in yeast, indicating that other sequence elements than the human polyadenylation signal, AATAAA, are necessary for 3′-end formation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00351496
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    The growth and signalling defects of the ggs1 (fdp1/byp1) deletion mutant on glucose are suppressed by a deletion of the gene encoding hexokinase PII (1993)
    Springer
    Current genetics 23 (1993), S. 281-289 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Glycolysis ; Glucose sensor ; Hexokinase ; Trehalose ; Signalling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Yeast cells defective in the GGS1 (FDP1/BYP1) gene are unable to adapt to fermentative metabolism. When glucose is added to derepressed ggs1 cells, growth is arrested due to an overloading of glycolysis with sugar phosphates which eventually leads to a depletion of phosphate in the cytosol. Ggs1 mutants lack all glucose-induced regulatory effects investigated so far. We reduced hexokinase activity in ggs1 strains by deleting the gene HXK2 encoding hexokinase PII. The double mutant ggs1Δ, hxk2Δ grew on glucose. This is in agreement with the idea that an inability of the ggs1 mutants to regulate the initiation of glycolysis causes the growth deficiency. However, the ggs1Δ, hxk2Δ double mutant still displayed a high level of glucose-6-phosphate as well as the rapid appearance of free intracellular glucose. This is consistent with our previous model suggesting an involvement of GGS1 in transport-associated sugar phosphorylation. Glucose induction of pyruvate decarboxylase, glucoseinduced cAMP-signalling, glucose-induced inactivation of fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, and glucose-induced activation of the potassium transport system, all deficient in ggs1 mutants, were restored by the delection of HXK2. However, both the ggs1Δ and the ggs1Δ, hk2Δ mutant lack detectable trehalose and trehalose-6-phosphate synthase activity. Trehalose is undetectable even in ggs1Δ strains with strongly reduced activity of protein kinase A which normally causes a very high trehalose content. These data fit with the recent cloning of GGS1 as a subunit of the trehalose-6-phosphate synthase/phosphatase complex. We discuss a possible requirement of trehalose synthesis for a metabolic balance of sugar phosphates and free inorganic phosphate during the transition from derepressed to fermentative metabolism.
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    Recombination initiated by double-strand breaks (1993)
    Springer
    Current genetics 23 (1993), S. 305-314 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Recombination ; DNA repair ; Gene conversion ; Yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The HO endonuclease was used to introduce a site-specific double-strand break (DSB) in an interval designed to monitor mitotic recombination. The interval included the trp1 and his3 genes inserted into chromosome III of S. cerevisiae between the CRY1 and MAT loci. Mitotic recombination was monitored in a diploid carrying heteroalleles of trp1 and his3. The normal recognition sites for the HO endonuclease were mutated at the MAT alleles and a synthetic recognition site for HO endonuclease was placed between trp1 and his3 on one of the chromosomes. HO-induced cleavage resulted in efficient recombination in this interval. Most of the data can be explained by double-strand gap repair in which the cut chromosome acts as the recipient. However, analysis of some of the recombinants indicates that regions of heteroduplex were generated flanking the site of the cut, and that some recombinants were the result of the cut chromosome acting as the genetic donor.
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    Mutations in the yeast fructose 1,6-biphosphatase structural gene affect expression of a fructose 1,6-biphosphatase-endoglucanase A hybrid protein (1993)
    Springer
    Current genetics 23 (1993), S. 370-372 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Fructose 1,6-biphosphatase structural gene ; Hybrid protein
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Mutations in the yeast fructose 1,6 biphosphatase structural gene severely reduced expression of a fructose 1,6 biphosphatase-endoglucanase A hybrid protein introduced into yeast on multicopy or centromeric vectors. Upon glucose limitation the mutant yeasts were incapable of de-repressing endoglucanase A synthesis.
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    Reversible pseudohyphal growth in haploid Saccharomyces cerevisiae is an aerobic process (1993)
    Springer
    Current genetics 23 (1993), S. 388-391 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Pseudohyphae ; Development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Pseudohyphal growth in Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been postulated to be an adaptation to foraging for nitrogen during nitrogen starvation. This process was described as a strictly diploid phenomenon which did not occur in haploid yeast cells and was under the genetic control of both the mating-type locus and a group of five genes, the BUD genes, regulating bud formation. We have also observed a dimorphic growth pattern in yeast growing on various nitrogen-limiting synthetic media. However, and in contrast to a previous report, we find that pseudohyphal growth is not precluded in haploid cells. We demonstrate that haploid pseudohyphal growth is strictly oxygen-dependent and is rapidly reversible, defining pseudohyphal growth as a reversible developmental pathway in yeast.
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    Time-dependent mitotic recombination in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1993)
    Springer
    Current genetics 23 (1993), S. 423-429 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Recombination ; Mitosis ; Yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The time-dependent appearance of prototrophic recombinants between heterologously located artificial repeats has been studied in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. While initial prototrophic colony numbers from independent cultures were highly variable, additional recombinants were found to arise daily at roughly constant rates irrespective of culture. These late-appearing recombinants could be accounted for neither by detectable growth on the selective media nor by delayed appearance of recombinants present at the time of selective plating. Significantly, at no time did the distributions of recombinants fully match those expected according to the Luria-Delbruck model and, in fact, after the first day, the distributions much more closely approximated a Poisson distribution. Prototrophic recombinants accumulated not only on the relevant selective medium, but also on media unrelated to the acquired prototrophy.
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    Formation of a minichromosome in Cryptococcus neoformans as a result of electroporative transformation (1994)
    Springer
    Current genetics 26 (1994), S. 54-61 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Transformation ; Minichromosome ; Yeast ; Cryptococcus neoformans
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A minichromosome of approximately 270 kilobases was generated following complementation of a ura5 mutant strain of C. neoformans with the plasmid pURA5g2. This is the first report of the in-vivo generation of a minichromosome by the method of electroporative transformation. The minichromosome occurred at a relatively high (〉20%) frequency in transformants that were stable for uracil protoprophy. The minichromosome was maintained in linear form as a large extrachromosomal element of the normal karyotype. Gel-purified DNA from the minichromosome readily transformed the ura5 mutant of C. neoformans. Southern-blot analysis of the minichromosome revealed the presence of multiple copies of the URA5 gene and ribosomal DNA sequences in addition to containing telomere-like sequence repeats. The minichromosome was transmitted through mitosis and meiosis with extremely-high fidelity.
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    Mapping of additional markers in fission yeast, especially fus1 and three mfm genes (1994)
    Springer
    Current genetics 26 (1994), S. 187-189 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Mapping ; Yeast ; Schizosaccharomyces pombe
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The following genes of the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe have been mapped by tetrad analysis — chromosome arm I-L: mfm2, rad24, rad25; I-R: abc1, fus1, mfm1; II-L: mfm3; II-R: mam1, rad13. A hotspot of meiotic recombination although not quite so active as suggested by previous maps, may be located between rad25 and aro5 on I-L.
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    Complex interaction of yeast nuclear proteins with the enhancer/promoter region of SV40 (1991)
    Springer
    Current genetics 20 (1991), S. 359-363 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Enhancer ; Transcriptional elements ; Transcriptional factors ; Regulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Though highly complex enhancers found in animal cells have not been reported to occur in yeasts they are able to activate the transcription of adjacent genes in yeast cells. Saccharomyces cerevisiae expresses a large number of nuclear proteins that are able to recognize, and specifically bind to, the enhancer sequences of the SV40 animal tumor virus. The complexity of proteins that interact with different elements of the animal enhancers is similar in yeast and animal cell nuclear extracts. Most enhancer motifs, recognized by known trans-acting factors, are protected in footprinting experiments by yeast nuclear proteins.
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    Regulation of mitochondrial transcription during the stringent response in yeast (1992)
    Springer
    Current genetics 21 (1992), S. 241-247 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Transcription ; Mitochondria ; RNA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In yeast (S. cerevisiae) the stringent response is known to include rapid, selective, and severe transcriptional curtailment for genes specifying cytoplasmic rRNAs and r-proteins. We have shown that transcription of the mitochondrial 21S rRNA gene is also congruently and selectively curtailed during the yeast stringent response. Using an in vitro transcription assay with intact organelles from both ϱ+ and ϱ− strains, we show here that the mitochondrial stringent response includes not only transcription of the 21S and 16S rRNA genes, but also that of organellar genes specifying non-mitoribosome-related products. Stringent organellar transcriptional curtailment is identical when cells are starved for a required (marker) amino acid or when they are subjected to nutritional downshift, and the relative level of that transcriptional curtailment following either perturbation is the same in cells growing on fermentative (repressing) or purely respiratory carbon sources. These results confirm that the mechanism governing mitochondrial gene expression during a stringent response is specified outside the organelle, and they show that this transcriptional control mechanism is not immediately subject to glucose repression. In all strains examined, stringent organellar gene expression requires a mitochondrial promoter, suggesting that the regulatory mechanism which functions during the stringent response operates primarily at transcriptional initiation.
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    The gene for cadmium metallothionein from a cadmium-resistant yeast appears to be identical to CUP 1 in a copper-resistant strain (1992)
    Springer
    Current genetics 21 (1992), S. 275-280 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Cadmium resistance ; Metallothionein gene ; CUP 1
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A cadmium-resistant strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae produces a cadmium metallothionein with the same characteristics as the copper metallothionein that is encoded by CUP 1 in a copper-resistant strain. The structural gene for metallothionein from the cadmium-resistant strain resembles CUP 1 in terms of the fragmentation patterns generated by restriction enzymes. Furthermore, the gene may be amplified as 2.0 kb repeating units in both the cadmium-resistant and the copperresistant strains. However, transformants with a plasmid that carried the metallothionein gene from the cadmiumresistant strain were resistant to copper but not to cadmium. It appears that the same metallothionein gene, CUP 1, is amplified in both cadmium- and copper-resistant yeasts. However, the mechanism for the cadmiumspecific inducibility of the gene may be restricted to the cadmium-resistant strain.
