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  • wheat  (351)
  • Yeast  (261)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 9 (1992), S. 229-234 
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Heat shock protein (HSP) ; Yeast ; Saccharomyces ; Viability ; Thermotolerance ; Ethanol tolerance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Heat shock and ethanol stress of brewing yeast strains resulted in the induction of a set of proteins referred to as heat shock proteins (HSPs). At least six strongly induced HSPs were identified in a lager brewing strain and four HSPs in an ale brewing strain. Four of these HSPs with molecular masses of approximately 70, 38, 26 and 23 kDa were also identified in two laboratory strains ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae. The appearance of HSPs correlated with increased survival of strains at elevated temperatures and high concentrations of ethanol. These results suggest that HSPs may play a role in the ethanol and thermotolerance of yeasts. The properties of these proteins and membrane fatty acids in relation to heat and ethanol shock are being investigated.
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  • 2
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    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 7 (1991), S. 191-195 
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Yeast ; Trehalose ; Osmotolerance ; Viability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary A total of 12 yeast strains from various genera were examined for their ability to produce ethanol in the presence of high concentrations of glucose. From these studies, the yeastsTorulaspora delbrueckii andZygosaccharomyces rouxii were observed to the most osmotolerant. These osmotolerant yeast strains were also observed to possess high concentrations of intracellular trehalose. Futhermore, these strains were found to be tolerant to long-term storage at −20°C and to storage at 4°C in beer containing 5% (v/v) ethanol. Cells containing high trehalose levels at the time of freezing or cold storage exhibited the highest cell viabilities. Trehalose concentration was observed to increase during growth on glucose, reaching a maximum after 24–48 h. Increasing the incubation temperature from 21 to 40°C also resulted in an increase in intracellular trehalose content. These results suggest that trehalose plays a role in enhancing yeast survival under environmentally stressful conditions.
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  • 3
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    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 7 (1991), S. 263-268 
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Yeast ; β-Glucanase ; β-Glucosidase catabolite repression ; Sporulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The activities of three glycosidases, β-glucosidase and β(1,3)- and β(1,6)-glucanases have been monitored during growth and blastospore formation inSaccharomycopsis fibuligera. The assays were carried out on the cell-free culture and in a cell-free extract and a wall autolysate preparation from the growing cells. In complex medium containing 1% glucose an increase in the level of all three enzymes was associated with the transition from mycelium to blastospores. When the level of glucose was increased to 5% blastospore formation was repressed and the level of β-glucanases only increased at the end of the fermentation. The β-glucosidase activity increased during the growth phase. In a defined medium in which slow growth in a wholly yeast-like form was observed, growth was not associated with a high level of β-glucanase activity.
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  • 4
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 68 (1993), S. 219-229 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; Aphidiidae ; Homoptera ; Aphididae ; Schizaphis graminum ; wheat ; tritrophic interactions ; learning ; host-habitat location
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of experience on the responsiveness of the aphidiid parasitoidLysiphlebus testaceipes (Cresson) (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae) to host-associated cues was investigated using a wind-tunnel bioassay. Naive females were able to discriminate between uninfested wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and wheat infested withSchizaphis gramimum (Rondani) (Homoptera: Aphididae), but oviposition experience significantly increased the parasitoid's propensity to respond to aphid-infested plants with upwind, targeted flight. The behavioural change associated with such experience was acquired rapidly (within five minutes) and persisted for at least 24 h. The parasitoid could be successfully conditioned to associate a novel odour with the presence of hosts, suggesting that the increase in response to aphid-infested plants which occurs as a result of experience is probably due to associative learning of olfactory cues from the plant-aphid complex.
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  • 5
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    Monatshefte für Chemie 111 (1980), S. 355-363 
    ISSN: 1434-4475
    Keywords: Cerulenin ; Fatty acid donor ; Inositol deficiency ; Phospholipid biosynthesis ; Triacylglycerols ; Yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Der Umsatz der Lipide vonSaccharomyces carlsbergensis ATCC 9080 wurde nach Vormarkierung mit3H-Ölsäure und14C-Palmitinsäure untersucht. Inositversorgte Zellen zeigen eine Verschiebung der Fettsäuren von den Triacylglycerinen in die Phospholipide, im besonderen in Phosphatidylcholin und Phosphatidylinosit. Eine verstärkte Übertragung der Fettsäuren von Triacylglycerinen auf Phospholipide konnte festgestellt werden, wenn vormarkierte Zellen auf ein Nährmedium, welches Cerulenin enthielt, übertragen wurde. Cerulenin inhibiert die Fettsäuresynthese und ruft in wachsenden Zellen Fettsäuremangel hervor. Inositdefiziente Hefezellen, welche einen erhöhten Triacylglycerinspiegel aufweisen, verwenden diese Triacylglycerine unter Fettsäuremangelbedingungen ebenfalls für die Synthese von Phospholipiden, besonders von Phosphatidylcholin, Phosphatidyläthanolamin und Phosphatidylserin. Da aus früheren Arbeiten bekannt ist, daß inSaccharomyces carlsbergensis praktisch keine β-Oxidation existiert, können die Triacylglyerine in diesem Hefestamm als Speicher für Fettsäuren angesehen werden, welche zur Synthese von Phospholipiden dienen.
    Notes: Abstract The turnover of lipids was studied in the yeast,Saccharomyces carlsbergensis ATCC 9080, after prelabeling of the cells with [3H] oleic acid and [14C] palmitic acid. In inositol supplemented cells, a redistribution of fatty acids from triacylglycerols to phospholipids (mainly phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylinositol) could be demonstrated. An increased transfer of fatty acids from triacylglycerols to phospholipids was observed when prelabeled cells were transferred to a growth medium containing cerulenin, which inhibits fatty acid synthesis and thus induces fatty acid deficiency in the growing cells. Inositol deficient cells contain increased levels of triacylglycerols, which are equally well utilized for phospholipid (mainly phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylserine) synthesis under conditions of fatty acid deficiency. The present results together with the previous finding that β-oxidation is practically absent inSaccharomyces carlsbergensis suggest that in this yeast triacylglycerols function as storage of fatty acids which can be mobilized for phospholipid biosynthesis.
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  • 6
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 48 (1992), S. 172-178 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Yeast ; protein degradation ; ubiquitin conjugating enzymes ; signals for proteolysis ; stress response
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Selective degradation of cellular proteins serves to eliminate abnormal proteins and to mediate the turnover of certain short-lived proteins, many of which have regulatory functions. In eukaryotes a major pathway for selective protein degradation is ATP-dependent and is mediated by the ubiquitin system. This pathway involves substrate recognition by components of a ubiquitin-protein ligase system, covalent attachment of ubiquitin moieties to proteolytic substrates, and subsequent degradation of these conjugates by a multicatalytic protease complex. Recent genetic evidence suggests that the remarkable selectivity of this process is largely controlled at the level of substrate recognition by the ubiquitin ligase system. InSaccharomyces cerevisiae, ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes UBC1, UBC4 and UBC5 have been identified as key components of this highly conserved degradation pathway. Genetic analysis indicates that ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis is essential for cell viability and that UBC4 and UBC5 enzymes are essential components of the eukaryotic stress response.
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  • 7
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 50 (1994), S. 571-575 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Ancient DNA ; archaeobotany ; carbonized grain ; DNA sequences ; glutenin alleles ; seed proteins ; Triticum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We have used hybridization analysis to detect ancient DNA in wheat seeds collected from three archaeological sites in Europe and the Middle East. One of these samples, carbonizedT. spelta dated to the first millennium BC, has yielded PCR products after amplification with primers directed at the leader regions of the HMW (high molecular weight) glutenin alleles. Sequences obtained from these products suggest that the DNA present in the Danebury seeds is chemically damaged, as expected for ancient DNA, and also indicate that it should be possible to study the genetic variability of archaeological wheat by ancient DNA analysis. Finally, we describe a PCR-based system that enables tetraploid and hexaploid wheats to be distinguished.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Lignocellulosic waste ; Yeast ; Ethanol production ; Optimization study
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Hardwood hemicellulose hydrolysate has been utilized as a substrate for ethanol production. Among the three different yeasts tested, the best performances have been obtained, in decreasing order, usingPachysolen tannophilus, Candida shehatae andPichia stipitis. Several pretreatments of this raw material have been studied to improve ethanol yields; in one such pretreatment a strain ofP. tannophilus produced ethanol with a yield of 0.29 gethanol/gsugars (gP/gS); which is only 15% less than the values observed with synthetic media. Neither aeration nor acetone addition improved the fermentation of this substrate; in fact, only a marked stimulation of biomass growth has been observed at the expense of both ethanol and xylitol production.
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  • 9
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    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 7 (1991), S. 35-39 
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: 2-Deoxy-d-glucose ; Yeast ; Catabolite repression ; Derepression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The non-metabolizable and toxic glucose analogue 2-deoxy-d-glucose (2-DOG) has been widely employed to screen for regulatory mutants which lack catabolite repression. A number of yeast mutants resistant to 2-DOG have recently been isolated in this laboratory. One such mutant, derived from aSaccharomyces cerevisiae haploid strain, was demonstrated to be derepressed for maltose, galactose and sucrose uptake. Furthermore, kinetic analysis of glucose transport suggested that the high affinity glucose transport system was also derepressed in the mutant strain. In addition, the mutant had an increased intracellular concentration of trehalose relative to the parental strain. These results indicate that the 2-DOG resistant mutant is defective in general glucose repression.
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  • 10
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    Current genetics 17 (1990), S. 269-273 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Actin ; Intron ; Antisense RNA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Using Northern blot analysis we have detected an approximately 840 nucleotide-long RNA which is complementary to the 5′ leader sequence and the first ten nucleotides of the coding sequence of the yeast actin (ACT1) messenger RNA. We have determined two transcription start sites for this actin antisense RNA (ASR1), both within the ACT1 intron, at about 80 and 90 nucleotides downstream from the 5′ splice site. Analysis of a cDNA clone showed that this RNA species overlaps the entire trailer sequence and approximately 20 nucleotides of the coding sequence of the nearby yeast YPT1 gene.
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  • 11
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Mutants ; Cytochrome ; Mitochondria ; Oxidative phosphorylation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary This paper reports studies of bioenergetic modifications in a TTR1 single-nuclear mutant, isolated as resistant to triethyltin, an inhibitor of mitochondrial ATPase, and effective in cAMP-dependent protein phosphorylation. This mutant appears to have lost the wildtype cell ability to respond to a decrease of oxygen concentration in the growth medium by a decrease of cytochrome concentration in the cell. ATP synthesis rate in mutant cells in both the prestationary and stationary phase of growth appeared increased in comparison to wild-type cells, as too was respiration rate. A comparative study of mitochondria extracted from wild-type and from TTR1 mutant cells showed an increase in respiration rate, an increase in ATP synthesis rate, and an increase in TPP+ uptake in mutant mitochondria. The specific ATPase activity, as well as its sensitivity to TET, appears to be similar for mitochondria extracted from both strains. It was proposed that the modification of mitochondrial biogenesis in the TTR1 mutant may be due to a response of the cell to an increase in ATP hydrolysis caused by the mutation. It is also possible that the modification in cAMP-dependent protein kinase regulation which appeared to occur in this mutant affects protein(s) involved in mitochondrial biogenesis.
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  • 12
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Chromosome mapping ; Acidic ribosomal proteins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary DNA probes from the genes encoding the acidic ribosomal proteins L44, L44′ and L45, as well as from reporter genes for chromosomes IV, VII, XII and XV, have been hybridised to Southern blots of Saccharomyces cerevisiae DNA resolved by pulsed field gel electrophoresis. The protein L44′ and protein L45 genes have been found to hybridise to chromosome IV, identified by the CAT1 gene probe, while the protein L44 probe hybridises with a band containing chromosomes VII and XV, identified by the ATPase 1 and HIS3 genes respectively.
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  • 13
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    Current genetics 19 (1991), S. 329-332 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Mismatch repair ; Plasmid integration ; Yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A single base pair mismatch (G:T or A:C) in the CYC1 gene of the integrative plasmid pAB218 stimulates up to a five-fold integration into the yeast chromosome. Analysis of chromosomal sites of plasmid integration suggests that the mismatch-stimulated integration is not targeted as would be expected if crossovers, localised in the region of the mismatch, were a necessary step in mismatch repair. Instead, the observed mismatch-stimulated plasmid integration could be due to potentially recombinogenic structures formed during mismatch repair, such as single-stranded gaps or denatured DNA regions extending around the plasmid molecule.
