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  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Can the theory of evolution be falsified? (1984)
    Springer
    Acta biotheoretica 33 (1984), S. 35-50 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8358
    Schlagwort(e): Evolution ; falsification ; Darwinism ; philosophy of science
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract In this paper we discuss the epistemological positions of evolution theories. A sharp distinction is made between the theory that species evolved from common ancestors along specified lines of descent (here called “the theory of common descent”), and the theories intended as causal explanations of evolution (e.g. Lamarck's and Darwin's theory). The theory of common descent permits a large number of predictions of new results that would be improbable without evolution. For instance, (a) phylogenetic trees have been validated now; (b) the observed order in fossils of new species discovered since Darwin's time could be predicted from the theory of common descent; (c) owing to the theory of common descent, the degrees of similarity and difference in newly discovered properties of more or less related species could be predicted. Such observations can be regarded as attempts to falsify the theory of common descent. We conclude that the theory of common descent is an easily-falsifiable & often-tested & still-not-falsified theory, which is the strongest predicate a theory in an empirical science can obtain. Theories intended as causal explanations of evolution can be falsified essentially, and Lamarck's theory has been falsified actually. Several elements of Darwin's theory have been modified or falsified: new versions of a theory of evolution by natural selection are now the leading scientific theories on evolution. We have argued that the theory of common descent and Darwinism are ordinary, falsifiable scientific theories.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00045845
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Nonequilibrium thermodynamics and different axioms of evolution (1986)
    Springer
    Acta biotheoretica 35 (1986), S. 77-106 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8358
    Schlagwort(e): Evolution ; nonequilibrium thermodynamics ; boundary conditions models ; initial conditions models
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Proponents of two axioms of biological evolutionary theory have attempted to find justification by reference to nonequilibrium thermodynamics. One states that biological systems and their evolutionary diversification are physically improbable states and transitions, resulting from a selective process; the other asserts that there is an historically constrained inherent directionality in evolutionary dynamics, independent of natural selection, which exerts a self-organizing influence. The first, the Axiom of Improbability, is shown to be nonhistorical and thus, for a theory of change through time, acausal. Its perception of the improbability of living states is at least partially an artifact of closed system thinking. The second, the Axiom of Historically Determined Inherent Directionality, is supported evidentially and has an explicit historical component. Historically constrained dynamic populations are inherently nonequilibrium systems. It is argued that living, evolving systems, when considered to be historically constrained nonequilibrium systems, do not appear improbable at all. Thus, the two axioms are not compatible. Instead, the Axiom of Improbability is considered to result from an unjustified attempt to extend the contingent proximal actions of natural selection into the area of historical, causal explanations. It is thus denied axiomatic status, and the effects of natural selection are subsumed as an additional level of constraint in an evolutionary theory derived from the Axiom of Historically Determined Inherent Directionality.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00118368
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Fluctuating rates of evolution (1985)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 41 (1985), S. 1080-1082 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Schlagwort(e): Evolution ; evolutionary rate ; stasis ; brain ; encephalization ; body size ; fitness
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Constant evolutionary rates are possible only in verylarge populations, where natural selection does not exhaust varition because mutation supplies fresh variability. In a small population where a small number of genes influence an integrated system like brain and body size which have an allometric relationship, variation is removed rapidly under natural selection, This occurs even when the final fitness of the population is not optimal.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01952154
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Serological and genetical studies on the evolution of substrate specificity of flavone glycosyltransferase genes inSilene (1987)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 43 (1987), S. 202-205 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Schlagwort(e): Evolution ; substrate specificity ; serological homologies ; flavone biosynthesis ; Silene ; glycosyltransferases
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The variation in flavone glycosylation patterns inSilene is the result of the expression of six genetic loci, which control either the presence of allozymes differing in substrate specificity or isozymes regulated differently during development. Serological studies showed that at least three of these six loci are evolutionarily related. The genetic mechanisms leading to these complicated variation patterns and the role of this polymorphism for the plant in its interaction with the environment are discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01942853
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae of epiphytes (1993)
    Springer
    Mycorrhiza 4 (1993), S. 1-4 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1890
    Schlagwort(e): Tropics ; Mycotrophy ; Spore dispersal ; Community composition ; Evolution
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract This article introduces reports concerning the occurrence of mycorrhizae on epiphytes in Costa Rica, Ethiopia, Venezuela, Malaysia, and Mexico. Association of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi with the roots of epiphytes is not well known. Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (VAM) do occur in the canopy, but are uncommon except in certain sites and host taxa. Occurrence of VAM on epiphytes may be constrained by mineral nutrient availability and spatial heterogeneity in the canopy. Nevertheless, epiphytes present unique opportunities to study influences of mycorrhizae on vascular plant community composition and on the evolution of mycorrhizal associations.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00203242
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  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Kuehneltiella terricola gen. nov., sp. nov. — a carnivorous ciliate (Protozoa, Ciliophora) from a sandy soil in Australia (1990)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 9 (1990), S. 110-118 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Schlagwort(e): Kuehneltiella terricola gen. nov., sp. nov. ; Soil ciliates ; Colpodidae ; Systematics ; Evolution ; Australia