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    Evidence for a nucleotide-dependent topoisomerase activity from yeast mitochondria (1994)
    Springer
    Current genetics 27 (1994), S. 31-37 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Topoisomerase ; Mitochondria ; Nucleotides ; Yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Yeast mitochondria were found to contain a novel topoisomerase-like activity which required nucleoside di- or tri-phosphates as a cofactor. ADP supported activity as effectively as ATP and the optimal concentration for each was approximately 20 μM. None of the other standard ribo- or deoxyrib-onucleotides could fully substitute for either ADP or ATP. The non-hydrolyzable ATP analogs, adenosine-5′-0-(3-thiotriphosphate) (ATP-γ-S), adenylyl (β, γ-methylene) (AMP-PCP), and andenyl-imidodiphosphate (AMP-PNP) also supported activity suggesting that the nucleotide cofactor regulated topoisomerase activity rather than serving as an energy donor in the reaction. The mitochondrial topoisomerase activity relaxed both positively and negatively supercoiled DNA. It was not inhibited by concentrations of ethidium bromide up to 2 μg/ml nor by either nalidixic or oxolinic acids; novobiocin, coumermycin, and berenil inhibited the activity. Genetic and biochemical analysis of the mitochondrial topoisomerase activity indicated that it was not encoded by the nuclear TOP1, TOP2, and TOP3 genes.
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    Interaction of the yeast pleiotropic drug resistance genes PDR1 and PDR5 (1992)
    Springer
    Current genetics 21 (1992), S. 431-436 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Drug resistance ; Yeast ; Positive activator
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The network of genes which mediates multiple drug resistance in yeast includes, among others, the PDR1 gene, which encodes a putative regulator of gene expression, and PDR5, a locus whose amplification leads to resistance. We demonstrate that disruption of PDR5 causes marked hypersensitivity not only to cycloheximide but also to sulphometuron methyl and the mitochondrial inhibitors chloramphenicol, lincomycin, erythromycin and antimycin. Genetic analysis of double mutants containing an insertion in PDR5 (pdr5:Tn5), which renders cells hypersensitive to cycloheximide, and a pdr1 mutation, which confers resistance to this inhibitor, indicates that the expression of resistance requires a functional PDR5 gene. The same interdependency is observed for chloramphenicol, but not for oligomycin, lincomycin, crythromycin or sulphometuron methyl. Northern analysis of PDR1 and PDR5 transcripts reveals that the 5.2 kbp PDR5 transcript is overexpressed in pdr1 (resistant) mutants, but underexpressed in a disruption of PDR1. These observations provide strong experimental support for our former proposal that the PDR5 gene is a target for regulation by the PDR1 gene product.
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    Isolation and primary structure of the ERG9 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae encoding squalene synthetase (1991)
    Springer
    Current genetics 20 (1991), S. 365-372 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Ergosterol ; Squalene synthetase ; Yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The ERG9 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been cloned by complementation of the erg9-1 mutation which affects squalene synthetase. From the 5kkb insert isolated, the functional gene has been localized on a DNA fragment of 2.5 kb. The presence of squalene synthetase activity in E. coli bearing the yeast DNA fragment isolated, indicates that the structural gene encoding squalene synthetase has been cloned. The sequence of the 2.5 kb fragment contains an open reading frame which could encode a protein of 444 amino acids with a deduced relative molecular mass of 51 600. The amino acid sequence reveals one to four potential transmembrane domains with a hydrophobic segment in the C-terminal region. The N-terminus of the deduced protein strongly resembles the signal sequence of yeast invertase suggesting a specific mechanism of integration into the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum.
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    Evolutionarily recent transfer of a group I mitochondrial intron to telomere regions in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1991)
    Springer
    Current genetics 20 (1991), S. 411-415 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Mitochondria ; Intron ; Telomere ; Yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The junctions between X and Y′ subtelomeric repeats in Saccharomyces cerevisiae usually contain a stretch of telomere sequences, (G1–3T)n. Two of three cloned X-Y′ junctions from strain YP1 have a replacement of about 200 bp of X, the internal telomere sequence, and 49 bp of Y′ by a 292 bp sequence. The first 227 bp of this insertion sequence are 100% identical to the fourth intron of cytochrome b. The rest of the insertion has homology to an unknown dispersed nuclear sequence. Recombination among subtelomeric regions can explain the nuclear distribution of this sequence and why telomeres can trap and maintain sequences that would otherwise be lost.
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    Approaching the function of new genes by detection of their potential upstream activation sequences in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: application to chromosome III (1994)
    Springer
    Current genetics 25 (1994), S. 396-406 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Regulation ; UAS
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The systematic sequencing of the yeast genome reveals the presence of many potential genes of unknown function. One way to approach their function is to define which regulatory system controls their transcription. This can also be accomplished by the detection of an upstream activation sequence (UAS). Such a detection can be done by computer, provided that the definition of a UAS includes sufficient and precise rules. We have established such rules for the UASs of the GAL4, RAP1 (RPG box), GCN4, and the HAP2/HAP3/HAP4 regulatory proteins, as well as for a motif (PAC) frequently found upstream of the genes of the RNA polymerase A and C subunits. These rules were applied to the chromosome III DNA sequence, and gave precise predictions.
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    Positive regulatory elements involved in urea amidolyase and urea uptake induction in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1981)
    Springer
    Current genetics 4 (1981), S. 13-18 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Regulation ; Urea ; Catabolism ; Yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Urea amidolyase and the high affinity urea uptake system are induced by allophanate. durM − and durL − recessive mutations, which are easily obtained, totally prevent this induction. They are not linked to each other nor to the concerned structural genes. Despite an intensive hunt, no mutation of repressor or classical operator type has been selected. We conclude that urea amidolyase and urea uptake induction involves at least two positive elements coded for by the durM and durL genes.
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    A regulatory mutation in yeast which affects catalase T formation and metabolism of carbohydrate reserves (1981)
    Springer
    Current genetics 4 (1981), S. 47-50 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Catalase ; Trehalose ; Glycogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Mutations at the GLC1 locus in Saccharomyces cerevisiae result in a major deficiency in synthesis of catalase T, but do not affect catalase A. Three independent glc1 mutations were shown to have the same pleiotropic phenotype: catalase T deficiency, defective glycogen synthesis and defective trehalose accumulation. These three deficiencies appear to be determined by a single, nuclear gene. The possibility that glc1 mutations alter a protein kinase is considered.
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    L-ornithine transaminase synthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Induction by allophanate, intermediate and inducer of the urea degradative pathway adds to arginine induction (1981)
    Springer
    Current genetics 4 (1981), S. 69-72 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Arginine catabolism ; Regulation ; Ornithine transaminase ; Double induction ; Yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Yeast ornithine transaminase is known to be induced by arginine and ornithine, through the action of regulatory elements common to arginase induction. We show here that it is subject to a second induction circuit, that which is responsible for urea amidolyase and urea permease induction by allophanate and defined by the regulatory mutants durL − and durM −
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    Production and genetic analysis of yeast cybrids (1983)
    Springer
    Current genetics 7 (1983), S. 69-72 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Protoplast ; Cybrid ; Plasmid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Data presented here demonstrate that fusion of protoplasts of two different haploid strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae having the same mating type leads to the formation of “fusants” and “cytoplasmic hybrids”. The nuclear and cytoplasmic genome of a “fusant” combine those of the parent haploid strains. The “cytoplasmic hybrid” possesses the haploid genome of one parent and the combined cytoplasmic genomes of both. In mouse cells lines such products have been termed “cybrids” and this term has therefore been adopted here (Bunn and Wallace 1974).
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    Isolation and characterization of yeast DNA repair genes (1983)
    Springer
    Current genetics 7 (1983), S. 93-100 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; RAD genes ; Cloning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Plasmids that complement the yeast mutations rad50-1, rad51-1, rad54-3 and rad55-3 were obtained by transforming strains that carried a leu2 marker and the particular rad mutation, with YEp13 plasmids containing near random yeast DNA inserts. Integration of these plasmids or of fragments of these plasmids was accomplished. Genetic studies using the integrants established the presence of the genes RAD51, RAD54 and RAD55 in the respective plasmids. However, a BamHI subclone of the rad50-1 complementing plasmid failed to integrate at the RAD50 locus, indicating that no homology exists between this fragment and the RAD50 gene. A BamHI fragment from the RAD54 plasmid was shown to be internal to the RAD54 gene: its integration within a wild type copy of RAD54 causes the cell to become Rad−; its excision is X-ray inducible and restores the Rad+ phenotype. Since cells bearing a disrupted copy of RAD54 are able to survive, we conclude that this gene is not essential.
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    Distribution of ultraviolet light irradiated mitochondrial genomes during meiosis in yeast (1982)
    Springer
    Current genetics 6 (1982), S. 99-103 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Ultraviolet light mutagenesis ; Mitochondrial genome ; Meiosis ; Yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Clones derived from ascospores from ultraviolet irradiated diploid cells were examined for the genetic determinants or respiratory properties. Approximately 10% of the cells produced petites of mitochondrial origin at the dose applied. Among 13 asci which produced mitochondrial petites with high frequencies, 6 asci of uniparental type, 0 grandes : 4 petites, were observed. Furthermore, most of the petite spore clones from each individual uniparental ascus showed similar levels of suppressiveness and of mitochondrial gene retention. From these results it is suggested that a single mitochondrial genome participates meiosis in yeast.