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: PET genes ; Yeast ; Mitochondria ; ATP synthase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary This study details the characteristics of two temperature-conditional pet mutants of yeast, strains ts1860 and ts379, which at the non-permissive temperature show deficiencies in the formation of three mitochondrially encoded subunits of the ATP synthase complex. By analysis of mitochondrial translation products, and of mitochondrial transcription in temperature shift experiments from the permissive (22°C) to the non-permissive (36°C) temperature, it was concluded that the nuclear mutations in both mutants primarily inhibit synthesis of ATP synthase subunit 9, and that reductions in subunit 8 and 6 synthesis are secondary pleiotropic effects. Following transfer to 36°C, cells of mutant ts379 display a near complete inhibition of subunit 9 synthesis within 1 h, coincident with a marked reduction in the level of the cognate oli1 mRNA. On the other hand, near complete inhibition of subunit 9 synthesis in strain ts1860 occurs after 3 h at 36°C, at which time there is little change in the level of subunit 9 mRNA. In both mutants the mRNA levels for subunits 6 and 8 are not significantly affected at the time of inhibition of subunit 9 synthesis. Provision of an alternative source of subunit 8, translated extra-mitochondrially for import into the organelle, does not overcome the mutant phenotype of either mutant at 36°C, confirming that subunit 8 is not the sole or primary deficiency in each mutant. The mutants indicate that the products of a least two nuclear genes (designated AEP1 and AEP2) are required for the expression of the mitochondrial oli1 gene and the synthesis of subunit 9. The product of the AEP1 gene (defective in mutant ts1860) is required for translation of oli1 mRNA while the AEP2 product (defective in mutant ts379) is essential either for the stability of oli1 mRNA or for the correct processing of precursor transcripts to the mature message.
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  • 15
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    Current genetics 19 (1991), S. 389-393 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Pichia inositovora ; Linear plasmids ; Killer toxin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Pichia inositovora, strain NRRL Y-18709, which contains three linear double-stranded DNA plasmids, pPinl-1, pPinl-2 and pPinl-3, was cured of these plasmids both by growing the strain in the presence of 50 μg/ml bisbenzimide, and by exposure to ultraviolet light. Both cured and uncured strains were tested for growth on a variety of carbon sources. No differences in growth response were detected, indicating no discernible involvement of the linear plasmids in the catabolism of these compounds. Culture supernatants of Pichia inositovora were shown to contain a substance larger than 100 kDa that is toxic to Saccharomyces cerevisiae, strain GS 1688. Toxin activity was optimal in YEPD assay plates containing 50 mM citrate buffer with a pH between 3.4 and 4.2. Culture supernatants from P. inositovora were also weakly active against Cephaloascus albidus, strain NRRL Y-18710, and Citeromyces matritensis, strain NRRL Y-18711. Concentrated supernatants from cured P. inositovora strains did not exhibit these activities, consistent with the hypothesis that this toxic activity is linear plasmid-encoded. Unlike the wellknown Kluyveromyces lactis system or the newly identified P. acaciae system, P. inositovora strains cured of their linear plasmids do not become detectably sensitive to toxin produced by the wild-type strain, suggesting a nonplasmid-encoded immunity function.
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  • 16
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Molecular cloning ; Nitrogen mustard hyper-resistance ; Choline transport
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The recessive hnm1 mutant allele is responsible for hyper-resistance to nitrogen mustard in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Transformation with a single-copy HNM1 wild-type allele of such hyper-resistant mutants will restore wild-type sensitivity to nitrogen mustard. By contrast the presence of multi-copy vectors containing HNM1, in either a hyper-resistant hnm1 mutant or an HNM1 wild-type, will lead to a novel, mustard-sensitive phenotype unrelated to defects in DNA repair genes. Gene disruption of HNM1 revealed that this gene is nonessential for cells prototrophic for choline (CHO1) but lethal for cells with a cho1 genotype. Sensitivity to nitrogen mustard of wild-type HNM1, but not of hnm1 mutants, depends on the choline content of the growth medium, with cells grown in choline-free medium exhibiting the highest sensitivity. Sequencing of a 300 bp DNA fragment of HNM1 revealed the identity of this gene with the CTR locus, which is responsible for choline transport in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
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  • 17
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Mutagen hyper-resistance ; Yeast ; Base sequence ; Gene disruption
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A multi-copy plasmid containing the SNQ3 gene confers hyper-resistance to 4-nitroquinoline-N-oxide (4NQO), Trenimon, MNNG, cycloheximide, and to sulfometuron methyl in yeast transformants. Restriction analysis, subcloning, and DNA sequencing revealed an open reading frame of 1950 bp on the SNQ3-containing insert DNA. Gene disruption and transplacement into chromosomal DNA yielded 4NQO-sensitive null mutants which were also more sensitive than the wild-type to Trenimon, cycloheximide, sulfometuron methyl, and MNNG. Hydropathic analysis showed that the SNQ3-encoded protein is most likely not membrane-bound, while the codon bias index points to low expression of the gene.
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  • 18
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Mitochondria ; Intragenic recombination ; Mutant polypeptides
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Recombinational analysis of oxil mutants was performed using a and a mutant strains with the same mitochondrial and nuclear backgrounds, derived from strain 777-3A. In spite of minor inconsistencies the overall map of oxi1 mutations can be constructed on the basis of wild-type recombinant frequencies in the two-point oxi1 − − x oxi1 − crosses. The frequencies of wild-type recombinants varied in a wide range from 0.003% to 16%, reaching the maximal values expected for unlinked mitochondria) markers. No distinct clusters of mutants were observed. The analysis of translation products of oxil mutants showed that all but one of the oxil mutants studied are connected with the conspicuous changes of the polypeptide band corresponding to subunit 11 of cytochrome c oxidase in electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels. The exceptional G565 mutant showed no conspicuous change in subunit II, but lacked subunit I of cytochrome c oxidase. Various oxi1 mutants seemed to carry premature chain termination mutations. Most of them show a correlation between the length of the putative fragment of subunit II synthesized and the position on the genetic map. The direction of translation is from the V2 to the V60 mutation. The V2 mutation is proximal to cap and V60 proximal to the par locus.
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  • 19
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    Current genetics 2 (1980), S. 61-67 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Axenomycin ; Ribosome genetics ; Yeast ; Protein synthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Axenomycin inhibits protein synthesis in vivo and in vitro in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The antibiotic acts by binding to ribosomes, most probably to the large ribosomal subunit. Mutant strains resistant to axenomycin appear to contain ribosomes that are not inhibited by the antibiotic. The responsible gene has been mapped on the VII chromosome between the centromere and the leu1 gene.
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  • 20
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    Current genetics 19 (1991), S. 89-94 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Mitochondria ; Intron ; Mobile
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The mitochondrial and nuclear genomes of 21 yeast species belonging to 12 genera have been tested for the presence of sequences similar to seven S. cerevisiae mitochondrial introns (Sc cox1.1,2,3,4,5c, Sc cob.4 and Sc LSU.1) and one K. lactis mitochondrial intron (Kl cox1.2). Some introns, (Sc cox1.4, Sc cob.4, Sc LSU.1 and Kl cox1.2-all group I type), are widely distributed and are found in species with either basidiomycete or ascomycete affinities. This distribution is suggestive of recent sequence transfer between species. The remaining S. cerevisiae introns cross react with an additional species but with no set pattern. Pulsed field gel electrophoretic studies confirm that none of the tested mitochondrial introns cross react with nuclear DNA. These introns are, therefore, mitochondria-specific. Seven strains of K. lactis exhibit striking variability in intron content. In contrast to all mitochondrial introns tested, two introns of nuclear genes (the K. lactis actin gene and the S. cerevisiae RP29B gene) are not detected beyond their source species.
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  • 21
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Pyruvate decarboxylase ; Gene expression ; Codon usage ; Gene fusion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Three structural genes encode the pyruvate decarboxylase isoenzymes in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. PDC1 and PDC5 are active during glucose fermentation where PDC1 is expressed about six times more strongly than PDC5. Expression of PDC6 is weak and seems to be induced in ethanol medium. Consequently, pdc1Δ pdc5Δ double mutants do not ferment glucose and do not grow on glucose medium. Spontaneous mutants, derived from such a pdc1 pdc5 strain, were isolated which could again ferment glucose. They showed pyruvate decarboxylase activity due to a duplication of PDC6. The second copy of PDC6 was expressed under the control of the PDC1 promoter, which was still present in the pdc1 strain. However, the resulting PDC1-PDC6 fusion gene could only partially substitute for PDC1: to achieve normal growth and high pyruvate decarboxylase activity strains carrying PDC1-PDC6 required a functional PDC5 gene which is dispensable in a PDC1 wild-type background. Thus, expression of PDC5 depends on the state of the PDC1 locus: low in the PDC1 wild-type background and high in PDC1-PDC6 fusion strains and, as shown previously, in pdc1 mutants. The activation of PDC5 expression in PDC1-PDC6 strains may be due to particular properties of the PDC1-PDC6 fusion protein or simply to the weaker expression of PDC1-PDC6 in comparison to the wild-type PDC1 gene.
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  • 22
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: AEP2 ; Yeast ; Mitochondria ; ATP synthase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The temperature-conditional pet mutant, ts379, of Saccharomyces cerevisiae fails to synthesize mitochondrial ATP synthase subunit 9 at the restrictive temperature due to mutation of a single nuclear locus, AEP2. The inability to synthesize subunit 9 correlates with a lowered accumulation of the cognate oli1 mRNA indicating that the AEP2 product is involved in oli1 transcript maturation or stabilization. The AEP2 gene has been isolated in this study from a wild-type yeast genomic library by genetic complementation of ts379 at the restrictive temperature. A 1740 nucleotide open-reading frame was observed that encodes a basic, hydrophilic protein of 67534 Da which possesses a putative mitochondrial address signal. Disruption of chromosomal DNA within this reading frame produced a non-conditional respiratory mutant unable to synthesize subunit 9, identifying the AEP2 gene. Hybridization analyses indicate that AEP2 is located on chromosome XIII and produces a 2.1 kb poly(A)+ transcript. Two additional open-reading frames were found in close proximity to that of AEP2. The three open-reading frames shared no significant homology with entries in several data bases.
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  • 23
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Ribosomal protein gene ; Sequence analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Two genes encoding ribosomal protein YL41 were cloned from Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosomal DNA. Both genes contain an uniterrupted region of only 75 nucleotides coding for a protein of 3.3 kD. Within the coding regions the nucleotide sequences are virtually identical, whereas in both the 5′-and 3′-flanking regions the two genes differ significantly from each other. The deduced protein shows an arginine and lysine content of 68 percent, i.e., 17 out of 25 residues, and the basic residues are evenly distributed over the molecule. When compared to the ribosomal protein sequences currently available no counterpart to YL41 could be found in prokaryotes and it seems likely that YL41 is a eukaryotespecific ribosomal protein.
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  • 24
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Trans-acting Factor ; RAP1
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We show by deletion mutagenesis, followed by in vivo and in vitro analysis, that the binding of a protein factor to the upstream activation sequence (USA) of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae glycolytic gene PYK, encoding pyruvate kinase, is required for efficient transcription of the corresponding coding region. In addition, gel electrophoretic mobility shift and DNase I protection studies, involving yeast gene products expressed in E. coli, suggest that this trans-acting DNA-binding protein is encoding by the RAP1 gene. The identification of RAP1 binding sites located within the UAS element of the yeast PYK, PGK (phosphoglycerate kinase) and ENO1 (enolase) genes, and in the 5′-upstream region of the ADHI (alcohol dehydrogenase) gene, suggests that a mechanism of coordinate gene expression involving several of the glycolytic genes may exist in yeast.
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  • 25
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    Current genetics 18 (1990), S. 485-491 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Ty elements ; Virus like particles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Electron microscopic analysis of thin sections of Saccharomyces cerevisiae NCYC74 has revealed the presence of many clumped cytoplasmic particles that morphologically resemble Ty element virus-like particles (VLPs). Accumulation of Ty VLPs has only previously been observed in S. cerevisiae strains that over-express a cloned Ty element. The particles in NCYC74 co-purify with Ty RNA, Ty-specific antigens and a reverse transcriptase activity. Furthermore, they appear to be recognised by antibodies to Ty VLPs during indirect immunofluorescence experiments. These observations provide compelling evidence that the cytoplasmic particle in NCYC74 are indeed Ty VLPs.