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary The morphology and biology of the colpodid ciliate Kuehneltiella terricola gen. nov., sp. nov. has been investigated using living organisms, various silver impregnation methods, and scanning electron microscopy. The new species has been isolated in soil from central Australia and might be endemic to this continent. The new genus Kuehneltiella differs from its nearest relative, Bresslaua, in having a right oral polykinetid composed of a single row of dikinetids. A reinvestigation of Lynn's slides of Bresslaua insidiatrix showed that, contrary to the statement of Lynn (1979), this species has a typic colpodid right oral polykinetid, i.e., composed of many short, disordered kineties. A brief review of the literature suggests that simple, single-rowed, right oral polykinetids are apomorphic in the colpodids s. str. Further, this special character has obviously evolved independently several times within the class Colpodea and even within the colpodids s. str. An illustrated key to the genera of the family Colpodidae is provided.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00335792
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  • 7
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Evolutionary studies on the Assulina-Valkanovia complex (Rhizopoda, Testaceafilosia) in Sphagnum and soil (1990)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 9 (1990), S. 95-100 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Schlagwort(e): Assulina-Valkanovia ; Testacea ; Polymorphism ; Genotypes ; Evolution ; Spruce forest ; Sphagnum
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary The taxonomy and evolution of the Assulina-Valkanovia complex were investigated in a spruce forest soil which included a Sphagnum plot (GDR, Thuringia). In both habitats Assulina muscorum occurred in two colour forms (brown and colourless) and four shapes. A quantified phenospectrum from Assulina muscorum was obtained. The four shapes were distributed differently between the brown and the colourless forms in Sphagnum and soil. The shell measurements showed statistically significant differences between the brown and the colourless forms. Even between the two brown populations there were some significant differences. Each of the four shape types of brown and of colourless Assulina can be kept in clonal cultures for some time. However, without selection, single cultures eventually revert to mixed types. The four shape types show different degrees of stability. These colour and shape forms are genotypes, which can also occur for short periods in the natural habitats. The brown populations in Sphagnum and in the soil were dominated by different shape types during the period of investigation. Valkanovia elegans cannot be distinguished from Assulina muscorum type 4, but Valkanovia can inhabit both upper and lower soil horizons, whereas Assulina and its forms lives exclusively in the upper horizon (litter). Valkanovia from the lower horizon is constant in clonal culture. The conclusion of the present investigation is that there are stable and unstable constellations within a changeable genome, which give asexual groups both a taxonomic structure and a continuum of forms. Selection can increase stability, by polygenic control of features.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00335790
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  • 8
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Cloning of the PYR4 gene encoding orotidine-5′-phosphate decarboxylase in Cephalosporium acremonium (1990)
    Springer
    Current genetics 17 (1990), S. 223-227 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Schlagwort(e): Orotidine-5′-phosphate decarboxylase ; Cephalosporium acremonium ; Recombinant DNA ; Evolution
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary We have cloned the Cephalosporium acremonium pyr4 gene by cross-hybridization with the equivalent gene from Neurospora crassa, the closest relative from which this gene is available. The C. acremonium pyr4 gene complements an E. coli pyrF mutant lacking orotidine-5′-phosphate decarboxylase (OMPdecase), and most probably does not contain introns. Maxicell analysis in E. coli shows that it encodes a 46 kDa polypeptide. The C. acremonium OMPdecase contains a highly conserved pentadecapeptide characteristic for this category of enzyme. Extensive sequence comparison suggests an important role of this region in enzymatic activity.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00312613
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  • 9
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Phylogenetic analysis of the RNA polymerases of Trypanosoma brucei, with special reference to class-specific transcription (1990)
    Springer
    Current genetics 18 (1990), S. 547-551 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Schlagwort(e): Trypanosomes ; RNA polymerase ; Transcription ; Evolution ; Phylogeny
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary We have sequenced the genes encoding te largest subunits of the three classes of DNA-dependent RNA polymerases of Trypanosoma brucei. The nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences were compared and aligned with the corresponding sequences of other eukaryotes. Phylogenetic relationships were subsequently calculated with a distant matrix, a bootstrapped parsimony and a maximum-likelihood method. These independent calculations resulted in trees with very similar topologies. The analyses show that all the largest subunits of T. brucei are evolutionarily distant members within each of the three RNA polymerase classes. An early separation of the trypanosomal subunits from the eukaryotic lineage might from the fundamental basis for the unusual transcription process of this species. Finally, all dendrograms show a separate ramification for the largest subunit of RNA polymerase I, II and III. RNA polymerase II and/or III form a bifurcation with the archaebacterial lineage. RNA polymerase I, however, arises separately from the eubacterial β′ lineage. This suggests that the three eukaryotic RNA polymerase classes are not simply derived by two gene duplications of an ancestral gene with subsequent differentiation.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00327026
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  • 10
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Evolutionary relationship of psbA genes from cyanobacteria, cyanelles and plastids (1989)
    Springer
    Current genetics 15 (1989), S. 335-340 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Schlagwort(e): psbA ; Cyanelle ; Cyanophora paradoxa ; Evolution ; Sequence analysis
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary The psbA gene is part of the reaction center of photosystem II in cyanobacteria and the plastids of higher plants. Its primary sequence is highly conserved among all species investigated so far and its sequence shows homologies with the L and M subunits of the reaction center of photosynthetic bacteria. We have analyzed the psbA homolog from a eukaryotic alga, Cyanophora paradoxa, where the gene is encoded on cyanelle DNA. These cyanelles are surrounded by a murein sacculus and resemble cyanobacteria in many other characteristics, although they are genuine organelles that functionally replace plastids. Analysis of the gene revealed a psbA protein identical in length (360 codons) with the cyanobacterial counterpart. The overall sequence identity is, however, more pronounced between cyanelle psbA and the shorter (353 amino acids) psbA product found in higher plants. These data strongly support the postulated bridge position of cyanelles between chloroplasts and free-living cyanobacteria.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00419913
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