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    Isolation and characterization of an uncoupler-resistant mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1984)
    Springer
    Current genetics 8 (1984), S. 507-516 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Mutant ; Uncoupler ; Resistance ; Permeability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary One mutant resistant to carbonylcyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP), an uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation, was isolated in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetic analysis showed that a single nuclear gene is responsible for increased resistance; this gene was dominant. The mutant showed cross-resistance or collateral sensitivity to several chemically-unrelated inhibitors (cycloheximide, dinitrophenol, tributhyltin chloride, chloramphenicol). The resistance of the mutant is related to a decreased uptake of CCCP which is not expressed in glucose-starved cells. It was shown that glucose induced a CCCP efflux which was more efficient in the mutant than in the wild-type cells. This effect was correlated to a greater acidification of the internal pH by glucose addition in the mutant cells. It was proposed that resistance was not due to a change of permeability of the plasmic membrane itself but to the change of internal pH which determines the extent of accumulation of weak acids or bases.
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    A non-Mendelian factor, [eta+], causes lethality of yeast omnipotent-suppressor strains (1984)
    Springer
    Current genetics 8 (1984), S. 567-573 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Non-Mendelian ; Yeast ; Suppressor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Omnipotent suppressors cause translational ambiguity and have been associated with poor growth and inviability. We now report that a non-Mendelian element, [eta+], causes this inviability. In [eta−] strains the suppressors are not inviable. The [eta+] genetic element segregates to about 70% of the meiotic progeny, although almost all of the spores probably have the [eta+] phenotype for the first few divisions. Growth on 5 mM guanidine hydrochloride efficiently causes [eta+] strains to become [eta−]. The [eta+] factor has many similarities with the previously described [psi+] factor (Cox 1965, 1971). However, [eta+] and [psi+] differ in their patterns of inheritance, and by the fact that [psi+] affects ochre specific and not omnipotent suppressors, while the converse is true of [eta+].
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00395701
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    A 61-kb ring chromosome shows an ARS-dependent increase in its mitotic stability in the mcm2 mutant of yeast (1994)
    Springer
    Current genetics 26 (1994), S. 403-409 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; DNA replication ; mcm ; Chromosome
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have studied the effects of ARS addition and deletion on the maintenance of a 61-kb ring derivative of chromosome III in a minichromosome maintenance mutant of yeast carrying the mcm2-1 mutation. When this ring chromosome, CIIIR, had either of its two strong origins deleted, the resultant chromosome showed a much greater instability in the mutant as compared to that of the wild-type strain. Integration of more ARSs improved the maintenance of CIIIR in the mutant but not in the wild-type strain. Increase in the size of CIIIR, without any ARS addition, did not improve the stability in either strain. A spontaneous revertant for improved growth at 35°C also co-reverted for minichromosome and CIIIR maintenance. The results suggest that ARS malfunctioning leads to minichromosome and chromosome loss from mutant cells, affecting their growth at higher temperatures.
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    AUG codons in the RNA leader sequences of the yeast PET genes CBS1 and SCO1 have no influence on translation efficiency (1991)
    Springer
    Current genetics 20 (1991), S. 465-469 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: In vitro mutagenesis ; PET-genes ; RNA-leader ; Ribosomal scanning ; Yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We report that the major transcription start sites of the yeast PET gene SCO1 are located at positions-149 and -125 relative to the AUG initiation codon of the SCO1 reading frame. The leader sequences of the resulting mRNAs possess a single AUG codon at position-49, which initiates a short open reading frame of three amino acids. The recent finding of a similar situation in the case of the PET gene CBS1 prompted us to address the question as to whether these AUG codons might play some role in the expression of these PET genes. After removal of the upstream AUG codons by site-directed mutagenesis, expression was monitored by use of lacZ fusions and compared to the respective wildtype constructs. Our data show that under all growth conditions tested the leader-contained AUG initiation codons have no significant influence on the expression of both PET genes.
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    One-step transformation of yeast in stationary phase (1992)
    Springer
    Current genetics 21 (1992), S. 83-84 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Transformation ; Thio compound ; Stationary phase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A fast yeast-transformation technique has been developed by adding thio compounds to alkali-ion based protocols and incubating at 45°C. This procedure is especially recommended for cells from stationary phase at a density up to 2.5×108 cells/ml. It involves only one step for the preparation and transformation of competent cells within 30 min. The yield was more than 104 transformants/μg plasmid DNA. This protocol is easy to scale up for many DNA samples and is also applicable for yeast cells from different types of storages.
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    A promoter deletion reduces the rate of mitotic, but not meiotic, recombination at the HIS4 locus in yeast (1992)
    Springer
    Current genetics 21 (1992), S. 109-116 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Transcription ; Recombination ; Yeast ; Gene conversion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Several investigators have reported that transcription stimulates some types of mitotic recombination in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We find that mutations that reduce the rate of trancription of the yeast HIS4 gene in vegetative cells reduce the frequency of mitotic, but not meiotic, recombination events.
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    Molecular characterisation of GTP1, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae gene encoding a small GTP-binding protein (1994)
    Springer
    Current genetics 26 (1994), S. 564-566 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Small GTP-binding proteins ; Yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract DNA sequence analysis upstream of the yeast DNA repair gene SNM1 revealed gene GTP1 with an ORF of 573 bp on chromosome XIII. The putative amino-acid sequence of the encoded protein shows homology to proteins of the ARF-class of small GTP-binding proteins. Homology within GTP-binding motifs is highly conserved. Gene disruption showed that GTP1 is not an essential gene and that it has no influence on the expression of the DNA repair gene SNM1 with which it shares a 191-bp promoter region.
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    Mitotic hyperploidy for chromosomes VIII and III in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1992)
    Springer
    Current genetics 21 (1992), S. 309-318 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Aneuploidy ; Chromosomes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The arg4–8 and cup1 s markers comprise a copy-number-dependent signal device in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. These alleles permit reliable discrimination between euploid and disomic haploids as well as between euploid and trisomic diploids. To investigate and compare inherent inter-chromosomal differences as regards propensity for hyperploidy, we transplaced arg4–8 and cup1 s by deleting them from chromosome VIII and then re-introducing them at the leu2 locus on chromosome III. The rate of chromosome gain was significantly greater for the chromosome III construct compared to the native chromosome VIII, in both diploid and haploid strains. In addition, more coincident aneuploidy for other chromosomes was found among chromosome VIII hyperploids compared to chromosome III hyperploids.
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    Complementation of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae srb1-1 mutation: an autoselection system for stable plasmid maintenance (1992)
    Springer
    Current genetics 21 (1992), S. 339-344 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Lysis mutants ; Plasmid stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The autonomously replicating plasmid YEpSS1, containing the S. cerevisiae SOD1 and SRB1 genes, was highly unstable in a wild-type strain. When transformed into a fragile srb1-1 mutant host, the same plasmid displayed different characteristics depending on the growth medium used. Both batch and continuous culture experiments demonstrated that the plasmid was very unstable when the transformed strain SLU15 was grown in the presence of an osmotic stabiliser (10% w/v sorbitol). However, in the absence of the osmoticum, nearly 100% of the cells retained the plasmid and produced the Sod1 protein after 80 generations of growth.
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    Adaptation and major chromosomal changes in populations of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1992)
    Springer
    Current genetics 22 (1992), S. 13-19 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Chromosome length variants ; Adaptation ; Yeast ; Continuous culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Thirteen independent populations of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (nine haploid and four diploid) were maintained in continuous culture for up to approximately 1000 generations, with growth limited by the concentration of organic phosphates in medium buffered at pH 6. Analysis of clones isolated from these populations showed that a number (17) of large-scale chromosomallength variants and rearrangements were present in the populations at their termination. Nine of the 16 yeast chromosomes were involved in such changes. Few of the changes could be explained by copy-number increases in the structural loci for acid phosphatase. Several considerations concerning the nature and frequency of the chromosome-length variants observed lead us to conclude that they are selectively advantageous.
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    Identification of extragenic suppressors of the cif1 mutation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1994)
    Springer
    Current genetics 25 (1994), S. 89-94 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: cif1 ; Suppressor ; Trehalose ; Yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The cif1 mutation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae causes inability to grow on glucose and related fermentable carbon sources. We have isolated two different suppressor mutations that allow growth on glucose of yeasts carrying the cif1 mutation. One of them, sci1-1, is recessive and caused inability to grow on non-fermentable carbon sources and to de-repress fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase. The other suppressor mutation, SCI2-1, is dominant and diminished the capacity to phosphorylate glucose or fructose. The SCI2-1 mutation decreased sporulation efficiency by 70% in heterozygosis and by more than 90% in homozygosis. In a CIF1 background, cells carrying the mutation SCI2-1 accumulated trehalose during the logarithmic phase of growth and hyperaccumulated it during the stationary phase. Genetic tests showed that SCI2 was either allelic, or else closely linked, to HXK2. The concentrations of the glycolytic metabolites measured during growth on glucose in cells carrying the cif1 mutation and any of the suppressor mutations were similar to those of a wild-type. Both types of suppressor mutations restored the transient cAMP response to glucose to cif1 mutants.