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  • 26
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    Current genetics 18 (1990), S. 29-39 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Recombination ; DNA repair ; UV irradiation ; Yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A novel synthetic locus is described that provides a simple assay system for characterizing mitotic recombinants. The locus consists of the TRP1 and HIS3 genes inserted into chromosome III of S. cerevisiae between the CRY1 and MAT loci. Defined trp1 and his3 alleles have been generated that allow the selection of interchromosomal recombinants in this interval. Trp+ or His+ recombinants can be divided into several classes based on coupling of the other alleles in the interval. The tight linkage of the CRY1 and MAT loci, combined with the drug resistance and cell type phenotypes that they respectively control, facilitates the classification of the recombinants without resorting to tetrad dissection. We present the distribution of spontaneous recombinants among the classes defined by this analysis. The data suggest that the recombination intermediate can have regions of symmetric strand exchange and that co-conversion tracts can extend over 1–3 kb. Continuous conversion tracts are favored over discontinuous tracts. The distribution among the classes defined by this analysis is altered in recombinants induced by UV irradiation.
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  • 27
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Mitochondrial RNA splicing ; Nuclear pet - mutant ; Group I introns
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    Notes: Summary We have studied the role of the product of the nuclear gene PET157 in mitochondrial pre-mRNA splicing. Cytoduction experiments show that a mitochondrial genome deleted for the three introns bI3, aI5 and aI6 is able to suppress the pet157-1 mutation: the strain recovers respiratory competency indicating that the product of the PET157 gene is only required for mitochondrial premRNA splicing. Characterization of the high molecular weight pre-mRNAs which accumulate in the pet157 mutant demonstrate that the product of the PET157 gene is required for the excision of two group I introns bI3 and aI6 (corresponding to aI5β) located in the cob-box and coxI genes respectively. Furthermore, the pet157 mutant strain accumulates the bI3 maturase in the form of a polypeptide of 50K (p50) previously observed in mitochondrial mutants defective in the excision of bI3. We have shown by restriction analysis and allelism tests that the pet157-1 mutation is allelic to the nuclear mrs1 mutation, previously described as specifically blocking the excision of bI3. Finally, revertants obtained by the deletion of bI3 or aI6 from the mitochondrial DNA were isolated from the MRS1 disrupted allele, confirming the involvment of the product of the MRS1/PET157 gene in the excision of the two introns bI3 and aI6.
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  • 28
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: S. cerevisiae ; Yeast ; Cadmium resistance ; CAD2 gene
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    Notes: Summary A cadmium-resistant strain, X3382-3A, which is able to grow in a medium containing 0.2 mM cadmium sulfate, was picked out from our laboratory stock strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The cadmium resistance of this strain is controlled by a single dominant nuclear gene, denoted as CAD2. The locus of CAD2 was mapped by gene linkage to a site 15.5 centimorgans to the right of the his7 locus on the right arm of chromosome II. The cadmium resistance of the strain carrying CAD2 was evaluated for its properties of cadmium uptake, cadmium distribution and cadmium-metallothionein formation, in comparison with those of some other strains. The results suggest that the novel type of cadmium resistance controlled by CAD2 does not involve production of a cadmiumm-metallothionein.
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  • 29
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    Current genetics 2 (1980), S. 207-210 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Plasmid ; Repair
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We have developed a system for assaying pyrimidine dimers in the 2 ⇐m DNA plasmid of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, using Micrococcus luteus UV endonuclease to nick dimer-containing plasmid molecules and measuring percentages of nicked and covalently closed circles on agarose gels. UV-irradiation induced dimers in plasmid DNA, in vivo, at the same rate as in chromosomal DNA. After a dose of 20 Joules·m−2, approximately 86% of plasmid molecules had. at least one dimer. After 3 h incubation under normal growth conditions only 4% still retained dimers in a wild-type strain. In a rad1 (excision-defective) mutant 81% of plasmid molecules still had dimers after 3 h, suggesting that excision repair operates to remove dimers from plasmid DNA in wild-type yeast. Dimers can be removed from 2 ,um DNA in a rad1 mutant by photoreactivation.
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  • 30
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    Current genetics 2 (1980), S. 211-214 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Ribosomal protein dimorphism
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis was used in a comparative study of ribosomal proteins from various strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The results demonstrated a case of dimorphism of L8 protein of 60S ribosomal subunit. Of eight strains examined, two strains were one type and six were the other type. The former, which was tentatively designated as altered (A) type, was more acidic than the latter, common (C) type, as shown by mobility difference in pH gradient gel. Heterozygous (A/C) diploid cells contained both types of L8 protein and gave rise to tetrads of 2:2 segregation for A and C types, indicating that the difference of mobility was reflection of the allelic difference of the gene coding for L8 protein.
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  • 31
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Pulsed field gel-electrophoresis ; S1 nuclease sensitive sites ; Repair ; Yeast
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    Notes: Summary Repair under non-growth conditions of DNA double-strand breaks (DSB) and chromatin sites sensitive to S1 endonuclease (SSS) induced by 60Cobalt-gamma rays were monitored in repair-competent and deficient strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae by pulsed field gelelectrophoresis. In stationary-phase cells of a repair-competent RAD diploid, and an excision-deficient rad3-2 diploid, SSS are repaired as efficiently as DSB, whereas in a repair-competent RAD haploid, and a rad 50-1 diploid, neither SSS nor DSB are repaired. The rad18-2 diploid repairs DSB well but is defective in SSS repair. Obviously, SSS repair in yeast chromatin, like DSB repair, depends on recombination, but unlike DSB repair depends additionally on RAD18 function.
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  • 32
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    Current genetics 1 (1980), S. 177-183 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Ribosomal protein alteration ; Cycloheximide
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    Notes: Summary A spontaneous high-level cycloheximide-resistant mutant of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (strain cy32) is found to have an altered protein of the large subunit (60S) of cytoplasmic ribosomes, namely protein L29. The resistance character segregates together with this biochemical defect and is semidominant in heterozygous diploids. Judged from in vitro susceptibility to inhibition by cycloheximide there are at least 50% resistant ribosomes present in such diploid strains. From these results it is concluded that cycloheximide resistance of mutant cy32 is caused by mutation of a single gene and that it is the structural gene for L29 which is affected. Preliminary genetic mapping data are also reported. They indicate a location of cyhx-32 marker on chromosome 7 near met13.
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  • 33
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    Current genetics 17 (1990), S. 179-183 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Heme ; Cytochromes ; Regulation ; Yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Simultaneous effects of mutations in the transcriptional regulatory genes, HAP1, HAP2 and HAP3, on all respiratory cytochromes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were determined. Cytochrome behavior in hap mutants and in cyc4 and rhm1 mutants, altered in regulation of 5-aminolevulinate synthase, was compared. Although hap mutants were isolated as trans-acting, transcriptional regulators of the CYC1 (iso-1-cytochrome c) gene, each mutant exhibits partial deficiencies in all cytochrome types. In hap2 and hap3 strains all cytochromes were decreased proportionally to about 40–50% of wild type values. In contrast, hap1 caused a decrease in all cytochromes and an accumulation of a pigment, probably Zn porphyrin. Apparently apocytochrome and heme biosynthesis retain coordination in hap2 and hap3, but not in hap1, mutants. Unlike cyc4 and rhm1 mutants, hap mutants do not exhibit 5-aminolevulinate-dependent restoration of cytochromes. The hap1 mutant grew at nearnormal rates on glycerol, whereas hap2 and hap3 mutants grew very slowly. The frequency of [rho-] was high (16–18%) in hap2 and hap3 strains. Results are consistent with generalized control of mitochondrial replication directed by the HAP1-HAP2 system and heme-directed control of formation of all apocytochromes mediated by HAP1. Neither system exerts all-or-nothing control.
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  • 34
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    Current genetics 17 (1990), S. 275-280 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; DNA replication ; Effect on mutation
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    Notes: Summary Incubation in YPD medium under permissive conditions when DNA replication is going on, strongly stimulates the induction of cdc+ colonies of UV-irradiated cells of yeast strains HB23 (cdc8-1/cdc8-3), HB26 (cdc8-3/cdc8-3) and HB7 (cdc8-1/cdc8-1). Inhibition of DNA replication by hydroxyurea, araCMP, cycloheximide or caffeine or else by incubation in phosphate buffer pH 7.0, abolishes this stimulation. Thus the replication of DNA is strongly correlated with the high induction of cdc+ colonies by UV irradiation. It is postulated that these UV-induced cdc+ colonies arise as the result infidelity in DNA replication.
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  • 35
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yarrowia lipolytica ; 7SL RNA ; Essential genes ; Yeast
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Cells containing a deletion of either the SCR1 or SCR2 genes, which code for the 7SL RNA component of the signal recognition particle (SRP) homologue, were found to be viable. Two independent approaches demonstrated that cells containing deletions of both genes were inviale. Therefore, Yarrowia lipolytica contains two (and only two) functional 7SL RNA genes.
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  • 36
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Mitotic recombination ; Hyper-recombination ; RAD50 ; Yeast
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    Notes: Summary Mutations in the RAD50 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae have been shown to reduce double strand break repair, meiotic recombination, and radiation-inducible mitotic recombination. Several different point mutations (including ochre and amber alleles) have been previously examined for effects on spontaneous mitotic recombination and did not reduce the frequency of recombination. Instead, the rad50 mutations conferred a moderate hyper-rec phenotype. This paper examines a deletion/interruption allele of RAD50 that removes 998 of 1312 amino acids and adds 1.1 kb of foreign DNA. The results clearly indicate that spontaneous mitotic recombination can occur in the absence of RAD50; in fact, the frequency of recombination is elevated over the wild-type cell. One possible interpretation of these observations is that the initiating lesion in spontaneous recombination events in mitosis might not be a double strand break.
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  • 37
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Flow cytometry ; Rhodamine 123 ; Respiratory chain ; Yeast
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    Notes: Summary The cationic lipophilic dye Rhodamine 123 (Rh123) is selectively enriched in mitochondria in a membrane potential-dependent manner. Application of drugs which interfere with the electron flow of the respiratory chain lead to a severe reduction of mitochondrial dye uptake. In this communication we show that the same effect is observed after Rh123-staining of respiratory-deficient yeast mutants. Based on this observation we used flow cytometry to discriminate respiratory-compentent and respiratory-deficient yeast cells. Combined with a cell sorter we were able to selectively enrich respiring and non-respiring yeast cells, repectively, from a mixture of cells.
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  • 38
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Mistranslation ; ψ-factor
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    Notes: Summary Chromosomal omnipotent suppressor mutations recovered in ψ+ strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were brought into ψ− cytoplasm. SUP46, SUP138 and SUP139 acted as dominant omnipotent suppressors in the ψ− cytoplasm though their suppressor activity was substantially reduced. SUP46 and SUP138 conferred recessive thermosensitivity and antibiotic sensitivity in ψ− cytoplasm as in ψ+ cytoplasm. On the other hand, sup111 through sup115, which acted as recessive omnipotent suppressors in the ψ+ cytoplasm, manifested no, or very low, suppressor activity in the ψ− cytoplasm. They, however, still enhanced the efficiency of the SUP29 tRNA suppressor in ψ− cytoplasm. A multicopy plasmid carrying the wild-type SUP35 gene enhanced the efficiency of sup111 in ψ− cytoplasm.
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  • 39
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; QH2: cytochrome c oxidoreductase ; Mitochondrial biogenesis ; Transcription
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    Notes: Summary In Saccharmmyces cerevisiae, the COR2 gene codes for the 40 kDa subunit II of the QH2: cytochrome c oxidoreductase, an enzyme of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Regions in the 5′ flank of this gene important for regulated expression were identified by assaying β-galactosidase activities in cells carrying different COR2-lacZ fusion genes. Sequences downstream of position-201 relative to the translational initiation codon are sufficient to confer regulation by carbon source, whereas sequences downstream of position-153 do not give rise to significant expression. A binding site for the abundant general transcription factor GFI is present in the region between-201 and-153 just upstream from sequences which resemble the consensus DNA recognition sequence of the regulatory protein complex HAP2/HAP3: 5′-TNATTGGT-3′. By quantitating RNA levels and assaying β-galactosidase activities we show that synthesis of COR2, which is not a hemoprotein, is regulated by HAP1, HAP2/HAP3 and heme.