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    Identification of the yeast ACC1 gene product (acetyl-CoA carboxylase) as the target of the polyketide fungicide soraphen A (1994)
    Springer
    Current genetics 25 (1994), S. 95-100 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Acetyl-CoA carboxylase ; Polyketide antibiotic ; Soraphen A ; Yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Soraphen A, a polyketide isolated from the myxobacterium Sorangium cellulosum, is a potent inhibitor of fungal growth. We have used a genetic approach to localize the target of this drug, employing Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a model organism. We have isolated soraphen A-resistant mutants and found that all of them map at the same genetic locus and exhibit a broad range of semidominant phenotypes. Data from genetic crosses of soraphen A-resistant clones with an acc1 mutant revealed that ACC1, coding for acetyl-CoA carboxylase (E.C. 6.4.1.2), is tightly linked to soraphen A resistance. Partially-purified enzyme extracts containing acetyl-CoA carboxylase were prepared and assayed for their soraphen A sensitivity. Our experiments showed that the catalytic activity of the wild-type enzyme is inhibited in vitro by soraphen A while the mutant enzyme remains catalytically active. Taken together these data strongly suggest that the ACC1 gene product is the primary target for soraphen A in vivo.
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    Yeast ts secretory mutation rgs1 is suppressed by the SEC4 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1994)
    Springer
    Current genetics 25 (1994), S. 178-179 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Secretion ; Vesicle fusion ; Rabproteins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Yeast rgs1 cells accumulate secretory vesicles in the cytoplasm and stop the secretion of proteins at the restrictive temperature. The ts mutation rgs1 may be suppressed by several different genes; the S. cerevisiae SEC4 gene, encoding the small G-protein involved in the late secretory stage, is one of them. Synthetic lethality of the double rgs1 sec4 mutant is demonstrated.
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    Mutational analysis of a variant of ARS1 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1992)
    Springer
    Current genetics 22 (1992), S. 175-180 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: ARS1 mutants ; DNA replication ; Yeast ; Single-stranded DNA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A naturally occurring single base-pair G to A transition, creating a 10/11 near-match close to the essential 11 base-pair core consensus of ARS1, was used to investigate the importance of near-match sequences. The 10/11 near-match can not substitute for the core consensus since an ARS- phenotype is observed when the core consensus is deleted. However, deletion mutations revealed that this near-match together with a short palindromic sequence, also situated in the B-flanking region, comprise a single element crucial for optimal ARS function. The palindrome has the potential of forming a stemloop structure. Rather precise observations concerning the borders of the B-region were achieved. The four base pairs separating the near-match from the core consensus perform a spacing function where the identity of the bases are unimportant. However, this spacing is highly important since deletion of these four base pairs leads to an ARS- phenotype.
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    Respiration deficient mutants in the A+T-rich region on yeast mitochondrial DNA containing the var1 gene (1982)
    Springer
    Current genetics 6 (1982), S. 179-188 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Mitochondria ; var1 gene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Several mit mutants mapping within or near the var1 determinant region have been characterized genetically and biochemically. These mutants were isolated using a new enrichment protocol which simplifies the isolation and identification of rare respiration-deficient mutants of yeast. Two of the mutants, PZ200L and PZ206, map in genome segments which flank the known varl gene reading frame; nevertheless, both belong to the same complementation group, apparently that of the varl gene. A third mutant, PZ200R is closely linked to one of the varl allelic determinants now known to be a short insertion within the gene. All three var1 mutants exhibit decreased levels of mitochondrial protein synthesis and negligible activity of the respiratory enzyme complexes. Another cluster of mutants belonging to a separate complementation group from that defined by PZ200L and PZ206 was also mapped and it contains mutants in the nearby serine tRNA gene. The isolation of these mutants in the varl region shows that the varl locus contains information essential for the maintenance of respiration-competent mitochondria. Because these mutants affect mitochondrial protein synthesis, their existence supports the previous hypothesis that the varl protein is an integral component of mitochondrial ribosomes. Furthermore, the mutant sites are present in a DNA sequence that is highly, rich in A+T residues that also contains a gene. Since approximately 50% of the yeast mitochondrial genome is similarly rich in A+T and since most of those regions have not yet been sequenced it is quite possible that other A+T-rich genes may exist.
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    Simultaneous induction of multiple mutations by N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1982)
    Springer
    Current genetics 6 (1982), S. 237-243 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Nitrosoguanidine ; Comutation ; Yeast ; Chromosome replication pattern
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Contrary to what happens in bacteria, mutations induced by nitrosoguanidine in yeast are not accompanied by an excess of mutations in nearby genes. We have investigated nitrosoguanidine mutagenesis in three regions of the yeast genome: the contiguous DNA segments HIS4A, HIS4B and HIS4C, located on chromosome III; ADE1 and CDC15 separated by about 3 map units on chromosome I; and CAN1, some 50 map units away from the centromere on chromosome V. Revertants at HIS4C never suffered mutations at HIS4A or HIS4B. Reversion at CDC15 did not affect the frequency of mutation at ADE1. No tsm mutations, leading to thermonsensitivity, were found in the immediate vicinity of the locus CAN1 after selecting for canavanine resistant mutants. However, as expected from nitrosoguanidine mutagenesis of replication points and the fixed pattern of chromosome replication, the induced tsm mutations seem not to map randomly over the yeast genome; in fact, two out of the three groups of such tsm mutations studied are located in the same chromosome arm as CAN1, indicating that these two regions are replicated at the same time as CAN1. Replication synchrony is less than perfect, since the tsm mutations of each group affect many different genes.
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    The effect of canavanine on the maintenance in yeast of chimeric plasmids containing portions of the 2-µm DNA plasmid (1983)
    Springer
    Current genetics 7 (1983), S. 363-367 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Canavanine ; Yeast ; Plasmids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We have found that the application of the amino acid analog canavanine to a culture of yeast cells transformed with chimeric plasmids based on the yeast 2-µm DNA plasmid increases the percentage of cells which have lost the transforming plasmid. This effect is found whether the plasmid carries the CAN1 sensitive allele and the yeast strain carries a can1 mutation confering resistance, or the plasmid contains no CAN1 allele and the yeast strain carries the wild-type CAN1 sensitive allele. Canavanine exerts this effect on yeast strains transformed with chimeric plasmids containing either a portion or the entire 2-µm DNA plasmid, yet canavanine does not appear to effect the maintenance of the native 2-µm DNA plasmid complement within the cell. The effect of canavanine on strains transformed with chimeric plasmids is the same whether or not the yeast strain also contains native 2-µm plasmid DNA. Neither the amino acid analog ethionine, the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide, nor the DNA replication inhibitor hydroxyurea exhibit this effect. Some of the experimental results suggest that canavanine may be a curing agent rather than an agent which selects for spontaneous plasmid loss.
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    Polyamines enhance the efficiency of tRNA-mediated readthrough of amber and UGA termination codons in a yeast cell-free system (1983)
    Springer
    Current genetics 7 (1983), S. 421-426 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Polyamines ; Termination ; In vitro Translation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The effects of polyamines (spermidine and putrescine) on yeast suppressor tRNA-mediated readthrough of amber and UGA termination codons, in a homologous cell-free system, was examined. The efficiency of readthrough in a [psi+] lysate, mediated by exogenous suppressor tRNA, was significantly increased by polyamines as was the efficiency of endogenous UGA readthrough. The addition of polyamines, in the absence of exogenous suppressor tRNA, did not induce amber or ochre readthrough, nor could polyamines restore efficient termination readthrough in [psi−] lysates. It is concluded that polyamines interact with tRNA to increase the strength and specificity of the codon: anticodon interaction.
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    Cloning of a yeast dihydrofolate reductase gene in Escherichia coli (1984)
    Springer
    Current genetics 8 (1984), S. 265-270 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: DHF Reductase ; Cloning ; Trimethoprim ; Yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The dihydrofolate reductase gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been isolated by selection of trimethoprim resistant Escherichia coli transformed with a gene bank of yeast DNA in plasmid pBR322. From 9.2 kilobase pair BamHI DNA fragment this gene has been localized to a 1.76 kb fragment, the restriction map of which appears different from those reported for the E. coli and the mouse dihydrofolate reductase genes. The enzyme encoded by the chimeric plasmid was established as yeast dihydrofolate reductase by its sensitivity to antifolates in vivo through growth studies and in vitro by enzyme assay. Since, the expression of this gene occurs independent of its orientation within the chimeric plasmid, the 1.76 kb fragment may contain functional regulatory sequences in addition to the structural sequences for yeast dihydrofolate reductase.
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    The primary structure of a gene encoding yeast ribosomal protein L34 (1984)
    Springer
    Current genetics 9 (1984), S. 47-52 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Ribosomal protein gene ; Sequence analysis ; Northern blot
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Sequence analysis revealed that a gene coding for yeast ribosomal protein L34 comprises an amino acid coding region of 339 nucleotides which is interrupted by an intron after the 19th codon. Like for other yeast ribosomal protein genes analyzed thus far a strong codon bias was observed. The flanking and intervening sequences of this gene encoding L34 show several elements that are conserved in a number of split ribosomal protein genes in yeast. Northern blot analysis using an intron-specific probe demonstrated that the sequenced gene copy coding for L34 is transcribed in vivo.
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    Multiple allelic states of the cyh2 gene cause low- and high-level cycloheximide resistance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1982)
    Springer
    Current genetics 5 (1982), S. 157-160 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Cycloheximide ; Ribosomal mutations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary At least four different mutations at the cyh2 locus (rp1X; gene product: YL24) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae confer cycloheximide resistance. The mutant YL24 proteins are either more basic (high-level resistant phenotype), more acidic (low-level resistant phenotype), or unchanged in their electrophoretic mobility (both low-and high-level resistant phenotypes). None of the mutations at other loci seem to induce high-level resistance to cycloheximide.
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    Partial pedigree analysis of the segregation of yeast mitochondrial genes during vegetative reproduction (1982)
    Springer
    Current genetics 5 (1982), S. 171-180 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Mitochondrial genes ; Vegetative segregation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A three-factor cross of Saccharomyces cerevisiae involving the cap1, ery1, and oli1 loci was done, with partial pedigree analyses of 117 zygotes. First, second, and third buds were removed and the genotypes of their diploid progeny determined, along with those of the residual zygote mother cell. Results were analyzed in terms of frequencies of individual alleles and of recombinant genotypes in the dividing cells. There is a gradual increase in the frequency of homoplasmic cells and in gene frequency variance during these three generations, as would result from stochastic partitioning of mtDNA molecules between mother and bud, probably coupled with random drift of gene frequencies in interphase cells. These phenomena are more pronounced for buds than for mothers, suggesting that buds receive a smaller sample of molecules. End buds are more likely to be homoplasmic and have a lower frequency of recombinant genotypes than do central buds; an end bud is particularly enriched in alleles contributed by the parent that formed that end of the zygote. Zygotes with first central buds produce clones with a higher recombination frequency than do those with first end buds. These results confirm previous studies and suggest that mixing of parental genotypes occurs first in the center of the zygote. If segregation were strictly random, the number of segregating units would have to be much smaller than the number of mtDNA molecules in the zygote. On the other hand, there is no evidence for a region of the molecule (“attachment point”) which segregates deterministically.
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    The role of the cdc9 ligase in replication and excision repair in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1982)
    Springer
    Current genetics 6 (1982), S. 29-30 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Plasmid ; Repair ; Ligase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We show that the DNA ligase encoded or controlled by the cdc9 gene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is required for replication of plasmid DNA but that excision repair of pyrimidine dimers in plasmid DNA can be completed in its absence.
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    Benomyl resistant mutants of Schizosaccharomyces pombe cold-sensitive for mitosis (1982)
    Springer
    Current genetics 6 (1982), S. 195-201 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Benomyl resistance ; Yeast ; Mitosis ; Cell cycle mutants
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We have isolated 150 benomyl resistant mutants of the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Seven of these mutants were found to be cold sensitive for mitosis. These mutants were the subject of physiological, cytological and genetical characterisation. Growth and division of the seven mutants were similar to the wild type strain at 35 °C. After shift from the permissive (35 °C) to the restrictive temperature (20 °C) the mutants became blocked in mitosis whilst cellular growth continued. Consequently, elongate cells were formed. Six of the seven benomyl resistant mutants became blocked in mitosis at 20 °C with a single aberrant nucleus. In every case the benomyl resistant and cold sensitive phenotype was due to a mutation in a single nuclear gene. These mutants were found to comprise a single genetic linkage group (ben4) and were unlinked to existing TBZ/MBC resistant mutants of S. pombe. Whilst no cross resistance was found in our mutants to TBZ, six of the seven mutants were super sensitive to the spindle poison CIPC. We believe that the phenotype exhibited by these mutants is consistent with a defective tubulin subunit.
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    Chromosomal DNA sequences from Ustilago maydis promote autonomous replication of plasmids in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1983)
    Springer
    Current genetics 7 (1983), S. 79-84 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: ars sequences ; Ustilago ; Yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary U. maydis chromosomal DNA sequences which promote the autonomous replication of plasmid YIp5 in S. cerevisiae YNN27 have been isolated and three of them characterised in some detail. Their properties are idential to yeast ars sequences in that plasmids containing them are maintained extrachromosomally as circular double-stranded DNA molecules, are mitotically unstable in yeast transformants and transform yeast at high frequencies. There is no sequence homology between the three U. maydis sequences and they are not reiterated in the U. maydis genome.
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    Further evidence of a disparity between conversion and restoration in the his1 locus of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1984)
    Springer
    Current genetics 8 (1984), S. 23-28 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Recombination ; Conversion ; Restoration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Heteroduplex repair models of recombination predict that restoration of the parental genotype from heteroduplex will have the same frequency as conversion to the genotype of the homologue. We have reported previously (Savage and Hastings 1981) that the proportion of intragenic reciprocal events in the his1 locus of yeast is too low for this expectation. In this study, two classes of recombination event involving longer lengths of his1 are compared in a series of crosses using a constant right-hand marker. This comparison gives a value for conversion: restoration for the left-hand markers which is independant of the method used before. The values obtained by the two methods are significantly correlated, confirming that there is a disparity in the ratio of conversion to restoration, and that this disparity is seen as a deficiency of restoration for five alleles of his1.
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    Effect of erythromycin upon the protein pattern of heat shocked S. cerevisiae (1984)
    Springer
    Current genetics 8 (1984), S. 429-437 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Heat-shock response ; Mitochondrial inhibition ; 2D electrophoresis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Conventional and two dimensional (2D) electrophoresis on ultrathin horizontal slab gels shows that heat shock proteins are synthesized and heat stroke proteins are curtailed after the transfer of Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain Z270 from 23 °C to 37 °C. Upon addition of the mitochondrial translation inhibitor erythromycin to cell cultures which incorporated labelled methionine at 23 °C, and after the transfer to 37 °C, we have shown that: a) in extracts of cells labelled at 23 °C, translational products sensitive to erythromycin could be observed on 2D gels; the synthesis of some of these proteins was enhanced, whereas the synthesis of some others declined when the labelling was carried out 20 min after the transfer to 37 °C; b) there are heat shock proteins whose induction at 37 °C was prevented by erythromycin; c) labelling of a number of proteins became weaker at 37 °C, but not at 23 °C, when this was done in the presence of erythromycin; d) two proteins were detectable only in samples labelled at 37 °C in the presence of erythromycin.
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    Mitochondrial and nuclear mitoribosomal suppressors that enable misreading of ochre codons in yeast mitochondria (1984)
    Springer
    Current genetics 9 (1984), S. 11-19 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Mitochondrial ochre mutations ; Specificity of suppressors ; Mitoribosomal misreading ; Intron-encoded maturases
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We describe studies on the action spectra of the mitochondrial suppressor mim3-1 and the three alleles of nuclear suppressor nam3. Their specificity of action was tested on 516 mit − mutations located in different mitochondrial genes. The degree of suppression was quantified by the extent of cytochrome oxidase and cytochrome b synthesis. We show that the four suppressors are allele-specific gene-nonspecific informational suppressors. They would act by changing the structure of the small mitoribosomal subunit which would decrease fidelity of translation enabling misreading of some but not all ochre codons. The implications of the results on the role of intron encoded maturases are discussed.
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    Mitochondrial and nuclear mitoribosomal suppressors that enable misreading of ochre codons in yeast mitochondria (1984)
    Springer
    Current genetics 9 (1984), S. 1-10 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Mitochondrial ochre mutations ; Nuclear informational suppressors ; Mitochondrial informational suppressors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A systematic search for suppressors of mutations which cause a deficiency in the splicing of mitochondrial RNA has been undertaken. These splicing mutations were localized in the mRNA-maturase coding sequence of the second intron of the cob-boxgene, i.e. in the box3locus. A total of 953 revertants (mostly spontaneous in origin) were isolated and their genetic nature (nuclear vs. mitochondrial) and phenotype characterized. Most revertants were mitochondrially determined and displayed a wild-type phenotype. A mitochondrial suppressor unlinked with the box3 −target mutation was uncovered among the revertants displaying a pseudo-wild phenotype: out of 26 revertants analyzed, derived from 7 different box3− mutants only one such suppressor mutation mim3-1 was found. It was localized by rho− deletion mapping in the region between the oxi2 and oxi3 gene, within (or in the vicinity) the gene specifying the 15S ribosomal RNA. Nuclear suppressors were isolated from seven different box3 −mutants. All were recessive and had a pseudo-wild phenotype. Three such suppressors nam3-1, nam3-2 and nam3-3 were investigated more extensively. Tetrad analysis has shown that they are alleles of the same nuclear locus NAM3 and mitotic analysis has shown that they do not segregate mitotically.
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    Torulopsis spandovensis sp. n., a new yeast from beer (1976)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 107 (1976), S. 205-206 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Torulopsis ; Yeast ; New species ; Beer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A new species of the genus Torulopsis has been isolated from several different samples of German Pilsener Beer. A description of the new species is given.
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    Production of sulphite and sulphide by low-and high-sulphite forming wine yeasts (1976)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 107 (1976), S. 299-302 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Sulphite ; Sulphide ; ATP sulfurylase ; Pantothenate ; Yeast ; Fermentation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The influence of vitamin and cysteine supplementation on sulphite and sulphide formation, as well as on ATP sulfurylase activity, by two low-and two high-sulphite forming wine yeasts is examined using a defined synthetic fermentation substrate. The lowsulphite formers produce more sulphite in media lacking vitamins, whereas the high-sulphite formers produce less. One high-sulphite former has elevated ATP sulfurylase activity, but the other has activity similar to a low-sulphite forming strain. Only traces of sulphide are formed when the high-sulphite formers are grown with sulphate as the sulphur source, but considereable amounts are produced when cysteine is added to the medium. The low-sulphite formers produce H2S in the complete medium, and more is formed when vitamins are omitted.