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  • 40
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Mutant ; Triethyltin chloride ; Protein phosphorylation
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    Notes: Summary Three mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae resistant to triethyltin (an inhibitor of mitochondrial ATPase) on non-fermentative media, and non-resistant to this drug on fermentative media, were isolated and named TTR1, TTR2 and TTR3. Apart from triethyltin resistance, these mutants show the following common characteristics: (1) Increased intracellular cytochrome c concentration. (2) Increased respiration rate. (3) Decreased growth yield. (4) Increased growth sensitivity to several drugs inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation: namely, CCCP (permeabilizing inner mitochondrial membrane to protons), valinomycin (permeabilizing inner mitochondrial membrane to potassium) and oligomycin (inhibitor of mitochondrial ATPase). (5) Increased sensitivity to carbon source starvation. For each mutant, these characteristics appeared to be due to a single pleiotropic nuclear mutation. Mutation TTR1 causes additional phenotypic characteristics which do not appear in mutants TTR2 and TTR3: (1) Pinkish coloration of colonies which is more pronounced after a long growth period. (2) Inability of the cells to store glycogen. (3) Growth defect of the cells on a galactose-containing medium. (4) Inability of a diploid homozygote mutant strain to sporulate. All these phenotypic characteristics have already been described in yeast mutants deregulated in cAMP-dependant protein phosphorylation. Crossing of a strain bearing the TTR1 mutation with a strain mutated in the adenylate cyclase structural gene suggested that the TTR1 phenotype is due to a modification in regulation of cAPK by cAMP, making cell multiplication possible without intracellular cAMP.
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  • 41
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    Current genetics 17 (1990), S. 493-497 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Mitochondria ; Yeast ; Petites
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    Notes: Summary A pleiotropic, respiration-deficient mutant was isolated from the petite negative yeast Pachysolen tannophilus after UV mutagenesis. The mutant is unable to utilize xylose, arabinose, galactose or glycerol, and shows no detectable respiration when grown on glucose. Cytochrome c oxidase, xylose reductase and xylitol dehydrogenase activities are lacking. Mitochondrial ultrastructre is altered. The results support the hypothesis that functioning mitochondria are necessary for xylose utilization in this organism.
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  • 42
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Ty2 ; Protein/DNA binding ; Transcription
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A series of transposable element-induced mutations at the HIS4 locus in Saccharomyces cerevisiae have been attributed to the transposition of a Ty element into the 5′ regulatory region of this gene. Various Ty-containing His+ revertants have been isolated and the HIS4/Ty junction region sequenced. The only difference found in this region between a His- and a weak His+ strain was a single point mutation, an A→G transition. The position of Ty remained unaltered. Examination of lacZ fusion plasmids further implicated this A→G transition as being reponsible for the altered phenotype, the bp transition representing an allele of a cis-acting regulatory element. Subsequent gel retardation and methylation interference experiments revealed that this A→G mutation enabled the binding of a trans-acting factor (TyBf) in vitro. In this paper we show that the TyBf binding site is in a region of chromatin hypersensitive to digestion by DNase I. The binding site is protected in vivo from digestion with exonuclease III, suggesting the presence of a bound protein in His+ (“on”) but not His- (“off”) Ty-containing strains. We propose that a trans-acting factor binding in vivo, presumably TyBf, is responsible for the activation of HIS4 expression in these insertion mutants.
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  • 43
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Mitochondria ; Cytochrome c oxidase ; Post-translational regulation
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    Notes: Summary Biogenesis of functional cytochrome c oxidase in yeast requires the product of the nuclear gene SCO1. Strains deleted for this gene fail to accumulate the mitochondrially-synthesized cytochrome c oxidase subunits I and II, despite the presence of the respective mRNAs. Here we present data which demonstrate that the observed phenotype does not result from a failure to translate the mRNAs, but from a preferential degradation of the newly synthesized subunits. The SCO1 protein is therefore involved in a post-translational step in the accumulation of cytochrome c oxidase subunits I and II. We propose that the SCO1 protein is required for the correct assembly of both subunits into the cytochrome c oxidase complex.
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  • 44
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    Current genetics 2 (1980), S. 175-180 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Hydroxyurea ; DNA synthesis
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Newly synthesised DNA molecules the same size as replicons (7 million-60 million daltons) accumulate in yeast cells treated with hydroxyurea. During prolonged incubation in low concentrations of the drug, there is a large accumulation of these molecules without any corresponding increase in their molecular weight. On release from the inhibtion the molecules are converted to large molecular weight DNA. These observations are consistent with an inhibition by hydroxyurea of the joining of completed replicons. In addition, newly synthesised DNA molecules the size of yeast Okazaki fragments also accumulate in cells treated with hydroxyurea.
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  • 45
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    Current genetics 2 (1980), S. 193-200 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Recombination ; Plasmids ; Transformation ; Yeast
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary [2 μm+ and [2μm°] yeast were transformed to stable leucine prototrophy with the hybrid yeast — E. coli plasmid, pJDB219. This plasmid contains the entire sequence of the endogenous 2 μm yeast DNA plasmid in addition to the yeast nuclear LEU2 + gene and the Co1E1 derivative, pMB9. In the [2 μm+] transformants, a new wholly yeast LEU2 + plasmid, pYX, was generated, probably by a recombination event between pJDB219 and 2 μm DNA. The plamid, pYX, in the absence of 2 μm DNA, was found to exist in equimolar amounts of two forms, A and B, which probably arise by intramolecular recombination across the inverted repeat sequences of the 2 μm DNA portion of the plasmid. pJDB219 was found to require the presence of 2 μm DNA to undergo this intramolecular recombination. The results suggest that 2, μm DNA and pYX code for a gene product required in this recombination event which pJDB219 cannot produce.
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  • 46
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Mutant ; p-Fluoro-dl-phenylalanine ; β-Phenethyl-alcohol
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary p-Fluoro-dl-phenylalanine (PFP)-resistant mutants which produce a large amount of β-phenethyl-alcohol, a rose-like flavor component, were isolated from the isogenic strains X2180-1A and X2180-1B of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Cells of these mutants accumulated phenylalanine and tryptophan more than 3-fold times that of wild-type cells, while they accumulated less than half the tyrosine. The activity of prephenate dehydrogenase (PDG) (EC 1.3.1.12) was markedly decreased while that of 3-deoxy-d-arabino-heptulosonate-7-phosphate synthase (EC 4.1.2.15) was increased. Genetic analysis revealed that the mutation occurred at the TYR1 locus, encoding PDG, and that the mutated TYR1 gene, tyr1-pfp, caused both PFP resistance and β-phenethyl-alcohol overproduction. This was supported by molecular genetic studies with cloned tyr1-pfp DNA.
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  • 47
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Peptides ; Transport ; Regulation ; Yeast
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    Notes: Summary The transport of small peptides into the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is subject to complex regulatory control. In an effort to determine the number, and to address the function, of the components involved in peptide transport and its regulation, spontaneous mutants resistant to toxic di- and tripeptides were isolated under inducing conditions. Twenty-four mutant strains were characterized in detail and fell into two phenotypic groups; one group deficient in amino acid-inducible peptide uptake, the other with a pleiotropic phenotype including a loss of peptide transport. Complementation analysis of recessive mutations in 12 of these strains defĩned three groups; ptr1 (nine strains), ptr2 (two strains), and ptr3 (one strain). Isolation and screening of 31 additional N-methyl-N-nitro-N-Nitrosoguanidine (MNNG)-induced, peptide transport-deficient mutants produced one ptr3 and 30 ptr2 strains: no additional complementation groups were detected. Uptake of radiolabeled dileucine was negligible in ptr1 and ptr2 strains and was reduced by 65% and 90% in the two ptr3 mutants, indicating that all strains were defective at the transport step. We conclude that the S. cerevisiae amino acid-inducible peptide transport system recognizes a broad spectrum of peptide substrates and involves at least three components. One gene, PTR3, may play an indirect or regulatory role since mutations in this gene cause a pleiotropic phenotype.
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  • 48
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    Journal of molecular evolution 38 (1994), S. 1-17 
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: HSP70 ; Heat shock ; Evolution ; Phylogeny ; Yeast ; Multigene family ; Subcellular compartmentalization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Eukaryotic genomes encode multiple 70-kDa heat-shock proteins (HSP70s). The Saccharomyces cerevisiae HSP70 family is comprised of eight members. Here we present the nucleotide sequence of the SSA3 and SSB2 genes, completing the nucleotide sequence data for the yeast HSP70 family. We have analyzed these yeast sequences as well as 29 HSP70s from 24 additional eukaryotic and prokaryotic species. Comparison of the sequences demonstrates the extreme conservation of HSP70s; proteins from the most distantly related species share at least 45% identity and more than one-sixth of the amino acids are identical in the aligned region (567 amino acids) among all proteins analyzed. Phylogenetic trees constructed by two independent methods indicate that ancient molecular and cellular events have given rise to at least four monophyletic groups of eukaryotic HSP70 proteins. Each group of evolutionarily similar HSP70s shares a common intracellular localization and is presumed to be comprised of functional homologues; these include heat-shock proteins of the cytoplasm, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, and chloroplasts. HSP70s localized in mitochondria and plastids are most similar to the DnaK HSP70 homologues in purple bacteria and cyanobacteria, respectively, which is consistent with the proposed prokaryotic origin of these organelles. The analyses indicate that the major eukaryotic HSP70 groups arose prior to the divergence of the earliest eukaryotes, roughly 2 billion years ago. In some cases, as exemplified by the SSA genes encoding the cytoplasmic HSP70s of S. cerevisiae, more recent duplication events have given rise to subfamilies within the major groups. The S. cerevisiae SSB proteins comprise a unique subfamily not identified in other species to date. This subfamily appears to have resulted from an ancient gene duplication that occurred at approximately the same time as the origin of the major eukaryotic HSP70 groups.
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  • 49
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    Journal of molecular evolution 32 (1991), S. 396-404 
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Yeast ; Mitochondrial DNA ; Polymirphism ; Repeated sequences
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A spontaneously arising mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variant ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae has been formed by two exta copies of a 14-bp sequence (TTAATTAAATTATC) being added to a tandem repeat of this unit. Similar polymorphisms in tandemly repeated sequences have been found in a comparison between mtDNAs from our strain and others. In 5850 bp of intergenic mtDNA squence, polymorphisms in tandemly repeated sequences of three or more base pairs occur approximately every 400–500 bp whereas differences in 1–2 bp occur approximately every 60 bp. Some polymorphisms are associated wit optional G+C-rich sequences (GC clusters). Two such optional GC clusters and one A+T repeat polymorphism have been discovered in the tRNA synthesis locus. In addition, the variable presence of large open reading frames are documented and mechanisms for generating intergenic sequence diversity inS. cerevisiae mtDNA are discussed.
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  • 50
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    Journal of molecular evolution 32 (1991), S. 439-442 
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Yeast ; Mitochondrial DNA ; ori ; rep ; Polymorphism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Threeori elements (ori 2,ori 5, andori 7) have been sequenced inSaccharomyces cerevisiae strain Dip 2 and compared to the equivalentori elements of a second strain (B). Bothori 2 andori 5 exhibit 98% base matching between strains Dip 2 and B. In contrast, the thirdori element (ori 7) exhibits extensive sequence rearrangements whereby a segment located downstream in the consensus strain occurs within theori structure in Dip 2. This represents a novel polymorphic form of the yeast mitochondrial genome.
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  • 51
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Yeast ; E. coli ; tRNA ; rRNA ; Sequence homologies ; Evolution ; Origins ; Coding mechanism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Many tRNAs ofE. coli and yeast contain stretches whose base sequences are similar to those found in their respective rRNAs. The matches are too frequent and extensive to be attributed to coincidence. They are distributed without discernible pattern along and among the RNAs and between the two species. They occur in loops as well as in stems, among both conserved and non-conserved regions. Their distributions suggest that they reflect common ancestral origins rather than common functions, and that they represent true homologies.
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  • 52
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    European journal of nutrition 22 (1983), S. 27-33 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: wheat ; lysine ; carnitine ; lipids ; mitochondria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 32 abgesetzte männliche Albinoratten wurden in 4 Gruppen eingeteilt, um die Wirkung einer lysinarmen Weizendiät (AW), einer Weizendiät mit 0,4 % Lysin (LW) oder 0,2 % Carnitin (CW) sowie einer Caseindiät auf den Stoffwechsel von Lipiden in verschiedenen Geweben zu untersuchen. Nach 8 Wochen Fütterung der verschiedenen Diäten unter Anwendung der „paired feeding technique“ wurden Veränderungen in den Gesamtlipiden, den Lipidbestandteilen, den einzelnen Fettsäuren und dem Lipidgehalt der Mitochondrien des Herzens, der Skelettmuskeln, der Lungen und des Fettgewebes der Tiere bestimmt. Die lysinarme Weizendiät (AW) bewirkte eine Lipidanreicherung (vor allem an Acylglyzerinen) im Herzen, in der Leber, den Skelettmuskeln sowie eine Lipidabnahme im Fettgewebe. Die Diäten mit 0,4 % Lysin (LW) oder 0,2 % Carnitin (CW) zeitigten die entgegengesetzte Wirkung, wobei CW wirkungsvoller erschien als LW. LW und CW erhöhten die relativen Anteile von C14∶0-, C16∶0- und C16∶1-Fettsäuren und verkleinerten diejenigen von C18∶1-, C18∶2- und C18∶3-Fettsäuren, während die Anteile unter der AW- und Caseindiät ab- bzw. zunahmen. Die Fettsäurezusammensetzung des Fettgewebes war bei allen Gruppen gleich. Die AW-Diät vergrößerte die relativen Anteile von C14∶0- und C20∶4- und verringerte die von C16∶0-, C16∶1- und C18∶3-Fettsäuren in den Lungen. Die AW-Ergänzungsdiäten verringerten die relativen Anteile von C16∶0-, C16∶1-, C18∶3-sowie auch der C18∶1-Fettsäuren. Der Lipidgehalt der Mitochondrien von Leber, Herz, Skelettmuskeln und Lunge verringerte sich unter der AW-Diät und erhöhte sich unter den LW- und CW-Diäten.