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    Non electrogenic function of the mitochondrial, alternative, cyanide-insensitive respiration in the yeast Saccharomycopsis lipolytica (1978)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 116 (1978), S. 297-302 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Cyanide-insensitive respiration ; Mitochondria ; ATP synthesis ; Proton translocation ; Exogenous NADH dehydrogenase ; Yeast ; Saccharomycopsis lipolytica
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Cyanide-insensitive mitochondria from Saccharomycopsis lipolytica possess an exogenous NADH dehydrogenase, located outside the inner mitochondrial membrane, and linked to coupling site II. These mitochondria are able to oxidize exogenous NADH via two pathways: (1) a cyanide- and antimycin-sensitive pathway, or cytochrome pathway, and (2) a cyanide- and antimycin-insensitive pathway, or alternative pathway. Although the oxidation of exogenous NADH through the cytochrome pathway occurs with an ATP/0 ratio tending to 2, it proceeds, per molecule of NADH oxidized, with the apparent ejection in the outer medium of only 3 protons instead of 4 protons, as is the case with glycerol 3-phosphate as control substrate, but leaves 1 hydroxyl ion in the outer medium after decay of the protonmotive force. These properties were used to demonstrate the non electrogenic function of the alternative pathway. Indeed, the oxidation of exogenous NADH via the alternative pathway proceeds without apparent ejection of protons, although this oxidation generates an electron flux in the alternative pathway as demonstrated by the net appearance in the outer medium of 1 hydroxyl ion per atom of oxygen reduced, appearance which proves sensitive to benhydroxamic acid, a specific inhibitor of the alternative pathway. The non electrogenicity of the alternative pathway is accompanied by the absence of ATP synthesis as expected from Mitchell's chemiosmotic model. The absence of energy conservation when the electron transfer proceeds via the alternative pathway is not the result of an uncoupling property of an active alternative pathway, as the oxidation of malate plus pyruvate via coupling site I and the alternative pathway occurs with an ATP/0 ratio tending to 1.
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    Sequestration of arginine by polyphosphate in vacuoles of yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) (1979)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 121 (1979), S. 169-175 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Yeast ; Vacuoles ; Compartmentation ; Polyphosphate ; Arginine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Isolated and purified vacuoles from yeast protoplasts contain the bulk of the cellular pool of arginine. The arginine is firmly retained in the isolated vacuoles despite of the presence of a permease which mediates arginine diffusion through the vacuolar membrane (Boller et al., 1975). It is shown, mainly by equilibrium dialysis, on vacuolar extracts, that the retention of arginine in the vacuoles is due to binding by polyphosphate. The polyphosphate appears to be located exclusively in the vacuoles. Enzymes hydrolysing polyphosphate are also located in the vacuoles. Isolated vacuoles from arginine grown cells contain about three times as much polyphosphate as vacuoles from ammonium grown cells; the vacuolar pool of arginine is correspondingly greater. Thus there seems to be a close correlation between the storage of arginine and polyphosphate. This confirms the observation that under conditions provoking “polyphosphate overcompensation” (Liss and Langen, 1962) the accumulation of enormous quantities of polyphosphate is associated with that of corresponding quantities of arginine, provided this amino acid is supplied in the medium. Yet, under certain growth conditions the cells are able to store, and to mobilize, both arginine and polyphosphate independently.
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    An electron microscopic study on the mating tube formation in the heterobasidiomycete Tremella mesenterica (1980)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 128 (1980), S. 215-221 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Mating tube ; Microtubule ; Tremella ; Ultrastructure ; Yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Ultrastructure of the mating tube formed in yeast haplont of the heterobasidiomycete Tremella mesenterica was studied by electron microscopy. Cell wall of the mating tube emerged as evagination of the inner layers, rupturing outer layers of the mother cell wall. Comparison with budding cells suggested that the tube emergence place at bud scar and the process of tube emergence was the same as that of bud emergence. Electron transparent vesicles of 0.1 μm diameter were scattered in the cytoplasm of the mating tube. Nucleus-associated organelle was located at one side of the nuclear envelope which extended towards the mating tube. A few microtubules were detected in the mating tube, but their association with a nucleus was not clear. The cytoplasmic structure of the mating tube was discussed in comparison with that of hyphae of the filamentous fungi.
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    Accumulation of pyrophosphate and other energy-rich phosphorus compounds under various conditions of yeast growth (1981)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 128 (1981), S. 394-397 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Pyrophosphate ; Polymerie acid-soluble poly-phosphates ; Budding process ; Yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In the cells of hybrid yeast strain Saccharomyces N.C.Y.C. 644 SU3 (Karlsberg collection), a large amount of pyrophosphate (30–300 μmol/g of dry weight) accumulates whatever the aeration conditions and the content of glucose in the medium. The content of pyrophosphate is 10–1000 times higher than that of ATP. At the early and mid-exponential growth phases two maxima of pyrophosphate accumulation are observable. The periods of maximal pyrophosphate accumulation in yeast coincide with those of the minimal content of polymeric acid-soluble polyphosphates and intense budding. In the light of the data obtained, the question is discussed as to the relationship between the metabolism of pyrophosphates and acid-soluble polyphosphates in yeast.
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    Changes in trehalose content and trehalase activity during spore germination in fission yeast, Schizosaccharomyces pombe (1981)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 129 (1981), S. 19-22 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Germination ; Glycogen ; Outgrowth ; Schizosaccharomyces pombe ; Spore ; Trehatase ; Trehalose ; Yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Quantitative changes in various carbohydrates of Schizosaccharomyces, pombe spores during germination and outgrowth were studied. Trehalose decreased rapidly, shortly after onset of germination, while glycogen remained constant throughout germination and outgrowth. Alkali-insoluble carbohydrates decreased after the lag period of about 40 min. The content of alkali-soluble carbohydrates was constant during germination, but increased remarkably in parallel with germtube formation. The mechanism of rapid degradation of trehalose during germination was also studied. The activity of trehalase (EC 3.2.1.28) was detected only in the cell wall fraction of isolated spores. Trehalase activity in the cell wall fraction was not enhanced during germination. Trehalose was not found in the isolated spore walls, but in the soluble fraction. These facts strongly suggested that trehalose, and trehalase were spatially separated in dormant spores and that trehalase became accessible to trehalose upon germination.
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    Changes in the adenylate energy charge and the induction of sporulation in Saccharomyces diastaticus (1981)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 129 (1981), S. 47-48 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Adenylate energy charge ; Phosphate ; Saccharomyces ; Sporulation ; Yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The induction of sporulation in yeast is generally accompanied by a sharp increase in energy metabolism which is evidenced by a rise of the adenylate energy charge by that time. The energy charge can be held at a low level by limitation of the phosphate supply in the growth medium. Ascus formation remains unaffected by this treatment. This suggests that the rise in ATP production normally encountered during early sporulation is not essential for the initiation of sporulation.
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    Participation of vacuoles in regulation of levels of K+, Mg2+ and orthophosphate ions in cytoplasm of the yeast Saccharomyces carlsbergensis (1982)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 132 (1982), S. 289-293 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Ions ; Concentration ; Regulation ; Cytoplasm ; Vacuole ; Yeast ; Saccharomyces carlsbergensis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Intracellular distributions of K+, Mg2+ and orthophosphate under various conditions of cultivation or incubation of the yeast Saccharomyces carlsbergensis were studied by differential extraction of ion pools. The decisive role of vacuolar compartmentation of ions in regulation of K+, Mg2+ and orthophosphate levels in the yeast cytoplasm was shown. The content of intracellular K+ and Mg2+ in yeast increased or decreased primarily depending on the increase or decrease in the vacuolar ion pool. The levels of K+ and Mg2+ in the cytoplasm were practically unchanged. Vacuoles were involved in regulation of Mn2+ concentration in the cytoplasm of the yeast S. carlsbergensis accumulating this ion in the presence of glucose. Alongside the vacuolar compartmentation, the chemical compartmentation, i. e. formation of bound Mg2+, Mn2+ and K+ was, evidently, also involved in the control of ion levels in the cytoplasm. The orthophosphate level in the yeast cytoplasm was regulated by its accumulation in vacuoles and biosynthesis of inorganic polyphosphates in these organelles. The biosynthesis of low-molecular weight polyphosphates occurred parallel to the accumulation of Mg2+ or Mn2+ in vacuoles, thus confirming the availability of the other mechanism for the transport of these ions through the tonoplast differing from the transport mechanism through the plasmalemma.
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    Phosphate uptake in the yeast Candida tropicalis: purification of phosphate-binding protein and investigations about its role in phosphate uptake (1984)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 137 (1984), S. 215-219 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Yeast ; Phosphate uptake ; Phosphate-binding protein ; Anti-phosphate-binding protein antibodies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The purification of a phosphate-binding protein (PiBP2) by immunoadsorption is described. The entire anti phosphate-binding protein 2 antibodies as well as the Fab fragments obtained from these antibodies inhibit Pi uptake by whole cells. The inhibition is a mixed type of inhibition (V m and K m are affected). These results should be regarded as a possible involvement of phosphate-binding protein 2 in Pi uptake. The binding of 125I-labelled fragments prepared from anti phosphate-binding protein 2 antibodies to whole cells, to shocked cells and to protoplasts has been investigated. The results confirm the release of phosphate-binding protein by osmotic shock and during protoplast formation. From these findings, a cell-wall localisation, near the cell surface of the phosphate-binding protein should be proposed.
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    Comparison of the killer toxin of several yeasts and the purification of a toxin of type K2 (1984)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 137 (1984), S. 357-361 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Yeast ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Killer toxin ; Extracellular glycoprotein
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A total of 13 killer toxin producing strains belonging to the genera Saccharomyces, Candida and Pichia were tested against each other and against a sensitive yeast strain. Based on the activity of the toxins 4 different toxins of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 2 different toxins of Pichia and one toxin of Candida were recognized. The culture filtrate of Pichia and Candida showed a much smaller activity than the strains of Saccharomyces. Extracellular killer toxins of 3 types of Saccharomyces were concentrated and partially purified. The pH optimum and the isoelectric point were determined. The killer toxins of S. cerevisiae strain NCYC 738, strain 399 and strain 28 were glycoproteins and had a molecular weight of Mr=16,000. The amino acid composition of the toxin type K2 of S. cerevisiae strain 399 was determined and compared with the composition of two other toxins.
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    Molecular analysis of inorganic nitrogen assimilation in yeasts (1984)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 138 (1984), S. 183-186 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Yeast ; Nitrogen assimilation ; Nitrate reductase ; Nitrite reductase ; Candida utilis ; Food yeast ; Nitrate reduction ; Nitrogenous oxide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Assimilation of nitrate and various other inorganic nitrogen compounds by different yeasts was investigated. Nitrate, nitrite, hydroxylamine, hydrazine, ammonium sulphate, urea and L-asparagine were tested as sole sources of nitrogen for the growth of Candida albicans, C. pelliculosa, Debaryomyces hansenii, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, C. tropicalis, and C. utilis. Ammonium sulphate and L-asparagine supported the growth of all the yeasts tested except D. hansenii while hydroxylamine and hydrazine failed to support the growth of any. Nitrate and nitrite were assimilated only by C. utilis. Nitrate utilization by C. utilis was also accompanied by the enzymatic activities of NAD(P)H: nitrate oxidoreductase (EC 1.6.6.2) and NAD(P)H: nitrite oxidoreductase (EC 1.6.6.4), but not reduced methyl viologen-or FAD-nitrate oxidoreductases (EC 1.7.99.4). It is demonstrated here that nitrate and nitrite reductase activities are responsible for the ability of C. utilis to assimilate primary nitrogen.
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    Subcellular distribution of yeast invertase isoenzymes (1975)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 103 (1975), S. 51-55 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Yeast ; Invertase ; Isoenzymes ; Localization ; Vacuoles ; Spheroplasts ; Lipid Granules ; Cytosol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Homogenates from yeast cells contain 1% or less of sedimentable invertase activity. Sedimentability is equally low in homogenates from cells repressed or derepressed with regard to invertase secretion. Intracellularly, the mannanprotein form of invertase is largely localized in vacuoles whereas the small isoenzyme is largely present in the soluble cell fraction. These findings indicate that vesicles are not involved in the secretion of invertase. A soluble mode of invertase secretion is discussed.
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    Experimental investigation of the bound dissipation function (1975)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 105 (1975), S. 13-16 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Irreversible Thermodynamics ; Energy Metabolism ; Calorimetry ; Yeast ; Aging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract By means of a microcalorimeter (direct calorimetry) and a Warburg-apparatus (indirect calorimetry) that part of the dissipation of a growing culture of yeast cells which remains irreversible in the cells is determined (Ψ u ). The course of the Ψ u -function with time correlates with the increase of the specific cell concentration being conditioned by the growth phase of the culture but similar for fermentative and respirative metabolism.
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    Promotion of sporulation by caffeine pretreatment in saccharomyces cerevisiae (1975)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 106 (1975), S. 159-164 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Yeast ; Sporulation ; Turnover of RNA and protein ; Premeiotic DNA synthesis ; Commitment ; Readiness
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Cells cultured in the presence of caffeine had high sporulation ability. The sporulation-promotive effect of caffeine was studied, special attention being paid upon changes in nucleic acid metabolism. When transferred to a sporulation medium, the breakdown of RNA, the synthesis of protein, RNA and DNA, commitment to sporulation and the appearance of mature asci took place in caffeine-treated cells significantly earlier than in control cells. Commitment to sporulation occurred before the completion of premeiotic DNA synthesis in both caffeine-treated and control cells.
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    Proliferation and metabolic significance of peroxisomes in Candida boidinii during growth on d-alanine or oleic acid as the sole carbon source (1990)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 153 (1990), S. 485-489 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Candida boidinii ; Yeast ; Peroxisomes ; β-Oxidation ; d-Amino acid oxidase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have studied the induction of peroxisomes in the methylotrophic yeast Candida boidinii by d-alanine and oleic acid. The organism was able to utilize each of these compounds as the sole carbon source and grew with growth rates of μ=0.20 h-1 (on d-alanine) or μ=0.43 h-1 (on oleic acid). Growth was associated with the development of many peroxisomes in the cells. On d-alanine a cluster of tightly interwoven organelles was observed which made up 6.3% of the cytoplasmic volume and were characterized by the presence of d-amino acid oxidase and catalase. On oleic acid rounded to elongated peroxisomes were dominant which were scattered throughout the cytoplasm. These organelles contained increased levels of β-oxidation enzymes; their relative volume fraction amounted 12.8% of the cytoplasmic volume.
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    Purification and characterization of a (R)-2,3-butanediol dehydrogenase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1990)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 154 (1990), S. 267-273 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Yeast ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; (R)-2,3-Butanediol dehydrogenase ; Stereospecificity ; Gas chromatographic analysis of enantiomers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A NAD-dependent (R)-2,3-butanediol dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.4), selectively catalyzing the oxidation at the (R)-center of 2,3-butanediol irrespective of the absolute configuration of the other carbinol center, was isolated from cell extracts of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Purification was achieved by means of streptomycin sulfate treatment, Sephadex G-25 filtration, DEAE-Sepharose CL-6B chromatography, affinity chromatography on Matrex Gel Blue A and Superose 6 prep grade chromatography leading to a 70-fold enrichment of the specific activity with 44% yield. Analysis of chiral products was carried out by gas chromatographic methods via pre-chromatographic derivatization and resolution of corresponding diasteromeric derivatives. The enzyme was capable to reduce irreversibly diacetyl (2,3-butanediol) to (R)-acetoin (3-hydroxy-2-butanone) and in a subsequent reaction reversibly to (R,R)-2,3-butanediol using NADH as coenzyme. 1-Hydroxy-2-ketones and C5-acyloins were also accepted as substrates, whereas the enzyme was inactive towards the reduction of acetone and dihydroxyacetone. The relative molecular mass (M r) of the enzyme was estimated as 140 000 by means of gel filtration. On SDS-polyacrylamide gel the protein decomposed into 4 (identical) subunits of M r 35 000. Optimum pH was 6.7 for the reduction of acetoin to 2,3-butanediol and 7.2 for the reverse reaction.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00248966
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    Effect of the new fluorescent brightener Rylux BSU on morphology and biosynthesis of cell walls in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1994)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 161 (1994), S. 340-344 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Rylux BSU ; Fluorescent brightener ; Cell walls ; Chitin synthase ; Glucan synthase ; Yeast ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Rylux BSU, a new fluorescent brightener from the family of 4,4′-diaminostilbene-2,2′disulfonic acid derivatives, inhibited growth and cytokinesis of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In the presence of 0.1–1 mg/ml Rylux BSU the cells grew in clumps, had irregular shape and were larger than controls. They formed apparently normal primary septa but their secondary septa and lateral cell walls, especially those in older cells, were abnormally thick with large deposits of amorphous wall material in the periplasmic spaces all over the cell surface. Chitin content in the cell walls of cells grown in the presence of Rylux BSU was increased 2 to 5 times in comparison to that of the controls and glucan content was reduced by up to 30%. In the in vitro assays with particulate membrane fractions, Rylux BSU acted as a non-competitive inhibitor of β-1,3-glucan synthase with inhibitory constant K i=1.75 mg/ml whereas the chitin synthase was inhibited to a much lesser extent. From the difference of the effects of Rylux BSU on the synthesis of chitin in vivo and in vitro it is concluded that the brightener interacts with chitin synthase only indirectly, possibly by influencing the properties of integral plasma membrane.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00303590
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  • 193
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    Kluyveromyces blattae sp. n., eine neue vielsporige Hefe aus Blatta orientalis (1976)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 109 (1976), S. 153-156 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Yeast ; Taxonomy ; Kluyveromyces
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Eine neue Hefe der Gattung Kluyveromyces konnte aus dem Darmtrakt einer Küchenschabe (Blatta orientalis) isoliert werden. Die Hefe wird neu beschrieben und eine lateinische Diagnose gegeben.