    Notes: Summary 32 weanling male albino rats were divided into 4 groups to study the effects of lysine-deficient wheat diet (AW) and AW supplemented with either 0.4 % lysine (LW) or 0.2 % carnitine (CW) as compared to casein diet on metabolism of lipids in various tissues. LW, CW and casein diet groups were pair-fed with AW group. Changes in total lipids, lipid components, individual fatty acids, mitochondrial content in liver, heart, skeletal muscles, lungs and adipose tissue were determined after 8 weeks of feeding. AW diet resulted in accumulation of lipids (mainly acylglycerols) in heart, liver, skeletal muscles and depletion in adipose tissue. The LW and CW diets reversed the effects of AW diet, the CW being more effective than LW diet. The LW and CW diets increased the relative proportion of C 14∶0, C 16∶0, C 16∶1 and decreased that of C18∶1, C18∶2, C18∶3 fatty acids which were decreased and increased, respectively, on the AW and casein diets. The fatty acids composition of adipose tissue was the same in all the groups. The AW diet increased the relative proportions of C 14∶0, C 20∶4 and decreased that of C 16∶0, C 16∶1, C 18∶3 fatty acids in the lungs. Supplemented AW diet decreased the relative proportions of the former group and increased that of the later group including C 18∶1 fatty acid also. The mitochondrial content of liver, heart, skeletal muscles and lungs was decreased on AW and reversed on LW and CW diets.
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    Mycopathologia 111 (1990), S. 181-189 
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: mycotoxin ; ochratoxin ; Penicillium ; storage ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Eleven-kilogram parcels of HY-320 wheat, a cultivar of the new Canada Prairie Spring class, were kept at 15 and 19% initial moisture contents (IMC) in simulated storage in a Manitoba farm granary for 60 weeks to determine biotic and abiotic changes and mycotoxin production. Ochratoxin A reached a maximum of 0.24 ppm by week 20 in the 19% IMC wheat, but was absent in the 15% IMC wheat; no other mycotoxins were detected. Temperature, moisture content, O2 and CO2 levels, fat acidity values, seed germination, microfloral incidence and abundance, and the presence of other mycotoxins were monitored. Principal component analysis of all variables showed that the first principal components accounted for 32–41% of the system variability, and contained the ochratoxin A variable. Ochratoxin A was produced in moist grain that had decreased seed germination andAltermaria activity, and high fungal activity byPenicillium andAspergillus versicolor. Compared to other stored cereals previously studied, HY-320 wheat would be ranked in a low-risk category for mycotoxin formation, based on the ochratoxin A levels observed.
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  • 54
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: Penicillium griseofulvum ; patulin ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Sixty-four wheat samples from Spanish flour factories were screened for patulin and patulin-producing moulds. None of them was found to contain any patulin, whereas samples experimentally contaminated with this toxin proved it to be highly unstable. On the other hand, Penicillium griseofulvum was the only in vitro patulin-producing species found (19 samples). Mould growth in the samples was investigated by using yeast-sucrose medium (YES) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to measure the amounts of toxin produced during 40 day's incubation at 20 and 28°C. The highest yield rate of patulin was obtained between the 20th and 30th day of incubation; such a rate, however, was very low throughout the vigorous growth phase, during the first 20 days of incubation. The more appropriate temperature for incubation and patulin production was 28 °C. We also investigated the influence of other incubation conditions in the yield and found stationary dark cultures to be more efficient that shaken or fermentation cultures in YES medium. The best patulin yield achieved was 11.9 mg in the culture broth and 6.3 mg in the mycelium from 100 ml of medium.
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  • 55
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 40 (1994), S. 175-183 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Nitrogen response ; on-farm research ; risk ; probability ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In many developing countries, fertilizer recommendations must be made in the absence of plant and soil analyses. When the region is variable in terms of soils, weather, and magnitude of response to fertilizer, a recommendation is likely to involve a high degree of risk for the farmer. Quantification of such risk is key to developing appropriate recommendations for the farmer. However, most methodologies generally used in analyzing fertilizer trials do not allow adequate quantification, especially as a continuous function, of the risk associated with a given recommendation. Three years of on-farm trials conducted in the High Valley of Mexico were used to evaluate different methodologies for generating N fertilization recommendations and their associated risk for wheat (Triticum aestivum) production in the absence of soil tests. When the traditional approach, using average yield responses or separate trial results, was used, an economic optimum was identified, but it was not possible to quantify the associated risk. In contrast, however, by using a combination of response surface methodology and simple probability analysis, the risk associated with any given recommendation was developed, even under the highly variable conditions of the study zone. The approach uses a treatment difference matrix (developed using average yield differences between a treatment and the zero N (0N) check) and its associated standard deviation over locations. From the matrix, an equation (being a function of N rate and relative grain:N price ratios) was developed that shows the probability of outperforming the 0N check for the economic optimum rate.
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  • 56
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 29 (1991), S. 163-172 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Superphosphate ; residual value ; sandy soil ; leaching of phosphorus ; lupins ; barley ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In a field experiment on deep, yellow, sandy soil near Badgingarra, Western Australia, the residual value of superphosphate applied one and two years previously was measured relative to freshly-applied superphosphate using yields of narrow-leafed lupin (Lupinus angustifolius), barley and wheat. In addition, soil samples were collected for measurement of bicarbonate-extractable soil P. This was also used to estimate the residual value of the superphosphate. For lupins and wheat, and for bicarbonate-extractable soil P, the residual value decreased with increasing level of application. For barley grain, the residual value was not significantly affected by the level of application. The decrease in residual value of superphosphate with increasing level of application is attributed to increased leaching of applied phosphorus (P) down the profile of the sandy soils as the level of application increases. This may reduce subsequent plant yields due to the delay in seedling roots reaching the P in the soil during the crucial early stages of plant growth. For lupins, the relationship between yield and the level of superphosphate applied was markedly sigmoidal. The relationship for wheat and barley was exponential. Consequently, at suboptimal levels of P application, lupins required about two to three times more P than wheat or barley to produce the same yield. However, lupins required less P to achieve near-maximum yield.
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  • 57
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 31 (1992), S. 319-329 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Superphosphate ; fertilizer effectiveness ; residual value ; lupins ; oats ; wheat ; grain production ; bicarbonate-extractable soil phosphorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In a field experiment on a deep pale-yellow sand in a 600 mm per annum rainfall Mediterranean environment of south-western Australia, six levels of phosphorus (P) as superphosphate (O up to 546 kg P ha−1) were applied once only, to the soil surface, before sowing lupins (Lupinus angustifolius). The lupins were grown in a continuous arable cropping rotation with, in successive years, oats (Avena sativa), wheat (Triticum aestivum), lupins. Five such rotations were started in the experiment from 1985 to 1989. The experiment continued until the end of 1990. The relationship between lupin seed (grain) yields and the level of P applied was measured in the year of P application for five successive years (1985 to 1989). The relationship had the same general form but it varied between years, largely due to different maximum yields (yield plateaux) in each year. The residual value of superphosphate applied three years previously was measured for lupins on two occasions (1988 and 1989) relative to superphosphate applied in the current year. The residual values was different in the two years. The superphosphate applied three years previously was about 30% as effective as freshly applied superphosphate in 1988, and 12% as effective in 1989. At each harvest, the relationship between grain yield and the P concentration in the grain differed for different species. However, for each species at each harvest, the relationship was similar regardless of when the P was applied in the previous years. Thus each species had the same internal efficiency of P use curve, and yields varied only with P concentration in tissue. Bicarbonate-extractable soil P was determined on soil samples taken in mid-July of 1989 and 1990. These soil test values were related to grain yields at harvest. The relationship between yield and soil test values had the same general form but varied for different species within years and for each species between years. It also varied for each species within years depending on the year the P was applied.
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 31 (1992), S. 331-340 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Superphosphate ; residual value ; wheat ; lupins ; soil test for phosphorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In a field experiment on a sandplain soil in a low rainfall (326 mm per annum) Mediterranean environment of south-western Australia, the effectiveness of superphosphate applied in 1986 was measured in three subsequent years relative to freshly-applied superphosphate each year, using grain (seed) yields of wheat (Triticum aestivum) and lupins (Lupinus angustifolius). The wheat and lupins were grown in rotation and both crops were grown each year starting in 1986. Bicarbonate-soluble phosphorus was determined on soil samples taken in mid June from where the P treatment was applied in 1986 only. These soil test values were related to the grain yields produced that year. For each level of superphosphate applied in 1986, soil test values decreased with increasing time from application. The relationship between grain yield and soil test values had the same general form within each year for both plant species, but varied between years. For both species, the effectiveness of superphosphate decreased by about 70–80% between the year of application and the first and second years after application, and by a further approximate 10% in the third year. The relationship between grain yield and the level of superphosphate applied became sigmoidal by 1989.
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  • 59
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: nitrogen fertilizer rate ; electroultrafiltration ; wheat ; soil test
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The objective of the investigation was to examine whether there exist relationships between the optimum nitrogen fertilizer rate for winter wheat and soil nitrogen fractions extracted by electroultrafiltration (EUF) from autumn samples of the upper soil layer (0–30 cm). Optimum nitrogen fertilizer rates were derived from grain yield curves of field trials carried out with increasing nitrogen fertilizer rates on 19 different sites in 1985/86 and 1986/87. Most soils were luvisols derived from loess, two soils were brown earths and one a pararendzina. Total Nitrogen fertilizer rates were 0, 40, 80, and 120 kg N/ha applied twice before ear emergence. The final nitrogen rate at ear emergence was the same for all treatments, namely 60 kg N/ha. Optimum nitrogen fertilizer rates were derived from the grain yield curve fitted to a modified Mitscherlich equation. The optimum nitrogen fertilizer rates were correlated with the nitrogen fractions extracted by EUF. The regression equation thus obtained showed that NO 3 - , the organic N fraction (EUF Norg), and the EUF Norg-quotient each had a highly significant impact on the optimum nitrogen fertilizer rate. The higher the amounts of EUF-N extracted the lower the optimum nitrogen rate. Substituting the EUF Norg-fraction for total nitrogen concentration in the upper soil layer gave a poorer relationship between the optimum nitrogen fertilizer rate and the soil data. In absolute terms the EUF Norg-fraction had by far the greatest impact on calculating the optimum nitrogen fertilizer rate. The investigation shows that the EUF method is a suitable technique for the determination of available soil nitrogen from which optimum nitrogen fertilizer rates can be derived for winter wheat cultivated under soil and climatic conditions typical for cereal growing areas in central Europe.
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 40 (1994), S. 207-214 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: available P ; citrate insoluble P ; phosphorus sources ; triple superphosphate ; Triticum aestivum ; water soluble P ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A greenhouse study was conducted to determine if soil pH affects the requirement for water-soluble P and the tolerance of water-insoluble impurities in TSP fertilizers. Two commercial TSP fertilizers were selected to represent a range in phosphate rock sources and impurities. Phosphate fertilizer impurities were isolated as the water-washed fraction by washing whole fertilizers with deionized water. TSP fertilizers with various quantities of water-soluble P (1.2 to 99% water-soluble P) were simulated by mixing the water-washed fertilizer fractions or dicalcium phosphate (DCP) with reagent-grade monocalcium phosphate (MCP). The fertilizers were applied to supply 40 mg AOAC available P kg−1 to a Mountview silt loam (fine-silty, siliceous, thermic Typic Paleudults). Wheat (Triticum aestivum (L.)) was harvested at 49 and 84 days after planting. Soil pH values at the final forage harvest were 5.4±0.16 and 6.4±0.15. At a soil pH of 5.4, the TSP fertilizers required only 37% water-soluble P to reach maximum yields while at pH 6.4 the fertilizers required 63% water-soluble P. Results of this study show that higher levels of water -insoluble P can be tolerated in TSP fertilizers when applied to acid soils. Phosphorus uptake was not affected by soil pH, but for the mixtures containing the fertilizer residues the source having the lowest level of Fe and Al had a higher relative agronomic effectiveness.
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 21 (1990), S. 163-166 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Critical level of Zn ; alkaline soils ; Zn-deficiency ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Field experiments were conducted at 32 locations, chosen for their wide range in DTPA extractable Zn, to determine the critical deficiency level of Zn for predicting response of wheat to Zn application. Soil application of 5.6 kg Zn ha−1 significantly increased the grain yield in deficient soils. Soil extractable Zn was significantly related with per cent grain response and absolute grain yield. Both the graphical and statistical methods of Cate and Nelson indicated the critical level to be 0.75 mg kg−1 soil of DTPA extractable Zn. This level gave a predictability value of 82 per cent.
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 22 (1990), S. 147-159 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Sulfate ; elemental sulfur ; leaching ; ryegrass ; wheat ; greenhouse experiments ; split application
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Three factorial experiments with four replications were conducted in a greenhouse to examine the effectiveness of gypsum, elemental sulfur (ES powder) and three S containing N fertilizers, viz., ammonium sulfate (AS), urea + ES, and Ureas (20% AS and 80% urea). All experiments were conducted twice in different years. In the first experiment with uncropped soil, the effects of soil type, leaching rate (2.3 and 6.9 mm water per day) and urea addition on sulfate leaching losses were studied. Leaching losses decreased in the order Ureas 〉 ammonium sulfate (AS) 〉 gypsum ≫ urea + ES. Increasing the leaching rate greatly increased sulfate losses from both soils. Losses were greater in the sandy Typic Hapludoll than in the clayey Oxic Paleustalf. Sulfate adsorption was found to decrease strongly with rising the pH in both soils. Hydrolysis of urea temporarily raised the pH of the soil, thereby increasing the sulfate leaching losses. In the second experiment the effects of S rate (0–65 mg per kg soil), split application and leaching rate (0 and 2.3 mm per day) on sulfate leaching losses and ‘apparent S recovery’ (ASR) by three successive cuts of ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) were studied. Herbage yield more than doubled when S was applied. The effectiveness of the sulfate fertilizers was greater when S was split-applied than given all at once. With split applications the ASR decreased in the order: Ureas 〉 AS 〉 gypsum 〉 urea + ES 〉 ES powder. ES fertilizers were least effective, because the oxidation rate of ES to sulfate was clearly too slow. In the third experiment the effects of S rate (0–40 mg per kg soil) and split application on sulfate leaching losses and ASR in the grain of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were studied under leaching conditions (2.3 mm per day). Grain yield increased strongly due to S application. Split application greatly increased the effectiveness of the sulfate fertilizers and appeared to be an effective tool in satisfying the S need of the crop under leaching conditions. Again, ES fertilizers were least effective, because the oxidation rate of ES was too slow to meet the S demand of the crop. In all experiments leaching losses of sulfate from the ES fertilizers were smaller than from the sulfate fertilizers.
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  • 63
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 22 (1990), S. 97-107 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Superphosphate ; placement depth ; banding ; relative effectivenesss ; lupins ; wheat ; field experiment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In a field experiment on a sandplain soil in a low rainfall (326mm per annum) Mediterranean environment of south-western Australia, seven levels of single superphosphate, 0, 7.5, 10, 14, 19.5, 30 and 39 kg P ha−1, were placed at either 3, 5, 7, 9, 11 or 13 cm depth before sowing wheat (Triticum aestivum) at 3 cm. In a separate treatment, superphosphate was drilled with the seed (the normal practice). In the second year, the plots were sown with lupins (Lupinus angustifolius) at 3 cm depth with no additional superphosphate. In three separate treatments, superphosphate at 0, 14 and 39 kg P ha−1, was drilled with the lupin seed (the normal practice) on plots that had received no superphosphate in the first year. Yields of wheat and lupins were used as a measure of the effectiveness of the superphosphate placement treatments relative to the effectiveness of superphosphate drilled with seed of wheat (year 1) or lupins (year 2), to give relative effectiveness (RE) values in each of the two years. In the first year the RE of superphosphate was increased by about 20% when the fertilizer was placed 5 to 9 cm deep in the soil. In the second year, the RE of superphosphate for producing lupin grain was increased by about 30–60% where the fertilizer had been placed 5–13 cm deep in the previous year compared with freshly drilled 3 cm deep. The yield of wheat or lupins was closely related to the P content of plant tissue; each relationship was independent of the depth or year of superphosphate application.
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  • 64
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 26 (1990), S. 229-235 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Grass ; wheat ; nitrogen nutrition ; dilution curve ; mineral content ; mineral removal ; phosphorus ; potassium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The important effect of nitrogen in changing the patterns of mineral content and mineral removal is analysed for grass swards and wheat. Different models are proposed; accumulated dry matter developed throughout a growing period is shown to be an excellent reference for assessing the evolution of the plant mineral content and the mineral removal the growing crop. Applications in diagnosing mineral nutrition status and optimising fertilizer use are proposed and discussed.
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 39 (1994), S. 77-82 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Acidic subsurface layer ; application rate ; North Carolina phosphate rock ; placement method ; time of application ; triple superphosphate ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Using soils with an acidic subsurface layer, three glasshouse experiments were carried out to evaluate the effect of placement method and application rate of triple superphosphate (TSP) and North Carolina phosphate rock (NCPR) on dry matter (DM) yields. Time of application of NCPR on DM yield response of wheat was also studied. For Experiment 1, soil was collected in depth intervals of 0–2; 4–6; 6–8; and 8–10 cm from a red earth (chromic luvisol). The treatments included two P sources (TSP and NCPR), three placement methods (broadcast, banded or mixed into the subsurface layer, 6–8 cm), and six application rates. In this P deficient soil with an acidic subsurface layer, there was relatively little effect of application method of TSP on wheat yield responses. The maximum dry matter yield responses for broadcast, band and mix application methods was 30, 42 and 50 %, respectively. Responses to NCPR broadcast, band and mix methods were 20, 9 and 44 %, respectively. Mixing NCPR into to acidic subsurface layer produced yields similar to those from TSP although a higher application rate of P as NCPR was needed to achieve this outcome. Treatments for Experiments 2 and 3 were time of application of NCPR (0 and 30 days before sowing) and rate of application of NCPR (0 and 40 mg P/pot). In Experiment 2 (same soil as Experiment 1) application of NCPR prior to sowing, resulted in higher Colwell P concentration than when applied at sowing, but time of application had no effect on final DM yields. Experiment 3 used a red podzolic (chromic luvisol) soil which had a lower P-status, was more acid and had a lower exchangeable Ca2+ concentration than the red earth. Application of NCPR prior to sowing resulted in lower DM yield than when it was applied prior to sowing.
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 3 (1982), S. 63-71 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: nitrogen efficiency ; nitrogen fate ; rational use ; rice ; supergranules of urea ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Using15 N tracer technique, the fate and efficiency of nitrogen in supergranules of urea as compared with that in powdered urea were studied in rice fields. The results obtained show that supergranules of urea were characterized by the slight N loss and high N recovery as well as by delayed but long lasting fertilization effects. It follows that the supergranules should be applied earlier and at a lower rate as compared with powdered urea.
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 31 (1992), S. 43-49 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Superphosphate ; nitrogen fertilizer ; take-all ; (Gaeumannomyces graminis) ; wheat ; Triticum aestivum L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Wheat was grown continuously in soil amended with 5 levels of superphosphate and with 4 levels of urea at 3 sites. The incidence and severity of take-all, caused byGaeumannomyces graminis var.tritici, declined with increasing rates of application of both superphosphate and urea. In both years, the severity of take-all on plants receiving neither superphosphate nor urea was about 40% while at the highest level of superphosphate and urea supply the take-all severity was approximately halved at 22%. There was an increase in grain yield in response to applied superphosphate and urea to the highest level of each nutrient. There was also an increase in the 1,000-kernal weights with superphosphate and urea fertilizer application.
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 32 (1992), S. 27-36 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Phosphorus requirement ; wheat ; oats ; barley ; lupins ; triticale ; superphosphate ; grain yield ; phosphorus in grain
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The phosphorus (P) requirement for grain production of different crop species (oats (Avena sativa), barley (Hordeum vulgare), triticale (xTriticosecale), narrow-leafed lupins (Lupinus angustifolius), and sandplain lupins (L. cosentinii) was compared with wheat (Triticum aestivum) in five field experiments on different lateritic soils in south-western Australia. Seven or eight levels of superphosphate were applied at the start of each experiment. The amount of P required to produce 70% (four experiments) or 90% (one experiment) of the maximum yield was used to compare P requirements. Large differences in the P requirements of the species were obtained. On P deficient soil in 3 experiments, oats required from 50 to 70% less P than wheat, but required 40% more P on a soil with a long history of superphosphate applications. Compared with wheat, in the year of P application, barley required 50% less P in one experiment, had similar P requirements in two experiments, and required 80% more P in another experiment. In the years after P application, barley required 20% less P in two experiments. On an acidic soil triticale required from 50% to 70% less P than wheat, but on less acidic soil it required 100% more P. In the year of P application, narrow-leafed lupins required 800% more P than wheat in one experiment, and 30% more P in the other experiment. In the year of P application, sandplain lupins required 70% less P than wheat in one experiment.
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 32 (1992), S. 185-194 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Residual P ; P fixation ; Bray P ; Olsen P ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Nineteen soils from the south east of the Province of Buenos Aires (Argentina) that had been fertilized with moderate amounts of P (10–40 kgP/ha) during the last 10 years were used to investigate the effect of time on the decline of P availability as measured by three soil tests (Bray 1, Bray 2, Olsen) and the null-point method. Differences in rates of P decline among soils and chemical methods were characterized by an exponential coefficient for time (b 2) in equations which describe the changes of the added P retained by the soil (Pr =ac b1 t b2). The rate of decline of P for the nineteen soils calculated for the soil test methods was ordered decreasingly as: null-point 〉 Olsen 〉 Bray 1 〉 Bray 2. The ability of the chemical methods for assessing the residual value of P for wheat growth (RV) was tested in a pot experiment on seven of the soils that differed in their individual rates of reaction with P. Differences between soils in the rate of reaction with P as measured in the laboratory by the null-point method and by the Olsen test were reflected in different residual values for P fertilizer for wheat plants. Thus the value ofb 2 for these methods was well correlated with the observed residual values. The soil properties commonly associated with the retention of P were not related to the value ofb 2 suggesting that more than one soil property may be involved in the measure ofb 2. The exponent for timeb 2 may be used as an index of the ability of the soil test to reflect the decline of P availability with time.
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  • 70
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 39 (1994), S. 11-18 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Copper fertiliser ; nitrogen fertiliser ; residual effectiveness ; Triticum aestivum L. ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The residual effectiveness of copper (Cu) applied 18 to 21 years previously was estimated for grain yield of wheat. In one field experiment, current levels of Cu fertiliser were applied and its effectiveness was compared to that of the same level of Cu applied previously. The effects of nitrogen (N) fertiliser on the Cu concentration in the youngest emerged blade and in the grain, as well as the effects of N levels on the grain yield of wheat, were also studied. Where the recommended level of Cu fertiliser had been applied previously, its residual effectiveness depended on the soil type. On the grey sands over clay and gravelly sands over clay, the residual Cu would last approximately 20 years where wheat is grown in rotation with a legume crop (Lupinus augustifolius L.) and where N fertiliser is applied at high levels (92 kg N ha−1). On the yellow brown sandy earths of the Newdegate district, the residual value was in excess of 30 years. When Cu levels in the soil are marginal, high levels of N applied to wheat crops grown on stubbles of legume crops (high soil N) could suffer from induce Cu deficiency which could reduce grain production. Critical concentrations of Cu in the youngest emerged blade of less than 1.2 mg Cu kg−1 at Gs50–59 would indicate Cu deficiency. Cu concentrations of less than 1.1–1.2 mg Cu kg−1 in the grain suggest that the wheat crop is marginally supplied with Cu. In both situations, Cu fertiliser needs to be applied before the next crop.
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  • 71
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Cochliobolus sativus ; common root rot ; Penicillium bilaji ; phosphorus fertilization ; tillering ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A strain ofPenicillium bilaji Chalabuda (PB) has recently been commercially released as a seed inoculant to increase phosphorus (P) uptake by wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of drill applied P (15 kg P ha−1) with PB seed inoculation on early growth, development, P uptake, and grain yield of ‘Stoa’ spring wheat at four sites in North Dakota. Fertilization with P consistently enhanced early season growth, main stem development, tillering and P uptake. Seed inoculation with PB had little or no effect on these traits. Phosphorus fertilization tended to increase common root rot severity (CRR, incited byCochliobolus sativus (Ito & Kurib) Drechs.), while PB inoculation had no effect. Grain yields were significantly increased by P fertilization at one location. Inoculation with PB also increased grain yield at this location. The reason why PB inoculation increased yield at this location is not evident, as plant growth and P uptake were not enhanced earlier in the season. Averaged across all four sites, PB inoculation increased wheat yields 66 kg ha−1, which is similar to averaged yield responses reported from the Prairie Provinces of Canada.