    Notes: Abstract A new hitherto undescribed species of yeast of the genus Kluyveromyces has been isolated from the intestinal tract of the oriental cockroach (Blatta orientalis). A description of the new species including latin diagnosis is given.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00425128
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  • 194
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    Localization of polyphosphate in vacuoles of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1978)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 116 (1978), S. 275-278 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Yeast ; Polyphosphate ; Compartmentation ; Vacuole ; Cell wall
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Virtually all of the polyphosphate (PP) present in yeast protoplasts can be recovered in a crude particulate fraction if polybase-induced lysis is used for disrupting the protoplasts. This fraction contains most of the vacuoles, mitochondria and nuclei. Upon the purification of vacuoles the PP is enriched to the same extent as are the vacuolar markers. The amount of PP per vacuole is comparable to the amount of PP per protoplast. The possibility that PP is located in the cell wall is also considered. In the course of the incubation necessary for preparing protoplasts, 20% of the cellular PP is broken down. As this loss of PP occurs to the same extent in the absence of cell wall degrading enzymes, it is inferred that internal PP is metabolically degraded, no PP being located in the cell walls. It is concluded that in Saccharomyces cerevisiae most if not all of the PP is located in the vacuoles, at least under the growth conditions used.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00417851
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  • 195
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    Reversion by Fe(III) of the inhibition by hydroxamic acids of the cyanide-Insensitive respiration in the yeast Saccharomycopsis lipolytica (1977)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 114 (1977), S. 171-174 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Iron ; Cyanide-resistance ; Hydroxamates ; Alternative respiration ; Yeast ; Saccharomycopsis lipolytica
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The specific inhibitory effect of benzhydroxamic acid on the cyanide-insensitive respiration could be reversed in whole cells of the yeast Saccharomycopsis lipolytica, by addition of Fe(III), in a way suggesting a competition between the added iron and an enzyme-bound metallic ion, both central atoms for the ligand benzhydroxamic acid. The possibility that added metal ions modify the penetration of BHAM into the cells was ruled out. Co(II), Cu(II) and Al(III) could substitute for Fe(III). A linear relation between the concentration in added Fe(III) and the reversed respiration rate was observed. At a given cell concentration. the reversion by added Fe(III) of the inhibitory effect of benzhydroxamic acid on the alternative respiration appeared more related to the degree of inhibition rather than to the concentration in added inhibitor. Increasing cell concentrations required increasing amounts of Fe(III) to reach the same level of reversion. No reversal occurred at concentrations in added Fe(III) lower than 0.1 mM, whatever the benzhydroxamic concentration, the cell concentration or the yeast batch.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00410780
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  • 196
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    Vacuoles: The sole compartments of digestive enzymes in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)? (1979)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 123 (1979), S. 23-35 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Yeast ; Compartmentation ; Vacuoles ; Lysosome ; Cytosol ; ATPase ; Phosphatases ; Proteases ; Polyphosphate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Almost all the vacuoles (about 95%) remained intact after “polybase-induced lysis” of the yeast protoplasts. These vacuoles could be sedimentated together with other cell organelles which were equally well preserved, leaving as a supernatant a cytosol fraction which was essentially uncontaminated by the contents of disrupted vacuoles. After density gradient centrifugation more than half of the vacuoles were recovered in a fraction which was highly purified as judged from the measurement of several marker enzymes and from light and electron microscopic observations. Polyphosphate, which has been shown to be located exclusively in the vacuolar sap of protoplasts, was used as a vacuolar marker to determine the yields of vacuoles in the different fractions obtained from the density gradients. It was also used to assess the overall distribution of lytic enzymes in the cytosol and in the vacuome. The results indicate that the following enzyme activities are mostly, if not exclusively (〉90%), located in the vacuome, probably all in the typical large vacuoles present in the protoplasts: exo-and endopolyphosphatase, proteases A and B, carboxypeptidase Y, an aminopeptidase, RNase, α-mannosidase, and phosphatases which hydrolyze a number of different substrates. The polyphosphatases are thus in the same compartment as the polyphosphate. The activities of some other hydrolases, notably of a Mg2+ dependent, Oligomycin and NaN3 insensitive ATPase and alkaline phosphatase, were partially associated with the vacuoles. The activities of pyrophosphatase, tripolyphosphatase, α-glucosidase, and aminopeptidase active in the presence of EDTA, were located almost exclusively in the soluble, cytosolic fraction.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00403499
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    Pyruvate holo- and apocarboxylase content of biotin-deficient baker's yeast and the characteristics of the holoenzyme formation in permeabilized cells (1979)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 122 (1979), S. 121-127 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Yeast ; Baker's yeast ; Biotin ; Biotinyl enzymes ; Pyruvate carboxylase ; Acetyl-CoA carboxylase ; Ureaamidolyase ; Pyruvate apocarboxylase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The holo- and apocarboxylase proteins in baker's yeast grown in a chemostat at different biotin concentrations (from 0.1–200 μg/l) and on different carbon sources were assayed. The growth and the type of metabolism are considered with respect to the activity of the enzymes involved in oxaloacetate regeneration (pyruvate carboxylase and isocitrate lyase activities). In order to assay the level of apocarboxylase protein in the cells the characteristics of the pyruvate holocarboxylase formation in permeabilized cells were studied and thereby an assay method was developed. The pyruvate carboxylase activity of the cells grown in a medium with 4% glucose as the carbon source was almost constant from the lowest biotin concentration up to a biotin concentration of 10 μg/l, after which it rose and obtained a maximum at a biotin concentration of about 50 μg/l. The content of the apocarboxylase protein was maximal at 0.5 μg/l biotin, and then exceeded the level of the active pyruvate carboxylase protein by a factor of about 2.5. With increasing biotin concentration in the medium the content of apocarboxylase protein decreased and was negligible in cells grown at biotin concentrations higher than 100 μg/l. The total content of pyruvate carboxylase protein (i.e. apo- + holoenzyme) was roughly constant over a wide biotin concentration range (from 0.5–15 μg/l), the maximum being only double the minimum. At a biotin concentration 50 μg/l, where the maximum yield was reached, the cells still contained pyruvate apocarboxylase. The rapid increase in yield found around a biotin concentration of 10 μg/l correlates, on the basis of measured enzyme activities, more with the appearance of activity of glyoxylate cycle enzymes than with the increase in the activity of pyruvate carboxylase. When cells were growing on ethanol with biotin as the growth limiting factor, the cells still used biotin for the formation of pyruvate holocarboxylase, and proportionally more of the total content of pyruvate carboxylase protein was in the form of holoenzyme than in the cells growing on glucose under biotin limitation. The existence of urea amidolyase apoprotein in yeast cells grown with urea as the sole nitrogen source under biotin deficiency is reported. The presence of acetyl-CoA apocarboxylase in biotin-deficient cells could not be demonstrated.
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    Biogenesis and turnover of peroxisomes involved in the concurrent oxidation of methanol and methylamine in Hansenula polymorpha (1981)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 129 (1981), S. 35-41 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Peroxisome ; Methanol ; Methylamine ; Yeast ; Hansenula polymorpha ; Alcohol oxidase ; Amino oxidase ; Catalase ; Catabolite inactivation ; Turnover ; Cytochemical localization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Growth of Hansenula polymorpha in shake flasks and chemostat cultures in the presence of methanol as the sole source of carbon and methylamine as the sole source of nitrogen was associated with the development of peroxisomes in the cells. The organelles were involved in the concurrent oxidation of these two compounds, since they contained both alcohol oxidase and amine oxidase, which are key enzymes in methanol and methylamine metabolism, respectively. In addition catalase was present. Peroxisomes with a completely crystalline substructure were observed in methanol-limited chemostat-grown cells. Amine oxidase probably formed an integral part of these crystalloids, whereas catalase was present in a freely diffusable form. Transfer of cells, grown in a methanol-limited chemostat in the presence of methylamine into glucose/ammonium sulphate media resulted in the loss of both alcohol oxidase and amine oxidase activity from the cells. This process was associated with degradation of the crystalline peroxisomes. However, when cells were transferred into glucose/methylamine media, amine oxidase activity only declined during 2 h after the transfer and thereafter increased again. This subsequent rise in amine oxidase activity was associated with the development of new peroxisomes in the cells in which degradation of the crystalline peroxisomes, originally present, continued. These newly formed organelles probably originated from peroxisomes which had not been affected by degradation. When in the methanollimited chemostat methylamine was replaced by ammonium sulphate, repression of the synthesis of amine oxidase was observed. However, inactivation of this enzyme or degradation of peroxisomes was not detected. The decrease of amine oxidase activity in the culture was accounted for by dilution of enzyme as a result of growth and washout.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00417176
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    Effect of chloroquine on proteolytic processes and energy metabolism in yeast (1984)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 137 (1984), S. 104-108 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Chloroquine ; Yeast ; Proteolysis ; ATP hydrolysis ; Glucose consumption ; Ethanol formation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In yeast cells, degradation of cellular proteins was inhibited by addition of chloroquine to the medium as shown by a decrease of the release of trichloroacetic acid-soluble radioactivity from prelabelled cell protein. Penetration of chloroquine into the cells was strongly enhanced with increasing pH value of the medium. The concentration in the cells reached 5–14 times that in the medium of pH 8.0. Fluorescence microscopy showed that chloroquine was concentrated in the vacuoles of the cells. Chloroquine, at concentrations attained in the cells, inhibited the activities of vacuolar proteinases in vitro. Furthermore, chloroquine caused a rapid and drastic decrease of the ATP content of the cells and prevented the fermentation of glucose and formation of ethanol under aerobic conditions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00414448
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    Isolation, and biochemical and biological characterization of an a-mating-type-specific glycoprotein responsible for sexual agglutination from the cytoplasm of a-cells, in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1984)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 140 (1984), S. 113-119 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Agglutination substance ; Cell-cell recognition ; Glycoprotein ; Mating ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Sexual agglutinability ; Yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract An a-mating-type-specific substance responsible for sexual agglutination was purified to 397-times in specific activity (units/mg protein) from the cytoplasm of a-mating type cells. The purified substance gave a single band stained with PAS reagent but not with both Coomassie brilliant blue and silver staining reagent by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of 8 M urea. However, incorporation of [35S]methionine and Lowry reaction clearly indicate that the substance is a glycoprotein. The substance specifically masked sexual agglutinability of cells of the opposite mating type α, indicating univalent action. The substance is a glycoprotein with a carbohydrate content of 90%, a pI of 4.5, and a molecular weight of 130,000. The substance was inactivated by 2-mercaptoethanol and proteolytic enzymes but not by glycolytic enzymes. The substance formed a complementary complex having no biological activity when mixed with α-agglutination substance from the wall or cytoplasm of α-cells in vitro.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00454912
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