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  • 72
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 5 (1984), S. 95-108 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Nitrogen fertilizer ; sorghum ; wheat ; soil test
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A static model that predicts the nitrogen (N) fertilizer requirement of grain sorghum or wheat crops is described. Inputs required by the model are soil nitrate-N (kg ha−1) in the profile at sowing, total N (%) in the plough layer, available water in the profile at sowing (mm) plus rainfall during the growing season (mm). Output includes fertilizer N required for both maximum yield and optimum economic yield. The model was tested by using published field data from Nebraska and Kansas (U.S.A.), South Australia and Northern Territory (Australia), and Saskatchewan (Canada). The model was accurate when no fertilizer N was required, and when large amounts were required, but quantitative prediction of moderate requirements was only fair. Predictions for grain sorghum were better than for winter wheat, probably because total water use was a better predictor of yield potential for grain sorghum than for winter wheat. Further refinement for specific environments should make the model practical for dryland cereal crops.
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  • 73
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 5 (1984), S. 235-243 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: iron pyrites ; wheat ; chickpea ; mustard ; Egyptian clover ; biomass production ; S uptake ; P mobilization ; P uptake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A field experiment was conducted for three consecutive winter crop seasons commencing in 1979–80 on the Typic Ustochrept of Pura to evaluate iron pyrites as S fertilizer. Four crops viz, wheat, chickpea, mustard and Egyptian clover were tested for their responsiveness to added pyrites. All the crops responded significantly to added pyrites. Mustard proved most sensitive to S deficiency in soil and wheat the least. Between the two legumes, Egyptian clover was more sensitive to S stress than chickpea. Average biomass production by Egyptian clover was highest followed by wheat, mustard and chickpea. Mustard and Egyptian clover required more S to achieve maximum biomass production compared with wheat and chickpea but they also recovered from the soil a large proportion of added S than wheat and chickpea. Addition of pyrites increased availability of S in soil. Pyrites enhanced mobilization of soil P and its utilization by the crops.
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  • 74
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 46 (1990), S. 1016-1017 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: In vitro absorption ; calcium ; wheat ; Bengal gram
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The in vitro absorption of calcium from the duodenum was significantly less in a group of rats fed on a wheat diet than in a group fed a wheat and Bengal gram (70∶30) diet.
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  • 75
    ISSN: 1432-203X
    Keywords: wheat ; rye ; embryogenesis ; growth ; tissue culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The influence of the short arm of rye chromosome 1 (1RS) from Secale cereale var. Imperial on the growth and differentiation of callus cultures from wheat Triticum aestivum var. Chinese Spring immature embryos was analysed. This chromosome arm was found to stimulate both embryogenesis and the rate of growth of calli. Recombinant lines carrying segments of 1RS were used to delineate the regions of 1RS responsible for the tissue culture effects. The enhancement of embryogenesis and the stimulation of growth were shown to be associated with two distinct genetic regions of the chromosome arm; the former is located between the centromere and the Sec 1 locus, while the latter is situated in the immediate vicinity of the Sec 1 locus.
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  • 76
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Mitochondria ; Cytochrome oxidase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We have analyzed a mutation in the mitochondrial gene oxi3 coding for subunit I of cytochrome-oxidase in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This mutation replaces one of the seven invariant histidines of the polypeptide (position 378) by a tyrosine, and leads to a respiratory deficient phenotype. A total of 157 revertants, which have recovered the ability to grow on a respiratory substrate, have been selected from this mutant (tyrosine 378). The nature of the reversion has been analysed by a rapid screening procedure and 32 of the revertants have been sequenced. They are all true backmutations reintroducing the histidine in position 378. This very exceptional situation suggests that this histidine is a ligand of the redox center of cytochrome oxidase.
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  • 77
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; DNA-polymerase α ; Cell cycle
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The 5′ ACGCGT3′ MluI motif, which is found in the upstream region of several yeast DNA-synthesis genes which are periodically expressed during the mitotic cell-cycle, is present twice in the 5′ non-coding region of the DNA-polymerase α gene (POL1). Deletion, of the most distal repeat does not affect POL1 transcription, while the adjacent 40 base-pair (bp) downstream sequence is necessary both for the proper level and the fluctuation of POL1 mRNA. This region contains the 5′ACGCGTCGCGT3′ sequence, which is sufficient to control periodic transcription of a CYC1-lacZ reporter gene with the same kinetics observed for POL1. The adjacent 29 bp AT-rich region does not show any activity by itself, but it acts synergistically in conjunction with at least one MluI hexamer to stimulate CYC1-lacZ expression. By further deletion analysis, DNA sequences necessary to initiate POL1 transcription at the proper sites have also been identified.
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  • 78
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    Current genetics 21 (1992), S. 203-206 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Galactokinase ; Mutant selection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The galactose analogue 2-deoxy-galactose (2DG) has been widely used to select for mutations in the gene encoding the galactose pathway enzyme galactokinase (GalK). We have tested the effect of 2DG on Candida albicans to see if it could be used to obtain GalK- mutants in this diploid asexual yeast. 2DG was shown to be toxic to wild-type cells. Enzyme assays demonstrated that 2DG can induce GalK as efficiently as galactose. Examination of the initital rate of galactose uptake indicated that the galactose transport system is constitutive. 2DG-resistant mutants were isolated from mutagenized cultures and shown to have very low levels of GalK activity. The potential genetic applications of this system of direct mutant selection are discussed.
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  • 79
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Repressor ; Zinc finger ; Leucine zipper ; GATA-1 ; Yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The UGA43 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is required for repression of inducible genes involved in the utilization of 4-aminobutyric acid (GABA) or urea as nitrogen sources. The UGA43 gene has been cloned by complementation of a uga43 mutation. The N-terminal region of the UGA43 protein is very similar to the DNA-binding zinc-finger region typical of the GATA regulatory factor family in vertebrates. UGA43 is the first reported instance of a GATA protein with a negative regulatory function. The C-terminal region of the predicted UGA43 protein contains a putative leucine zipper. Sequencing of three uga43 mutant alleles suggests that the GATA and putative leucine-zipper regions are both required for the repressive activity of UGA43. UGA43 appears to be a highly regulated gene. On “poor” nitrogen sources, UGA43 transcripts are measured at high levels whereas they are nearly undetectable in conditions of nitrogen catabolite repression. The levels measured on “poor” nitrogen sources are further increased in uga43 mutant cells, suggesting that UGA43 exerts negative autoregulation.
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  • 80
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; cAMP ; RAS ; GAP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The ccs1-1 mutation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which has been previously described, is associated with an increase in cytochrome content, in respiration, and in ATP synthesis. In addition, this mutation leads to the same phenotype as cells de-regulated in the cAMP pathway. From a yeast genomic library, we have isolated a DNA fragment in a recombinant plasmid pCD1 which complements the ccs1-1 mutation. Homologous integration of this DNA in the genome occurs at the CCS1 locus. An 11 kb of the DNA insert is necessary for complementation. Sequencing part of the fragment identifies CCS1 as the IRA2 gene. The IRA2 gene is known to encode an attenuator of RAS gene product activity which stimulates the GTPase activity of the RAS proteins. This result underlines the involvement of cAMP-dependent phosphorylation in mitochondrial function. We present the sequence of 1 kb DNA upstream of the putative ATG of the IRA2/CCS1 gene product which is devoid of an ORF and could contain several regulatory sites.
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  • 81
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    Current genetics 24 (1993), S. 21-25 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Glycerol kinase ; GUT1 ; ADR1 control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The GUT1 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, encoding glycerol kinase, was cloned and sequenced. The cloned genomic DNA fragment contains an open reading frame potentially coding for a protein of 709 amino acids with homology to bacterial glycerol kinases (40.8% identity over 502 amino acids, and 42.1% identity over 496 amino acids, in comparison to the smaller E. coli and B. subtilis enzymes). Disruption of GUT1 showed that the gene is required for growth on glycerol, but not on glucose or ethanol media. No glycerol kinase activity was detected in the disruption mutant. According to enzyme activity and transcript analysis, synthesis of glycerol kinase is repressed by glucose, and derepression is ADR1-dependent.
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  • 82
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; FLP ; Phase variation-type expression ; Gene replacement
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Expression of a neomycin phosphotransferase II (NPTII) gene has been designed to be regulated by an FLP-mediated switching of the orientation of the NPTII coding region located on the invertible DNA segment in episomal yeast plasmids. Inversion of the segment from inverted to direct orientation with respect to the promoter resulted in a dramatic increase in G418 resistance. FLP also promoted a double reciprocal exchange between the transforming and the resident 2-μm plasmid, leading to insertion of the FLP and REP2 genes into the transforming plasmid. The results demonstrate a possible use of FLP recombinase for ‘phase variation’-type regulation of gene expression and gene replacement in eukaryotic cells.
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  • 83
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: DNA repair ; Heat shock ; Hyperthermia ; Mutagenesis ; pso3-1 mutant ; Psoralen ; Yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A putative tolerance, induced by heat shock (HS), to the lethal and mutagenic effects of 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) photoaddition and hyperthermia was analyzed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae using the wild-type strain N123 and the isogenic DNA repair-deficient mutant pso3-1. In wild-type cells, the HS (38°C for 1 h) did not modify either the survival or the mutation frequency observed after 8-MOP photoaddition, even though it conferred protection against the lethal effect of hyperthermia (50°C). In the pso3-1 mutant, HS induced an increase of the survival, and a decrease of the mutation frequency, after 8-MOP photoaddition and it also protected against the lethal effect of hyperthermia. The responses induced by HS were specific for 8-MOP photoaddition, since they were not observed after 254 nm ultraviolet-light damage. These results indicate that the protection conferred by HS depends of the type of lesion, and operates through the induction of different repair processes. In the pso3-1 mutant, HS could channel the repair intermediates to and error-free repair pathway.
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  • 84
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: AEP1 ; Yeast ; Mitochindria ; ATP synthase ; PET gene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Due to mutation in a single nuclear locus, AEP1, the temperature-conditional pet mutant ts1860 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae fails to synthesize mitochondrial ATP synthase subunit 9 at the restrictive temperature of 36°C. The presence at this temperature of near-normal levels of the cognate oli1 mRNA in mutant ts1860 indicates that, as previously shown, the product of the AEP1 gene is required for translation of the mitochondrial oli1 transcript. In this study the AEP1 gene has been cloned from a wild-type yeast genomic library by genetic complementation of a temperature-conditional aep1 strain at the restrictive temperature. A 2,330-bp genomic fragment which restores subunit 9 synthesis in aep1 mutant strains was characterized. This fragment encoded five open reading frames: the longest of these, at 1,554 nucleotides, was identified as the AEP1 gene, since disruption of this reading frame generated a non-conditional pet strain unable to synthesize subunit 9. The predicted product of AEP1 is a basic, hydrophilic protein of 59,571 Da which possesses a putative mitochondrial address sequence. Hybridization studies with AEP1-specific probes indicate that the gene is located on chromosome XIII and produces several poly(A)+ transcripts ranging in size from 0.9 to 2.7 kb. None of the identified reading frames share significant homologies with entries of several data bases.
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  • 85
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    Current genetics 24 (1993), S. 179-180 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Mapping ; Yeast ; Schizosaccharomyces pombe
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The genetic map of the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe has been revised in the distal region of chromosome arm IIR. The spo4 locus, hitherto considered the outermost marker, has been moved to an intermediate position. As a result, and in accordance with recent physical mapping data, the order of the entire distal subgroup of some 12 genetic markers is reversed relative to previously published gene maps.
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  • 86
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    Current genetics 26 (1994), S. 281-284 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Ofloxacin ; Mitochondria ; Mutation ; Recombination ; Topoisomerase ; Yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Ofloxacin, a specific inhibitor of bacterial topoisomerase II, is known to inhibit the growth of yeast cells and to induce rho − mutants in the yeast S. cerevisiae. The frequency of ofloxacin-induced petite mutants under non-growth conditions was found to be strongly diminished when the cells were depleted in intramitochondrial ATP. Under optimal conditions of mitochondrial mutagenesis the drug induced mitotic recombination and reverse mutation in diploid strains but failed to cure either killer plasmids or the 2 μm DNA of dividing cells. The sensitivity to ofloxacin of the strains deficient in the DNA strandbreak repair pathway (rad52) was significantly higher then that of the wild-type strains and of the mutants deficient in excision or mutagenic DNA repair. The results are compatible with the idea that the cytotoxic and genetic activity of ofloxacin in yeast probably results from the inhibited DNA ligation function of topoisomerase II creating DNA breaks that are reparable through the recombination repair pathway.
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  • 87
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Trehalose synthase ; GGS1/TPS1 gene ; Glycolysis ; Fermentable sugars ; Suppression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Byp1-3 is an amber nonsense allele of the Sacchromyces cerevisiae GGS1/TPS1 gene which encodes the small subunit of the trehalose synthase complex. Mutations in this gene confer an inability to grow on glucose or fructose but the phenotype of byp1-3 mutants is leaky in a strain-dependent manner. Overexpression of the isolated byp1-3 allele suppressed the growth defect of a ggs1/tps1Δ mutant. Expression of an in-vitro-generated mutant allele of GGS1/TPS1 that lacks all the coding sequences downstream from the byp1-3 mutation led to the production of a shortened protein that did not complement the ggs1/tps1Δ mutant. We have isolated, as an allele-specific multi-copy suppressor of the growth defect of the byp1-3 mutant on fructose, the gene for tRNAGLN (CAG). Thus the leaky phenotype of byp1-3 mutants is due to a low level of read through of the internal nonsense codon by tRNAGLN (CAG). Using overexpression of the isolated byp1-3 allele, as well as of the tRNAGLN (CAG) gene, we were able to demonstrate that as little as about 10% of the normal Ggs1/Tps1 protein level is sufficient for slow growth on fructose. We also show a correlation between the level of Ggs1/Tps1, the ability to accumulate trehalose in stationary phase and the ability to grow on fermentable sugars. Sequence analysis of the cloned tRNAGLN (CAG) gene showed that it is located 700 bp upstream of URA10. However, we found considerable differences to the reported sequence of URA10, in particular in the non-coding region.
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  • 88
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Small G proteins ; YPT1 ; Yeast ; abGDI ; Mitochondria ; MRS2
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract MRS6 is a newly-identified gene in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Its product Mrs6p shows significant homology to the mammalian GDP dissociation inhibitor (GDI) of Rab/Ypt-type small G proteins and to the human choroideraemia protein (CHM), the component A of Rab-specific GGTase II. The interaction of Mrs6p with G proteins is indicated by our observation that the MRS6 gene suppresses the effect of a temperature-sensitive ypt1 mutation. Disruption of the MRS6 gene is lethal to haploid yeast cells. This is consistent with the notion that Mrs6p is interacting with Rab/Ypt-type small G proteins, which are known to have essential functions in vesicular transport. Unexpeciedly, the MRS6 gene product also affects mitochondrial functions as revealed by the facts that highcopy numbers of MRS6 (1) suppress the pet - phenotype of mrs2-1 mutant strains and (2) cause a weak pet - phenotype in wild-type strains. We conclude from these results that the MRS6 gene product has a vital function in connection with Rab/Ypt-type proteins in the cytoplasm and, in addition, affects mitochondrial functions.
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  • 89
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: 2-Oxoglutarate dehydrogenase ; Molecular cloning ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Sequencing ; Suppressor ; Yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The activity of mitochondrial 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase in S. cerevisiae can be impaired either by the ogd1 or the kgd1 mutation. The OGD1 gene and two suppressor genes were isolated by complementation of the ogd1 mutant. The complementation of the kdg1 mutant by the OGD1 gene, an allelism test, and meiotic mapping, revealed that the ogd1 and kgd1 mutations are allelic. The two mutations were differentiated by the cloned suppressor gene which was able to partially complement ogd1, but not kgd1. The molecular analysis of the suppressor gene revealed its identity with the natural tRNA CAG Gln gene found in the upstream region of URA10.
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  • 90
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Cell cycle ; Sporulation ; Glycoprotein gp115
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The GGP1 (GAS1) gene encodes an exocellular 115-kDa glycoprotein (gp115) of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We have monitored the changes in GGP1 mRNA levels under different conditions of G1 arrest. Transcript levels rapidly decrease during transition from exponential growth to stationary phase. They also decrease in the ts cdc25 and cdc28 START mutants when brought to the restrictive temperature. In cells arrested in G1 by αF treatment, the GPP1 mRNA level undergoes a threefold reduction. During release from the G1 block the mRNA level rapidly increases with a maximum at the onset of budding. During sporulation GGP1 mRNA level steadily decreases. These results indicate that the accumulation of the GGP1 transcript is inhibited during arrest in the G1 phase and during entry into the differentiative pathway of meiosis and sporulation. The induction of expression upon entry into the mitotic cycle suggest that GGP1 could be one of the genes whose transcription is activated at START.
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  • 91
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Sporulation mutants ; Reporter genes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Reporter genes consisting of sporulation-specific promoters fused to lacZ were used as markers to monitor the sporulation pathway of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Strains transformed with these lacZ gene fusions expressed β-galactosidase (assayable on plates using the substrate 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-β-D-galactopyranoside, X-gal) in a sporulation-dependent manner. Mutagenesis experiments performed on transformed strains resulted in the recovery of a number of novel sporulation mutants. Three classes of mutants were obtained: those which overexpressed the reporter gene under sporulation conditions, those which did not express the gene under any conditions, and those which expressed the gene in vegetative cells not undergoing sporulation. On the basis of the blue colony-colour produced in the presence of X-gal these have been described as superblue, white, and blue vegetative mutants, respectively. These were further characterised using earlier reporter genes and other marker systems. This study established that the multicopy reporter plasmids chosen do not interfere with sporulation; they are valid tools for monitoring the pathway and they provide a way to isolate mutations not readily selected by other markers.
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  • 92
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Transformation ; Plasmid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have compared a number of procedures for the transformation of whole cells of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and assessed the effects of dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO) or ethanol, both of which have been reported to enhance transformation efficiency. We find that simplified methods benefit from the addition of one of these compounds, and although differences are observed between strains as to the more beneficial reagent, peak transformation efficiency is, in general obtained with 10% DMSO or 10% EtOH. Increases of between six- and 50-fold are observed, despite a reduction in cell viability, and at this concentration the two compounds are not additive in their effects. The optimum level appears to depend on a balance between improved DNA uptake and reduced cell viability. As a result of this work we present a straightforward and rapid transformation procedure.
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  • 93
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    Current genetics 24 (1993), S. 481-486 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Mitotic recombination ; RAD3 gene ; Nucleotide excision repair ; Yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have tested the ability of mutants of three additional genes in the excision repair pathway of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to suppress the hyper-recombination and rad52 double-mutant lethality phenotypes of the rad3-102 (formerly rem1-2) mutation. Such suppression has previously been been observed with mutant alleles of RAD1 and RAD4. We had hypothesized that the rad3-102 mutation created elevated levels of DNA lesions which could be processed by the products of the RAD1 and RAD4 genes into recombinogenic double-strand breaks requiring the RAD52 product for repair. In this report, we show that the RAD2, RAD7, and RAD10 genes are also necessary for this processing. We discuss our observations of varying levels of mitotic crossingover in Rem- rad double-mutant strains.
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  • 94
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    Current genetics 25 (1994), S. 24-29 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Yarrowia lipolytica ; Lysine acetyl transferase ; Lysine catabolism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In the yeastYarrowia lipolytica, theLYC1 locus controls the first step of the lysine degradation pathway which is catalyzed by lysine N-6-acetyl transferase (LAT). This gene was cloned by complementation of thelyc1-100 mutation. Its position in the cloned insert was determined by conversion mapping and by complementation. TheLYC1 gene encodes a 391 amino-acid polypeptide which has no homolog in protein databases. The required upstream region extends over 960 bp. When placed under the control of theGAL10 promoter inSaccharomyces cerevisiae, LYC1 drives the expression of lysine acetyl transferase activity, thus providing strong evidence that it is the structural gene encoding this enzyme.
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    Current genetics 25 (1994), S. 30-33 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Plasmid exchange ; ras/Ras gene ; Basidiomycete ; Yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract It was shown by a plasmid exchange procedure that the Ras-encoding cDNA of the basidiomyceteLentinus edodes (namedLeras cDNA) can functionally replace its homolog genes (ScRAS1 andScRAS2) in the yeastSaccharomyces cerevisiae to maintain the viability of an yeast strain containing genetic disruptions of bothRAS genes. The strain replaced by aLeras−cDNA-carrying plasmid, however, grew slower than the strains replaced by aScRAS1− or aScRAS2−carrying plasmid. The intracellular level of cAMP in the strain harboring theLeras−cDNA-carrying plasmid was clearly higher than that of a parental strain which maintains a plasmid carrying theS. cerevisiae cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit C1 gene,TPK1, but was lower than that in a strain harboring anScRAS2−carrying plasmid. These results suggest that theLeras cDNA can complement theras1 − ras2− mutation of yeast by virture of the stimulation of adenylate cyclase activity, although the complementation is not as efficient as that obtained by expressing theScRAS2 gene.
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  • 96
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Current genetics 20 (1991), S. 471-474 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; DNA replication ; Chemical mutagenesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Incubation of cdc8 mutants of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae in YPD under permissive conditions, when DNA replication is taking place, prior to transfer to restrictive conditions, strongly stimulates induction of cdc + colonies of ethyl methane sulphonate (EMS)- and methyl methane sulphonate (MMS)-treated yeast strains HB23 (cdc8-1/cdc8-3), HB26 (cdc8-3/cdc8-3) and HB7 (cdc8-1/cdc8-1). After diepoxybutane (DEB) treatment, both the induction of cdc + colonies and their stimulation after incubation in YPD under permissive conditions is low. The results obtained show that stimulation of induction of cdc + colonies under permissive conditions occurs not only after UV-treatment, but also after treatment with such mutagens as EMS and MMS.
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  • 97
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Ribosomes ; Antisuppressor ; Yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The yeast antisuppressor mutation, asu9-1 (Liebman and Cavenagh 1980) was found to cause an alteration in the 40S ribosomal subunit. Two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis patterns of the 40S ribosomal proteins from four different strains bearing the asu9-1 mutation all contained the same extra protein spot which was completely absent in five strains which did not carry the asu9 mutation.
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  • 98
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Mitochondrial DNA ; Antibiotic resistance mutations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A large proportion of the spontaneous erythromycin resistant mutants isolated from a strain carrying a previously-induced chloramphenicol resistance mutation at cap3 do not map at ery1, the locus most often associated with mitochondrial erythromycin resistance. Most of the new mutations are also nonallelic at spil, spi2, and other known antibiotic resistance loci within the 21S rRNA gene; they are allelic with each other and define the new locus, ery2. Induced second-site erythromycin resistant mutants from the cap r3 strain, as well as spontaneous or induced mutants from strains carrying a cap r 1 mutation, all tend to map at eryl. The cap r3 mutation is apparently necessary for the expression of erythromycin resistance resulting from a second mutation at ery2.
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  • 99
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Thermoconditional DNA repair ; Mutagenesis ; Allelism test
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Of two mutant genes (snm1-2 ts and snm2-1 ts) conferring thermoconditional mutagen sensitivity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae one (snm2-1 ts) is shown to be centromere-linked. At the restrictive temperature this allele reduces UV-induced back mutation frequency of the ochre allele hiss-2 but has no influence on forward mutation at the CAN1 locus. Complementation tests and recombination analysis revealed snm2 ts to be allelic with rad5 (rev2).
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  • 100
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Electro-fusion ; Yeast ; Plasmogamy ; Proliferation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Electric field-induced fusion was induced between Saccharomyces cerevisiae protoplasts from the ρ − heterozygous diploid strain 2114 and the respiratory-competent diploid strain 3441, carrying chromosomal markers. Close membrane contact between the cells of the two different strains (ratio 1:1) was achieved by dielectrophoresis in a weak inhomogeneous alternating field (about 1 kV/cm, 2 MHz). Due to dielectrophoresis pearl chains of two or more cells of the two strains are formed between the electrodes. Cell fusion was induced by application of two single square field pulses sufficiently high to induce reversible electrical breakdown in the membrane contact zone between cells within a pearl chain (about 7 to 8 kV/cm field strength and 40 Ms duration). The two subsequent pulses were applied at an interval of about 10 s. Hybrids could be isolated on selection medium in a high yield (compared with conventional fusion techniques). The hybrids were diploid, respiratory-competent and produced prototrophic spores. Thus, the fused hybrids contained only the chromosomal markers of strain 2114 and the cytoplasmic marker for respiratory competence from strain 3441; electro-fusion thus resulted mainly in plasmogamy.
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